<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1221256848445138644</id><updated>2024-11-06T08:29:23.572+05:30</updated><category term="Basic Electronics"/><title type='text'>electrical engineering</title><subtitle type='html'>BASIC ELECTRO ICS,BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,ELECTRICAL MEASUREME T AN D I NSTRUME TATIO N,ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT THEORY,ELECTRICAL MACHI ES - I ,POWER SYSTEM - I,ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP,&#xa;POWER ELECTROICS AND DRIVES,FUNDAMENTAL OF CONTROL SYSTEM,POWER SYSTEM - II ,POWER SYSTEM - III etc.&#xa;&#xa;&#xa;&#xa;&#xa;&#xa;</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://electrical021.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/1221256848445138644/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://electrical021.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>aakash</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00731197433501558195</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>4</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1221256848445138644.post-6375999929411613709</id><published>2020-12-02T21:12:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2020-12-02T21:12:00.262+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Basic Electronics"/><title type='text'>full wave rectifier, its efficiency and ripple factor in hindi</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;full wave rectifier (पूर्ण तरंग दिष्टकारी )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot;&gt;full wave rectifier&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का&amp;nbsp;उपयोग&amp;nbsp; AC&amp;nbsp; को DC&amp;nbsp; में परिवर्तित करने के लिए किया जाता है इससे पहले हमने हाफ वेव रेक्टिफायर पड़ा था |&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;हाफ वेव रेक्टिफायर AC&amp;nbsp; की हाफ वेव को ही DC&amp;nbsp; में परिवर्तित कर पाता था | और उसकी दक्षता भी 50 % के आस पास होती है | इन दोनों&amp;nbsp; समस्या को दूर करने के लिए फुल वेव रेक्टिफायर का उपयोग किया जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM9tvSLPQldXm2JzYkFkIVirFgTnOu1F6ZaBbJVhihNjs-kr86sbJxxh0nGTC6Z7TvhIDfOC_94V-CX0F6reztnGC23RS4x4ApJg_TEAVlG3r09svDe1ia1PQvjVMDOT5MvV8SJVh-9qI/s750/full-wave-rectifier.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;full wave rectifier&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;450&quot; data-original-width=&quot;750&quot; height=&quot;384&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM9tvSLPQldXm2JzYkFkIVirFgTnOu1F6ZaBbJVhihNjs-kr86sbJxxh0nGTC6Z7TvhIDfOC_94V-CX0F6reztnGC23RS4x4ApJg_TEAVlG3r09svDe1ia1PQvjVMDOT5MvV8SJVh-9qI/w640-h384/full-wave-rectifier.jpg&quot; title=&quot;full wave rectifier&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;full wave rectifier&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;फुल वेव रेक्टिफायर AC की पॉजिटिव व नेगटिव दोनों वेव को DC में परिवर्तित कर देता है और इसकी दक्षता भी 80 % से ज्यादा होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;इसमें भी स्टेप डाउन ट्रांसफॉर्मर का उपयोग किया जाता है और इसमें एक के स्थान पर दो डायोड का उपयोग किया जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;यह AC की पूरी वेव को DC में परिवर्तित करता है इसलिए इसे फुल वेव रेक्टिफायर कहते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;working of&amp;nbsp;full wave rectifier(पूर्ण&amp;nbsp;तरंग दिष्टकारी की कार्यविधि )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;फुल वेव रेक्टिफायर की कार्यविधि हम वेव फॉर्म से समझेंगे&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLTq3XgBm-2tjYNMk6DcHGv9EJtG8P0ocHRTCdtOx3huQmFpBVsSfZA1yf65k8XmJ_evFJBDBSFosjg-WAm8v9xOHk4btdr6I8OuHiU_QzVyIOoPAzc6zfBLHWc3_l8NkMrS5yBZO0iRA/s750/full-wave-rectifier-waveform.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;full wave rectifier waveform&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;450&quot; data-original-width=&quot;750&quot; height=&quot;384&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLTq3XgBm-2tjYNMk6DcHGv9EJtG8P0ocHRTCdtOx3huQmFpBVsSfZA1yf65k8XmJ_evFJBDBSFosjg-WAm8v9xOHk4btdr6I8OuHiU_QzVyIOoPAzc6zfBLHWc3_l8NkMrS5yBZO0iRA/w640-h384/full-wave-rectifier-waveform.png&quot; title=&quot;full wave rectifier waveform&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;full wave rectifier waveform&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;जब हम&amp;nbsp; फुल&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;वेव रेक्टिफायर में AC सप्लाई देते है तो उसमे स्टेप डाउन ट्रांसफॉर्मर लगा होता है जो वोल्टेज को कम कर देता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;फिर आगे परिपथ में दो डायोड लगे होते है डायोड D1&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;AC वेव&amp;nbsp;की पॉजिटिव हाफ साइकिल के साथ फॉरवर्ड बायस&amp;nbsp;में होता है और डायोड&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;D2 रिवर्स बायस में होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;जिसके कारण यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;डायोड D1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;AC वेव की पॉजिटिव हाफ साइकिल को DC में परिवर्तित कर देता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot;&gt;फिर डायोड D2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;AC वेव&amp;nbsp;की नेगटिव&amp;nbsp;हाफ साइकिल के साथ फॉरवर्ड बायस&amp;nbsp;में होता है और डायोड&amp;nbsp;D1&amp;nbsp; रिवर्स बायस में होता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot;&gt;जिसके कारण यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;डायोड D2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;AC वेव की नेगटिव&amp;nbsp;हाफ साइकिल को DC में परिवर्तित कर देता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;अर्थात डायोड D1 पॉजिटिव हाफ साइकिल के साथ और डायोड D2 नेगटिव हाफ साइकिल के साथ फॉरवर्ड बायस में होते है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;और AC की पूरी वेव को रेक्टिफायी करके DC में परिवर्तित कर देते है जैसा की ऊपर वेव फॉर्म में बताया गया है&amp;nbsp;इसलिए इसे फुल वेव रेक्टिफायर कहा जाता है&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;efficiency of full&amp;nbsp;wave rectifier&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(पूर्ण&amp;nbsp;तरंग दिष्टकारी की दक्षता)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; 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overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.211em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;DC Power&amp;nbsp; के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; 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margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 7.316em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1.25em, 1007.26em, 2.497em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1810&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1811&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; 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left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1816&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1817&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1818&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1819&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1820&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1821&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1822&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1823&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1824&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; 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position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1813&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1814&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1815&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.023em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1816&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1817&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1818&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1819&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1820&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1821&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1822&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1823&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1824&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 3.688em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.456em, 1003.69em, 2.837em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.981em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-177&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-178&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-179&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-180&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-181&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.987em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1001.87em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 17.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.961em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-182&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-183&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; 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margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;P&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1572&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; 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vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.99em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.987em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1582&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1000.29em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1583&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.4em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1584&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1585&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1586&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1587&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1588&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1589&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 10.944em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.626em, 1010.83em, 3.234em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 10.207em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.683em, 1010.09em, 3.234em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3039&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3040&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3041&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3042&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3043&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3044&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.76em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.064em, 1001.65em, 4.368em, -999.997em); left: 15.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.791em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3045&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3046&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3047&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.137em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3048&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.362em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3049&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3050&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3051&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.518em, 1000.68em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.456em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.852em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3052&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3053&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3054&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1001.08em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 15.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.507em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.285em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3055&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.08em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3056&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.626em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.306em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3057&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3058&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3059&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.76em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.76em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3060&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3061&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3062&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3063&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;↦&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3064&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3065&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3066&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 3.004em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.996em; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 3.004em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.996em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;AC पावर के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 3.914em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1.25em, 1003.91em, 2.497em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3219&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3220&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3221&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3222&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.023em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3223&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3224&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3225&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3226&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3227&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 1.289em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.068em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 10.49em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1.363em, 1010.38em, 2.724em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3481&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3482&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3483&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3484&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3485&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3486&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.817em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; 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style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3489&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3490&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.518em, 1001.36em, 4.198em, -999.997em); 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line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1950&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1951&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1952&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1953&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1954&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1955&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.477em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1001.36em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 13.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.677em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1956&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1957&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1958&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.007em, 1001.36em, 4.368em, -999.997em); left: 13.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.677em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.228em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msqrt&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1959&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.363em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.853em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1960&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1961&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.91em, 1000.51em, 1.307em, -999.997em); left: 0.853em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.925em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.054em; width: 0.513em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.064em, 1000.85em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.079em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;√&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.48em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.477em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1962&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1000.29em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1963&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.4em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1964&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1965&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1966&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1967&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1968&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1969&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1970&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1971&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1972&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1973&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1974&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.214em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 3.075em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.282em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 13.665em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.626em, 1013.55em, 3.177em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-461&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-462&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-463&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-464&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-465&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-466&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.93em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.007em, 1001.82em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 17.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.904em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-467&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-468&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-469&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.307em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.85em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-470&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.853em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.362em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-471&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-472&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-473&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 17.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.224em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-474&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.93em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.93em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-475&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-476&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-477&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-478&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-479&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-480&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-481&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-482&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-483&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;↦&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-484&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-485&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-486&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 2.932em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.925em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;eq. (1) or (2) से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 3.914em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.796em, 1003.91em, 3.177em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-194&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-195&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;η&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-196&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-197&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.817em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1001.7em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 16.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.848em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-198&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-199&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-200&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-201&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1001.7em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 16.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.848em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-202&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-203&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-204&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-205&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.82em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.817em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 2.718em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.925em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 8.96em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.003em, 1008.96em, 4.084em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2195&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2196&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;η&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2197&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2198&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 6.862em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.611em, 1003.8em, 4.651em, -999.997em); left: 60.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -1.925em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.986em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2199&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2200&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.307em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.234em, 1001.14em, 4.368em, -999.997em); left: 11.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.564em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.646em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2201&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2202&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2203&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em, 1000.34em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2204&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.518em, 1000.29em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.4em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.306em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2205&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2206&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; 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clip: rect(3.348em, 1000.74em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 11.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.394em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.569em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2211&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.74em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.574em, 1000.4em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2212&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.456em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.249em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2213&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2214&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2215&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 8.82px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.31em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.307em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; 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vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.611em, 1006.69em, 4.595em, -999.997em); left: 60.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -3.399em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.832em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2219&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2220&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.91em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.234em, 1000.8em, 4.368em, -999.997em); left: 8.01562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.394em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.646em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2221&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em, 1000.34em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2222&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.518em, 1000.29em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.4em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.306em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2223&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2224&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2225&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 8.82px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.631em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.286em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.852em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2226&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2227&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2228&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 8.82px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.34em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 8.01562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.167em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.625em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2229&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1000.91em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 0.91em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2230&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2231&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2232&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2233&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2234&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2235&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2236&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; 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style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 4.861em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -2.068em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 11.227em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.683em, 1011.23em, 3.518em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4696&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4697&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;η&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4698&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4699&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 9.13em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.064em, 1005.62em, 4.368em, -999.997em); left: 80.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -2.832em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4700&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4701&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4702&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.137em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4703&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.362em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4704&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4705&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4706&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.518em, 1000.68em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.456em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.852em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4707&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4708&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4709&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4710&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4711&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4712&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4713&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4714&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.064em, 1009.02em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 80.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -4.532em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.228em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4715&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4716&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.137em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4717&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.362em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4718&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4719&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4720&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.518em, 1000.68em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.456em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.852em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4721&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4722&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4723&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4724&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4725&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4726&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4727&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4728&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4729&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4730&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4731&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4732&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4733&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.08em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4734&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.626em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.306em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4735&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4736&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4737&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1009.13em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 9.13em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 3.361em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.354em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 8.846em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.796em, 1008.85em, 3.461em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5218&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5219&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;η&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5220&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5221&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 6.749em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1004.48em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 59.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -2.265em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5222&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5223&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5224&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5225&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5226&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5227&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5228&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1006.63em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 59.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -3.342em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.285em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5229&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5230&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5231&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5232&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5233&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5234&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5235&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5236&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5237&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5238&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.08em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5239&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.626em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.306em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5240&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5241&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5242&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1006.75em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 6.749em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 3.146em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.282em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 8.846em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.796em, 1008.85em, 3.461em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5421&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5422&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;η&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5423&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5424&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 6.749em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1002.78em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 59.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -1.414em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5425&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5426&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5427&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5428&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5429&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1006.63em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 59.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -3.342em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.285em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5430&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5431&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5432&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5433&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5434&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5435&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5436&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5437&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5438&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5439&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.08em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5440&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.626em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.306em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5441&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5442&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; 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display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.08em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6098&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.626em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.306em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6099&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6100&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6101&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; 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border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6102&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6103&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 4.935em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1001.02em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 43.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.507em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6104&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6105&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6106&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.951em, 1004.76em, 4.595em, -999.997em); left: 43.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -2.435em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.115em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6107&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6108&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6109&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6110&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6111&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6112&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6113&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.023em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em, 1000.91em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 9.01562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.451em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.476em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6114&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6115&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6116&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em, 1000.74em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 9.01562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.394em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.625em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6117&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; 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vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.023em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6120&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1004.93em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 4.935em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 3.575em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.711em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;[∵ Rl＞＞＞＞＞＞＞＞Rd ]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6219&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6220&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;η&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6221&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6222&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 10.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.224em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6223&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1001.08em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 10.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.507em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.285em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6224&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.08em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6225&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.626em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.306em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6226&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6227&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6228&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.19em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 4.141em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1.363em, 1004.08em, 2.611em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.208em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6254&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6255&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;η&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6256&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6257&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;0.812&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.214em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 1.289em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.354em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;η% = 81.2%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;ripple factor of full wave rectifier(फुल&amp;nbsp;वेव रेक्टिफायर का रिप्पल&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;फैक्टर)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;जब हम AC वेव को रेक्टिफायर के द्वारा&amp;nbsp; DC में परिवर्तित करते है तो वह पूर्ण रूप से DC&amp;nbsp; में परिवर्तित नहीं हो पाती है और उस DC&amp;nbsp; वेव में AC वेव का कुछ पार्ट रह जाता है जिसे रिप्पल&amp;nbsp; है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 8.279em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1.023em, 1008.28em, 3.177em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-669&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-670&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-671&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-672&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-673&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-674&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msqrt&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-675&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 4.651em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.064em, 1003.63em, 4.538em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-676&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-677&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-678&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.362em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-679&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-680&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-681&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.518em, 1000.74em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.456em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.852em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-682&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-683&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-684&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-685&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; 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line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1626&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1627&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1628&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1629&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1630&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; 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clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.362em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1632&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1633&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1634&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em, 1000.74em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.456em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.682em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1635&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1636&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1637&quot; 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style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 12.645em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(-0.111em, 1012.64em, 3.177em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2967&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2968&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; 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padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.48em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; 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vertical-align: -1.282em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 4.538em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.796em, 1004.54em, 3.177em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6113&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6114&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6115&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; 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id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6117&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6118&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6119&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; 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transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.76em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1001.65em, 4.368em, -999.997em); left: 15.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.791em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6122&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6123&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6124&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.137em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6125&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.456em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.852em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6126&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6127&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6128&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 15.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.281em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; 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border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.76em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 2.718em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.925em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 9.583em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.796em, 1009.53em, 3.348em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6960&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6961&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6962&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; 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id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6966&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.42em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1000.34em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6967&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6968&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.91em, 1000.4em, 1.307em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.151em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.054em; width: 0.4em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.724em, 1001.02em, 4.821em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Size2; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;√&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6969&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6970&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6971&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.93em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1001.82em, 4.368em, -999.997em); left: 17.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.904em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6972&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.817em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6973&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.456em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.852em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6974&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6975&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6976&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6977&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6978&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1001.19em, 4.368em, -999.997em); left: 17.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.621em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6979&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6980&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.456em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.852em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6981&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6982&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6983&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6984&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.93em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.93em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6985&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1000.29em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6986&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.4em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6987&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6988&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6989&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6990&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6991&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; 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style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 9.3em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.06em, 1009.24em, 3.858em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8043&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8044&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8045&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8046&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;F&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; 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clip: rect(0.91em, 1000.4em, 1.307em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.151em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.054em; width: 0.4em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.724em, 1001.02em, 4.821em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Size2; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;√&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8052&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8053&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8054&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.647em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.837em, 1001.31em, 4.821em, -999.997em); left: 14.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.621em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -5.099em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8055&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.08em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em, 1000.8em, 4.311em, -999.997em); left: 9.51562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.394em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.532em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8056&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em, 1000.34em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8057&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.286em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.909em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8058&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8059&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8060&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 8.82px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.291em, 1000.97em, 4.311em, -999.997em); left: 9.51562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.451em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.512em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msqrt&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8061&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.967em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.34em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8062&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8063&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.91em, 1000.34em, 1.307em, -999.997em); left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.641em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.054em; width: 0.343em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.291em, 1000.63em, 4.311em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;√&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.08em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.08em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.837em, 1001.53em, 4.538em, -999.997em); left: 14.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.734em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.002em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8064&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.307em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em, 1001.14em, 4.311em, -999.997em); left: 11.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.564em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.532em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8065&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8066&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8067&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em, 1000.34em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8068&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.286em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.909em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8069&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8070&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8071&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 8.82px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.574em, 1000.4em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 11.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.224em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.682em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8072&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.31em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.307em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.65em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.647em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8073&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1000.29em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8074&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.4em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8075&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8076&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8077&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; 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position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10665&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10666&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10667&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10668&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;F&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10669&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10670&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msqrt&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10671&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.42em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1000.34em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10672&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10673&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.91em, 1000.4em, 1.307em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.151em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.054em; width: 0.4em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.724em, 1001.02em, 4.821em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Size2; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;√&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10674&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10675&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10676&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.477em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1001.14em, 4.368em, -999.997em); left: 13.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.564em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10677&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.137em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10678&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.456em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.852em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10679&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10680&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10681&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.007em, 1001.36em, 4.368em, -999.997em); left: 13.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.677em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.228em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msqrt&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10682&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.363em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.853em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10683&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10684&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.91em, 1000.51em, 1.307em, -999.997em); left: 0.853em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.925em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.054em; width: 0.513em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.064em, 1000.85em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.079em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;√&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.48em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.477em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10685&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10686&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.76em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 15.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.281em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10687&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1001.65em, 4.368em, -999.997em); left: 15.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.791em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10688&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10689&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10690&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.137em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10691&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.456em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.852em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10692&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10693&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10694&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.76em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.76em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10695&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1000.29em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10696&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.4em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10697&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10698&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10699&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10700&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10701&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; height: 3.075em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.282em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 11.284em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.796em, 1011.23em, 3.461em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10921&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10922&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10923&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10924&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;F&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10925&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10926&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msqrt&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10927&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.42em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1000.34em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10928&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10929&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.91em, 1000.4em, 1.307em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.151em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.054em; width: 0.4em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.724em, 1001.02em, 4.821em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Size2; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;√&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10930&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10931&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10932&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.477em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 13.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.224em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10933&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.007em, 1001.36em, 4.368em, -999.997em); left: 13.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.677em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.228em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msqrt&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10934&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.363em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.853em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10935&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10936&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.91em, 1000.51em, 1.307em, -999.997em); left: 0.853em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.925em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.054em; width: 0.513em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.064em, 1000.85em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.079em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;√&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.48em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.477em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10937&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10938&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.683em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 6.01562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.281em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10939&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 6.01562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.224em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10940&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1000.68em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 0.683em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10941&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1000.29em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10942&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.4em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10943&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10944&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10945&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10946&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10947&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; height: 3.075em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.282em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 10.83em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1.023em, 1010.77em, 3.461em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11227&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11228&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11229&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11230&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;F&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11231&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11232&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msqrt&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11233&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.42em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1000.34em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11234&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11235&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.91em, 1000.4em, 1.307em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.151em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.054em; width: 0.4em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.724em, 1001.02em, 4.821em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Size2; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;√&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11236&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11237&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11238&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 3.177em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 28.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.281em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11239&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.007em, 1003.01em, 4.368em, -999.997em); left: 28.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -1.528em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.228em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11240&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msqrt&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11241&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.363em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.853em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11242&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11243&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.91em, 1000.51em, 1.307em, -999.997em); left: 0.853em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.925em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.054em; width: 0.513em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.064em, 1000.85em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.079em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;√&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11244&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11245&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1003.18em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 3.177em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11246&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1000.29em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; 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id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11249&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11250&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11251&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; 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transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12074&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msqrt&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12075&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.363em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.853em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; 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border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.054em; width: 0.513em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.064em, 1000.85em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.079em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; 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id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12079&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.4em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.306em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12080&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12081&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12082&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1003.18em, 1.25em, -999.997em); 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position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 3.971em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.1em, 1001.02em, 5.445em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.909em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Size4; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;√&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; height: 3.932em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.782em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 7.656em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.626em, 1007.66em, 3.348em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12104&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12105&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12106&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12107&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;F&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12108&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12109&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msqrt&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12110&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 4.198em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.44em, 1003.06em, 4.878em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12111&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12112&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1001.08em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 10.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.507em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12113&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; 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left: 0.626em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.306em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12115&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12116&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12117&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 10.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.224em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12118&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.19em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12119&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12120&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.574em, 1003.18em, 3.971em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -5.269em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 3.177em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: -0.054em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 2.497em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 0.4em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 0.91em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 1.42em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 1.987em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.384em, 1001.02em, 5.162em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.135em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Size3; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;√&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; height: 3.146em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.139em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; 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style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://electrical021.blogspot.com/feeds/6375999929411613709/comments/default' title='टिप्पणियाँ भेजें'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://electrical021.blogspot.com/2020/12/full-wave-rectifier-in-hindi   .html#comment-form' title='0 टिप्पणियाँ'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/1221256848445138644/posts/default/6375999929411613709'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/1221256848445138644/posts/default/6375999929411613709'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://electrical021.blogspot.com/2020/12/full-wave-rectifier-in-hindi   .html' title='full wave rectifier, its efficiency and ripple factor in hindi'/><author><name>aakash</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00731197433501558195</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM9tvSLPQldXm2JzYkFkIVirFgTnOu1F6ZaBbJVhihNjs-kr86sbJxxh0nGTC6Z7TvhIDfOC_94V-CX0F6reztnGC23RS4x4ApJg_TEAVlG3r09svDe1ia1PQvjVMDOT5MvV8SJVh-9qI/s72-w640-h384-c/full-wave-rectifier.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1221256848445138644.post-8129095363292232755</id><published>2020-11-29T21:40:00.004+05:30</published><updated>2020-12-01T21:23:16.446+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Basic Electronics"/><title type='text'>half wave rectifier, its efficiency and ripple factor in hindi</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;half wave rectifier (&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot;&gt;अर्ध-तरंग दिष्टकारी)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;half wave rectifier का&amp;nbsp;उपयोग&amp;nbsp; AC को DC&amp;nbsp; में परिवर्तित करने के लिए किया जाता है और ऐसा रेक्टिफायर जो AC&amp;nbsp; की हाफ वेव को ही DC&amp;nbsp; में परिवर्तित करता&amp;nbsp;है उसे हाफ वेव रेक्टिफायर कहते है&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTo34nKkx6dcMcyxEQ5Wc0Xhon9PLus0jmKeX_sVQXvIYXOrPl3fDXcWbiZ0Yt23Nvgm2ciXGtoagz8xMQSURG5siwm5j-RTT2OVOAalBnJ_HzBUoLaRqz8c9ajdPaPW3Nlj-IKJd5_Sk/s750/half-wave-rectifier.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;half wave rectifier&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;450&quot; data-original-width=&quot;750&quot; height=&quot;384&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTo34nKkx6dcMcyxEQ5Wc0Xhon9PLus0jmKeX_sVQXvIYXOrPl3fDXcWbiZ0Yt23Nvgm2ciXGtoagz8xMQSURG5siwm5j-RTT2OVOAalBnJ_HzBUoLaRqz8c9ajdPaPW3Nlj-IKJd5_Sk/w640-h384/half-wave-rectifier.jpg&quot; title=&quot;half wave rectifier&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;half wave rectifier&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;हाफ वेव रेक्टिफायर ऊपर चित्र में दर्शाया है इसमें एक स्टेप डाउन ट्रांसफॉर्मर का उपयोग किया जाता है और एक &lt;a href=&quot;https://electrical021.blogspot.com/2020/11/P-N-Junction-Diode.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;डायोड&lt;/a&gt; का उपयोग किया जाता है&amp;nbsp;डायोड करंट को एक ही डायरेक्शन में फ्लो करने देता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;working of half wave rectifier(अर्ध तरंग दिष्टकारी की कार्यविधि )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot;&gt;हाफ वेव रेक्टिफायर की कार्यविधि हम वेव फॉर्म से समझेंगे&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrTA3Mtmh8tUr6k9fl-BDEss0849Q2yfqbnZ5BlkBP-06-bY6ciQBaDRzc-Swr0VW_j29XuJJNlEOcoI4MTtTdBbuUk-CMytT9mI8yd87BGpVcqAEky-sFwG6_pr7Ynx8EmaM65szA8tE/s750/half-wave-rectifier-waveform.jpg&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;half wave rectifier waveform&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;450&quot; data-original-width=&quot;750&quot; height=&quot;384&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrTA3Mtmh8tUr6k9fl-BDEss0849Q2yfqbnZ5BlkBP-06-bY6ciQBaDRzc-Swr0VW_j29XuJJNlEOcoI4MTtTdBbuUk-CMytT9mI8yd87BGpVcqAEky-sFwG6_pr7Ynx8EmaM65szA8tE/w640-h384/half-wave-rectifier-waveform.jpg&quot; title=&quot;half wave rectifier waveform&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;half wave rectifier waveform&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;जब हम हाफ वेव रेक्टिफायर में AC सप्लाई देते है तो उसमे स्टेप डाउन ट्रांसफॉर्मर लगा होता है जो वोल्टेज को कम कर देता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot;&gt;फिर आगे परिपथ में एक डायोड लगा होता है यह डायोड AC वेव&amp;nbsp;की पॉजिटिव हाफ साइकिल के साथ फॉरवर्ड बायस&amp;nbsp;में होता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot;&gt;जिसके कारण यह AC वेव की पॉजिटिव हाफ साइकिल को DC में परिवर्तित कर देता है लेकिन यह डायोड AC की नेगेटिव हाफ साइकिल के साथ रिवर्स बायस में होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot;&gt;जिसके कारण यह डायोड AC वेव की नेगेटिव हाफ साइकिल को DC में परिवर्तित नहीं कर पाता है जैसा की आप ऊपर दिए गए चित्र में देख सकते है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot;&gt;यह रेक्टिफायर AC की आदि वेव को ही DC में परिवर्तित कर पाता है इसलिए इसे हाफ वेव रेक्टिफायर कहते&amp;nbsp;है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;efficiency of half wave rectifier&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(अर्ध तरंग दिष्टकारी की दक्षता)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; 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face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2701&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;f&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2702&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;f&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; 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&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-60&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-61&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-62&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-63&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-64&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;sin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-65&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-66&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 17.64px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 28pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 28pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 7.713em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.74em, 1007.71em, 3.404em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1014&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1015&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1016&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1017&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1018&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1019&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 10.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.224em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1020&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1001.08em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 10.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.507em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1021&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1022&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1023&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.19em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1024&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.59em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.497em, 1000.97em, 5.048em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1025&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Size2; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;∫&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.4em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.574em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 1.137em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -5.099em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1026&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1027&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1028&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.115em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1029&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1030&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1031&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1032&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1033&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1034&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 3.075em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.211em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 3.075em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.211em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 10.66em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.74em, 1010.66em, 3.404em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 3.075em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.211em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 10.66em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.74em, 1010.66em, 3.404em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1902&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1903&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1904&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1905&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1906&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1907&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 10.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.224em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1908&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1001.08em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 10.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.507em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1909&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1910&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1911&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.19em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1912&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.59em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.497em, 1000.97em, 5.048em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1913&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Size2; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;∫&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.4em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.574em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 1.137em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -5.099em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1914&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1915&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1916&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.115em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1917&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1918&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1919&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1920&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1921&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1922&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;sin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1923&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1924&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1925&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1926&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 3.075em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.211em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 13.778em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.74em, 1013.78em, 3.404em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3555&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3556&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3557&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3558&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3559&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3560&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 10.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.224em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3561&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1001.08em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 10.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.507em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3562&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3563&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3564&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.19em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3565&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.59em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.497em, 1000.97em, 5.048em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3566&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Size2; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;∫&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.4em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.574em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 1.137em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -5.099em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3567&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3568&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3569&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); 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line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3573&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3574&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 3.688em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1001.65em, 4.198em, -999.997em); 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style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3580&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3581&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3582&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; 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style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;V&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.173em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4013&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1003.57em, 4.255em, -999.997em); 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id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4017&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4018&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4019&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1003.69em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 3.688em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4020&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4021&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.59em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.497em, 1000.97em, 5.048em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4022&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Size2; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;∫&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.4em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.574em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 1.137em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -5.099em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4023&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4024&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4025&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.115em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4026&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4027&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4028&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4029&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;sin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4030&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4031&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4032&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4033&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 3.075em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.211em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 16.613em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.796em, 1016.5em, 3.291em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1047&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1048&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1049&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1050&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1051&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1052&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 10.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.224em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1053&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1001.08em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 10.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.507em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1054&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1055&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1056&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.19em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1057&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1058&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 3.688em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1001.65em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 32.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.848em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1059&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1060&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;V&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.173em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1061&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1003.57em, 4.255em, -999.997em); left: 32.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -1.811em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1062&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1063&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1064&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1065&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1066&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1067&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1003.69em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; 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vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.48em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; 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left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1810&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1811&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1812&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1813&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1814&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1815&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.023em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1816&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1817&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1818&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1819&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1820&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1821&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1822&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1823&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1824&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 1.289em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.068em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 11.114em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.796em, 1011em, 3.177em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3135&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3136&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3137&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3138&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3139&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3140&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3141&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.477em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1001.36em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 13.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.677em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3142&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3143&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3144&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 13.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.281em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3145&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.48em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.477em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3146&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1000.29em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3147&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.4em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3148&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3149&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3150&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3151&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3152&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3153&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3154&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;↦&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3155&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3156&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3157&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3158&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 2.718em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.925em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;AC पावर के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 3.914em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1.25em, 1003.91em, 2.497em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3219&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3220&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3221&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3222&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.023em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3223&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3224&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3225&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3226&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3227&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 1.289em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.068em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 7.996em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1.25em, 1008em, 2.497em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3758&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3759&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3760&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3761&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3762&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3763&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.023em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3764&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3765&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3766&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3767&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3768&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3769&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3770&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3771&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3772&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3773&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 1.289em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.068em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; 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display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.48em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.477em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; 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transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.4em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4486&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4487&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4488&quot; 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position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4491&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4492&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4493&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; 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color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 13.665em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.626em, 1013.55em, 3.177em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5741&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5742&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; 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position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5756&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5757&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5758&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5759&quot; 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border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 2.932em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.925em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 3.914em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.796em, 1003.91em, 3.177em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; 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display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-203&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-204&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; 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padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.817em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 2.718em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.925em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 10.32em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.173em, 1010.32em, 3.914em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6921&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6922&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;η&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6923&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6924&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 8.223em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.837em, 1004.76em, 4.651em, -999.997em); left: 72.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -2.378em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.986em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6925&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6926&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6927&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.477em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.234em, 1001.31em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 13.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.677em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6928&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6929&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.74em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em, 1000.34em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6930&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.4em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.306em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6931&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6932&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6933&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 8.82px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6934&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em, 1000.74em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 13.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.394em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.569em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6935&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.74em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.574em, 1000.4em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6936&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.456em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.249em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6937&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6938&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6939&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 8.82px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.48em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.477em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6940&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6941&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6942&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6943&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.837em, 1008em, 4.595em, -999.997em); left: 72.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -4.022em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.002em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6944&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6945&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6946&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.477em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.234em, 1001.31em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 13.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.677em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6947&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6948&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.74em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em, 1000.34em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6949&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.4em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.306em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6950&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6951&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6952&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 8.82px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6953&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.34em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 13.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.167em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.625em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6954&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.48em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.477em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6955&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6956&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6957&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6958&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6959&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6960&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6961&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6962&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6963&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1008.22em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 8.223em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 4.432em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.854em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 11.964em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.626em, 1011.96em, 3.461em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1466&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1467&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;η&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1468&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1469&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 9.867em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.007em, 1005.9em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 87.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -2.945em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1470&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1471&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.023em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1472&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.362em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1473&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1474&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1475&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1476&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1477&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1478&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1479&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1480&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1481&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1009.7em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 87.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -4.872em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.285em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1482&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1483&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.023em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1484&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.306em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1485&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1486&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1487&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1488&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1489&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1490&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.08em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1491&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.626em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.306em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1492&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1493&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1494&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1495&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1496&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1497&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1498&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1499&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; 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margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1009.87em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 9.867em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 3.289em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.282em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 8.109em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.796em, 1008.11em, 3.801em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2083&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2084&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;η&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2085&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2086&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 6.012em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1002.78em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 53.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -1.414em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2087&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2088&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2089&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2090&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2091&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.951em, 1005.78em, 4.595em, -999.997em); left: 53.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -2.945em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.115em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2092&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2093&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.08em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2094&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.626em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.306em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2095&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2096&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2097&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2098&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2099&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2100&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2101&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2102&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2103&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.023em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em, 1000.91em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 9.01562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.451em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.476em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2104&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2105&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2106&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em, 1000.74em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 9.01562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.394em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.625em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2107&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; 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vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.023em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2110&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1006.01em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 6.012em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 3.575em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.711em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 7.032em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.796em, 1007.03em, 3.801em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2332&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2333&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; 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line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 4.935em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 43.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.224em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2336&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.951em, 1004.76em, 4.595em, -999.997em); left: 43.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -2.435em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.115em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2337&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2338&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.08em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; 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vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2340&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2341&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2342&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2343&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2344&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2345&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2346&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.023em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em, 1000.91em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 9.01562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.451em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.476em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2347&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2348&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2349&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em, 1000.74em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 9.01562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.394em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.625em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2350&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2351&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2352&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.02em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.023em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2353&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1004.93em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 4.935em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 3.504em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.711em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;load&amp;nbsp; करंट ज्यादा है डायोड से इसलिए ये नगण्य हो जायेगा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 3.291em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.796em, 1003.29em, 3.234em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2512&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2513&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;η&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2514&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2515&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 10.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.224em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2516&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1001.08em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 10.5156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.507em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.285em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2517&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.08em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2518&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.626em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.306em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2519&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2520&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2521&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.19em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 2.789em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.996em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 4.141em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1.363em, 1004.08em, 2.611em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.208em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2627&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2628&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;η&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2629&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2630&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;0.406&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.214em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 1.289em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.354em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;η&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;η%=40. 6 %&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;ripple factor of half wave rectifier(हाफ वेव रेक्टिफायर का रिप्पल&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;फैक्टर)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;जब हम AC वेव को रेक्टिफायर के द्वारा&amp;nbsp; DC में परिवर्तित करते है तो वह पूर्ण रूप से DC&amp;nbsp; में परिवर्तित नहीं हो पाती है और उस DC&amp;nbsp; वेव में AC वेव का कुछ पार्ट रह जाता है जिसे रिप्पल&amp;nbsp; है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 9.81em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1.193em, 1009.81em, 2.724em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-420&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 9.81em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1.193em, 1009.81em, 2.724em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-420&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-421&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-422&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-423&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-424&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-425&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msqrt&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-426&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 6.182em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.951em, 1005.16em, 4.255em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-427&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-428&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.023em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-429&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-430&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-431&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-432&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-433&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-434&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-435&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-436&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.023em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.51em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-437&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.57em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-438&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-439&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-440&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-441&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-442&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.574em, 1005.16em, 3.971em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 5.162em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: -0.054em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 4.481em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 0.4em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 0.91em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 1.42em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 1.93em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; 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style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.08em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em, 1000.97em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 9.51562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.507em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7049&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7050&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7051&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; 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margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.08em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.08em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.48em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.477em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; 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position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 3.461em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; 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display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.595em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 4.718em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -2.068em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 12.134em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.626em, 1012.13em, 3.404em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7790&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7791&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7792&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7793&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;F&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7794&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7795&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msqrt&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7796&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 8.676em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.497em, 1007.6em, 4.878em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7797&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7798&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7799&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.477em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1001.36em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 13.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.677em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7800&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7801&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7802&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 13.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.224em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7803&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1001.48em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.477em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7804&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7805&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.477em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 13.0156px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.281em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7806&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; 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padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 0.626em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7906&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7907&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.683em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 6.01562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.281em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7908&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.858em, 1000em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 6.01562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7909&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1000.68em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 0.683em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7910&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1000.29em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7911&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.4em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7912&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7913&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7914&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7915&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7916&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.574em, 1006.01em, 3.971em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -5.099em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 6.012em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: -0.054em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 5.332em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 0.456em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 0.967em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 1.533em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 2.044em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 2.611em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 3.121em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 3.688em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 4.255em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 4.765em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.384em, 1001.02em, 5.162em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.965em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Size3; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;√&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 10.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.796em, 1010.43em, 3.518em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7894&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7895&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7896&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7897&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;F&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7898&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7899&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msqrt&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7900&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 6.976em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.724em, 1005.9em, 4.878em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7901&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7902&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7903&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.626em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.858em, 1000em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 5.51562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7904&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 5.51562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.224em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7905&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1000.63em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 0.626em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7906&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7907&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.683em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 6.01562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.281em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7908&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.858em, 1000em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 6.01562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7909&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1000.68em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 0.683em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7910&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.121em, 1000.29em, 4.425em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7911&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.4em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.419em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7912&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7913&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7914&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7915&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7916&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.574em, 1006.01em, 3.971em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -5.099em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 6.012em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: -0.054em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 5.332em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 0.456em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 0.967em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 1.533em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 2.044em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 2.611em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 3.121em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 3.688em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 4.255em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 4.765em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.384em, 1001.02em, 5.162em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.965em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Size3; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;√&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 3.146em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.354em; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 10.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.796em, 1010.43em, 3.518em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7894&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7895&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7896&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7897&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;F&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7898&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7899&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msqrt&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7900&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 6.976em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.724em, 1005.9em, 4.878em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7901&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7902&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7903&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.626em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.858em, 1000em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 5.51562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7904&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 5.51562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.224em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7905&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; 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display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7906&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7907&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.683em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; 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display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.384em, 1001.02em, 5.162em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.965em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Size3; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;√&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 3.146em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.354em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 8.336em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.796em, 1008.34em, 3.518em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8803&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8804&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8805&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8806&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;F&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; 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height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.683em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 6.01562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.281em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8813&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 6.01562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.224em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8814&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1000.68em, 1.25em, -999.997em); 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line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8820&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8821&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; 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display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 1.533em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 2.1em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 2.667em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.384em, 1001.02em, 5.162em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.965em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; 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id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8878&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8879&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8880&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8881&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;F&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8882&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8883&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.173em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msqrt&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8884&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 4.141em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.554em, 1003.01em, 4.878em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8885&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8886&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.363em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.724em, 1000.91em, 4.878em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8887&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.683em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.404em, 1000.57em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 6.01562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.281em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.702em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8888&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;π&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em, 1000.46em, 4.198em, -999.997em); left: 6.01562px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.224em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.342em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8889&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em, 1000.68em, 1.25em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 0.683em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; left: 0.91em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.872em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8890&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8891&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8892&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 12.4715px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8893&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8894&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(3.574em, 1003.12em, 3.971em, -999.997em); left: 1.023em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -5.213em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 3.121em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: -0.054em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 2.44em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 0.4em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 0.91em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 1.42em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 1.93em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;−&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(2.384em, 1001.02em, 5.162em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.079em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Size3; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;√&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 3.146em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -1.211em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;R.F.=1.21&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; 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style=&quot;background-color: white; border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; height: 1.289em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: -0.068em; white-space: nowrap; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 8.393em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0.967em, 1008.28em, 3.461em, -999.997em); left: 0.003em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.491em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-623&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-624&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; face=&quot;MathJax_Math-italic&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-625&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-626&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://electrical021.blogspot.com/feeds/8129095363292232755/comments/default' title='टिप्पणियाँ भेजें'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://electrical021.blogspot.com/2020/11/half-wave-rectifier.html#comment-form' title='0 टिप्पणियाँ'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/1221256848445138644/posts/default/8129095363292232755'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/1221256848445138644/posts/default/8129095363292232755'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://electrical021.blogspot.com/2020/11/half-wave-rectifier.html' title='half wave rectifier, its efficiency and ripple factor in hindi'/><author><name>aakash</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00731197433501558195</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTo34nKkx6dcMcyxEQ5Wc0Xhon9PLus0jmKeX_sVQXvIYXOrPl3fDXcWbiZ0Yt23Nvgm2ciXGtoagz8xMQSURG5siwm5j-RTT2OVOAalBnJ_HzBUoLaRqz8c9ajdPaPW3Nlj-IKJd5_Sk/s72-w640-h384-c/half-wave-rectifier.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1221256848445138644.post-6907271991033621141</id><published>2020-11-23T21:26:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2020-11-24T21:04:41.901+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Basic Electronics"/><title type='text'>P-N Junction Diode Full Concept Explained in hindi</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;P-N Junction&amp;nbsp;Diode in hindi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZUI3WncaI5fwg743tX-sJDQKrcqAcsAptWkbax_dIktWM8WxJteDuQAei0erPjceLe6tVeHd8NV0UfiU3DHB4EZSl-0FET5k2DPLVrxJa_VhnHT8ttkeCj-j2n6lLqxEDoTmyuBeoA2s/s500/P-N-Junction.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;P-N Junction,p type semiconductor,n type semiconductor&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;250&quot; data-original-width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZUI3WncaI5fwg743tX-sJDQKrcqAcsAptWkbax_dIktWM8WxJteDuQAei0erPjceLe6tVeHd8NV0UfiU3DHB4EZSl-0FET5k2DPLVrxJa_VhnHT8ttkeCj-j2n6lLqxEDoTmyuBeoA2s/w640-h320/P-N-Junction.jpg&quot; title=&quot;P-N Junction&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;P-N Junction&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;P-N&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Junction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Diode को बनाने के लिए एक P टाइप सेमीकंडक्टर और एक N टाइप सेमीकंडक्टर इन दोनों को यदि जोड़ दिया जाये तो P-N जंक्शन का निर्माण होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;p-type semiconductor&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;=&lt;/b&gt;p टाइप सेमीकंडक्टर में हॉल की majority(बहुसंख्यक) होती है और इलेक्ट्रॉन&amp;nbsp;की minority(अल्पसंख्यक) होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;N-type semiconductor =&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; N&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;टाइप सेमीकंडक्टर में इलेक्ट्रॉन&amp;nbsp;की majority(बहुसंख्यक)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;होती है और हॉल की minority(अल्पसंख्यक) होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://electrical021.blogspot.com/2020/11/%20semiconductor.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;P or N type सेमीकंडक्टर की&amp;nbsp;पूरी जानकारी के लिए क्लिक करे&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDV9JjqudkcqFC1wuZLlAotda9-jXqKNYkjlRG2YTDt-YDkyC2StPJOKzDXrY7C8wrDM_tMcj1lin2YwxUqPFomzhJF_lIPtGCeskrZNiU31-_UCWxIuX60u3YYSYzSyyqiaxl0J7VF3g/s750/P-N-Junction+%25282%2529.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;P-N Junction&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;400&quot; data-original-width=&quot;750&quot; height=&quot;342&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDV9JjqudkcqFC1wuZLlAotda9-jXqKNYkjlRG2YTDt-YDkyC2StPJOKzDXrY7C8wrDM_tMcj1lin2YwxUqPFomzhJF_lIPtGCeskrZNiU31-_UCWxIuX60u3YYSYzSyyqiaxl0J7VF3g/w640-h342/P-N-Junction+%25282%2529.jpg&quot; title=&quot;P-N Junction&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;P-N Junction&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;अब जैसे ही P-N जंक्शन का निर्माण होता है वैसे ही डिप्लेशन लेयर बन जाती है क्योंकि हॉल पोसिटिवली चार्ज होते है और इलेक्ट्रान नेगेटिवली चार्ज होते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;जैसे ही P-N को जोड़ा जाता है तो हीट या हम कह सकते है की एट्रैक्शन&amp;nbsp;के कारण कुछ इलेक्ट्रान P टाइप और कुछ हॉल N टाइप सेमीकंडक्टर&amp;nbsp;में चले जाते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;अब कुछ हॉल जो N टाइप सेमीकंडक्टर में चले जाते है उन पर पॉजिटिव चार्ज रहता है और कुछ&amp;nbsp;इलेक्ट्रान जो P टाइप सेमीकंडक्टर में चले जाते है उन पर नेगेटिव चार्ज रहता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;पोसिटिव को हाई पोटेंशियल और नेगेटिव को लौ पोटेंशियल कहते है और हम जानते है हाई और लौ पोटेंशियल की बिच डिफरेंस होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;जिससे की डिप्लेशन&amp;nbsp;लेयर पर पोटेंशियल डिफरेंस&amp;nbsp;क्रिएट हो जाता है और इस पोटेंशियल डिफरेंस के क्रिएट होने को हम पोटेंशियल बेरियर कहते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;P-N Junction Diode&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;P-N जंक्शन&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Diode को जानने से पहले हम ये जान लेते है की Diodeक्या होता है जिससे&amp;nbsp; P-N जंक्शन Diode हमें आसानी से समझ में आ जायेगा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Diode &lt;/b&gt;=डायोड जो होता है वो दो टर्मिनल एनोड और कैथोड&amp;nbsp;का इलेक्ट्रॉनिक कॉम्पोनेन्ट होता है और यह करंट को एक ही डायरेक्शन में एनोड से कैथोड की और&amp;nbsp;फ्लो करवाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;और इसकी एक खास बात यह होती है की जिस डायरेक्शन में करंट फ्लो होती है वहा&amp;nbsp;पर लो रेजिस्टेंस&amp;nbsp;होता&amp;nbsp;है और करंट के ओपोजिट डिडक्शन में हाई रेजिस्टेंस होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicG4AdKtj0mlsiPGGCS09OFb5XpviAPOLcGQbvQreAiL_KYTVRrqeNh9POPoOwQS-Qau6Ar-PK3StsSjs3lO2pmZ3Tk7rIjq9St5KqdVhwURaV03rYl7pQpYCDRQKzo67B7fX95JOOuuM/s750/P-N-Junction-Diode.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;P-N Junction Diode&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;400&quot; data-original-width=&quot;750&quot; height=&quot;342&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicG4AdKtj0mlsiPGGCS09OFb5XpviAPOLcGQbvQreAiL_KYTVRrqeNh9POPoOwQS-Qau6Ar-PK3StsSjs3lO2pmZ3Tk7rIjq9St5KqdVhwURaV03rYl7pQpYCDRQKzo67B7fX95JOOuuM/w640-h342/P-N-Junction-Diode.jpg&quot; title=&quot;P-N Junction Diode&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;P-N Junction Diode&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;अगर हम P-N जंक्शन में दो टर्मिनल एनोड और कैथोड को जोड़ दे| जैसा की ऊपर चित्र में बताया गया है तो उसे P-N जंक्शन डायोड कहा जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;P-N जंक्शन&amp;nbsp;Diode में जब इलेक्ट्रान P टाइप सेमीकंडक्टर में आते है तो कुछ मात्रा में करंट का फ्लो होता है क्योकि हम जानते है की जब इलेक्ट्रान ट्रैवल करता है तो करंट फ्लो होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;लेकिन&amp;nbsp;फिर इलेक्ट्रान होल के साथ संयुक्त होकर न्यूट्रल हो जायेंगे और हॉल इलेक्ट्रान के साथ संयुक्त होकर न्यूट्रल हो जायेंगे&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;जिससे की&amp;nbsp;डिप्लेशन लेयर बनने&amp;nbsp;के कारण करंट जीरो हो जाती है और करंट का फ्लो नहीं होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;अब हम ये जानेंगे की P-N जंक्शन डायोड की&amp;nbsp;वर्किंग और उसमे&amp;nbsp;करंट कब फ्लो होगी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;working of p-n junction diode&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;p-n जंक्शन डायोड की वर्किंग दो प्रकार की होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;1. p-n जंक्शन डायोड फॉरवर्ड बायस (forward Bias)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;2. p-n जंक्शन डायोड रिवर्स बायस (Reverse Bias )&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;1. p-n जंक्शन डायोड फॉरवर्ड बायस (forward Bias)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVs-w3OEtC5BGoGJNaxfuAFiF3UfLNx1XfZDGJPDAAAo3c3dU2g-rFbFl4N2UKNqUZvMZ2x421U_qIEGJw-gCeZ1jJTLG85hNuSIY2-BxYkZwb24TGLQiyAQlTOBbEhVcg2WYIezmqLAM/s750/pn-junction-diode-in-forward-bias.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;pn junction diode in forward bias&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;400&quot; data-original-width=&quot;750&quot; height=&quot;342&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVs-w3OEtC5BGoGJNaxfuAFiF3UfLNx1XfZDGJPDAAAo3c3dU2g-rFbFl4N2UKNqUZvMZ2x421U_qIEGJw-gCeZ1jJTLG85hNuSIY2-BxYkZwb24TGLQiyAQlTOBbEhVcg2WYIezmqLAM/w640-h342/pn-junction-diode-in-forward-bias.jpg&quot; title=&quot;pn junction diode in forward bias&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;pn junction diode in forward bias&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;यदि हम P-N जंक्शन डायोड में P टाइप सेमीकंडक्टर को बैटरी के पॉजिटिव टर्मिनल से और N टाइप सेमीकंडक्टर को बैटरी&amp;nbsp;के नेगेटिव टर्मिनल से कनेक्ट कर दे तो इस प्रकार की वाइसिंग को फॉरवर्ड बायस कहा जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;यदि हम स्टार्टिंग में बहुत कम वोल्टेज V दे तो करंट फ्लो होना स्टार्ट&amp;nbsp; हो जायेगा लेकिन&amp;nbsp; डिप्लेशन लेयर पर वोल्टेज आकर बिलकुल ड्रॉप हो जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;और अगर हम डिप्लेशन लेयर की तरफ वोल्टेज मेजर करे तो वहा पर वोल्टेज ड्रॉप हो जाता है ऐसा इसलिए होता है क्योकि वहा पर एक लेयर बन चूका है&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;जहा पर कोई भी फ्री चार्ज नहीं है क्योकि वो कम्बाइंड हो चुके है इसलिए जो डिप्लेशन लेयर होती है वो एक रेजिस्टेंस का काम करती है इसलिए वहा पर वोल्टेज ड्रॉप हो जाता है&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;और इसलिए हम इसको बैरियर पोटेंशियल कहते है और अब हम जैसे-जैसे वोल्टेज को बढ़ाते है वैसे-वैसे डिप्लेशन लेयर पतला होता जाता है&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;और एक कंडीशन ऐसी आती है की डिप्लेशन लेयर बिलकुल ख़त्म हो जाती है और&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;डिप्लेशन&amp;nbsp;लेयर जिस वोल्टेज पर ख़त्म होती है वो वोल्टेज 0.7 वोल्ट होता है अगर ये सिलिकॉन का है तो&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;अब डिप्लेशन&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;लेयर के टूटने&amp;nbsp;के कारण P टाइप में जो हॉल है वो बैटरी के पॉजिटिव टर्मिनल से कनेक्ट होने से&amp;nbsp;रिपल्शन हो जाते है जिससे हॉल N टाइप में जाने लगते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;इसी प्रकार इलेक्ट्रोन&amp;nbsp;भी बैटरी के नेगेटिव टर्मिनल से कनेक्ट&amp;nbsp; होने&amp;nbsp;के कारण&amp;nbsp; रिपल्शन हो जाते है और वो भी P&amp;nbsp; टाइप में जाने&amp;nbsp; लगते है अर्थात हॉल N टाइप सेमीकंडक्टर में जाने लगते है&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;और इलेक्ट्रान P टाइप सेमीकंडक्टर में जाने लगते है जिससे करंट का फ्लो होना स्टार्ट हो जाता है और करंट हमेशा&amp;nbsp;पॉजिटिव से नेगटिव की और ही फ्लो होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;2. p-n जंक्शन डायोड रिवर्स बायस (Reverse Bias )&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS-py0hWnnAT-9V-qVCUdxjTV1eDNNIGCZ8OTiMHz2vQ3hsHrC22D1Cg7R0KQUVKG4FRoI8HODpR85xEGyUZt_Na1c7ZRJSFAwjV5rgMwZCX1GXNHCkhOTJ-dzMnWwAUa8Wltcxu_RKB0/s750/p-n-junction-diode-in-reverse-bias.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;pn junction diode in reverse bias&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;400&quot; data-original-width=&quot;750&quot; height=&quot;342&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS-py0hWnnAT-9V-qVCUdxjTV1eDNNIGCZ8OTiMHz2vQ3hsHrC22D1Cg7R0KQUVKG4FRoI8HODpR85xEGyUZt_Na1c7ZRJSFAwjV5rgMwZCX1GXNHCkhOTJ-dzMnWwAUa8Wltcxu_RKB0/w640-h342/p-n-junction-diode-in-reverse-bias.jpg&quot; title=&quot;pn junction diode in reverse bias&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;pn junction diode in reverse bias&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;यदि हम P-N जंक्शन डायोड में P टाइप सेमीकंडक्टर को बैटरी के&amp;nbsp;नेगेटिव&amp;nbsp;टर्मिनल से और N टाइप सेमीकंडक्टर को बैटरी&amp;nbsp;के पॉजिटिव&amp;nbsp;टर्मिनल से कनेक्ट कर दे तो इस प्रकार की वाइसिंग को रिवर्स&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;बायस कहा जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;अब रिवर्स बायस में N टाइप में उपस्थित इलेक्ट्रान बैटरी के पॉजिटिव टर्मिनल से कनेक्ट होने के कारण आकर्षित होते है जिससे इलेक्ट्रान बैटरी के पॉजिटिव टर्मिनल की और शिफ्ट हो जाते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;इसी प्रकार P टाइप में उपस्थित हॉल बैटरी के नेगेटिव टर्मिनल से कनेक्ट होने के कारण आकर्षित होते है जिससे हॉल भी&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;बैटरी के नेगेटिव टर्मिनल&amp;nbsp;की और शिफ्ट हो जाते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;जिससे की डिप्लेशन लेयर और चौड़ी हो जाती है और डिप्लेशन लेयर के चौड़े होने के कारण करंट का फ्लो नहीं हो पाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;क्योकि डिप्लेशन&amp;nbsp;लेयर के चौड़े होने के कारण हॉल N टाइप में नहीं जा पाते है और इलेक्ट्रान P टाइप में नहीं जा पाते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;और इसके कारण कोई भी चार्ज फ्रीली मूव नहीं कर पाता है जिसके कारण रिवर्स बायस में करंट ब्लॉक हो जाती है फ्लो नहीं हो पाती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;रिवर्स बायस में अगर हम वोल्टेज को बढ़ाते जाये तो डिप्लेशन लेयर चौड़ी होती जाती है और एक ऐसा वोल्टेज&amp;nbsp;आता&amp;nbsp; है की डिप्लेशन लेयर टूट जाती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;जिसे हम ब्रेक डाउन वोल्टेज कहते है और इस केस में करंट इंक्रीज कर जाती है फिर हॉल्स और इलेक्ट्रान फ्रीली मूव करते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;और करंट का फ्लो होना स्टार्ट हो जाता है और बहुत अधिक वोल्टेज पर ही डिप्लेशन लेयर टूटती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;V-I characteristics of pn junction diode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIeN227hD-aPZZFnEvOpFtJFFF_Bx0Krof4yj8y0EJtfoDUrrwU1SN5UxxpBi3QJIScZRTaH1XWwEs25zhyOI4PsHwKgcL89whP0_pnJSvOH4qOSxKSVpsvlCgWgaIiaSWDFmTYmGcqXM/s750/vi-characteristics-of-pn-junction-diode.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;vi characteristics of pn junction diode&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;450&quot; data-original-width=&quot;750&quot; height=&quot;384&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIeN227hD-aPZZFnEvOpFtJFFF_Bx0Krof4yj8y0EJtfoDUrrwU1SN5UxxpBi3QJIScZRTaH1XWwEs25zhyOI4PsHwKgcL89whP0_pnJSvOH4qOSxKSVpsvlCgWgaIiaSWDFmTYmGcqXM/w640-h384/vi-characteristics-of-pn-junction-diode.jpg&quot; title=&quot;vi characteristics of pn junction diode&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;vi characteristics of pn junction diode&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;फॉरवर्ड बायस में जब हम वोल्टेज को बढ़ाते है तो करंट पर कोई&amp;nbsp;इफ़ेक्ट नहीं पड़ता है लेकिन जब वोल्टेज ०.7 वॉल्ट पर पहुँचता है तो डिप्लेशन लेयर टूट जाती है और फिर करंट भी बढ़ना स्टार्ट कर देती है जैसा की ऊपर V-I characteristics में बताया गया है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;रिवर्स बायस में जब वोल्टेज को बढ़ाते है तो करंट पर कोई इफ़ेक्ट नहीं पड़ता है फिर हम वोल्टेज को बढ़ाते जाते है वोल्टेज को और धीरे-धीरे बढ़ाते जाते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;फिर बहुत&amp;nbsp;ज्यादा वोल्टेज बढ़ाने पर एक ऐसी कंडीशन आती है की डिप्लेशन लेयर टूट जाती है जिसे ब्रेक डाउन वोल्टेज कहते है&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;और करंट इंक्रीस कर जाती है जिससे की बहुत&amp;nbsp;ज्यादा करंट मिलती है&amp;nbsp;जैसा की ऊपर V-I characteristics में बताया गया है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://electrical021.blogspot.com/feeds/6907271991033621141/comments/default' title='टिप्पणियाँ भेजें'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://electrical021.blogspot.com/2020/11/P-N-Junction-Diode.html#comment-form' title='0 टिप्पणियाँ'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/1221256848445138644/posts/default/6907271991033621141'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/1221256848445138644/posts/default/6907271991033621141'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://electrical021.blogspot.com/2020/11/P-N-Junction-Diode.html' title='P-N Junction Diode Full Concept Explained in hindi'/><author><name>aakash</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00731197433501558195</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZUI3WncaI5fwg743tX-sJDQKrcqAcsAptWkbax_dIktWM8WxJteDuQAei0erPjceLe6tVeHd8NV0UfiU3DHB4EZSl-0FET5k2DPLVrxJa_VhnHT8ttkeCj-j2n6lLqxEDoTmyuBeoA2s/s72-w640-h320-c/P-N-Junction.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1221256848445138644.post-475626886420650330</id><published>2020-11-18T18:16:00.005+05:30</published><updated>2020-11-19T17:21:19.330+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Basic Electronics"/><title type='text'> semiconductor or सेमीकंडक्टर के प्रकार और इनका इलेक्ट्रिक कंडक्शन </title><content type='html'>&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;semiconductor&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;semiconductor [&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;अर्धचालक]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;वह पदार्थ होते है जिसका विद्युतये गुण&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;सुचालक तथा कुचालक के मध्य का&amp;nbsp;होते हैं।इनके&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;चालन व संयोजी बैंड आंशिक रूप से भरे हुए होते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;सेमीकंडक्टर दो प्रकार के होते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;intrinsic semiconductor[निज&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;अर्धचालक&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;extrinsic semiconductor[बाह्य&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;अर्धचालक&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;intrinsic semiconductor[निज&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;अर्धचालक&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;इन्ट्रिंसिक सेमीकंडक्टर वह सेमीकंडक्टर होते है जो शुद्ध [pure] अवस्था [condition] में होते है जिसमे कोई भी इम्पियोरिटी [अशुद्धता] नहीं होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;उसे हम इन्ट्रिंसिक सेमीकंडक्टर कहते है&amp;nbsp;जैसे:- सिलिकॉन और जर्मेनियम अर्थात जो भी टेट्रावेलेंट एलिमेंट होते है वो इन्ट्रिंसिक सेमीकंडक्टर होते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;टेट्रावेलेंट का मतलब जिनके बहरी कोष में 4 इलेक्ट्रान होते है अर्थात जिनकी वेलेन्सी 4 होती है और इन्ट्रिंसिक सेमीकंडक्टर की कंडक्टिविटी पुअर अर्थात इतनी अच्छी नहीं होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;इन्ट्रिंसिक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;अर्धचालक में विद्युत चालन[electric conduction in intrinsic semiconductor]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-3e02fd7f-7fff-8b5c-1967-20ffc2c228c9&quot;&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium; white-space: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Si=14 or Ge=32&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium; white-space: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Si= 2 ,8, 4&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ge=2 ,8, 18, 4&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIFGWjI3C8KB-4uGgnru34TmP1fBUgU-Bom5wAt4UrAwbSzc3ul_zQj258bGsN7BrVyfRkaKfxDBb0McKbOCUcEOuziPDO5r1R3sl6SrZbETmfpAGHbEDJ77avyqv21fFrsM34LHrVCT4/s750/intrinsic-semiconductor.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;intrinsic semiconductor&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;450&quot; data-original-width=&quot;750&quot; height=&quot;384&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIFGWjI3C8KB-4uGgnru34TmP1fBUgU-Bom5wAt4UrAwbSzc3ul_zQj258bGsN7BrVyfRkaKfxDBb0McKbOCUcEOuziPDO5r1R3sl6SrZbETmfpAGHbEDJ77avyqv21fFrsM34LHrVCT4/w640-h384/intrinsic-semiconductor.png&quot; title=&quot;intrinsic semiconductor&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;intrinsic semiconductor&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;चित्र के अनुसार सिलिकॉन के बहरी कोष में 4-4 इलेक्ट्रान है जब बहुत सारे एटम मिलते है तभी कम्पाउंड बनता है और कम्पाउंड के अंदर ही करंट फ्लो की जाती है|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;और ऊपर जो सिलिकॉन का स्ट्रक्चर है उसमे सभी सिलिकॉन आपस में इलेक्ट्रान का आदान&amp;nbsp;प्रदान कर रहे है और इसी आदान प्रदान के कारण covalent bond का निर्माण होता है|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;At absolute zero temp. =अगर हम सिलिकॉन या जर्मेनियम लेते है|&amp;nbsp;absolute zero temp.पर तो इसके जो बॉन्ड होंगे|&amp;nbsp; वो पूरी तरीके से जुड़े होंगे ये बॉन्ड ब्रेक नहीं होंगे|&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; और एक भी फ्री इलेक्ट्रान इसमें नहीं होगा| और जब किसी भी चीज में फ्री इलेक्ट्रान होते है तभी उसमे करंट फ्लो होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Room temp. =रूम टेम्प्रेचर पर जब सिलिकॉन या जर्मेनियम को रखा जाता है तो कुछ&amp;nbsp; covalent bond ब्रेक हो जाते है जिससे फ्री इलेक्ट्रान मिलते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;और फिर जैसे ही हम इस पर बेट्री की सप्लाई देते है तो इलेक्ट्रान पर्टिकुलर डायरेक्शन में फ्लो होने लगते है| जिससे हमें करंट मिलती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;लेकिन इतनी ज्यादा मात्रा में नहीं&amp;nbsp; मिलती है| इसलिए इसकी कंडक्टिविटी पुअर होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;2. Extrinsic semiconductor[बाह्य&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;अर्धचालक&lt;/span&gt;]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;अगर शुद्ध[pure]&amp;nbsp;सेमीकंडक्टर में कुछ अशुद्धि[impurity] मिला दी जाये तो उसे&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;extrinsic सेमीकंडक्टर&amp;nbsp; कहा जाता है&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;इस प्रकार के सेमीकंडक्टर की कंडक्टिविटी बहुत अच्छी होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;extrinsic सेमीकंडक्टर दो प्रकार के होते है&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;1. p-type&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;सेमीकंडक्टर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2. n-&lt;span&gt;type&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;सेमीकंडक्टर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;1. p-type&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;सेमीकंडक्टर&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;=&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;p-type&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;सेमीकंडक्टर&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ऐसे सेमीकंडक्टर होते हैं जो की त्रीसंयोजी होते है&amp;nbsp;[trivalent impurity मिला दी जाये]&amp;nbsp;अर्थात यदि शुद्ध सेमीकंडक्टर में कोई ऐसा एलिमेंट मिला दिया जाये&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;जिसके बाहरी कोष में तीन इलेक्ट्रान&amp;nbsp;हो जिसकी वैलेन्सी 3 हो तो इस प्रकार के&amp;nbsp;सेमीकंडक्टर को&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;p-type&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;सेमीकंडक्टर कहा जाता है जैसे:-एल्युमीनियम[Al ],बोरोन[B]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2. n-&lt;span&gt;type&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;सेमीकंडक्टर&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp; n-&lt;span&gt;type&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;सेमीकंडक्टर&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ऐसे&amp;nbsp; सेमीकंडक्टर होते है जो की पंचसंयोजी होते है [pentavalent impurity मिला दी जाये] अर्थात यदि शुद्ध सेमीकंडक्टर में कोई ऐसा एलिमेंट मिला दिया जाये&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;जिसके बाहरी कोष में पांच इलेक्ट्रान हो जिसकी वैलेन्सी 5 हो तो इस प्रकार के&amp;nbsp;सेमीकंडक्टर को&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;n-type&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;सेमीकंडक्टर कहा जाता है जैसे:-फॉस्फोरस[P]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;एक्सट्रिन्सिक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;अर्धचालक में विद्युत चालन[electric conduction in extrinsic&amp;nbsp;semiconductor&amp;nbsp;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;p-type&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;सेमीकंडक्टर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;जब trivalent impurity एल्युमीनियम[Al] को सिलिकॉन[Si] में मिला दिया जाये तो&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHbnoyYsgHRlrmW9TOxpeWN6up1ktKhKRiIz4Cy6yy__eCI1Lp83_nN1pCutfcnzniT25_LIvIJUpPqabz4uPHACeSSwCW0KO-di62tF0rQUv6EBI2SNIGsxXAdGjkENJFWPw45x8sPVA/s750/p-type-semiconductor.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;p-type semiconductor&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;450&quot; data-original-width=&quot;750&quot; height=&quot;384&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHbnoyYsgHRlrmW9TOxpeWN6up1ktKhKRiIz4Cy6yy__eCI1Lp83_nN1pCutfcnzniT25_LIvIJUpPqabz4uPHACeSSwCW0KO-di62tF0rQUv6EBI2SNIGsxXAdGjkENJFWPw45x8sPVA/w640-h384/p-type-semiconductor.jpg&quot; title=&quot;p-type semiconductor&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;p-type&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;semiconductor&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;चित्र के अनुसार हमने सिलिकॉन शुद्ध सेमीकंडक्टर में trivalent impurity एल्युमीनियम[Al] को एड किया है&amp;nbsp;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;यहाँ पर इलेक्ट्रॉन्स का आपस में आदान प्रदान होगा इसमें 4-4 इलेक्ट्रान का आदान प्रदान होगा और उन पर कोवेलेंट&amp;nbsp;बॉन्ड बन जाएगा|&amp;nbsp;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;लेकिन एल्युमीनियम[Al] के बहरी कोष में 3 इलेक्ट्रान&amp;nbsp; होने के&amp;nbsp;कारण एक जगह खाली रह जायगी| जिसे हम hole कहते है वहा पर&amp;nbsp;कोवेलेंट&amp;nbsp;बॉन्ड नहीं&amp;nbsp;बन पायेगा|&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;अब यहाँ पर जो हॉल है और उस हॉल के आस-पास के जो इलेक्ट्रान है वो इस हॉल को भरने के लिए आगे आयंगे जैसे ही एक इलेक्ट्रान इस हॉल को भरता तो उस इलेक्ट्रान के स्थान पर हॉल बन जाता है&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;फिर उस हॉल को भरने के लिए जब दूसरा इलेक्ट्रान आगे आता है&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;तो फिर से दूसरे इलेक्ट्रान के स्थान पर हॉल बन जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;फिर इस हॉल को भरने के लिए तीसरा इलेक्ट्रान इलेक्ट्रान आगे आता है तो फिर तीसरे इलेक्ट्रान के स्थान पर हॉल बन जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;इस प्रकार यह प्रक्रिया चलती रहती है तो यहाँ पर करंट को फ्लो करने में हॉल&amp;nbsp;मदत कर रहा है तो यहाँ पर करंट का फ्लो हॉल के कारण&amp;nbsp;होता है क्योकि यहाँ पर इलेक्ट्रान को फ्लो करने का काम हॉल कर रहा है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;यहाँ पर हॉल की संख्या ज्यादा होती है और इलेक्ट्रान की संख्या कम होती है क्योकि इसमें फ्री इलेक्ट्रान नहीं होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2 n-&lt;span&gt;type&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;सेमीकंडक्टर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;जब&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;pentavalent impurity फॉस्फोरस[P] को सिलिकॉन[Si] में मिला दिया जाये&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMmaoN3cK1xzfzQBWXnGP4PqCnu1O203KHnjaQP1m10Od1jX7S28mwPo1dTUQRvQt5hd_Suwit4guzYeK49ejePKRm_szpZI2qKPogqd5A-0651jOokGIh8p3lPHQcvr7F51PYIc17oPE/s740/n-type-semiconductor.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;n-type semiconductor&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;441&quot; data-original-width=&quot;740&quot; height=&quot;382&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMmaoN3cK1xzfzQBWXnGP4PqCnu1O203KHnjaQP1m10Od1jX7S28mwPo1dTUQRvQt5hd_Suwit4guzYeK49ejePKRm_szpZI2qKPogqd5A-0651jOokGIh8p3lPHQcvr7F51PYIc17oPE/w640-h382/n-type-semiconductor.jpg&quot; title=&quot;n-type semiconductor&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;n-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;type&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;semiconductor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;चित्र के अनुसार इस बार हमने सिलिकॉन शुद्ध सेमीकंडक्टर में&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;pentavalent impurity फॉस्फोरस[P] को&amp;nbsp;एड किया है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;अब यहाँ पर भी इलेक्ट्रान का आपस में आदान प्रदान होगा इसमें 4-4 इलेक्ट्रान का आदान प्रदान होगा और उन पर कोवेलेंट&amp;nbsp;बॉन्ड बन जाएगा|&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;लेकिन&amp;nbsp; फॉस्फोरस[P] के बहरी कोष में 5 इलेक्ट्रान होने के&amp;nbsp;कारण एक इलेक्ट्रान फ्री रह जायेगा उस पर बॉन्ड नहीं बन पायेगा|&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; और इसी फ्री इलेक्ट्रान के कारण इसमें करंट आसानी से फ्लो होती है यहाँ पर एलेक्ट्रोनो की&amp;nbsp;संख्या ज्यादा होती है और होल की संख्या कम होती है क्योकि यहाँ पर कोई भी जगह खाली&amp;nbsp;नहीं होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://electrical021.blogspot.com/feeds/475626886420650330/comments/default' title='टिप्पणियाँ भेजें'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://electrical021.blogspot.com/2020/11/ semiconductor.html#comment-form' title='0 टिप्पणियाँ'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/1221256848445138644/posts/default/475626886420650330'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/1221256848445138644/posts/default/475626886420650330'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://electrical021.blogspot.com/2020/11/ semiconductor.html' title=' semiconductor or सेमीकंडक्टर के प्रकार और इनका इलेक्ट्रिक कंडक्शन '/><author><name>aakash</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00731197433501558195</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIFGWjI3C8KB-4uGgnru34TmP1fBUgU-Bom5wAt4UrAwbSzc3ul_zQj258bGsN7BrVyfRkaKfxDBb0McKbOCUcEOuziPDO5r1R3sl6SrZbETmfpAGHbEDJ77avyqv21fFrsM34LHrVCT4/s72-w640-h384-c/intrinsic-semiconductor.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>