Jkasundrasinterior

Elevation

2021-03-14T09:14:00.000-07:00

An elevation is a scaled drawing that shows a vertical surface or plane seen from a point of view perpendicular to the viewers'picture plane.An elevation is also a type of orthographic multiview drawing.The various elevation views include the front,sides,and rear.Planes perpendicular to the picture plane are seen on edge,and other angles are seen foreshort-ened.Elevations are drawn as straight-on views,so there is no distortion as in a perspective or isometric drawing.Architectural elevations illustrated the finished appearance of an exterioror interior wall of building in it.

Elevations serve as a primary source to show heights,materials,and related information that cannot be seen in floor plans,sections,or other drawings.For example,a lavatory bas and vanity shown on a floor plan gives no information about the number,heights,and sizes of doors and drawers located beneath the basin unit, An elevation is drawn to convey this information.Elevations are drawn as exterior or interior views of a building,or they might be specialized views of objects such as furniture or free-standing cabinetry.Elevations generally show:

1. Object profiles and finish materials.

2. Relationships of different parts of objects such as doors,drawers,and top surfaces of a cabinet.

3.Vertical dimensions of an object that cannot be found in a plan view. In some cases,horizontal dimensions are also shown for clarity.

Exterior Elevations:-

Exterior elevations illustrate the finished appearance of an exterior or wall of a building.They convey the types of materials proposed,types of doors and windows,the finished grade,roof,slope,foundation,flootings,and selected vertical dimensions.Elevations assist the designer in visualizing how proposed the door and window types and locations on the floor plan will influence the apperance and style of the structure.

Exterior elevations are identified with a title and scale.Generally exterior elevations are titled according to the compass direction they are facing,either North Elevation.East Elevation,South Elevation,or West Elevation,if a building is not facing true,north,the side that is oriented the most nearly north is identified as such.Then the other elevations are titled according to the compass direction most closely related to them.In some cases,exterior elevations are titled Front,Rear,Left,and Right.

In most cases,architects and engineers draw exterior elevations.However,interior designers may be required to draw exterior elevations for residential or small commercial projects,such as retail store facades,as shown in it.When remodeling a building or adding space to an exisiting structure,it may be necessary for the interior designer to draw partial exterior elevations for clarity and understanding.

Interior Elevations:-

An interior elevation is a vertical projection of a wall or other surface inside a building and shows the finished appearance of that wall or surface.It is seen as a straight-on view of the surface,as there is not a lot of need to show depth.Curves,spheres,and slanted surfaces disappear on the flat vertical plane of an elevation as illustrated in it.However,depth can be indicated if desired by adding shading and shadowing.

In most cases,the real importance of an elevation is so to show vertical elements,dimensions,and details that cannot be explained clearly in plan view.Interior elevations are particularly useful for showing the height of openings in a wall,materials and finishes of a wall,vertical dimensions,and details that cannot be explained clearly in plan view.Interior elevations are particulary useful for showing the height of openings in a wall-mounted items (such as shelves and/or cabinets),location of switches,and special wall treatments.For example,an interior wall elevation might show the height of a grab bar and the location (height and cut-out size required) of a recessed tissue dispenser in a commercial bathroom,as illustrated in it.

Architectural Symbols (part-2)

2021-03-09T04:49:00.006-08:00

As noted in Chapter 5, dimensioning is done in a hierarchical manner. Buildings, structural framework, rooms, and fixtures are dimensioned in decreasing size order. The actual number of dimensions on a plan is dependent upon how much latitude the designer affords the contractor. A very detailed and dimensioned plan gives the builder little room for deviation from the original design. However, if only a few key dimensions are shown, the builder is trusted to determine exact locations of interior components. A good guideline for dimensioning falls somewhere between these two approaches. An overdimensioned plan allows the builder little freedom to make field adjustments or substitute cost-saving techniques. However, too few dimensions can produce a lot of guesswork and increase the chances for error in the field and in coordination between subcontractors.

Dimensioning Techniques:-

Dimensions are placed on the floor plan as shown in it. Note that the dimension lines are drafted lighter than wall lines and are generally done as a continuous group or string of numbers along a line. The extension line begins slightly away from the object (a minimum of 1⁄16 inch or 1.58 mm), never touching it. It extends about 1⁄8 inch (3.17 mm) beyond the dimension line. Arrows, dots, or 45-degree tick marks (most common) are used at the extension line and dimension line junction. The arrows, dots, or tick marks are drawn with a thicker and/or darker line to make them stand out graphically. The 45-degree tick marks are drawn in a consistent direction. However, some draftspersons slope the tick marks for vertically read dimensions from left to right and horizontally read dimensions from right to left. When using the computer, any of these three graphic symbols (arrows, dots, or ticks) can be called up and consistently inserted for all dimensions.

All dimensions in this floor plan are to the face of a stud,except for the wall between the closets.It is dimensioned to the centerline of the wall.The centerline technique can also be used to locate exterior windows and doors.as seen in this example,Note that the dimensions on this partial floor plan are placed outside of the spaces.The extension lines do not touch the walls,and dark 45 degree tick marks indicates the extent of the dimension.

Dimension on a floor plan usually requires two or three continues dimension lines to locate exterior walls,wall jogs,interior walls,windows,doors,and other elements,as shown in it.Exterior walls of a building are dimensioned outside the floor plan.The outermost dimension line is the overall building dimension.The next dimension line,moving toward the plan,indicates wall locations and centerlines to doors and windows.Other minorcel-laneous details in the plan (such as minor offsets,jogs,or cabinetry and fixtures) are located on a third dimension line.This hierarchy of line work allows the carpenters and other trades to quickly locate major framing elements and minor details by referring to the appropriate dimension line.

Designation of Materials:-

Floor plans are generally not used to designate specific materials,as finishes might be too small to show in plan and their selection might be changed later.The amount of material information provided on a floor plan depends on the size and complexity of the proposed construction.The plans for a small residential project may contain more detailed information,such as the finished floor materials,because the design may be simpler and very few materials used,as illustrated in it.

Architectural Symbols

2021-01-29T03:57:00.010-08:00

A number of specialized symbols are used on the floor-plan.For example,columns are usually assigned a grid number and referenced to the column centerline for dimensioning purposes.The grid consists of numbers along one axis and letters of the alphabet along the other,so that one can easily pinpoint a specific column,such as,D-2 or C-4.A centerline is drafted as a series of single dashes and long lines passing through the column.A column designation bubble (sized for the appropriate lettering within it )is placed at the end of this line.In some cases,such as at an end column,the reference line might be to the face of a column,instead of the center in this case,a notation is added to point out this exception as shown in it.

(Numbers can also be used.) The bottom section of the circle contains a number that refers to the sheet number this section is drawn on.In small projects where there is a limited number of sheets,bottom numbers are not used.The circle is just big enough to contain the letter and number.If more than one building section cuts are indicated on floor plans.

Interior and exterior elevation are noted on the floor plan in much the same way as building section cuts.Once again,a circle containing numbers is used,with an arrow indicating the direction of view.Some designers prefer to make a distinct visual difference between sections and elevations to help the viewer easily distinguish them.For example,the arrow is blackened in on sections and not on elevations.Another way to denote the differences is to use an arrow on the section cut and eliminate the arrow "tails" on an elevation mark.

Sometimes the scale of the floor plan is too small to place all the required detail or notes within a small space such as toilet rooms and stairs.In such situations,an enlarged plan is drawn elsewhere of these spaces and cross-referenced on the plan.The area to be enlarged can simply have a note within (or adjacent) that says "see sheet x for enlarged plan"In most cases,however,a heavy broken line is placed around the area to be enlarged ,as illustrated in it.A circle and number(s) are assigned to it.Similar to the section or elevation symbol.This enlarged plan can appear on the floor-plan sheet or another sheet.This same method can also be used to show detail on other features,such as a column or another or specialized assembly.

Dimensioning Floor Plans:-

A floor plan is carefully dimensioned to ensure that items such as walls,columns,doors,windows,openings,stairs,and other particulars are correctly located for construction.Sometimes after a plan is drawn accurately to a scale,its reproduction causes a slight enlargement or reduction of the drawing.In such cases,the floor plan is slightly out of true scale,but this is acceptable because the written dimensions are the controlling factors.In fact,most designers add a note on the drawing that says,"do not scale drawing follow written dimensions."

Generally elements such as walls are dimensioned to the frame as the builder first erects this and then adds the linishes to it.This dimenstoning technique gives the exact location of the studs,columns,and beams and is generally placed to the face of these.In some-cases,however,the centerline of the wall might be located and dimensioned, as illustrated.

Doors

2021-01-25T23:22:00.006-08:00

Doors are generally classified by their action,as illustrated in and whether they are interior or exterior units.Although a wide variety of styles exists within these general classification,it is difficult to denote the specific style in a plan view.Refers to chapter 10 for the most common door types,their operation,styles,hardware,and other features.Doors are drawn in plan view as a hardware ,and other features.Doorsare drawn in plan view as a heavy line in small-scale drawings,or as a double line,to indicate their thickness,in larger-scaled plans.A swing door has a thinner curved line drawn to denote the direction of its swing.In small projects (particularly residential work) the door size is noted on the plan.

In larger and commericial projects,openings that are to receive doors can be addressed by two methods.The first and simplest is to treat openings generally.Doors might be labeled "A," for example and all be of the same type.Finish frame,and hardware."B" doors would represent another group.The other method is to address each opening as a unique design feature and deesign each door its own independent number,as shown in it.A circle is drawn withine the door swing,and the door number is placed withine it.In trun,this number is referenced to a door schedule that provides the details for that distinct door.This information is then cross-referenced to a door schedule,as explained in last blog.

Doors and windows in plan view are generally dimensioned to the centerline of the door or window and frame unit,as shown in it.This method allows the designer to locate the door fairly accurately,leaving the actual rough opening,trim,and other

clearance details to the builder.In masonry,the door or window assembly (which has an exact unit size )is listed.The builder provides (in both cases ) a slightly larger size,to set and shim the unit to fit the opening.The rough opening size is listed on the plan or in the schedule and abbrevlated "R.O." This R.O. includes the door,frame,and proper clearances to install the unit within the frame wall,as illustrated in it.In many cases where a door hinge is close to an adjacent wall,it is not necessary to dimension the center of the door (or frame).The builder knows the door is to be located light to the wall and will allow the proper exact clearances for opertaion and trim work,as shown in above figure.

Other dimension noted on the plan will govern the size of the rooms,as it controls the exact placement of the studs.The finishes placed over the studs reduce the dimensions of the room by the material thickness.Some materials such as ceramic tile have an uneven base,which varies the rooms dimension slightly.

Various notes are also added to the floor plan to convey specific information to the client or builder.These items might include handrails on stairs,soffits above,floor-level changes,and so forth,as shown in it.However,these notes are kept to a minimum in order not to clutter the drawing and are lettered at a smaller height than the room names.Shows an example of how notes might be added to floor-plan drawings.

Floor plan (part-2)

2021-01-24T23:56:00.002-08:00

Scale of Floor plans:-

The floor plan tends to be one of the largest single drawings in a construction set and often is placed on a sheet by itself.However,if space permits,other minor elements might be drawn around it to fill up the sheet.The sheet size a floor plan is drawn on is often the governing factor of the scale of that drawing.Floor plans are drawn at a scale that best presents the information to be conveyed without being too small to read.Residential floor plans are relatively small in overall square footage and are generally drawn at a scale of 1/4"=1'-0"(1:100 metric) or even 1/14"=1'0"(1:200 metric) might be more appropriate.In these latter examples,auxiliary enlarged plans can be drawn and keyed to the base floor plan,as shown in it.One should always indicate the scale of the floor plan on the sheet,generally under the title.

Drafting Standards:-

Many decisions must br made before a floor plan is complete.The designer will probably spend more time drafting the floor plan than any other element.Drafting the floor plan than any other element.Drafting floor plans is more efficient if a logical sequence is followed;that is,first day out the walls,openings,door swings,fixtures,and cabinets;then add dimenstions,symbols,and any necessary notes.

Walls in plan view:-

Floor plans should be drawn with a hierarchy of line weights for easy reading and for graphic exctiement.Generally,a minimum of three line weights should be used,as illustrated in it.Walls should be drawn with the darkest and thickest lines.These lines can be double or filled into indicate the thickness of the wall.The actual wall thickness will vary with construction,but there are some typical widihs.Most walls in residential and small commercial construction are built with 2x4 wood studs,which are actually 3and1/2 inches (89mm) in width.When 1/2 inch (13mm) gypsum board is added on each face,the wall thickness becomes 4and1/2 inches (114 mm) finished.The same wall thickness is also often used (114mm) finished.The same wall thickness is also often used in large commercial interiors where the studs are made of steel.Although steel stud widths are produced in many other sizes as well.For both residential and commercial projects,interior 2x4 walls are generally drafted as approximately 5 inches (127 mm).Some spaces can be drawn a large scale,such as (1.29metric),to canvey detailed information.These are then cross-referenced to a smaller-scale floor plan.

Also,a different pattern can be used on the floor plan to denote a change in the floor treatment,such as the grid pattern in the kitchen and utility room in it.Much of the other information given on a floor plan is more general,with the items spelled out in more detail in other drawings or specifications.For example,a water heater or handrail is designed as such on the plan,and its detailed specifications are found elsewhere in the construction drawings or written specifications.

Light line Weight

Medium Line Weight

Heavy Line Weight

Thick in plan view.Exterior walls are drawn at about 6-8 inches.(152-203 mm) thick, depending upon what materials they are constructed of.For example of different wall materials and how they are constructed as well as designated in a plan view drawing.

Built-in and free-standing objects such as countertops,plumbing fixtures,states,furniture,and other items that have contours should be drawn with slightly lighter line weights than the walls,finally,textures,door swings,and dimension lines are the thinest and lightest lines,as shown in it.

Doors and window in plan view:-

Doors and windows are drawn in the floor plan using various symbols and images,and are further dimensioned and referenced to schedules in the construction drawings.The symbols used will depend upon the operating action of the door or window,the specifics needed to describe it,and the scale of the floor-plan drawing.In hand-drafting,these symbols are generated for each new project.However,when using a computer,doorand window symbols can be stared in a symbol library and merely called up and inserted in the proper location.

Floor Plan

2021-01-22T21:37:00.003-08:00

The floor plan is perhaps the most significant architecural drawing,as it contains a tremendous amount of information about the design and construction of a building or space.It also serves as the primary drawing to which many of the other specially drawings can be keyed.

A floor plan is an orthographic view of a total building or an area within a building,seen as if a horizontal cutting plane were passed through it at a height of approximately 4 feet (1219 mm) above the floor line.In some cases,it may be necessary to assume a higher cutting plane to show an item such as a high window or the space above a tall cabinet.The viewer is looking straight down into the building,as illustrated in it.In multiple-level buildings,a separate floor plan is drawn for each level.In turn,each level is aligned with the one above for bearing walls,stairways,ductwork,and other vertical elements related to both floors.Stairways are labeled "up" on one level and "down" on the level above.When viewing a floor plan of a building that includes a mezzanine or loft, the upper level is shown in plan,,doors,with (he lower level also shown or simply labeled "open".

In construction drawings, floor plans are drawn to scale and detailed to show walls,doors,windows,plumbing fixtures,appliances stairs;cabinetry and any other built-in or free-standing interior features.Most of these items are drawn as viewed from above.Illustrates how a lavatory,appliances,and plumbing fixture are drawn.Doors are drawn in the plan view in an open-position showing the direction of their operation.Their size might be called out simplistically in plan,such as 3d,denoting that the door is 3 feet (91.4cm) wide,as shown in it.More detailed information regarding doors is shown in a door schedule and keyed on the plan.Windows and their operation are difficult to describe in a floor -plan view.They are drawn simplistically in plan and referenced with specific symbols that relate to the type of their action and listed in a window schedule.

In addition to symbols,line-weights and different types of lines can be used to relay information with the floor-plan drawing.For example,brokenlines can denote items such as upper cabinets and high windows that are above the cutting plane,as shown in it.Aconstruction drawing of a floor plan canveys a significant amount of information to the builder,such as dimensions,door/window locations,cabinetry,and symbole that correspond to interior elevation.

Loft Plan :-

A second level floor plan ca also show part of the space below.This helps to visualize what one can see when looking from this upper floor to the lower one.

Also,a different pattern can be used on the floor plan to denote a change in the the floor treatment,such as the grid pattern in the kitchen and utility room in it.Much of the other information given on a floor plan is more general,with the items spelled out in more detail in other drawings or specifications.For example,a water heater or handrail is designated as such on the plan,and its detailed specifications are found elsewhere in the construction drawings or written specifications.

Construction Drawings,Specifications,and contracts (Part-6)

2021-01-03T02:17:00.004-08:00

The height of lettering on construction drawings varies accroding to the hierarchy of the information being presented and the type of reproduction being used.If the drawings are to be reproduced at the same size,the following standards are generally used:

1.Sheet numbers in the title block

2.Main titles under individual drawings

3.Subtitles,such as room names

4.Majority of lettering,such as notes and dimensions.

If the drawings are to be reduced by photocopying,plotting,or other means,the lettering sizes should be increased,depending upon the reduction ratio,in order for the final notes,dimensions,etc.to be clear and readable.

Notes:-

Notes are used on construction drawings for the identification of features or information that cannot be conveyed by drawings or by a symbol.Notes should be concise,easy to read,and clear in their meaning.Notes should be grouped and aliged vertically to the right or left side,as illustrated in it.They should also be placed close to the elements described in order to keep leaders as short and direct as possible.Leaders are drawn away from the beginning or end of the note and generally end in an arrow pointing to the object the notes refers to.Leaders can be either straight or curved lines,depending upon the office standards.If curved lines are used,they should be gradual sweeping curves,and not crooked or wavy.Leaders should never ceoss one another,as this can create visual confusio.Notes that pertain to serveral items,such as the height of electrical outlets,can be pulled out separately and organized below the drawing.If there is more than one note,they should be numbered and organized chronologically on the drawing sheet,as shown in it.

Notes should be placed in open areas of the drawings so line work,textures,and dimension will not be drawn over them.

Drawing Conventions and Representations :-

Construction drawings communicated how something is built by showing specific assemblies and by employing architectural drawning conventions.These conventions are fairly standard throughout the industry and are used to reduce the drawing time and space needed to convey information.For example,in a graphic symbol with an arrow drawn on a cabinetry section denotes the exact place the section was cut and the direction of the view taken in the resulting section drawing.

Abbreviations,graphic symbols,keys,and legends are used as shorthand to reduce drawing time while conveying important information.Another convention governs how dimensions are recorded in a drawing.Dimensioning standards ensure that exact sizes and placement of assemblies are communicated by using a system that is recognized by both the designer and the builder.

Abbreviations :-

Abbreviations for words and short phrases are often used in construction drawings.Commonly used abbreviations can be found in the Appendix,but it should be noted they are not universal.Abbreviations can vary among the diffrent trades, as, for example,QT can means "quarry tile" or "quart".The architect,engineer,interior-designer,drafter,and contractor must all be able to recognize what each abbreviations (often shown on the title sheet of a set of drawings) to ensure their meaning is understood.

For an example of abbreviated terms used in a set of construction drawings.

Graphic Symbols :-

Graphic symbole are used in construction drawings as a pictorial shorthand to reduce drawing time and coordinate separate drawings.Foe example,symbole can be used on a floor-plan drawing to indicate placement and type of specific equipment such as electrical outlets and wall light switches.Although symbols may vary from office to office,there are generally accepted types used by all architectural and interior-design firms.Each symbol must communicated clearly specific directives to be followed.

Construction Drawings,Specifications,and contracts (Part-5)

2021-01-01T02:13:00.010-08:00

Sheet Composition :-

When sheets are bound into a set and a person leafs through the sheets,the information on the right-hand side of the sheet is generally seen first.For this reason,title blocks and important information are often placed to the right side of the sheet,as seen in it.This is particularly important if the sheet is not completely filled with drawings,schedules,etc.The blank,unused areas should appear to the left. As mentioned,the left-hand side has the largest margin,while the other sheet margins should be held to a minimum of 1/2 in.(12mm).Some firms prefer to draw a borderline around the entire sheet,which graphically "surrounds" or encompasses all the drawings.In that case,the borderline is held to the some margins as discussed above.

Title Blocks :-

Title blocks on a construction-drawing sheet serve a number of key functions.These blocks are standardized for each office and are generally placed along the right side of the sheet,running the full height of that edge,minus the 1/2 in.(12mm) top and bottom borders or margins.Title blocks can also be placed along the bottom of the sheet,or in the case of engineering drawings might be simply a block in the lower right-hand corner.Illustrates the most common placement of title blocks.

Title blocks are drawn on sheets in a variety of ways.Many firms have them preprinted on the sheets or programmed into the computer to print out when the drawings are produced.Other methods include making reproducible title blocks with photocopters on transparent sticky-back sheets and individually adding them to the drawing sheets.In these latter cases,additional information can be filled in with pencil,pen or other transfer mediums.

Title blocks typically contain information that identifies the project,its location,the name of the cilent,the designer's (or firm's)name and address,names or initials of the drafters and checkers,revision blocks,and space for professional seals.It might also include information on others involved in the project,such as consulting engineers.The title block tells contractors,suppliers,and important information is placed on the tower right of the sheet for ease of finding.Sets of drawings can then be "thurnbed"through as with pages in a book.Other interested parties the location of the project and who to contact for specific information.Title blocks,as shown in generally include:

⧪ Design firm's name/logo,address,telephone/fax number, and e-mail address (if applicable)

⧪ Date,professional seals,sheet title,sheet number

⧪ Job number and how many sheets comprise a set

Title blocks might also include an area for the initials of the person who drew the sheet,and the person who checked it.The block generally includes a "revisions" section to indicate changes made to the original drawing after the initial date it was issued to the various parties.When serveral revisions are made to a sheet,they are listed as revision A,B, etc, to indicate which changes are most recent.

Lettering on Drawings:-

The most important aspect of lettering in construction drawings is its readability.It should be consistent in style and easy to follow.Most offices use upper-case lettering for quick readability,but a clear lower-case alphabet can also be employed.When several drafters are working on a set of drawings,it is important that all the lettering from the design firm appear in the same style.In both manual and computer-aided lettering, a consisient style or font should be selected and used by all participants.

Construction Drawings,Specifications,and contracts (Part-4)

2020-12-29T07:07:00.011-08:00

The sheets are numbered and bound sequentially as a set,for clarity and ease of use by contractors,sub-contractors,and others involoved in the project.

The sheet numbering system can vary according to the complexity of the project and office preference.For small projects.a simple numeric system can be used.Most offices prefer to use a system that identifies each area of specially by a prefix,such as "A"for the architecture or "S" for structural.A list of the most common prefixes follows however,other prefixes may be added as needed.

A - Architecture

S - Structural

M - Mechanical

E - Electrical

P - Plumbing

I - Interiors

F - Finishes or Furniture

Q - Equipment

Guildlines for preparing Construction Drawings:-

Before construction drawings are executed a considorable amount of work must precede their preparation,such as programming,preparing schematic drawings,and developing the design.The overall design of the project,general materials,finishes,and other particulars must already be established.Preliminary information from other consultants,such as electrical and acoustical engineers,must be collected and available for input into the drawings.A building-code analysis must be done to confirm the project meets requirements for the protection of the public's health,safety,and welfare.

Before the construction drawings are drafted up,a mock-up set is first created to give an overview of the sequence of sheets and their individual contents,as shown in it.This process helps to organize the drawings and reduces the risk of overlooking important information and relationships between drawings.These mock-up drawings are generally drawn on a small scale,such as half-size,quarter-size,or even smaller.Each drawing to be placed on a separate sheet is blocked out as a rentengle at the properly scaled size with its title,reference number,and the scale it is to be drawn to.This mock-up set of drawings serves as a guide for the individual or team when preparing the construction drawing set.On a small project,a small number of mock-up drawings may be required,whereas larger projects demand a carefully planned out mock-up set,which usually requires a greater number of drawingsand more details.

Sheet size:-

The size of sheets that drawings are done on can vary among professional firms,depending upon office standards,the type of project,and the form of reproduction selected for the drawings.Generally,sheets are composed in a horizontal format,and multiple sheets are bound on the left side,as for a book.In this case,the left border of the sheet becomes the binding side,and drawings are placed no closer than 1-11/2 inch (25-38mm) from this edge.Drawings,lettering,and dimensions are composed so they can be read from the bottom of the sheet when viewed in the horizontal position,as illustrated in it.It some notes to be readd from the right side of sheet,but never from the top or left side.

The most common sheet sizes used by offices are 18x24 inches(457 x 609mm.),24 x 36 inches (609 x 914mm).and 36 x 48 inches (914 x 1218mm).small drawings,such as revisions or additions to a large drawing ,are typically drawn on 81/2 x 11 inches (213 x 275mm.),8 1/2 x 14 in. (213 x 350mm), or 11 x 17 in. (275 x 425mm).These smaller sizes are based on standard photocopler,inkjet, and laser printer machies.

Standard paper sizes include A,B,C,D,and E in inches in architectural sizes.Metric sizes are measured in millimeters and include A4,A3,A2,A1,and A0.

Construction Drawings,Specifications,and contracts (Part-3)

2020-12-25T07:39:00.005-08:00

The masterformat system further establishes a way of organizing any broadscope or narrow scope category.Each division is broken down into three parts as listed in the Section Format outline.General information about each division,such as its scope,required submittals,warranties,etc.is included in Part - 1,Part -2 includes the specific,materials,finishes,and products.This part also includes what standards and/or test methods the material and products must conform to,and how items are to be constructed.Part-3 describes how the materials,finishes,and products are to be installed or applied in the project.This part also covers any preparation or examination of materials or products required prior to installated or applied in the project.This part also covers any prepration or examination of materials or products required prior to installation as well as how quality control will be maintaied on the job.Any requirements for adjusting,cleaning and protecting the finished work are also covered in part-3.The designer or specifierments,such as those provided by the AIA (American institute of Architects),ASID (American Society of InteriorDesigners),and IIDA(International Interior-Design Association).One important contract is that between the owner and contractor to do the work based on the drawings and specifications.There may also exist a whole sense of other contracts between the contractor and sub-contractor,or contractor and material supplier.

Constraction Drawings

Construction drawings communicate the design and the information required to bring it into reality to everyone who is involved in the building process.These drawings generally follow a set of architectural drawing conventions that are widely accepted in the industry.However,there is not just one right way to do construction drawings.The office staff and project size.office standard and the detail needed for custom fabricattons can require construction drawings that vary from the conventions.

Organization of Construction Drawings

A variety of types of drawings are needed to accurately describe a project to the various tradepeople who will do the work.Two main types are what are generally called architectural and engineering drawings.For example, a concrete wall may be described as to its size and finish on the architectural drawings,but an engineering drawing is also needed to spell out the exact structural components,such as size and spacing of steel reinforcing in the wall.In addition to these two categories of drawings,there might be other specially drawings that do not fit nearly within either one.For example,an architectural floor plan might show exact information about rooms,doors,windows,and other particulars,but items such as the exact placement of office desks and files would be found on a separate furniture installation plan,as seen in it.Interiors projects,the interior partition plans,details,and furniture drawings could be included with the architectural set,or they could be a completely separate set of drawings.Another type of specialized drawing might be a dropery installation plan for detailing specific window coverings.

Construction drawings are sequentially arranged by major componenets,as illustrated in table.This sequence generally follows how the building is constructed,from the ground to the shell of the building to the interiors.However,the exact sequence of drawings and their content will vary from project to project and office to office.For example,the number of sheets of contruction drawings for a small residence may be smaller than for a commercial project.The example of a small model home where only three sheets comprise the whole set of construction drawings.A more complex commercial project might include as many as 21 sheets of drawings as illustrated in.Which shows the cover sheet for a restaurant project with a table of contents listing the 21 sheets.In both cases,however,the sheet order remains silimar.

Construction Drawings,Specifications,and contracts (Part-2)

2020-12-24T01:49:00.004-08:00

Descriptive

Descriptive specifications are open,and do not specify a manufacture or trade name for the materials and/or finishes required for a project.Descriptive specifications call out in detail the materials,finishes,fabrication methods,acceptable workmanship,and installation methods.Descriptive specifications may be more difficult to write,because all the pertinent information and requirements for the construction and installation of a product must be specified.However,when a tremendous number of simlar products are on the market,descriptive specifications allow the designer to prescribe the exact starndards he or she wants for a project without selecting a particular manufacture.

Reference

Reference specifications are silimar to descriptive ones,insofar as they describe a material,finish,or other product based on the designer's requirements rather than a trade name.However,reference specifications are generally based on starndards that are set by an established autohority or testing facility,such as the AmeMaterrican Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) or the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

These authorities provide minimum performance criteria for various materials and products.Reference specifications are generally short,because only the standard must be stated,and they are fairly easy to write.Chances for error are minimal,as industry standards and generally recognized methods of building are being used.However, the designer must be completely familiar with and updated on the standard and how to write the appropriate specification.Sometimes the standard includedes more provisions than are needed for a particular project.

Performance

Performance specifications describe the expacted performance of the item(s) being specified.This type of specification is also considered open,as no trade names are included.Any item that meets the performance criteria can be used in the project.The means by which the required results are met is not specified,but left up to the contractor,subcontractor,or vendor.Performance specifications are often used for custom components when the designer wants to achieve a particular result that is not already manufactured.This type of specification can be more difficult to write,because the designer must know all the criteria expected as well as methods for testing (if required).Also,there is a risk that the designer could lose his or her original design concept along with control over the products used if it not carefully written.

Organization of Specifications

The organization of written specifications has been standardized in accordance with the building trades.Many architects and interior-designers use the specification system This system standardizes the format and numbering of project information used in specifications and cost estimating,and organizes the job book or project manual.The masterformat model,as shown in Table 5-2,contain 16 divisions that are based on major categories of work.Each of these major divisions is coded with a five-digit number,such as 09300 for tile.Each division,known as a broadscope,is then subdivided into narrowscope categories.The first two digits represent the broadscope,the last three digits detail the narrowscope subdivision.For example ,under painting,09900 is a brodescope category that includes several different types of painting.The level of information the designer uses depends on the complexlty of the job and specifications.

Construction Drawings,Specifications,and contracts (Part-1)

2020-12-23T01:15:00.009-08:00

Specificatpartions,contracts,and construction drawings are an integral part of what is referred to as the contract documents.These documents form a guide for the various workers and suppliers to follow in constructing the project.The construction drawings show the location,size particulars of a structure to be built.The specifications set the standards of the workmanship and materials in writing.The drawings and specifications complement one another and are used together.For example,the drawings show the color and location of paint to be applied to a wall surface,but do not tell how it is to be applied (sprayed,rolled,or brushed) and the resulting quality of workmanship required.In this case,the subsurface must first be prepared to recieve the paint,adjacent areas need to be protected from the painting.The minimum skills of the painter must be specified,and the cleanup needed must be called out.These particulars are all detailed in written specifications for the painting,and similar instructions are prepared for all the other work to be carried out on the project.

Specifications

Specifications are written documents that clearly describe the required materials,requirements for the execution of the work,and workmenship expected.Generally for small,simple projects the written specifications may be placed directly in the drawings,either typed on transparent adhesive filmproject or in the text from in CAD on a separate drawings sheet.However,for most projects,the specifications are included in a "job book"or " project manual" and issued with the contract agreements and construction drawings as the complete set of contract documents.

The job books can be a bound or loose -leaf manual and contains the technical specifications.A project manual may include the specifications as well as other documentation for the total project,such as contract(s),bidding requirements (if needed),and general and supplementary conditions of the contract.

Specifications Types

Specificatirions should complement the construction drawings,not duplicate them.Their main purpose is to describe the types and quality of materials and finishes;quality and method of constructions;and warranties and their requirements.Specifications are referred to as "closed" or "open"for bidding purpose."closed"means no product can be used on the project other than what is specified.Open specifications allow for the substitution of products specified,or for the contractor to suggest a number of products for the items that is specified or being bid on.There are four main types of specifions; proprietary,descriptive,reference,and performance.

Proprietary

Proprietary specifications,which are closed,call out a specific manufacture's products by name,model or part number,and color or finish.If applicable.Propritary specifications are the most restrictive,as they give the interior designer complete control over what is to be installed in a project.Sometimes the specifications include an "or equal" clause (sometimes referred to a base-bid specification),which means the substitution of other products will be allowed if the contractor thinks they are equal to the one specified.Proprietary specifications tend to be easier to write,as the designer needs to provide only the basic descriptive information,such as the manufacturer,product number,and finish/fabrics,as shown in Table.

If more detail is needed,the manufacturer will supply the information to the designer so that it can be incorporated into the specifications.

Drawing Classification Systems (Part-2)

2020-12-20T00:09:00.006-08:00

Oblique projections are popular among interior designers.Although there are several types of oblique drawings.The plan oblique and elevation oblique are the most commonly used.In these drawingars the floor plan or elevation serves as the true face on the picture plane.and parallel lines are projected vertically or horizontally at an angle other than 90 degrees from this face.The viewers lines of sight are parallel. But are not at right angles with the viewing plane.and represented in true proportion,such as an elevation or plan view.The parallel lines are sometimes reduced in scale in (short-ing to the number of vanishing points used to construct them to construct perspectives.an imaginary picture plane is placed between the observer and the object (or interior) to be drawn.If this plane can be placed parallel to only one set of lines (the vertical lines.for example) the results are termed a two-vanishing points.A three-point perspective is produced when all the lines or faces of an object are oblique (not parallel) to the picture plane.This method is not often used for interior spaces.But rather for tall buildings.Each of these perspective types can be hand-drawn in a number of diffrent ways.

A projection system can be made and overaly sheets placed over it to draw a perspective.One method for consulting a grid is shown in it.Perspective grids can be drawn for each project.Or preprintede grids can be made with the lines already drawn in true perspective.These grids can be generated by hand or computer,or one can purchase preprinted grids.

One-Point Perspectives

Of the three types of perspective the one-point is perhaps the eastest to understand and construct.In one-point perspectives.receding lines or sides of an object appear to vanish to a single point an the horizon.These types of perspectives are often used to produce room interiors,either from an elevation (front view) or plan (top view),depending on where the observer is standing (called the station point),as illustrated in it.The set up for both of these is exactly the same,the difference being wheather the observer is positioned above or at the horizon.The station point can also be removed to the left or right to emphasize the particulars of the space.

Two-Point Perspectives

The two-point perspective is one of the most widely used of the three types,as it portrays the most realistic view for the observer.By placing the object at unequal angles from the right and left vanishing points (which corresponds to the viewer's position in the spaces).dynamic views can be produced.However,if the viewer's position is moved too far over to one side or the other,distortions can occur in the final drawing.In most interior views.The eye-level perspective is the preferred choice.Two-point perspectives are more difficult to hand-draw than one-point perspectives, as planes must be projected to two vanishing points,as illustrated in it.

Three-Point Perspectives

Three-point perspectives are generally drawn with the viewer at a distance above the horizon (worm's-eye view).The three-point perspective is used mostly for very tall buildings and is rarely used in interior spaces,unless they are multistoried.Three-point perspectives are more complicated than the former two types,as a third vanishing point is introduced.Which precludes all parallel lines.

One-Point Perspectives

Two-Point Perspectives

Three-Point Perspectives

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Drawing Classification Systems (Part-1)

2020-12-14T23:58:00.001-08:00

Design drawings enables the professionals designers to visualize and communicate the features of a three-dimensional object or interior space.Then,detailed construction drawings are made to accurately describe what materials are to be used and how the object or space is to be constructed.The design drawing can be a three-dimensional pictorial sketch that shows what the object looks like in reality,or a series of related yet different views of the objects,such as a plan or top view and an elevation,as illustrated in figure.The first approach,the single view,attempts to portray the object as the eye would see it.The second approach,the multiview, relies on the eye to view a series of images and the mind to then put these views together into a whole.For example, a floor plan shows width and length of objects within a space.An elevation view is then drawn to illustrated height,but no third dimension or true depth is visually indicated.Classifies the various drawing systems according to these two broad categories.Many computer software programs now can produce some very convincing single-view drawings from multiviews, then allow designers to quickly flip back and forth between these two types of drawings.

Multiview Drawings:-

Multiview drawings can be visualized by what is commonly called the glass box theory.In this process,a three-dimensional object is imagined to be surrounded by a clear glass box.If the viewer looks along the perpendicular through any plane on the glass box.The object can be imagined to be a flat,two-dimensional image on that particular glass pane.The object can be viewed from above ( called a plan view) or the side (called an elevation view.) In turn,if these image are drawn separately, the viewer reverses the process and projects (by imagining) the multiviews onto a whole three-dimensional object.

Orthographic Projections:-

The word orthographic refers to the projection system that is used to derive multiview drawings based on the glass box model.Drawings that appear on a surface are the view a person sees on the trans-parent viewing plane that is positioned perpendicular to the viewer's line of sight and the object.In the orthographic system, the object is placed in a series of positions (plan or elevation ) relative to the viewing plane.

The most common types of orthographic drawings are the plan,elevation,and section.However no single one of these drawings can communicate the actual configuration of a three-dimensional object or space.They must be used together to accurately depict spatial and solid elements.In fact, more complex objects and spaces will require several more of each of these drawings. Multiview drawings lack the pictorial effect of perspectives (which are a type of single-view drawing),yet are more accurate for conveying correctly scaled objects,scaled objects,interiors,and buildings.

Single-view-Drawings:-

Single-view drawings attempt to picture an object or space as we normally see it in reality with all three dimension appearing simultaneously.They present relationships of objects.Space and materials in a realistic or photographic - looking manner.Single-view drawings can be either para line or perspective views.In para line or perspective views.In para line drawings lines are drawn parallel to one another and object features retain this relationship as they appear to record in the distance.This parallel phenomenon is what gives this drawing system the name praline.

The perspective view produces a more realistic picture,as it attempts to duplicate the way our eyes actually see objects and space.In perspective drawings,parallel lines in space or an object appear to converge to common distant vanishing point,as illustrated.Perspective drawings resemble a photograph and are the most convincing of the drawing systems.They generally take more time to produce by hand,but computer generation has made the process less time-consuming.

A) RECEPTION DESK SECTION:-

Paralines are usually faster and easier to develop than perspectives, as receding horizontal lines can be drawn with instruments,without calculating depths or drawing lines to a common vanishing point as is necessary in perspective drawings.However,when using computer-aided design (CAD),the speed of the rendering programs will govern which of these is produced the quickest. Paraline drawings are categorized according to the projection method used to develop them,and can be subdivided into two distinct types,axonometric and oblique.

Axonometric Projection:-

Some interior-designer refers to all pralines as axonometrics; how-ever,axonometric drawings are technically just one form of paraline drawing. Axonometric means "measurable along the axes."Axonometric drawings include three axes that relate to width,depth,and height.Each line drawn parallel to these axes is drawn at an exact scale.with the true length of the object depicted.The axonometric,diametric,and trimetric.These views are distinguished by the degree of variation visible of the principal faces of the object.In the isometric view,all faces represent true scales.The letter two systems show one or more faces in a reduced scale.

Isometric (derived from the Greek words meaning"equal measure") drawings presents the three primary faces of an object equaly and at the same angle with the viewing plane.The planes of width and depth are drawn at 30 degrees and the height is held vertical.Dimensions are scaled equally along all three axes.Isometric drawings are the easiest of the axonometric systems.To construct,but the visual distortion caused by parallel lines not appearing to converage to a distant vanishing point gives them a distinctly pictorial effect.Computer software now allows the designer to programme in dimensions for width,height,and depth.Then,isometric"wire frames."that show the construction lines can be quickly generated on the screen,as illustrated.Hidden or unwanted lines can also be easily turned off or removed from the image.

In dimetric and trimetric drawings,all principal faces are not held at equal angles to the picture plane.The dimetric drawing makes two faces equally visible and shorteness the third face.The trimetric rotates an object so that all three faces are at different angles to the picture plane.

In both dimetric and trimetric drawings,the scale along one or more of the principal faces is reduced proportionately to emphasize or deemphasize a features of the object.Both dimetric and trimetric drawings are more time -consuming to construct then isometric drawings,but have the advantage of presenting an object's best features and more closely resembling perspective drawings.

Front Elevation of Building

Top view of building

Left view of building

Right side of building view

Drawing And Drafting Fundamentals

2020-09-23T23:11:00.007-07:00

Drawing and drafting are forms of visual language that use lines,pictorial images,and symbols to convey specific meanings.Like spoken language,written language,and body language,this visual language has its own unique applications.In the design filed,drawing,also called sketching or idea generation,is used as a technique for developing and communication ideas.Preliminary sketches are used to initial and explore basic concept,as illustrated .These can be presented to others as is ,or refined into presentation drawings that are developed to scale and rendered in more detail.Drawing is thus a means of communication used by designers to effectively convey ideas and converse with one another about how to turn them into reality.

Drafting is a particular type of drawing that conveys specific information about something's size,composition,assembly,and other exacting characteristics.Drafting is usually a means to an end;that is,it serves as a guide on how to make something.For these reasons,drafting is founded on a number of basic premises and rules.A drafts-person's specialized drawings,generally referred to as working drawings or construction drawings,help the designer to develop ideas and communicate to the builder the exact parameters of their design concept-assisting in the construction of a physical interior environment or building construction drawings require a great deal of effort to draw,as they must be dear,concise and accurate,with high-quality lines and legible dimension and notes.

To draw and draft at a professional level,one must learn some basic skills and techniques.This chapter will introduce the basics needed to quality and easily readable drawings and so effectively communicate with others.

STARTING THE DRAWINGS :-

Drawings are executed on a paper or plastic sheet that is placed on the drawing board or surface.It is usually held in place on the drawings surface with drafting tape placed at the four comers,as illustrated.The opposite comers are pulled and taped alternately to stretch and flatten the sheet.When one is finished with the drawing or needed to remove it for a short period of time,the tape is carefully removed and discarded.The sheet can then be stored flat or rolled for convenience.There is a tendency for beginners to roll original drawings and prints with the original line work or printed side on the inside,probably in an effort to protect the line work.However,the preferred way to roll a drawing is to do it with the printed information on the outside.In this way,as the drawing is unrolled,it will tend to curl away from the viewer and towards the surface it is placed on.This keeper the drawing from constantly cutting up towards the viewer.This keeps the drawing from constantly curing up towards the viewer.This technique is also effective for multiple copies stapled together in sets.

Drawings are produced on a variety of surfaces with varying types of media as discussed.One of the first steps in composing a property scared drawing is to select the best size and format for the surface.To do this effectively,a number of variables must be taken into account.These include the complexity and scale of the drawing the reproduction technique selected and the viewing conditions the reader will be under.

DRAWING PAGE LAYOUT :-

Original drawings,particularly those done in pencil,need to be kept clean to provide for the clearest reproduction.smudged drawing will often produce smudged prints that are difficult and time-consuming to read.Graphite from pencils is the greatest threat to drawing cleanliness.Sliding hands,elbows,and equipment over pencil lines will blur them and produce an undesirable pattern over the entire drawing surface.The same is true with ink drawings, whether they are done by hand or computer.Time must be allowed for the link to dry.Equipment should be lifted and placed over drawings,not slid from one area to another.Regular washing of hands and equipment will also help prevent smudging of line work.

In manual drawing,one should start with very light lines and darken those as needed for the final drawing.On the computer ,"pen" settings determine the value or thickness of a line.There is no preliminary stage of drawing with light lines.It is good practice to start drawing at the upper portion of the sheet and progress towards the bottom of the page.In this way,most drawings will not be disturbed as you move the equipment and hands down the sheet.Of course,computer drawing allows one to begin almost anywhere on the sheet,compose the drawings,and print out the results in one clean plot.The machine doesn't worry about top to bottom or left to right.It follows the composition set by the designer.

LINE TYPE :-

Lines are drawn to describe objects.Hidden,conditions,and important relationships between components and space.A line drawn on a surface has both direction and weight.The weight of a line refers to its thickness and intensity; a line can also be continuous or dashed.The direction can be straight,curved,diagonal,or a combination of these in drawings,continuous lines of various weight are used to represent objects and major elements such as structural walls and columns.Dotted lines are usually used to denote objects hidden from view.However,they can also be used to denote other thongs,such as a wheelchair turning radius or ceiling height changes on a floor plan.The following are the most commonly used line types.Examples are shown in figure.

Cutting lines; show major slices in a building or object.
Object lines; Show major outlines or building elements or object.
Hidden lines; Indicate areas or objects hidden behind others.They are also used to show objects above the cutting plane of a floor plan,such as wall cabinets,beams,arches,etc.
Center-lines:Locate the symmetrical center or objects such as windows,doors,beams,and walls.
Dimension lines and extension lines; indicate the physical dimension of objects.Dimensions are placed directly above the dimension lines or inserted within it.
Leaders;line extending from text and ending with an arrow,pointing to an object or place.
Break lines;indicate where an object or area is not drawn in its entirety.
Layout lines; are used in the preliminary blocking out of components and for lettering guidelines.

LINE WEIGHT AND THEIR USES:-

Line weight refers to the blackness (intensity) and width of a line on the drawing surface.In general,heavy (dark) lines are used to represent cutting planes and contours (or outer boundaries) of an object.In a floor plan view,it is often the walls that are drawn with the darkest lines in order to define the spaces.These lines appear to be the closet to the viewer and are perceived as major elements.Medium and lighter lines appear to be farther away from the viewer and are used for secondary emphasis.

Drawing for interior design projects generally use three line widths;thick (dark),medium,and thin (light)thick lines are generally twice as wide as thin lines,Usually1/12inch or about 0.8mm wide.Thin lines are approximately 3/14 inch or 0.4 mm wide.Medium lines fall between these two extremes.In pencil drawings.each type can be further broken down,depending on the variety of lead and level of pressure.With the variety of mechanical pencils on the market today,it is easy to control line widths.As discussed in earlier.Fine-line mechanical pencils are available in a 0.3,0.5,0.7,or 0.9mm lead.By switching to different pencils,the drafter can vary line weight easily.

Line weight & Line types

Line types

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Drafting Equipment And Its Care

2020-09-02T04:58:00.002-07:00

To do any job accurately and expediently,a designer in just have the proper tools.Tools are important in all work -whether it be surgery or carpentry,designing or drafting.Quality tools and equipment will also make drawing and drafting more enjoyable.Investing in good equipment for designing and drafting can benefit both students and professionals.

The advent of computer-aided design and drafting,commonly referred to as CAD,has reduced the need for much of the basic equipment described in the following pages.However,many students and professionals still prefer to draw manually in some situations,such as sketching initial design concepts or construction details.To this end,basic manual equipment and techniques are described in the next few chapters.

A designer or drafts person need not buy every However piece of new equipment or software available.However,one should buy a new product if it will improve one's work,both in quality and efficiency.Manufacturers of often produce a range of models varying quality.One can decide which model will produce the best effects in relation to the purchase price- sometimes not the top-of-the-line model.One should purchase price- sometimes not the top-of-the-line model. One should purchase tools and equipment of good quality.as they are an investment that will pay off throughout one's career.

Drawing Tables and Surfaces :-

To produce quality drawings for interior design projects.it is necessary to established a dedicated workplace.Designs can be drawn manually an a drawing board set on a tabletop surface,an a handmade drafting table,or an a ready-made drafting table.Or they can be drawn using computer drafting hardware and software that augments a drawing board or replaces it totally.In this chapter,commonly used manual drafting tables,equipment and tools are discussed.Computer drawing and drafting are discussed in more detail in chapter 16.

For interior designer, a fairly large layout and drawing surface is needed most of the time.It is vital to have a drawing surface that will hold large presentation boards and standard sheets up to 24 x 36 inches (731 x 914 mm).Even larger sheets may be necessary for perspective drawings and full-size furniture drawings. A drawing board or table approximately 30 x 50 inches a(.762 x 1.27 m ) should be obtained if possible. This will allow adequate space around the actual drawing sheet to place and maneuver the drawing tools and materials.

Ready-made drafting tables are manufactured in a wide variety of shapes,sizes,materials,and prices.Some styles have an adjustable top and rest on four legs.Other models have a single or double pedestal base with a top that can be raised or lowered according to the chair or stool height.This enables drafters to sit in a chair with a comfortable back and thus to work with less fatigue.The newer models also allows the drafter to work whether sitting or standing space -saving folding tables are also produced,although they are not generally as sturdy as the fixed models.

Manufacture tables have drawing surfaces that range in size from 30 x 48 inches (762 x 1.21 mm) to 30 x 60 inches (7.62 x 1.52 m) and are usually made of wood or hardboard over a cellular core.However,a wood drawing surface can become scored and grooved over time,which affects the drawing quality of the surface.It is best to cover the bare wood top with a protective finish such as plastic melamine or a vinyl drawing-board cover that gives a bit of resiliency and is easy to keep clean.The latter covering is often produced with an off-while and a colored side.Which side to leave face up is left to the individual.

Drawing-board and table surfaces do not have to be manufactured,as a self-made surface can also be satisfactory and less expensive,For example,a hollow-core,flush door can be supported on blocks or handmade legs made of 2x4 number with metal brackets.However height and angle that suits individual work habits must first be determined,as this type of drawing area will be fixed and not adjustable.

Drawing Papers and plastic Firm:

Interior design drawings can be produced on paper or plastic film.The quality of paper or film will help determine the quality of lifework. A variety of papers and plastic films are manufactured today in many standard sheets sizes and rolls.The choice of which to use is dependent upon the designer's overall intent,office standards,and the intended method selected for making a copy from the original.

Papers:

Drafting papers are made in a large variety of types,base on stability,translucency,permanence,strength and cost.There are two basic categories; opaque and translucent.Opaque papers are thicker than translucent ones and cannot be reproduced through methods such as the diazo printing process Therefore,they are not suitable for instruction drawings that are to be copied in this manner.They are more suitable for plotting directly from a computer (in a single sheets or rolls) and for concept and presentation drawings,as they are available in a variety of colors ranging from while to gray,cream,green,and blue.Some opaque papers are made smooth on one side and rough on the other.The smooth side is more appropriate for linking and the rough side for pencil drawings.Most papers will accept ink or pencil.However,the quality of their application and possible bleed-through varies according to the composition of the paper and its thickness.

Translucent papers,such as tracing paper and vellum,are used for drawing that are to be reproduced through the dizao process.However,they can also be reproduced photo-statically.Tracing paper is generally a natural,untreated translucent paper.It is used primarily for exploratory ideas and sketches.It is commonly sold in inexpensive rolls (in white or yellow shades) and called "tracing." "trash" "flimsy," or "bum wad."It is fairy strong and durable,but not as transparent as vellum's,and will not produce line work as crisp and clear vellum.

Vellum is a translucent tracing paper that is treated to improve strength,surface texture, and transparency. Vellum also have a high rag content that gives them strength so they can withstand erasing.Vellum is sold in rolls or standard sheet sizes and can be used for hand or computer drafting. Standard sheet sizes for architectural drawings are shown in table.

Interior drawing for Idea Generation

2020-07-28T05:23:00.003-07:00

Ideas and plans are formed in the interior designer's mind,but to be transformed into reality,they have to be communicated to others.Although a designer may have a great idea,and never move beyond conception.Interior designers and other professionals in the building industry use drawings as the primary means of developing and sharing their ideas.Interior designers and architects do a lot of sketching and drawing.They develop their skills in freehand drawing by sketching and drawing.They develop their skills

in freehand drawing by sketching and drawing.They develop their skills in freehand drawing by sketching existing objects and spaces in the environment.These same skills of observation and sketching are then used in visualizing designs for new spaces and objects.

This process of brain,eye,and hand coordination is an intrinsic part of design.Architectural drawings can be grouped into three basic types drawings as idea generation,drawing as a design and presentation medium,and drawing as a guide for the construction process.There are distinct differences between each of these types,yet they all contain some common drawing tools,techniques,standards,and graphic language.

Drawing for idea Generation:-

Idea generation assets the designer in working through and visualizing the solution to a problem.Designer use many different types of drawings to generate and bring to reality their creative ideas.These drawings can be in the form of quick freehand sketches illustrating different kinds of views Many times these types of drawings are not shown to clients but are used solely to help designers shape their ideas.The drawings are not designers can use their freehand drawing skills to visualize and sketch now spaces and objects.

intended to be the final solution to a problem but rather to allow the designer to e explore alternatives or refine an idea.They also help to record a designer's two-and three dimensional thinking.These concept sketches and drawings are part of a sequence of design steps referred to as the design process.

Drawing as design and presentation Media :-

Once a designer has developed an idea to a point that visual common inculcation is needed to show it to the client or others,new drawings must be created for use as presentation media,These drawings depict the paranelers of an idea in more detail,yet are not totally worked out to a point that they serve as an accurate construction guide.Design drawings can range from pictorial renderings of an idea to rendered plan views of a building's interiors In the first example ,a rendering is often done as a perspective view which resembles a photography.The receding lines of an object are purposely drawn to a distant vanishing point-similar to the effect of railroad tracks that appear to touch at the horizon.Design drawings are also done using techniques other than perspectives,such as in the isometric shown in different types of drawings are discussed further in next chapter.

Drawing as a Guide for Construction :-

Drawings serve as the prime means of communication for constructing buildings,interior spaces,cabinets,furniture,and other objects.Construction drawings are scaled,detailed and accurate representation of how an object looks and how it is constructed,as well as the materials used.The drawings follow established architectural graphic conventions to indicate sizes,material,and related information that is needed to bring the objects or spaces into reality.The builder needs clear,concise drawings that are directly related to the different views of an object,such as plans,elevation,sections and other drawing types that are discussed in later chapters.

What is the 7 elements of interiordesign

2020-07-08T10:13:00.007-07:00

When thinking about interior design words like creativity and flair immediately spring to mind-but many would be surprised to find there is a degree of science involved.Professional interior designers will usually

follow a set of informal "rules & regulations."based on specific interior design principles and elements.These interior design elements include space,line,forms,light,color,texture and patterns and keeping them balanced is the key to creating an aesthetically pleasing interior.

SPACE:

The foundation of an interior,space is the fundamental concept to understand,ensuring,you are best equipped to take advantage of what is available to you.The available 'space' usually cannot be easily changed so,you need to work with what you have within the physical boundaries of the room.

The balance will be influenced by the client's needs in the specific area/room and its required functionality For example, negative space is required for traffic paths.It is also crucial to consider the scale and size of the furniture and objects placed in a room,as this can be used to make the space appear

larger or smaller given the desired outcome.A tall object such as a book case can give the illusion of height.

Different design styles will lend themselves to different uses of space - for example,a minimalist design will have far more negative space then your average eclectic design.However no matter what your design brief,how you use and balance the space available to you can be the different between hitting the mark with your design concept or missing out on your next commission.

LINE:

Horizontal,vertical and dynamic lines help to shape a room and guide the eye,Creating lines using the room's furnishing and structural design can harmony,unity contrast.

Horizontal lines,created by features such as windows and doorways, evoke feelings of freedom and strength.On a functional level,accentuating vertical lines often gives the illusion of a room being taller.Often suited to use in dinning rooms,entries and offices,vertical lines must be incorporate wisely so as not to leave inhabitants feeling uneasy.

Interior designer will strike a balance with the incorporation of different lines.This is typically done by selecting one dominate feature line,in accordance with the client's brief and the desired feeling they wish to convey in the space.

FORM:

Form is the shape of the room,as well as any objects within the room. In other words, it relates to the physical form of anything that is three dimensional.Forms can usually be described as either geometric or natural. Geometric refers to hard lines and square edges, often looking man-made, while natural relates to more organic forms that seem to be created by nature. Forms can also be open – objects that can be looked into or closed – self-contained.

LIGHT:

Natural or man-made light is a critical aspect of any space. Without it, all of the other elements would not be able to shine to their full potential. Light can be broken into the categories of task lighting, accent lighting and mood lighting (adding ambience)

When considering lighting, it is important to address the activities that will be undertaken in the space. Both the quality and quantity should be assessed here. For example, an office will require bright lighting so that the workers can see clearly and act alert. On the other hand, living room lighting can be applied with a softer touch. Applying a dimmer has the ability to make a space much more versatile. Natural lighting should always be taken into consideration, and can be manipulated through clever placement of doors, windows and even mirrors.

COLOR:

Color is a science all on its own, and is another extremely important element that interior designers master. It has the ability to create mood, define unity and alter the perception of how large or small a space is.The psychology of color shouldn’t be underestimated, and will be used to full advantage by any skilled interior designer. Color can evoke memories and stir emotions, stimulating a physical and psychological response in our bodies. For example, greens and blues entice calmness and are suited to bedrooms, whereas red entices appetite and therefore often features in kitchens.When considering the color of a room, first think about what the room will be used for and the activities that will occur in that space.

Secondly, consider how both natural and artificial lighting will affect your selected color across the day and night, given that light can alter our color perception. Finally, consider the size of the space. Interior designers will often incorporate lighter or brighter colors in smaller spaces to give the illusion of more space. Darker color can give a powerful dimension to a larger space.

TEXTURE:

Texture refers to the tactile surface of an object or finish. It’s an element that is often overlooked, but really does have the ability to bring a unique dimension to the room. Just like mixing color and pattern, an interior designer mixes the textures within a space to give a subtle sense of depth. Think glossy, coarse, smooth... From furniture to accessories to fabric, texture has the ability to add interest and detail, making it visually pleasing to the eye.

Texture comes in two forms – visual texture and actual texture. Visual texture refers to texture that is perceived by the eye. In other words, this is the impression of texture one gets by only viewing an object.This effect is usually found in the form of pattern. Actual or tactile textures can be seen or felt and has 3D characteristics. For example, a fluffy, colorful cushion can be appreciated not only with the eye but also with touch.

PATTERN:

Paired with color, pattern offers a similar use to texture in that it can add appeal to a room. A pattern is created by the use a repetitive design and can be found in wallpaper, soft furnishings, rugs and fabrics. Patterns come in various types, such as stripes, geometric, pictorial, organic, motif and animal prints.

When implementing pattern, it’s best to firstly consider the size and style of a room. Introducing pattern in a small room should be done sparingly, to avoid overwhelming the space. However, as discussed in the element of line, patterns that create vertical or horizontal lines can be used to give a heightened sense of space. Complex patterns made up of contrasting colors and lines can liven up a room, however they are best used in the form of a feature wall. Large scale patterns can flourish in a large space and become a distinct focal point to the room.

How much important 3d design in interior

2020-06-27T01:06:00.006-07:00

In interior we designers first of all measuring all the wall,windows,door,some infinite place and convert into 2d design and that designs we made in Autocad and then make a elevation,section plan and give a proper measures on it.

The 3D representation of the interior design is quite easy and real,it removed the infinite diagonals,vertical and horizontal lines mostly appeared in 2D designs.This makes the complete procedure easier and simpler in many respects.In fact,removal of 2D obstruction provides a clearer and realistic to clients.

3D Kitchen Design

Above mentioned drawing is the 3D drawing is look at realistic drawing client get idea about his design how actually look when we designer prepare a design in a reality.So,imagination is the first step on Design ! You imagine what you imagine and at last you create what you will one of the most suitable examples of this statement is the 3D Interior Designing services.It's just like displaying your ideas and imaginations into reality.3D design services has immensely helped lots of architects and interior designers.From floor plans to appropriate 3D space representation,it has benefited in creating a perfect scenario on the basis of layout design.Thus,3d interior design is much more important is becoming a standard in the interior design and real estate market due to the realistic and believable approach they enable

Why designer choose purple color for a bedroom

2020-06-14T06:00:00.003-07:00

We designer choose purple combines the clam stability of blue and the fierce energy of red.The color purple is often associated with royalty,nobility,luxury,power,and ambition.Purple also represents meanings of wealth,extravagance,creativity,wisdom,dignity,devotion,peace,independence,and magic.

Purple is now a popular color because of the multi-cultural influence being embraced in interior design.Use pink-violet ,lavender or magenta and you will be perceived as someone sophisticated and youthful.To picture the beauty offered by purple,just imagine a stark white kitchen.

Purple is a great answer.Because it offers a spirited mood.However,to add more youthful atmosphere,you can mix purple with another colors,such as Yellow,blue,green,pink,and white.Other than that,you can also use pattern to make the room more lively.

Purple makes for a decadent decor look with its rich depth of color, and this collections of purple themed bedrooms is the stuff sweet dreams are made of.We have everything from sophisticated master suites,romantic retreats,modern minimalist style schemes and something for younger members of the family.You might have been toying with the idea of painting a features wall for a while,or maybe a purple wallpaper has caught your eye; maybe you're thinking about investing in a colorful bed,bedroom accents chair or ottoman but are hesitating on a final decision.

Whatever idea you have been sleeping on,this set of inspiration will wake you upto the wonder of purple.

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@Designed by - janvipatel

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How to Design a Kitchen in interiordesign

2020-05-24T00:55:00.035-07:00

How to design a kitchen? With the kitchen being such a high activity area of the house it's Worth finding out how to design a kitchen - even if you are using a kitchen designer or a interior designer or a architect.Who knowing well how to design,how to use old furniture,how to use some empty place which convert into great design with full of possibility to reuse one thing to another way.You design your own kitchen or give a detailed brief to your designer.

Step No -1 Pick Your Kitchen Cabinet Manufacturer:-

Usually i am always encouraging my site visitors to think in terms of how you want a space to function before making interior design or furniture choices but for kitchens it helps to know where you plan to get your kitchen cabinets from.

Most manufactures have units in various standard sizes but always work with the Kitchen cabinet dimensions that the manufactures provides.Or else you use standard dimension which use most of designers while manufacture not get proper dimension.

Step No -2 Create a Floor Plan and Wall Plan :-

The second step is how to design a kitchen is to create a plan of your kitchen 'space' the floor space and the wall space.

First decide if you are working in feet and inches or meter,centimeter and millimeter. For example in the United States and Canada kitchens are designed in inches, while in the UK and Australia it's measures in milliliter. Take your time and be accurate and measurement for your country.Measures all the Door,Floor dimension,Window,where the water pipes if applicable

Now,watch all the measures at once you write measures is right or wrong if wrong he measures you write then correct first and then it's time to draw a Plan as your need in it.

Step No -3 plan the outline of Your kitchen :-

It might be really obvious what shape your kitchen is going to be.If so,go ahead and have a look at the relevant page below.If not you can take a look at these for inspiration.

There are many shaped kitchen is there the name is given below:

U shaped kitchen

G shaped kitchen

L shaped kitchen

Galley kitchen

Kitchen with islands

Step No -4 Place the Appliances and Fixtures:-

Then come back here and draw in the appliance fixtures on to your plan

Step No -5 Plan Detailed Storage:-

Head on over to the kitchen storage ideas and kitchen storage done. At this stage you should have the wall plans filled out with all the fixtures you are planning.

Step No -6 Lighting :-

Your cabinet manufacture may have some integrated lighting options.

Step No -7 Electrical :-

Plan the electrical points ( outlets and switches for appliances ) for your kitchen.

There are several options for general outlets

Here are many outlets is there is as under:-

1) Normal outlets Position

2) High outlets Position

3) Under cabinet Position

4) Pull up kitchen outlets

5) Hidden kitchen island outlets

GREEN BEDROOM IDEAS IN INTERIOR DESIGN

2020-05-19T09:50:00.000-07:00

GREEN BEDROOM IDEAS IN INTERIOR DESIGN

The color green relates to balance and harmony. From a color psychology perspective,it is the great balancer of the heart and the emotions,creating equilibrium between the head and the heart.

From a meaning of colors perspective,green is also the color of growth,the color of spring,of renewal and rebirth.It renews and restores depleted energy.It is the sanctuary away from the stress of modern living,restoring us back to a sense of well being.This is why there is so much of this relaxing color on the earth,and why we need to keep it that way.

Revitalised,energised,in touch with nature,these are all things we might feel from

surrounding ourselves with greenery use a slightly darker shade of green on the walls, without necessarily making it look dramatic.This would pair nicely with Dark -stained wooden furniture and floors.To balance out the colors,use Light shades and warm tones like beige and white to create contrasts.

Autocad Tutorial series Part 2

2020-05-02T07:40:00.003-07:00

This video is uploaded by jkdesign2

👇👇

Go and check it out video and learn something new about interior design.

In this tutorial series I have explained step of when we open a Autocad for the first time which basic command we need to learn Like,Offset,Extend,Object selection method,& Move command. Must watch beginners. I hope you like my video if you like and helpful my video then please subscribe to my channel to watch more such amazing Design created by certain software like Autocad,3d Max, sketch up & many more..which we use in our routine life like Ms power point,Ms word,Ms Microsoft office Follow me also on social media for know more such amazing interiordesign.
My Facebook page : https://m.facebook.com/Jkdesigninteriorstudio29/ My Instagram page : https://www.instagram.com/kasundrasinterior/ My YouTube video : https://youtu.be/3vWkvbpGMfM My website: http://www.kasundrasinterior.weebly.com AMAZONE SALE FOR I PHONE https://amzn.to/2lBw2ax #jkdesign2 #jkdesigninteriorstudio

#Autocad2d

#interiordesigner

Autocad tutorial Video

2020-05-01T10:03:00.002-07:00

In this tutorial series I have explained step of when we open a Autocad for the first time which basic settings to do first Must watch beginners.

I hope you like my video if you like and helpful my video then please subscribe to my channel to watch more such amazing Design created by certain software like Autocad,sketchup, 3d Max & many more..

which we use in our routine life like Ms power point,Ms word,Ms Microsoft office Follow me also on social media for know more such amazing interiordesign.

My Facebook page : https://m.facebook.com/Jkdesigninteriorstudio29/

My Instagram page : https://www.instagram.com/kasundrasinterior/

My YouTube video : https://youtu.be/WgSdorwdRm4

My website: http://www.kasundrasinterior.weebly.com

3d kitchen design

2019-12-15T10:57:00.001-08:00

WHAT IS KITCHEN DESIGN

Transition kitchen design can help bring your unique ideas to life in elegant way. This style allows you to blend traditional and contemporary looks without the fear of creating an unsavory contrast. Intead, the design,colors,and textures come together to inpire earth-colored beauty and uplift your personal style. And also take care of your personality.Proper kitchen design is most important for your entire home looks. Kitchen is a that place which you make your breakfast,lunch,dinner your maximum time is spend in kitchen so, if kitchen design is a proper and with manageable things so your time also saved and your kitchen is also seem-liked appropriate kitchen interior design. Interior design covered your all utilite place and then make design for you.

A basic knowledge of industry dimensional standards is important for establishing a frame of reference about your kitchen or bath floor plan opportunities, even before you consult with the Floor To Ceiling® designer. Print out this handy guide for reference as your kitchen or bath project progresses.

Kitchen Industry Standard Dimensions

Production economies resulting from dimensional standardization make both appliances and cabinetry a better value and easier to replace. Most appliances and all manufactured cabinetry is standardized, based on 3” increments. (Cabinet standardization does not preclude customization, when you choose custom or semi-custom brands.) Another advantage of standardization is the resulting possibility of creating expanses of countertop for generous workspace in modern kitchens.

Refrigerator: 30” to 48” wide. Depth ranges between 24” for built-in models to up to 31+” for free standing units. Heights are not standardized.

Range: Both free-standing and drop-in style ranges are standard at 30”. Depth of most units is 25”, plus the extension of the oven door handle. (The full depth of the range including the oven handle must be considered, especially when the range is placed near a corner or is planned for a location opposite another appliance with a door, such as a dishwasher.)

Cook Top: Most cook tops are 30” to 36” wide. Some models may permit the combination of several modules, using up to 54” of counter space. Cook top depth is gauged to fit within standard 25” deep countertops.

Dishwasher: Dishwashers are usually 24” wide. Drawer style dishwashers may vary. 18” wide dishwashers are available, but are usually only used for wet-bar installation.

Microwave: Even built-in models come in various widths and heights. Over-the-range microwaves made to be installed over a 30” wide range can vary in height. Those to be built in to cabinets are governed by cabinet widths, usually beginning at 24” up to 30” wide.

Compactor: Trash compactors are usually 15” to 18” wide.