ELECTRICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA

NET METERING: THE FUTURE OF DISTRIBUTION GENERATION

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Mon, 24 Aug 2015 14:02:00 +0000

What is Net Metering?

Net metering is a service to an electric consumer under which electric energy generated by that electric consumer from an eligible on-site generating facility and delivered to the local distribution facilities may be used to offset electric energy provided by the electric utility to the electric consumer during the applicable billing period. continue..

How does Net Metering Works?

When your home is equipped with a renewable energy source (such as wind or solar power), it sends the excess energy that's generated back into the grid to power other homes. An electrical converter called an inverter turns the DC (direct current) power coming from your renewable energy source into AC (alternating current) power, which matches the voltage of the electricity flowing through the power line. continue..

FAQ for Net Metering

Net metering allows customers of certain electric distribution companies (note: check whether your company is listed below) to generate their own electricity in order to offset their electricity usage. All customer classes are eligible for net metering. Common examples of net metering installations include solar panels on a home or a wind turbine at a school. These installations are connected to a meter, which will measure the net quantity of electricity that the customer uses (“retail meter”). continue..

Net Metering: How is it Done?

The layout of the array was made to maximize the roof space given by the building, which was specifically designed to easily install the largest possible grid-tied system for the given area. The entire array will be placed on a South Facing roof at a 15º inclination on a rib-type metal sheet, allowing for a quick installation and an optimal yield. An inverter room was provisioned on the top floor to house the 4 single phase inverters designed to connect to the building’s 3 phase Delta grid (230V Line-Line), which is a common grid constellation found in Manila. continue..

ORIGIN OF DIRECT CURRENT VS ALTERNATING CURRENT CONFLICT

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Thu, 21 Aug 2014 12:45:00 +0000

Did you know that pioneers of both AC and DC technologies once work together in the same laboratory? Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla started the "Electricity War" just because Edison turned down the idea of Tesla. This war was not purely because of clash of minds but more likely from economic and business point of view.

The History Channel presentation of the series "The Men Who Built America" narrates the start of the war between the Direct Current of Edison and Alternating Current of Tesla. Edison was supported by JP Morgan while Nikola Tesla was supported by Westinghaus.

Watch the video below to understand more the root cause of the conflict and who prevailed in the end.

Men Who Built America Part3 Changing The Game

HOW TO MAKE A TESLA COIL

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Sat, 14 Jun 2014 02:38:00 +0000

How to build a Tesla Coil?

Picture of DANGER
Unlike some other high voltage experiments, a Tesla coil's streamers can be very harmful. If you are shocked by the streamers, you will not feel pain, but your circulatory and nervous system can sustain severe damage. DO NOT TOUCH IT WHILE ON UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES. continue..

How to Make a Tesla Coil?

Developed in 1891 by Nikola Tesla, the Tesla coil was created to perform experiments in creating high-voltage electrical discharges. It consists of a power supply, a capacitor and coil transformer set so that voltage peaks alternate between the two, and electrodes set so that sparks jump between them through the air. Used in applications from particle accelerators to televisions and toys, a Tesla coil can be made from electronics store equipment or from surplus materials. continue..

Tesla Coil Schematic

Tesla coils, in their simplest terms, are made from only five components: a power transformer, a capacitor, a spark gap, a primary coil, and a secondary coil. Many successful coils have been made using only this handful of parts. However, there are several additional items required if the circuitry is to protect the transformer from destructive over-voltages. Some of these same transient spikes and the radio frequency noise produced by the Tesla coil can get back into the house wiring and cause problems, so line filters should be used to stop this unwanted electrical noise. continue..

Build Tesla Coil in 9 Steps

Keep in mind that this is a serious project, with serious safety considerations. We do not recommend you take on this project if you don't know what you're doing, and either way, this is an "at your own risk" project. Don't try to win a Darwin Award. continue..

TESLA COIL'S ORIGIN AND HISTORY

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Sat, 14 Jun 2014 02:17:00 +0000

What is a Tesla Coil?

A Tesla coil is an electrical resonant transformer circuit invented by Nikola Tesla around 1891. It is used to produce high-voltage, low-current, high frequency alternating-current electricity. Tesla experimented with a number of different configurations consisting of two, or sometimes three, coupled resonant electric circuits. continue..

Who Invented the Tesla Coil?

The Tesla coil is one of Nikola Tesla's most famous inventions. It is essentially a high-frequency air-core transformer. It takes the output from a 120vAC to several kilovolt transformer & driver circuit and steps it up to an extremely high voltage. Voltages can get to be well above 1,000,000 volts and are discharged in the form of electrical arcs. Tesla himself got arcs up to 100,000,000 volts, but I don't think that has been duplicated by anybody else. Tesla coils are unique in the fact that they create extremely powerful electrical fields. Large coils have been known to wirelessly light up florescent lights up to 50 feet away, and because of the fact that it is an electric field that goes directly into the light and doesn't use the electrodes, even burned-out florescent lights will glow. continue..

Popular Inventions of the Man who Invented the Tesla Coil

Let's take a look at what Nikola Tesla -- a man who died broke and alone -- has actually given to the world. For better or worse, with credit or without, he changed the face of the planet in ways that perhaps no man ever has. continue..

History of Tesla Coil

About 100 years ago Nikola Tesla invented his "Tesla Coil". For about 70 years hobbists and engineers alike have been constructing their own Coils. At this point you may be asking yourself why? What is it that these people find so fun about building a large lightning generator? Well perhaps the best answer to both questions is that they want to have fun with electricity. They want to see how large the discharges from their coil can be. It is like any other hobby...with a decidedly dangerous element. But let's begin with a little history of some uses that the Tesla Coil has seen, beginning with Nikola Tesla's intended applications. continue..

INVERTER TECHNOLOGY

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Sun, 26 May 2013 12:37:00 +0000

What is Inverter Technology?

What is inverter technology? Is inverter technology for me? If you are a consumer that wants to save energy, money on your electricity bills and make the environment a better place then inverter technology is the right choice for you. Most people tend to turn off their air conditioner units at the wrong time just to save on their electricity bill. The previous, is completely understandable considering the economic events we are going through in today’s world. continue..

How Inverter Works in Airconditioner?

An inverter in an air conditioner is used to control the speed of the compressor motor to allow continuously regulated temperature. By contrast, traditional air conditioners regulate temperature by using a compressor that is periodically either working at maximum capacity or switched off entirely. Inverter-equipped air conditioners have a variable-frequency drive that incorporates an adjustable electrical inverter to control the speed of the motor and thus the compressor and cooling output. continue..

Difference between Inverter And Fixed Speed Aircon?

We've all seen them - the supermarket split type air conditioners - at what seems like an incredible price.But the old adage still remains true - "You get what you pay for". A good analogy for this is the cheap computer printer. It seems like such great value until you come to replace the ink cartridge - which often costs more than the printer itself! Don't get me wrong - we still happily sell the cheaper units - but it's only responsible of us to inform you of the advantages and disadvantages of using price as your number one criteria for choosing a unit. continue..

Advantages of Inverter In Energy Savings

The biggest benefit of an inverter system is energy saving. Compared to non inverter models, Hitachi All DC Inverter model provide energy savings up to 50%!!With inverter technology, an air conditioner can automatically vary its power output to precisely maintain room temperature at a comfortable level. On the other hand, non-inverter models maintain the temperature by repeatedly switching power on and off, which consumes much more electricity. continue..

Benefits of Inverter Air Conditioner

When the inverter air conditioning is switched on, the compressor operates at a high speed in order to cool or heat the room quickly. As the room temperature approaches the set temperature, the compressor slows down, maintaining a constant temperature and saving energy. Any sudden fluctuation in the room temperature, will be sensed and instantly adjusted to bring the room temperature back to the set temperature. EcoAir inverter air conditioning use between 30-50% less electricity to operate. continue..

INDUCTION COOKER:PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Sun, 18 Mar 2012 11:23:00 +0000

What is Induction Cooking?

Induction cooking uses induction heating to directly heat a cooking vessel, as opposed to using heat transfer from electrical coils or burning gas as with a traditional cooking stove. To be used on an induction cooktop, a cooking vessel must be made of a ferromagnetic metal, or placed on an interface disk which enables non-induction cookware to be used on induction surface.

In an induction cooker, a coil of copper wire is placed underneath the cooking pot. An alternating electric current flows through the coil, which produces an oscillating magnetic field. This field induces an electric current in the pot. Current flowing in the metal pot produces resistive heating which heats the food. While the current is large, it is produced by a low voltage.continue..

Advantage and Disadvantages of Induction Cooker

To serious cooks, the most important favorable point about induction cookers--given that they are as or more "powerful" at heating as any other sort--is that you can adjust the cooking heat instantly and with great precision. Before induction, good cooks, including all professionals, overwhelmingly preferred gas to all other forms of electric cooking for one reason: the substantial "inertia" in ordinary electric cookers--when you adjust the heat setting, the element (coil, halogen heater, whatever) only slowly starts to increase or decrease its temperature. With gas, when you adjust the element setting, the energy flow adjusts instantly.continue..

How Induction Cooker Works?

Put simply, an induction-cooker element (what on a gas stove would be called a "burner") is a powerful, high-frequency electromagnet, with the electromagnetism generated by sophisticated electronics in the "element" under the unit's ceramic surface. When a good-sized piece of magnetic material--such as, for example, a cast-iron skillet--is placed in the magnetic field that the element is generating, the field transfers ("induces") energy into that metal. That transferred energy causes the metal--the cooking vessel--to become hot. By controlling the strength of the electromagnetic field, we can control the amount of heat being generated in the cooking vessel--and we can change that amount instantaneously.continue..

History of Induction Cooking

Induction cooking is not a new technology, it has long been widely used around the world. People witnessed magic of induction cooking first time in early 1900s. Induction cooking technology was introduced at Chicago in a 'World Fair" in 1933 as well in the mid-1950s. Induction cooker demonstrations were held by GM in North America by the Frigidaire division of GM. To demonstrate convenience and safety of Induction cooking the induction cooker demonstration was shown by placing a newspaper between Induction cooker's surface and the pot while boiling a pot of water. But it never quite caught on and induction cooker productions were delayed for another few more years and for subsequent 40 years the technology was used mostly in industrial applications.continue..

Induction Cookers Versus Conventional Cookers

The innovative cooking concept using an induction cooker has a number of benefits over conventional cooktops. An induction cooker combines the simplicity and rapid heating quality of electric stoves with responsive temperature control. Unlike conventional cooktops that make use of a gas element or a heating coil, the induction cookers utilize magnetic energy for cooking. Induction cookers make use of induction heating to generate heat directly in the cookware without any need of warming the burner. continue..

Effect of Induction Cooker in Reducing Electrical Losses

To know the effect and benefits of induction cooker in reducing electrical losses, you can explore the Power Systems Loss Blog. continue..

AC ELECTRICAL PLUGS TYPES AND DEFINITION

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Mon, 05 Mar 2012 14:20:00 +0000

AC Power Plugs Definition

AC power plugs and sockets are devices for removably connecting electrically operated devices to the power supply. Electrical plugs and sockets differ by country in voltage and current rating, shape, size and type of connectors. The types used in each country are set by national standards. Generally the plug is the movable connector attached to an electrically operated device's power cord, and the socket is a fixture on equipment or a building structure. Plugs have male circuit contacts, while sockets have female contacts. The plug has protruding prongs, blades, or pins that fit into matching slots or holes in the socket. A wall-mounted socket is also called a receptacle, outlet, or power point. It is enclosed by a cover variously called a wall plate, face plate, outlet cover,socket cover, or wall cover. continue..

Basic Types of Electrical Plugs

When using a grounding adapter, always attach the U-shaped piece of metal on the adapter to the screw in the middle of the receptacle. If you don’t, you expose yourself to electric shock and defeat the purpose of using a grounded plug. When using a socket adapter, don’t attach a long line of extension cords to the socket. This can easily overload the socket. Some plugs have a twist lock feature that protects them from being accidentally unplugged.continue..

NEMA Electrical Plugs Standards

This chart shows the most common NEMA configurations in use in North America for 125ac and 250Vac single phase systems. This covers most residential applications. Twist-lock devices have the advantage of locking in the mating position. This is useful in applications where the connection experiences vibration or the associated cord is hanging or subject to accidental unplugging.continue..

Different Plugs for Different Countries

A pdf listing of the typical plugs used by various countries around the world. continue..

Different types of power plugs used around the world

Are you thinking of travelling to a foreign country? If yes, then you should have with you the correct type of power plug used in the country you visit. Else you won’t be able to plug in your electric gadgets such as your laptops, cellphones and music players; because different countries use different types of power plugs. To know the type of power plug used in your target country, check out the following image of the color coded world map.continue..

Electricity Around the World Including Plugs

There is no standard mains voltage throughout the world and also the frequency, i.e. the number of times the current changes direction per second, is not everywhere the same. Moreover, plug shapes, plug holes, plug sizes and sockets are also different in many countries. Those seemingly unimportant differences, however, have some unpleasant consequences. Most appliances bought overseas simply cannot be connected to the wall outlets at home. There are only two ways to solve this problem: you just cut off the original plug and replace it with the one that is standard in your country, or you buy an unhandy and ugly adapter.continue..

10 creative design ideas for your electric plugs

One of my favorite aspects of design in general is that it helps to improve the most commons items of our daily life. The following electric plugs and concepts illustrate this quite well, they all try to improve the usability and/or the look-and-feel of an appliance we use every day.continue..

NANOBOTS: NANO ROBOTICS TECHNOLOGY

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Sun, 04 Mar 2012 01:57:00 +0000

What is Nanorobotics?

Nanorobotics is the emerging technology field creating machines or robots whose components are at or close to the scale of a nanometer (10−9 meters). More specifically, nanorobotics refers to the nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and building nanorobots, with devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometers and constructed of nanoscale or molecular components. The names nanobots, nanoids, nanites, nanomachines or nanomites have also been used to describe these devices currently under research and development.continue..

How Nanobots will work?

In this article, we'll learn about the potential applications of nanorobots, the various ways nanorobots will navigate and move through our bodies, the tools they will use to heal patients, the progress teams around the world have made so far and what theorists see in the future. In the next section, we'll learn about the conditions and diseases nanorobots will treat in the future.continue..

Reports on Nanobots

Basic nanomachines are already in use. Nanobots will be the next generation of nanomachines. Advanced nanobots will be able to sense and adapt to environmental stimuli such as heat, light, sounds, surface textures, and chemicals; perform complex calculations; move, communicate, and work together; conduct molecular assembly; and, to some extent, repair or even replicate themselves. Nanobot.info is an informational site that provides information on both recent developments and future applications at the intersection of nanotechnology and robotics. Nanotechnology is the science and application of creating objects on a level smaller than 100 nanometers. continue..

Nanobots Uses

At this time there are no nanobots anywhere we know of, so if anybody has some, I don't know what they use them for. So far, nanobots are just a science-fiction idea, an idea which might come true little by little, and mostly not within the next lifetime. Maybe it'll be well along a few lifetimes after that. continue..

Simple Nanobots Definition

Nanobots are incredibly tiny robots, down at a microscopic scale. The name comes from a combination of the nanometer, the scale the devices are built at, and robot. Nanobots have been popular staples in science fiction for some time, and have experienced periods of relative popularity among futurist communities. Although they have been created in a biological context, no actual mechanical nanobots have yet been created, but they remain an area of active research and hold a great deal of promise for a number of fields. The term nanobots may also be occasionally used to describe a macro-robot that is able to interact at the nano-scale, using incredibly tiny tools.continue..

Potential Disadvantages of Nanobots

One of the potential disadvantages of nanotechnology includes the potential for mass poisoning over a period of time. While nanoscience can produce all kinds of new and improved products, the particles that are created are so incredibly small that they may very well cause eventual health problems in the consumers that use them.Since almost everyone uses a product that has been touched by nanotechnology it is possible that the eventual health effects could be large scale. continue..

FRUITS AS BATTERY AND SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Sun, 26 Feb 2012 02:58:00 +0000

Electric Fruits Project

The purpose of this project was to find out which fruit would generate enough electricity to light a light bulb and to discover which fruit would light the bulb the longest. To conduct my experiments I used a Multimeter, copper and zinc wires & electrodes, alligator clips with leads, various light bulbs and five types of fruits.continue..

Why Do Citrus Fruits Produce Electricity?

In order to generate electricity, there must be a power source and a complete circuit. When using a citrus fruit to create electricity, these rules still apply. In a simple experiment using a citrus fruit, the components of the circuit include: a lemon or other fruit, wire, two different metal elements and a small light bulb. The lemon in this circuit serves as the battery and power source.continue..

Fruit Power Project

Purpose
To demonstrate how an electrical current can be generated using citrus fruits (such as lemons or limes) that is strong enough to power a small light bulb.
Additional information
Batteries are devices that store chemical energy and convert it to electrical energy. Consisting of one or more voltaic cells, batteries come in various sizes and forms and are integrated into most electronic and portable devices. continue..

Making a Fruit Battery

Set the fruit on a table and gently roll it around to soften it up. You want the juice to be flowing inside the fruit without breaking its skin. Alternatively, you can squeeze the fruit with your hands.
Insert the zinc and copper nails into the fruit so that they are about 2" or 5 cm apart. You don't want them to be touching each other. Avoid puncturing through the end of the fruit.continue..

Hands-on Activity: Potato Power

Summary
Students use potatoes to light an LED clock (or light bulb) as they learn how a battery works in a simple circuit and how chemical energy changes to electrical energy. As they learn more about electrical energy, they better understand the concepts of voltage, current and resistance.continue..

What Fruits & Vegetables Conduct Electricity?

Vegetable Electricity Conductors
Potatoes, onions and tomatoes are all good vegetable conductors. Tomatoes are most likely the best vegetable conductor since they have the highest acidity level.
Fruit Electricity Conductors
Some good fruit electricity conductors are apples, grapefruit, oranges, lemons and limes. The citrus fruits will be excellent conductors due, again, to the high acidity level.continue..

FIRST DISCOVERY OF ELECTRICITY AND HISTORY TIMELINE

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Fri, 24 Feb 2012 13:22:00 +0000

What is Electricity?

Electricity is a general term encompassing a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. These include many easily recognizable phenomena, such as lightning, static electricity, and the flow of electrical current in an electrical wire. In addition, electricity encompasses less familiar concepts such as the electromagnetic field and electromagnetic induction.continue..

Who First Discovered Electricity?

The history of electricity goes back more than two thousand years, to the time the Ancient Greeks discovered that rubbing fur on amber caused an attraction between the two. By the 17th century, many electricity-related discoveries had been made, such as the invention of an early electrostatic generator, the differentiation between positive and negative currents, and the classification of materials as conductors or insulators. In the year 1600, English physician William Gilbert conned the term electric, from the Greek elektron, to identify the force that certain substances exert when rubbed against each other.continue..

Brief Timeline on the Discovery of Electricity

Around 580 BC, Thales, and other Greeks, discovered that rubbing amber and lodestone together would make the two items stick together, in a primitive style of static electricity.A long time ago, around 2750 BC, the first "electricty was found, in the form of electric eels. The people believed the were "Thunderers of the Nile", and protected the other fish continue..

Dateline of Electricity and the Contributors

900 BC - Magnus, a Greek shepherd, walks across a field of black stones which pull the iron nails out of his sandals and the iron tip from his shepherd's staff (authenticity not guaranteed). This region becomes known as Magnesia.
600 BC - Thales of Miletos rubs amber (elektron in Greek) with cat fur and picks up bits of feathers.
1269 - Petrus Peregrinus of Picardy, Italy, discovers that natural spherical magnets (lodestones) align needles with lines of longitude pointing between two pole positions on the stone. continue..

Who invented Electricity?

No one person invented electricity, but its modern day use is the result of the work of inventors, scientists, and researchers who toiled over the subject for millennia. In order to fully understand electricity in our modern world, one has to first understand the pioneers who date back to as early as the ancient Greeks, and contemplate their work to harness the natural power of electricity and turn it into something useful to the average person.continue..

HERTZ, HEINRICH RUDOLF: REMEMBERING HIS CONTRIBUTION

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Wed, 22 Feb 2012 13:40:00 +0000

Who is Heinrich Rudolf Hertz?

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (February 22, 1857 – January 1, 1894) was a German physicist who clarified and expanded the electromagnetic theory of light that had been put forth by Maxwell. He was the first to conclusively prove[1] the existence of electromagnetic waves by engineering instruments to transmit and receive radio pulses using experimental procedures that ruled out all other known wireless phenomena.continue..

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz as an Inventor

His name also became the term used for radio and electrical frequencies: hertz (Hz), as in kilohertz (kHz) or megahertz (MHz). The hertz designation has been an official part of the international metric system since 1933. Before Hertz gained professorships in Karlsruhe and Bonn, he had studied under the famous scientist Hermann von Helmholtz in Bonn, and it was Helmholtz who encouraged Hertz to attempt to win the science prize that led to some of Hertz's most important discoveries. From 1885 to 1889 Hertz became the first person to broadcast and receive radio waves, and to establish the fact that light was a form of electromagnetic radiation. (The Italian Marconi didn't begin his own wireless experiments until 1894, based on the earlier work of Hertz, Maxwell, and others.) Hertz probably would have gone on to make many more scientific contributions, but he died quite young, less than a month before his 37th birthday. continue..

Interesting Facts on the man called Hertz

Hertz was born into a prosperous and cultured Hanseatic family. His father, Gustav F. Hertz, was a barrister and later a senator: His mother was the former Anna Elisabeth Pfefferkorn. He had three younger brothers and one younger sister. Hertz was Lutheran, although his father’s family was Jewish (Philipp Lenard, Hertz’s first and only assistant and afterward a fervent Nazi, conceded that one of Germany’s great men of science had “Jewish blood”). At age six Hertz entered the private school of Richard Lange, a taskmaster who had no patience with error. His mother watched closely over his lessons, determined that he should be—as he was—first in his class. continue..

Hertz not as a man but as a Frequency

The hertz (symbol Hz) is the SI unit of frequency defined as the number of cycles per second of a periodic phenomenon.[1] One of its most common uses is the description of the sine wave, particularly those used in radio and audio applications. The name "hertz" comes from Heinrich Rudolf Hertz because he was the first to conclusively prove the existence of electromagnetic waves.continue..

Check out Sir Hertz Facebook Account!

Write something on his wall or you may like and share his post. Add Heinrich Rodulf Hertz as a friend, he may accept you.continue..

Briefs Facts of the Man who used to be.

A German-Jewish physicist whose laboratory experiments confirmed Maxwell's theory of electromagnetic waves and yielded useful information about their behaviour. Following on from Maxwells theory, Hertz devised a transmitting oscillator, from which electric waves were made to radiate. To detect them in the air he used a metal loop, which had a gap at one side. When the loop was brought within the influence of an electrical current set up by the oscillator, sparks could be seen to cross the gap. Hertz declared this proved that electric waves sent out into space could be detected. His name is now given to the unit of frequency (Hertz) and is abbreviated Hz. continue..

CFL: COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 01:00:00 +0000

What is a Compact Fluorescent Lamp?

A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact fluorescent light, energy-saving light, and compact fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent lamp; some types fit into light fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps. The lamps use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb, and a compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.continue..

Basic Facts of a Compact Fluorescent Lamp

A compact fluorescent lamp will initially cost more than an incandescent bulb, but because it lasts longer and costs so much less to run, it will prove to be a better bargain over time. Just keep in mind that light bulbs cost much more to run than to buy in the first place.continue..

History of Compact Fluorescent Lamp

Edmund Germer, Friedrich Meyer, and Hans Spanner then patented a high pressure vapor lamp in 1927. George Inman later teamed with General Electric to create a practical fluorescent lamp, sold in 1938 and patented in 1941. Circular and U-shaped lamps were devised to reduce the length of fluorescent light fixtures. The first fluorescent bulb and fixture were displayed to the general public at the 1939 New York World's Fair.continue..

Schematic Wiring Diagram of a Compact Fluorescent Lamp

Electrical construction

Princip of function we explain on a LUXAR 11W lamp. Circuit contains supply section, which includes interference suppressor L2, fuse F1, bridge rectifier from 1N4007 diodes and filtering capacitor C4. Starting section includes D1, C2, R6 and diac. D2, D3, R1, R3 have protect function. Other parts have normal operation function.continue..

Benefits of CFLs

The benefits of CFLs have been grabbing headlines for the last two to three years. Indeed, if you were to focus only on the buzz surrounding CFLs, you might think that changing out your incandescent bulbs in favor of their spiral cousins would be a complete no-brainer. As we'll see later, CFLs do present some challenges and concerns. But their benefits are far more numerous.continue..

CFL's Enlightening Facts

Myths Vs. Reality

Fluorescent light bulbs get a bad, and badly outdated, rap. Technological advances in the last twenty years have introduced the compact fluorescent light bulb (CFL) with electronic ballast and, in the process, have eliminated three of the four most common objections to fluorescent lights. continue..

How compact fluorescent lamps work--and how to dim them

Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are replacing incandescent light bulbs at a rapid rate due to their tremendous energy savings and longer lifetime. Additional energy savings can be achieved by dimming, but the electronic ballast required to control the lamp has a higher cost and is difficult to design. This article explains how a CFL works, how to dim them, and describes a solution for 3-way dimming applications. continue..

FIBER OPTICS: THE GLASS CONDUCTORS

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 00:33:00 +0000

What is an Optical Fiber?

An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of a pure glass (silica) not much wider than a human hair. It functions as a waveguide, or "light pipe", to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber.[1] The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference.continue..

History of Fiber Optics?

Optical communication systems date back two centuries, to the "optical telegraph" that French engineer Claude Chappe invented in the 1790s. His system was a series of semaphores mounted on towers, where human operators relayed messages from one tower to the next. It beat hand-carried messages hands down, but by the mid-19th century was replaced by the electric telegraph, leaving a scattering of "Telegraph Hills" as its most visible legacy.continue..

How Fiber Optics Works?

You hear about fiber-optic cables whenever people talk about the telephone system, the cable TV system or the Internet. Fiber-optic lines are strands of optically pure glass as thin as a human hair that carry digital information over long distances. They are also used in medical imaging and mechanical engineering inspection.
In this article, we will show you how these tiny strands of glass transmit light and the fascinating way that these strands are made.continue..

What is Fiber Optics Communication?

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optic communication systems have revolutionized the telecommunications industry and have played a major role in the advent of the Information Age. Because of its advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire communications in core networks in the developed world.continue..

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fiber Optics

Fiber optic systems have many attractive features that are superior to electrical systems. These include improved system performance, immunity to electrical noise, signal security, and improved safety and electrical isolation. Other advantages include reduced size and weight, environmental protection, and overall system economy. Table 1-1 details the main advantages of fiber optic systems.continue..

How Fiber Optics are Made?

Students often ask how fiber is made. It's certainly not obvious how something only 1/8 of a mm - 0.005 inches - in diameter can be made with such precison. Some basic facts about how optical fiber is manufactured may help to provide a better understanding of how optical fiber works too. At the Core- As you know, there are two main types of optical fiber: single-mode and multimode. Both types of fiber are composed of only two basic concentric glass structures: the core, which carries the light signals, and the cladding, which traps the light in the core (Fig. 1).continue..

BASICS OF AUTOMATED METER READING

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Sat, 28 Jan 2012 23:20:00 +0000

What is AMR?

Automatic meter reading, or AMR, is the technology of automatically collecting consumption, diagnostic, and status data from water meter or energy metering devices (gas, electric) and transferring that data to a central database for billing, troubleshooting, and analyzing. This technology mainly saves utility providers the expense of periodic trips to each physical location to read a meter. Another advantage is that billing can be based on near real-time consumption rather than on estimates based on past or predicted consumption. This timely information coupled with analysis can help both utility providers and customers better control the use and production of electric energy, gas usage, or water consumption. continue..

About AMR Technology

The Automated Meter Reading (AMR) system consists of small, low-power radio transmitters connected to individual water meters that send daily readings to a network of rooftop receivers throughout the city. In most cases, the transmitters will be placed where water meter remote receptacles are currently located. The AMR receivers will be part of the Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications’ (DoITT) New York City Wireless Network (NYCWiN). This new AMR technology will send accurate readings to a computerized billing system up to four times a day and will largely eliminate the need for estimated bills. Since it is an automated system, AMR eliminates the need for meter reading personnel to visit customer properties. continue..

History of AMR

The Automated Meter Reading (AMR) was first conceived in 1962 by AT&T, but this experiment was not successful. After successful experiments, AT&T offered to provide phone system-based AMR services at $2 per meter. The price was four times more than the monthly cost of a person to read the meter-50 cents. Thus the program was considered economically unfeasible. continue..

Overview of AMR benefits

The advantages of Automatic Meter Reading are many and obvious.
Increased Data Security-Automatic meter reading provides increased performance in the data collection. You avoid reading errors and missing meter readings. Reading data automatically also provides increased security of data flow between the AMR system and other applications. Avoiding manual data entry or manual data transfer a potential source of error is eliminated. continue..

Benefits of having AMR

Automated Meter Reading is a major development within the energy industry, allowing information to be gathered remotely from your meter without the need for personnel to physically visit each site. As the information comes directly from the meter, it eradicates estimated bills and billing errors and allows the end user to observe and scrutinize their energy consumption. The system can also be configured to read multiple meters at the same point in time allowing cross consumption analysis over several sites. continue..

ILLUMINATION IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Tue, 24 Jan 2012 12:46:00 +0000

What is Lighting a.k.a Illumination?

Lighting or illumination is the deliberate application of light to achieve some practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources such as lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is often used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy compared with artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Without proper design, energy can be wasted by using too much light, or using out-dated technology. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, and have positive psychological effects on occupants. One of the core tenets of proper lighting is uniform illumination, which is required in many applications such as projection displays, LCD backlights, medical lighting, microscopy, solid-state lighting, and general lighting.continue..

Study of Light: History of Illumination

In the beginning of science there was Aristotle. In terms of looking at the world from a “scientific” perspective, there was no one better in the Greek world (nor would there be until the Renaissance). For centuries, what Aristotle said was held as scientific scripture – unquestionable, lest one be accused of scientific heresy (just ask Galileo, who was forced to recant his own anti-Aristotelian views). While he was well-published in many areas, his views on the phenomenon of light was graciously simple: Light, he said, is nothing of substance. It is indefinable, featureless, and it is therefore pointless to contemplate its nature.continue..

A History of Study of Light

Many of the early scientists who studied sound also studied light. Pythagoras, for example, believed that light came from visible objects toward the eye. However, in addition to this basically correct thought, Plato and many other Greeks, also held the mistaken belief that vision issued out from the eye. Despite this, many of the ideas of the ancient Greeks were accurate. The philosopher Empedocles correctly believed that light traveled with finite speed. Aristotle, too, conjectured about light as well as sound. He rightly explained rainbows as a sort of reflection off of raindrops. The mathematician Euclid worked with mirrors and reflection, and many other thinkers observed refraction, though they did not know how to express it mathematically. continue..

Fundamentals of Illumination

To the optical engineer, light is simply a very small part of the electromagnetic spectrum, sandwiched between ultraviolet and infrared radiation. The visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum extends from about 380 to about 780 nanometers (nm), as shown in Figure 1.1. What distinguishes this part of the electromagnetic spectrum from the rest is that radiation in this region is absorbed by the photoreceptors of the human visual system and thereby initiates the process of seeing. The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) defines light as “radiant energy that is capable of exciting the retina and producing a visual sensation.” Light, therefore, cannot be separately described in terms of radiant energy or of visual sensation but is a combination of the two continue..

Methods for calculating illumination

The problem of the lighting designer at the functional level is to determine how many lights and where to place them to get the correct level of illumination for a given activity. We want to determine the illumination at a small specific location in the room from a point light source. Accent or task lighting. This not much more complicated than exercises we have already been doing continue..

ARC FLASH IN THE ELECTRICAL WORLD

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Mon, 23 Jan 2012 08:28:00 +0000

What is an Arc Flash?

Arc flash temperatures can reach or exceed 35,000 F at the arc terminals. The massive energy released in the fault rapidly vaporizes the metal conductors involved, blasting molten metal and expanding plasma outward with extreme force. A typical arc flash incident can be inconsequential but could conceivably easily produce a more severe explosion (see calculation below). The result of the violent event can cause destruction of equipment involved, fire, and injury not only to the worker but also to nearby people.continue..

Where does Arc Flash come from?

Arc Flash is the result of a rapid release of energy due to an arcing fault between a phase bus bar and another phase bus bar, neutral or a ground. During an arc fault the air is the conductor. Arc faults are generally limited to systems where the bus voltage is in excess of 120 volts. Lower voltage levels normally will not sustain an arc. An arc fault is similar to the arc obtained during electric welding and the fault has to be manually started by something creating the path of conduction or a failure such as a breakdown in insulation.continue..

Arc Flash Analysis and Mitigation Paper

The last few years has seen a great increase in the awareness of arc flash hazards and the injuries that result from the lack of adequate personnel protective equipment. However, arcing faults and injuries have been around from the beginning uses of electricity. So why is it just recently that actions are being taken to define and protect against this hazard?continue..

Importance of Arc Flash analysis

At the risk of sounding overly dramatic, the answer is: because people die.
Now it's hardly news that arc flash is deadly, and there is no one working in the industry today that is not already acutely aware of the danger. Everyone's heard that arc flash explosions can burn hotter than the surface of the sun, and if you haven't, well, they can. A December '07 article in the Journal of Safety Research said, "Next to the laser, the electric arc is the hottest event on earth, with recorded temperatures as high as 35,000° F" (Kowalski-Trakofler, Barret 598). That's pretty hot, so if you didn't know, now you do.continue..

Steps for Arc Flash Study

An arcing fault is the flow of current through the air between phase conductors or between phase conductors and neutral ground. An arcing fault can release tremendous amounts of concentrated radiant energy at the point of the arcing in a small fraction of a second, resulting in extremely high temperatures, a tremendous pressure blast, and shrapnel hurling at high velocity. An electrical safety program, which contains an arc flash study, is crucial to minimizing injury that could result from an arc flash or blast. The safety program will define the equipment the employee will wear and the manner in which he or she will safely work. This paper looks at an arc flash study that consists of short-circuit analysis, protective device coordination, and arc flash analysis for meeting OSHA and NFPA 70E compliance standards.continue..

Arc Flash Analysis Software ETAP

ETAP Arc Flash Analysis software brings you new and enhanced capabilities which allow for faster and easier assessment of arc flash hazards and arc flash incident analysis. Identify and analyze high risk arc flash areas in your electrical power system with greater flexibility by simulating and evaluating various arc flash mitigation methods in your arc flash study.continue..

Arc Flash Analysis Software ArcCAD

ARCAD helps facilities create safer working environments for individuals who service electrical systems by providing On-Line and PC based software tools for Short Circuit and Arc Flash Hazard Analysis. NFPA requires that any panel likely to be serviced by a worker be surveyed and labeled. ARCAD service includes resources and tools allowing plant and facility managers and personnel to perform short circuit, incident energy, arc flash protection boundary, level of PPE calculations, and create customized arc flash warning labels themselves reducing the cost of obtaining compliance with OSHA, NFPA70E and new Canadian CSA Z462 standards.continue..

BASICS OF SURGE PROTECTION IN AC SYSTEM

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Mon, 23 Jan 2012 03:13:00 +0000

What is the basic definition of a Surge?

A surge is a sudden gust of something or a very sudden and dramatic increase. (noun). To surge is to quickly and suddenly move as part of a crowd, to increase rapidly and suddenly, or to cause someone to feel sudden and powerful emotions. (verb)continue..

What is a Surge Protector?

A surge protector (or surge suppressor) is an appliance designed to protect electrical devices from voltage spikes. A surge protector attempts to limit the voltage supplied to an electric device by either blocking or by shorting to ground any unwanted voltages above a safe threshold. This article primarily discusses specifications and components relevant to the type of protector that diverts (shorts) a voltage spike to ground; however, there is some coverage of other methods.continue..

How does a Surge Protector Works?

When you put together a computer system, one piece of standard equipment you'll probably buy is a surge protector. Most designs serve one immediately obvious function -- they let you plug multiple components into one power outlet. With all of the different components that make up a computer system, this is definitely a useful device.continue..

Surge Protector Definition

The surge protector is an important, yet often overlooked part of a computer setup. It allows multiple devices to plugged in to it at one time and protects each connected device from power surges. For example, a home office may have a computer, monitor, printer, cable modem, and powered speakers all plugged into one surge protector, which is plugged into a single outlet in the wall. The surge protector allows many devices to use one outlet, while protecting each of them from electrical surges.continue..

Advantages of Using Surge Protectors

Surge protectors are developed to protect electronic devices from the effect of power surges and spikes. These devices come in different types ranging from the most basic power strips to surge protectors for a whole house.Surge protector is an electric device that protects electric appliances from being damaged due to voltage spikes. It is capable of maintaining safe threshold of voltage running through electric devices. Most surge protectors feature multiple outlets. These are ideal for a computer setup requiring different devices like printers, scanners, routers, laptops and other gadgets which need a lot of outlet to plug them into one power source all together.continue..

Surge Arresters

Surge arrester is described by NEC as a protective device for limiting surge voltages by discharging or bypassing surge current on an electrical system to earth or ground. It also prevents continued flow of follow current while remaining capable of repeating these functions. In other words, a surge arrester’s purpose is to protect equipment or the system from damage due to transients.
In the past, they are known as lightning arresters due to the fact that they were primarily designed to protect equipment from lightning strikes. Nowadays, the term surge arrester has been more widely used since the device is actually effective against both lightning and switching transients.continue..

AIRPLANE LIGHTNING PROTECTION

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Sat, 21 Jan 2012 13:06:00 +0000

How is a Plane Protected from Lightning?

Most aircraft do not fly into lightning storms, or fly through storms or areas where lightning is likely to be present. What we see as lightning is really a massive flood of electrons seeking equilibrium, either from cloud-cloud or from cloud-ground. In both cases, huge amounts of electric charge build up at the edges of the cloud. The electricity finds it's way from one place to the other via what's called a "step leader".continue..

Lightning Strike Protection for Carbon Fiber Aircraft

Lightning strikes on transport aircraft happen periodically depending on many parameters including atmospheric conditions and operational characteristics of the airplane. Most recent nacelle fleet history, circa 2002-2005, has shown that lightning strike damage has occurred more frequently on shorter mission commercial aircraft equipped with composite panels than prior configurations of nacelle panels. It should be noted that the greatest frequency of reported lightning strike damage on composite nacelle structure occurred along the Midwestern corridor of the continental United States.continue..

Lightning Strike Protection for Composite Aircraft (NASA)

NASA’s work in advanced aeronautics includes growing interest in environmentally responsive aircraft, one component of which involves use of composites to significantly reduce weight and, hence, fuel consumption. The new Boeing 787 aircraft is one recent example, and there has been a strong move toward composites in new general aviation and business jet aircraft. One disadvantage of this new direction is that the aircraft are far more vulnerable to lightning strikes. The energy deposited in a typical lightning strike involves tens of KV and 10,000-200,000 amperes, occurring in a fraction of a second. Without some type of shielding, or conductive path, the electrically insulated carbon fiber/ epoxy composites can be damaged, particularly at the entry and exit points for the strike. The aircraft instrumentation can also be damaged in such an event and extra shielding is often necessary for composite aircraft.continue..

Lightning Protection of Aircraft Handbook

ELECTRICAL GROUNDING PRINCIPLES

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Sat, 21 Jan 2012 12:39:00 +0000

What is a Ground (electricity)?

Electrical circuits may be connected to ground (earth) for several reasons. In mains powered equipment, exposed metal parts are connected to ground to prevent contact with a dangerous voltage if electrical insulation fails. Connections to ground limit the build-up of static electricity when handling flammable products or when repairing electronic devices. In some telegraph and power transmission circuits, the earth itself can be used as one conductor of the circuit, saving the cost of installing a separate return conductor.continue..

How Electrical Grounding Works

Grounding, Electrical, the connecting of electrical equipment and wiring systems to the earth by a wire or other conductor The primary purpose of grounding is to reduce the risk of serious electric shock from current leaking into uninsulated metal parts of an appliance, power tool, or other electrical device. In a properly grounded system, such leaking current (called fault current) is carried away harmlessly. Grounding is also used in manufacturing industries to prevent accumulation of hazardous static electrical charges.continue..

History of Electrical Grounding

Starting in 1820, long distance electromagnetic telegraph systems used two or more wires to carry signals and return currents. Around 1836, Karl August Steinheil, a German scientist, discovered that the ground can be used as a return path to complete a circuit. He proposed that the Earth could function as a return conductor in telegraphy if the wire terminals were buried beneath the ground, according to Britannica.com. This development greatly changed the design of telegraph receivers, because it made the return wire unnecessary. As a result, the cost associated with telegraphic lines also decreased.continue..

Advantages and Disadvantages of Electrical Grounding

Provides for the highest level of fault current to permit maximum ability for overcurrent protection for isolation of faulted circuit.Fault current may need to be limited if equipment ratings are to be met. Will trip on first fault (it is this factor that occasionally leads to use of ungrounded circuits). Provides greatest ability for protection against arcing faults. Provides maximum protection against system overvoltages because of lightning, switching surges, static, contact with another (high) voltage system, line to- ground faults, resonant conditions, and restricting ground faults. Limits the difference of electric potential between all un-insulated conducting objects in a local area.continue..

Why do we Ground?

Overvoltage protection
Lightning, line surges or unintentional contact with higher voltage lines can cause dangerously high voltages to the electrical distribution system wires. Grounding provides an alternative path around the electrical system of your home or workplace minimizes damage from such occurances.

Voltage stabilization
There are many sources of electricity. Every transformer can be considered a separate source. If there were not a common reference point for all these voltage sources it would be extremely difficult to calculate their relationships to each other. The earth is the most omnipresent conductive surface, and so it was adopted in the very beginnings of electrical deistirution systems as a nearly universal standard for all electric systems.continue..

Basics of Electrical Grounding Explained

A fundamental aspect of electrical engineering, electrical grounding is the manner in which an electrical circuit is attached to the earth or the ground. The connection made with the earth is vital, for it uses the ground as a conductor. The earth is so comparatively large, any excess current traveling through a circuit is absorbed by dirt, water, rocks and everything else that comprise it. In a real-world application, without a ground a circuit would be potentially dangerous should anything go wrong with the wiring. continue..

Electrical Grounding Techniques

ELECTRICAL WIRE BASICS AND APPLICATION GUIDE

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 13:15:00 +0000

What is a Wire?

A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to bear mechanical loads and to carry electricity and telecommunications signals. Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate. Standard sizes are determined by various wire gauges. The term wire is also used more loosely to refer to a bundle of such strands, as in 'multistranded wire', which is more correctly termed a wire rope in mechanics, or a cable in electricity.continue..

FAQs on Wire Types and Sizes

Most electrical wire is covered in a rubber or plastic coating called insulation. What is the purpose of having this ïnsulation" covering the metal wire? In the early days of electrical wiring, wires used to be insulated with cotton. This is no longer accepted practice. Explain why. Electrical wire is often rated according to its cross-sectional diameter by a gauge scale. Which is the larger-diameter wire size, 14 gauge or 8 gauge? continue..

Electrical Wiring Basics

Electrical wiring can be understood as insulated conductors that carry electricity and the associated devices. This article aims at making you understand the basics of electrical wiring along with the types of electrical wires. After reading it, you will be able to understand as to what all electrical wires do and which type is best for what purpose. This information about working of electrical wires types is useful in general monitoring of home home electrical system, especially if you are planning to build or remodel home.continue..

American Wire Gauge

American wire gauge (AWG), also known as the Brown & Sharpe wire gauge, is an outdated, standardized wire gauge system used since 1857 predominantly in the United States and Canada for the diameters of round, solid, nonferrous, electrically conducting wire.[1] Instead of stating the wire diameter or cross-sectional area, it is based on the 19th century historic wire-drawing manufacturing processes. The cross-sectional area of a wire is an important factor for determining its current-carrying capacity. continue..

Electrical Wiring Color Codes

In Australia, We use a somewhat confusing mixed colour coding system. Our 'equipment' wiring and our 'installation' wiring (i.e. the wiring behind the power-point/wall) colour codes are different.We use an European system for our equipment wiring, but we use an old British-ish system for our installation wiring. To complicate things a little, our equipment wiring standard changed a few decades ago, but the equipment wired to the old standard is still common. It is important to be aware that the colour codes have changed over the years, and to also be aware that some equipment that has been imported may use different colour codes. If in doubt, consult the manufacturer of the equipment.To help provide a summary of the common colour code I have produced to following:continue..

Electrical Wiring Basics

Wire Size Calculator

This calculator requires the use of Javascript enabled and capable browsers. The purpose of the calculator is to determine the size of the conductor wire in a circuit of a given distance with a given amperage load. Select the type conductor wire material, the circuit voltage and the phase of the circuit. Enter the total amperage on the circuit; also enter one half of the total length of the circuit. A sample of 120 volts, single phase, copper wire, 144 feet (one half of a 288 foot circuit) with 10 amps load on it yields a number 10 awg wire size. Our calculator yields results that are within code in most locations however we advise you to check your local electrical code. Since we have tried to consider safety as our primary factor, any marginal decision factors are toward the safe side. We allow a maximum voltage drop of about 3% before the wire specification increases. If you need to calculate actual voltage drop, you might want to consider using our voltage drop calculator for both wire circuits and circuit boards, AC and DC. continue..

FERRITE BEAD: THE BUMPS FOUND IN THE END OF A COMPUTER CABLE

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 12:50:00 +0000

What is a Ferrite Bead?

A ferrite bead is a passive electric component used to suppress high frequency noise in electronic circuits. It is a specific type of electronic choke. Ferrite beads employ the mechanism of high dissipation of high frequency currents in a ferrite to build high frequency noise suppression devices. Ferrite beads may also be called ferrite blocks, ferrite cores, ferrite rings, ferrite EMI filters, ferrite chokes or ferrous beads..continue..

What are ferrite beads made for?

A ferrite bead is simply a hollow bead or cylinder made of ferrite, which is a semi-magnetic substance made from iron oxide (rust) alloyed with other metals. It slips over the cable when the cable is made, or it can be snapped around the cable in two pieces after the cable is made. The bead is encased in plastic -- if you cut the plastic, all that you would find inside is a black metal cylinder..continue..

Disadvantages of Ferrite

Ferrites are substances derived from a mix of iron oxide and oxides (or carbonates) with other related materials, such as nickel, magnesium or zinc. These oxides can be used alone or together to obtain ferrite. Ferrites are indispensable in activities that involve magnet induction. From casting machines to lamination sheets to computer hardware, ferrites are used in a number of industries. While ferrites are extremely important in a range of industries, there are some obvious drawbacks to using this material. However, wherever ferrites are unavoidable, their negative qualities have to be offset with neutralizing factors..continue..

Understanding Ferrite Beads and its Applications

Ferrite beads are often employed by EMC specialists to solve noise problems.– Beads have a reputation for magically eliminating some EMC problems

Ferrite beads are also often used in high frequency analog circuits.– Frequent application is power filtering continue..

How Ferrite Beads eliminate RF interference?

Analysis of these mechanisms shows that RF shield current is a major contributor to all of them, so eliminating or reducing shield current should be the key to eliminating the interference. Experimental work near WGN’s 50 kW AM transmitter confirmed this hypothesis. At WGN, virtually all cases of interference in both microphones and input equipment, many of them quite severe, were either eliminated or greatly reduced when a cable connecting the mic to the input gear was wound around a toroidal ferrite (Fig 1) to form an RF choke that reduces that current..continue..

WI-FI TECHNOLOGY: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Thu, 22 Dec 2011 09:40:00 +0000

What is Wi-Fi?

Wi-Fi ( /ˈwaɪfaɪ/) or Wifi, is a mechanism for wirelessly connecting electronic devices. A device enabled with Wi-Fi, such as a personal computer, video game console, smartphone, tablet, or digital audio player, can connect to the Internet via a wireless network access point. An access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (65 ft) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Multiple overlapping access points can cover large areas.continue..

Brief History of Wi-Fi

In the beginning-Wi-Fi would certainly not exist without a decision taken in 1985 by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), America's telecoms regulator, to open several bands of wireless spectrum, allowing them to be used without the need for a government licence. This was an unheard-of move at the time; other than the hamradio channels, there was very little unlicensed spectrum. But the FCC, prompted by a visionary engineer on its staff, Michael Marcus, took three chunks of spectrum from the industrial, scientific and medical bands and opened them up to communications entrepreneurs.continue..

How does Wi-Fi works?

If you've been in an airport, coffee shop, library or hotel recently, chances are you've been right in the middle of a wireless network. Many people also use wireless networking, also called WiFi or 802.11 networking, to connect their computers at home, and some cities are trying to use the technology to provide free or low-cost Internet access to residents. In the near future, wireless networking may become so widespread that you can access the Internet just about anywhere at any time, without using wires.continue..

Top 10 Uses of Wi-Fi

Having the ability to connect to the internet anywhere we go is undoubtedly awesome, but it isn't the only gift Wi-Fi technology has given us. Here are our 10 favorite uses for Wi-Fi that go beyond accessing the web.
10. Turn Your Smartphone into a Remote Control Full size If all the computers in your house are connected to a Wi-Fi network, you can easily connect your smartphone to the same network and control them. With apps like.. continue..

Advantages of WI-fi

There are many WiFi advantages to users. Let's have a closer look at them:

WiFi uses unlicensed radio spectrum and does not require regulatory approval for individual deployers.
It allows local area networks (LANs) to be setup with cabling. The can reduce associated costs of network connection and expansions. Places where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings can use wireless LANs.
WiFi products are extensively available in the market. There are different brands of access points and user's network interfaces are able to inter-operate at a very basic service level. continue..

Disadvantages of Wi-Fi

Due the fact that WiFi are still relatively new, there are considerably more disadvantages to users. Let's have a look at them:

The use of WiFi band that is 2.4 GHz does not require a license in most countries provided that is stays below limit of 100mW and one accepts interference from other sources; including interference which causes the users devices to no longer function.
The spectrum assignments and operational limitations are not consistent worldwide.
Power consumption is fairly high compared to some other standards, making the battery life and heat a concern to some users. continue..

BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Thu, 22 Dec 2011 09:16:00 +0000

What is Bluetooth?

Bluetooth is a proprietary open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400-2480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security. Created by telecoms vendor Ericsson in 1994,[1] it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization. continue..

Brief History of Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a wireless technology that is built into electronic gadgets. It lets you talk and share information like music, voice, and videos wirelessly. Bluetooth technology uses radio waves just like mobile phones, television, and FM radio. The difference between those devices and Bluetooth technology is distance. Radios and television broadcast too many people over many miles. Bluetooth technology just sends information to your personal space. This personal space is called PAN, Personal Area Network. This goes up to a distance of 33 feet. continue..

How does Bluetooth works?

The art of connecting things is becoming more and more complex every day. In this article, we will look at a method of connecting devices, called Bluetooth, that can streamline the process. A Bluetooth connection is wireless and automatic, and it has a number of interesting features that can simplify our daily lives.continue..

Who invented Bluetooth?

The sir Nicolas invented bluetooth, as some people call him the pig. It was made in the late 1990's. Improvement (I don't believe the first statement is true) Ericsson was a Swedish company. Two members, Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson began work on a wireless form of communication in 1994. It wasn't until 1999 that Bluetooth was actually released in Bluetooth 1.0continue..

What are the applications of Bluetooth?

Bluetooth has a tremendous potential in moving and synchronizing information in a localized setting. Potential for Bluetooth applications is huge, because we transact business and communicate more with people who are close by than with those who are far away - a natural phenomenon of human interaction. The following list represents only a small set of potential applications - in future many more imaginative applications will come along: continue..

Applications of Bluetooth Technology

With Bluetooth being very popular with wireless, it’s no wonder there are many applications available for the technology. Below, you’ll find the applications for Bluetooth.
1. Wireless networking between laptops and desktop computers, or desktops that are in a confined space and little bandwidth is needed. continue..

Advantages and Disadvantages of Bluetooth

Bluetooth has a lot to offer with an increasingly difficult market place. Bluetooth helps to bring with it the promise of freedom from the cables and implicity in networking that has yet to be matched by LAN (Local Area Network). In the key marketplace, of wireless and handheld devices, the closest competitor to Bluetooth is infrared. Infrared holds many key features, although the line of sight it provides doesn't go through walls or through obstacles like that of the Bluetooth technology. continue..

X-RAY TECHNOLOGY: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Wed, 21 Dec 2011 03:32:00 +0000

What is an X-RAY?

X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies in the range 120 eV to 120 keV. They are shorter in wavelength than UV rays and longer than gamma rays. In many languages, X-radiation is called Röntgen radiation, after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who is usually credited as its discoverer, and who had named it X-radiation to signify an unknown type of radiation. Correct spelling of X-ray(s) in the English language includes the variants x-ray(s) and X ray(s). XRAY is used as the phonetic pronunciation for the letter x.continue..

History of X-RAY

All light and radio waves belong to the electromagnetic spectrum, and are all considered different types of electromagnetic waves, including: microwaves and infrared bands whose waves are longer than those of visible light (between radio and the visible) and UV, EUV, X-rays and g-rays (gamma rays) with shorter wavelengths. The electromagnetic nature of x-rays became evident when it was found that crystals bent their path in the same way as gratings bent visible light: the orderly rows of atoms in the crystal acted like the grooves of a grating.continue..

How an X-RAY works?

As with many of mankind's monumental discoveries, X-ray technology was invented completely by accident. In 1895, a German physicist named Wilhelm Roentgen made the discovery while experimenting with electron beams in a gas discharge tube. Roentgen noticed that a fluorescent screen in his lab started to glow when the electron beam was turned on. This response in itself wasn't so surprising -- fluorescent material normally glows in reaction to electromagnetic radiation -- but Roentgen's tube was surrounded by heavy black cardboard. Roentgen assumed this would have blocked most of the radiation.continue..

How an X-RAY is Produced?

An important source of X rays is synchrotron radiation. X rays are also produced in a highly evacuated glass bulb, called an X-ray tube, that contains essentially two electrodes—an anode made of platinum, tungsten, or another heavy metal of high melting point, and a cathode. When a high voltage is applied between the electrodes, streams of electrons (cathode rays) are accelerated from the cathode to the anode and produce X rays as they strike the anode.continue..

Simple Concept in Making XRAYs

X-rays are just like any other kind of electromagnetic radiation. They can be produced in parcels of energy called photons, just like light. There are two different atomic processes that can produce x-ray photons. One is called Bremsstrahlung, which is a fancy German name meaning "braking radiation." The other is called K-shell emission. They can both occur in heavy atoms like tungsten. continue..

Advantages and Disadvantages of XRAYS

X-rays are essential medical tools for doctors. However, the prevalence of new technology and the risks associated with X-rays have caused many health professionals to re-think the their use. X-rays are ionized forms of radiation that penetrate living tissue. Doctors found they could use X-rays and imaging technology to give a detailed view of a patient's skeletal system and some tissues. X-rays are still used today, however, alternative imaging technologies such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Computed Tomography (CT) scans are now gaining popularity in the medical community. continue..

X-RAY Machine Information

Modern medical X-ray machines have been grouped into two categories: those that generate "hard" X-rays and those that generate "soft" X-rays. Soft X-rays are the kind used to photograph bones and internal organs. They operate at a relatively low frequency and, unless they are repeated too often, cause little damage to tissues. Hard X-rays are very high frequency rays. They are designed to destroy the molecules within specific cells, thus destroying tissue. Hard X-rays are used in radiotherapy, a treatment for cancer. The high voltage necessary to generate hard X-rays is usually produced using cyclotrons or synchrotrons. These machines are variations of particle accelerators (atom smashers).continue..

THERMAL IMAGING USING INFRARED

noreply@blogger.com (gj84) — Wed, 21 Dec 2011 03:08:00 +0000

What is Thermography?

Infrared thermography, thermal imaging, and thermal video are examples of infrared imaging science. Thermal imaging cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9000–14,000 nanometers or 9–14 µm) and produce images of that radiation, called thermograms. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects above absolute zero according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to see one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature; therefore, thermography allows one to see variations in temperature. When viewed through a thermal imaging camera, warm objects stand out well against cooler backgrounds; humans and other warm-blooded animals become easily visible against the environment, day or night. As a result, thermography is particularly useful to military and other users of surveillance cameras..continue..

An Overview of Thermal Imaging

Specific uses of thermal imagers are widespread. Several major cost saving uses depend upon the temperature measurement capability of the imaging equipment and a great many commercial and industrial uses help produce significant cost savings and cost avoidances. Thermal imagers are one of the predictive maintenance tools being widely used in commerce and industry. Thermal imagers with temperature measurement capability, called sometimes "Radiametric Imagers" and Quantitative Thermal Imagers" are used also in many Non-destructive testing situations and some of the professional societies for non-destructive testing around the world, such as the American Society for Non-destructive Testing (ASNT) in the USA, have adopted Infrared Testing as a sanctioned testing method..continue..

FLIR Thermal Imager

FLIR was founded in 1978, originally providing infrared imaging systems that were installed on vehicles for use in conducting energy audits. We later expanded our focus to other applications and markets for thermal imaging technology, such as stabilized thermal imaging cameras for law enforcement aircraft, radiometry devices for use in monitoring industrial systems, and thermal imaging systems for use in ground-based security and search and rescue. We have since grown substantially due to increasing demand for infrared products across a growing number of markets combined with the execution of a series of acquisitions. Today we are one of the world leaders in the design, manufacture, and marketing of sensor systems that enhance perception and awareness for a wide variety of users in the commercial, industrial, and government markets, internationally as well as domestically..continue..

Thermal Imaging for Transmission Lines

Thermal imaging and the use of thermal imaging camera has grown considerably over the last decade. Among its application is as a tool in predictive maintenance of electrical facilities.Thermal Imaging cameras are not your ordinary cameras. It is one of the most valuable diagnostic tools for Predictive Maintenance. It can detect anomalies that are often invisible to the naked eye, thermographically allows corrective action to be taken before costly system failures occur..continue..

Thermal Imaging for Law Enforcement

Thermal imagers use infrared technology to give law enforcement officers a reliable heat picture of their surroundings, providing them a range of abilities they do not have when using night vision or flashlights. TacSight detects extremely small differences in temperature, so officers can easily distinguish people from their immediate surroundings. Needing no light to operate, TacSight generates high quality images on the darkest nights, even through smoke..continue..

Thermal Imaging Cameras

We now offer thermal imaging cameras for on-site professional use, inspection of installations or machines, and security. Thermal imaging cameras are improving the knowledge regarding infrared measurements. Models are smaller, easier to use and more economical. The PCE-TC series are the new generation of thermal imaging cameras. Their small design allows for complete portability. You don't need to be an expert to capture infrared images. The use of these thermal imaging cameras is extensive. In addition to inspection and industrial maintenance, thermal imaging cameras are a tool of interest for builders and architects. They also help investigators to determine infrared characteristics of various components. If you don't find the thermal imaging cameras you are looking for, please contact us on: +44 ( 0 ) 2380 98703 0 and our technical staff will advise you regarding our products..continue..

Human Body Thermal Imaging

Thermography is a fast non-intrusive, non-contact means of detecting temperature radiance differences. The Land thermal imaging system, utilising a certified calibrated source, provides unparallel accuracy compared to other imaging camera techniques. The Human Body Temperature Monitoring System HBTMS was used successfully for mass screening in public places, such as airports, ports and terminals, following the need to restrict the spread of the recent deadly SARS outbreak..continue..