Articles

Quit India Movement

2015-02-10T03:46:00.004-08:00

The Quit India Movement (Hindi: भारत छोड़ो आन्दोलन Bhārat Chhoṛo Āndolan), or the August Movement (August Kranti) was a civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in response to Mohandas Gandhi's call for immediate independence. Gandhi hoped to bring the British government to the negotiating table. Almost the entire Indian National Congress leadership, and not just at the national level, was put into confinement less than twenty-four hours after Gandhi's speech, and the greater number of the Congress leaders were to spend the rest of World War II in jail.

By 1942, Indians were divided over World War II, as the British Governor-General of India, Lord Linlithgow, had unilaterally and without consultation brought India into the war. Some wanted to support the British in their Battle of Britain, hoping for eventual independence through this support. Others were enraged by the British disregard for Indian intelligence and civil rights, and were unsympathetic to the travails of Britons in the United Kingdom.

The British, already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese army to the India-Burma border, responded the next day by imprisoning Gandhi at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune. All the members of the Party's Working Committee (national leadership) were arrested and imprisoned at the Ahmednagar Fort. Due to the arrest of major leaders, a young and till then relatively unknown Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the AICC session on August 9 and hoisted the flag; later the Congress party was banned. These actions only created sympathy for the cause among the population. Despite lack of direct leadership, large protests and demonstrations were held all over the country. Workers remained absent en masseand strikes were called. Not all demonstrations were peaceful, at some places bombs exploded, government buildings were set on fire, electricity was cut and transport and communication lines were severed.

A minor uprising took place in Ballia Ballia, now the easternmost district of Uttar Pradesh. People overthrew the district administration, broke open the jail, released the arrested Congress leaders and established their own independent rule. It took weeks before the British could reestablish their writ in the district.

The British swiftly responded with mass detentions. Over 100,000 arrests were made, mass fines were levied and demonstrators were subjected to public flogging. Hundreds of resisters and innocent people were killed in police and army shootings. Many national leaders went underground and continued their struggle by broadcasting messages over clandestine radio stations, distributing pamphlets and establishing parallel governments. The British sense of crisis was strong enough that a battleship was specifically set aside to take Gandhi and the Congress leaders out of India, possibly to South Africa or Yemen but ultimately did not take that step out of fear of intensifying the revolt.

The Congress leadership was cut off from the rest of the world for over three years. Gandhi's wife Kasturbai Gandhi and his personal secretary Mahadev Desai died in months and Gandhi's health was failing, despite this Gandhi went on a 21-day fast and maintained his resolve to continuous resistance. Although the British released Gandhi on account of his health in 1944, Gandhi kept up the resistance, demanding the release of the Congress leadership.

By early 1944, India was mostly peaceful again, while the Congress leadership was still incarcerated. A sense that the movement had failed depressed many nationalists, while Jinnah and the Muslim League, as well as Congress opponents like the Communists sought to gain political mileage, criticizing Gandhi and the Congress Party.

One of the achievements of the movement was to keep the Congress party united through all the trials and tribulations that followed. The war had sapped a lot of the economic, political and military life-blood of the Empire. Also, although at the national level the ability to galvanize rebellion was limited, the movement is notable for regional success especially at Satara, Talcher, and Midnapore. Tamluk and Contai subdivisions of Midnapore, the local populace were successful in establishing parallel governments, which continued to function, until Gandhi personally requested the leaders to disband in 1944. At the time, from intelligence reports, the Azad Hind Government under Netaji Subhash Bose in Berlin deemed these an early indication of success of their strategy of fomenting public rebellion. It is certain is that a population of millions had been motivated as it never had before to claim independence as a non-negotiable goal, and every act of defiance and rebellion only reinforced the nationalist sentiment. In addition, the British people and the British Army seemed unwilling to back a policy of repression in India and other parts of the Empire even as their own country lay shattered by the war's ravages.^[^{citation needed}^] The INA trials in 1945, the resulting militant movements, and the Bombay mutiny had already shaken the confidence of British rule in India.^[12] By early 1946, all political prisoners had been released and Britain adopted a political dialogue with the Indian National Congress for the eventual transfer of power. Unfortunately the years in prison had sapped the strength of many of the Congress leaders, thus allowing the British and their sectarian political allies to press their advantage and gain more concessions. On August 15, 1947, this transfer was complete, and the states of India and Pakistan came into being.

A young, new generation responded to Gandhi's call. Indians who lived through Quit India came to form the first generation of independent Indians-whose trials and tribulations may be accepted to have sown the seeds of establishment of the strongest enduring tradition of democracy and freedom in post-colonial Africa andAsia- which, when seen in the light of the torrid times of Partition of India, can be termed one of the greatest examples of prudence of humanity.

Akali Movement

2015-02-10T03:45:00.003-08:00

The Akali Movement was another name for Gurdwara Reform Movement. It came into full swing from 1920 to 1925. Its aim was to bring reform in the working and management of Sikh Gurdwaras. Thus Akali Movement was a struggle for freedom and purification of the Sikh historical places of worship. It produced tremendous and far reaching effects on the social and religious life of the Sikhs and brought them into the political movement for freedom of the motherland. The Sikhs became the frontline fighters for India's freedom from the British Raj

The Sikh temples, its property and wealth were being misused by the Mahants and Priests of the temple. With the establishment of British rule in Punjab, the lands and property attached to the Gurdwaras were entered against the names of the Priests or Mahants. Thus Mahants considered the Gurdwara as their personal property and misused the income of Gurdwara on drinking and loose living. Bad characters flocked around them as Chelas to lead easy and immoral lives. In this way the Mahants converted these sacred places of virtue and religion to centers for immoral life.

Gurdwara Reform Movement or Akal Movement was created to free the Sikhs historic Gurdwaras from these Mahants who were supported by the British rule. The Sikhs had to give supreme sacrifices and endure untold brutalities to free to historic Gurdwaras like Tarn Taran, Nanakana Sahib and Guru-ka-Baug. In addition Sikhs had to fight for freedom of faith and management of the Gurdwaras against the Government in respect of Gurdwara Rakab Ganj, Darbar Sahib, Amritsar, and Gurdwara Jeto. In this movement the Sikhs faced with great calm and courage the cruelties and death inflicted on them by the British Government and the Mahants, supported by the Britishers.

Eventually the Gurdwara Reform Act was passed in July 1925 which placed all Gurdwaras in Punjab under Panthic control this control was to be exercised through elected Panthic bodies viz., Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandak Committee and local Gurdwara Committees. Thus holy places were rid of the corrupt elements and practices and their income could be used for propagation of the Sikh faith and good of the community

Founder of the Akali Daily

Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri (1878 - March 3, 1969) was a great Sikh personality of twentieth century. A leading soldier of Indian independence struggle, a front-ranking General of Akali Movement, a leading educationist, a formidable journalist, a great patriot and a dedicated Sikh to the core, Master Lyallpuri was the one who had given birth to Akali Movement and Shiromani Akali Dal, reared them up and brought them to adulthood. All through his life, this Dervesh soldier believed in simple living and result-oriented actions. He had played a very crucial role in awakening and organizing the dormant Sikh community into a powerful force which played a leading role in India's struggle for independence as well as for the Sikh Reform Movements of early twenties.

After release from jail, Master Lyallpuri held a meeting of his friends which included Sardar S. Harchand Singh, S. Sardul Singh Kaveeshar, Giani Hira Singh Darad, S. Mangal Singh Gill (Tehsildar), S. Pratap Singh Gujjaranwala and S. Teja Singh Samundri in the house of S. Sardul Singh Kaveeshar. Based on the decision of the meeting, Master Lyallpuri founded a Punjabi daily which was named The Akali after Baba Akali Phula Singh. The Akali daily was meant to protect the rights of Sikhs and provide a political voice for their interests. The first issue of The Akali appeared on May 21, 1920 with Lyallpuri as its Owner, Manager, Publisher and Chief Editor. He was assisted by Giani Hira Singh Darad and S Mangal Singh Gill etc. It was the first Punjabi daily to be published and in its very first issue, it had outlined in its editorial note its programmed advocating: (1) Panthic control over the Gurdwaras; (2) Panthic control of Khalsa College, Amritsar; (3) repairing the demolished wall of Gurudwara Rakabganj, Delhi; (4) creation of religious and political awakening among the Sikh masses and to line them up for more effective roles in India's struggle of independence; and (5) creation of a Sikh organisation and choosing its members democratically through elections based on Panchayat rules . The writings in The Akali were so effective and bold compared to the Urdu dailies of the times that some Hindus and even Muslims had especially learntGurmukhi in order to read The Akali The paper effectively and forcefully raised the wall issue of Gurdwara Rakabganj Delhi and roused the Sikh community into dynamic action and participation. A big Shaheedi Jatha was organized but before it reached Delhi, the Government yielded to the demands of the Sikh community.

Master Lyallpuri coined the expression Na-Milvartan Lehir, for Asehyog Lehir ('Non-Cooperation Movement') proposed by Mahatama Gandhi which name got the widest acceptance and popularity in Punjab . The coining of the impressive expression like Na-Milvartan and to make it most popular in Punjab could only fall to the share of a daily like The Akali alone. Not only in Punjab, this alternative expression started to be used in whole of India and became an integral part of the vocabulary of the national struggle and history .

Father of Akali Movement, Akali Dal

After awakening and organizing the Sikh community and achieving a first phase of success in the domain of religion and education, The Akali started dedicating its columns to India's freedom struggle. The paper became a unifying and organizing instrument for the Akali Tehrik as well as it also became a mouthpiece of the Sikhs. The paper had realistically adopted a nationalistic approach and had also offered a powerful common front against the anti-Indian, anti-communal and pro-imperialist forces. With the untiring efforts of The Akali under Master Lyallpuri, Shiromani Committee (the religious wing) and Shiromani Akali Dal, (the religion-political wing) of the Sikh Community took birth on November 15–16, 1920 and on December 14, 1920 respectively. "The role of 'The Akali' must be regarded as the milestone in 'Akali Movement'. After the name of newspaper (i.e. The Akali), the 'Gurudwara Reform Movement' also became popularly known as the 'Akali Movement'" . Master Sundar Singh Lyallpuri is regarded as the founding father of the 'Akali Movement' and the 'Shiromini Akali Dal' (i.e. the religion-political wing of the Akali party) .

At the national level, the Na Milwartan Lehir (Non-Cooperation Movement) was so effectively projected in the daily The Akali that it caused a great alarm and concern among the English Government and they had to arrest Lyallpuri and later other 10-12 of its editors, one after another, within two years. Security of The Akali was also forfeited. Under section 124 'O', Master Lyallpuri was charged and sentenced to one year imprisonment in 1922 for writing and publishing provocative material.

Akali Urdu News paper

After release from prison in 1923, Master Lyallpuri started Akali (Urdu) from Amritsar. The daily continued till 1929-30 with minor breaks but after 1930, it was closed due to financial reasons.

Reshmi Rumal Movement

2015-02-10T03:44:00.002-08:00

The Reshmi Rumal Movement was an Indian armed movement that planned to declare war against the British Empire in the early 20th century.

During British rule in second decade of the 20th century, Maulana Mehmood ul Hasan and his team planned to bring a revolution against the British Empire. Their plan was to motivate Indian youth and train them. A large number of youth and his students joined this movement. The key leaders of that movement were Maulana Husain Ahmad Madni, Maulana Shah Raheem Raipuri, Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi, and Maulana Muhammad Sadik from khadda and Maulana Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari.

It was an armed movement so they needed arms and ammunition. Therefore, they needed support from countries outside India especially anti-British countries, such as Turkey, Afghanistan, and Russia. Shaikhul Hind sent Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi to Afghanistan for special task and Maulana Ansari to the tribes of the Frontier area to get their support for a war against the British Raj, he with Maulana Husain Ahmad Madni set off to Hijaz (current Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) in 1915 to get Turkish support. He met with Ghalib Pasha and obtained his signature on a declaration of war. He then planned to visit the Frontier area via Baghdad and Baluchistan, but his plan was exposed and he was arrested with Maulana Madniat Makkah and detained at Malta where he remained for over three years till his release in 1920.

This movement is known as Tehreek-e Reshmi Rumal (Silken Kerchief movement) because the letters exchanged between Shaikhul Hind and his colleagues containing the outlines of the plan to recruit the volunteers for the army and to establish a national government(soraj) were written on silk piece of cloth.

Software Engineering

2015-02-03T03:57:00.001-08:00

What is Software?

Software is not just a program it basically includes many things in its structure logically programmed constitutively.

What is Software Engineering?

Software engineering is similar like all other engineering that relates with physics such as electrical, mechanical, civil etc. And for that in this context we can define this engineering as: “The productive use of programming skills and the process of utilizing our knowledge of computer science in effective production of software system is called software engineering.”

Why is it important?

Due to its central importance and massive use in many fields likewise in many other fields as education, office automation, internet applications, game, embedded system, business, modern scientific investigations. It also contribute a lot in terms of economic activity started by the software product.

What is software Crisis?

More powerful hardware resulted into the development of more powerful and complex software for the system that made in the 1960s. Those very complex software was very difficult to write. Techniques that were used to develop small software were not applicable for large software system – in case using the old techniques were enough to make it complete, delivered too late, over budget, and in many cases were not reliable means that expected result is not found.

How software engineering derived from software crisis?

Software crisis coined in the conference held in 1960.To deal with all these issue term software engineering coined in that conference which means to use the same engineering rules as uses in other engineering to develop a software.

What are the sea food? What is the importance of the sea food?

2015-02-03T03:55:00.002-08:00

There are over 3200 species of fish, making them most diverse group of vertebrates. However only a small number of species are commonly eaten as sea food or food fish.

The principal food fish group are:

1. Anchovy 7. Haddock 13. snapper

2. Carp 8. Halibut 14. tilapia

3. Catfish 9. Herring 15. trout

4. Cod 10. Mackerel 16. Touma

5. Eel 11. salmon

6. Sardine 12. Scad

Edible sea plant, such as some seaweeds and microalagae, are also sea food and are widely eaten around the world. Especially in asia. In north America although not generally in the uk, the terms seafood applies also to any fresh water life eaten by humans.

Seaweeds are used as sea vegetables, names are given below.

1. Alaria 11. Carola

2. Alaria esculenta 12. Caulerpa

3. Arane 13. Caulerpa

4. Ascophyllum nodosum 14. Cladosiphon okamuranus

5. Dillisk 15. Kelp

6. Dulse 16. Kombu

7. Focus vesiculousus 17. Meristotheca Papulosa

8. Gim 18. Nori

9. Hijiki 19. Palmaria

10. Kaipen 20. porphyra haitanensis

Importance:

Research over the past few decades has shown that the nutrients and minerals in sea food can improvement in brain development and reproduction and has highlighted the role for sea food in the functionality of the human body.

Heart: one study has suggested that adding one portion of fish a week to your diet can cut your chances of suffering a heart attack. Fish is thought to protect the heart because eating less saturated fat and more omega-3 can help the lower the amount of cholesterol and triglycericles in the blood. Omega -3 fats also have national built in anti-oxidants which are thought to stop the thickening and damaging of artery walls.

Use of Attrib Command in Dos Mode.

2015-02-03T03:45:00.001-08:00

i use attrib command in two ways to un-hide folders or files affected from virus.
1) attrib -h -r -s /s /d g:\*.*
2) attrib -r -s -h *.* /s /d

you can use it some other way as per your requirement.

Syntax
attrib [{+r|-r}] [{+a|-a}] [{+s|-s}] [{+h|-h}] [[Drive:][Path] FileName] [/s[/d]]
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Parameters
+r : Sets the read-only file attribute.
-r : Clears the read-only file attribute.
+a : Sets the archive file attribute.
-a : Clears the archive file attribute.
+s : Sets the system file attribute.
-s : Clears the system file attribute.
+h : Sets the hidden file attribute.
-h : Clears the hidden file attribute.
[Drive:][Path] FileName : Specifies the location and name of the directory, file, or set of files for which you want to display or change attributes. You can use wildcard characters (that is, ? and *) in the FileName parameter to display or change the attributes for a group of files.
/s : Applies attrib and any command-line options to matching files in the current directory and all of its subdirectories.
/d : Applies attrib and any command-line options to directories.
/? : Displays help at the command prompt.
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Remarks
•
Working with groups of files
You can use wildcard characters (that is, ? and *) with the FileName parameter to display or change the attributes for a group of files. If a file has the system or hidden attribute set, you must clear these attributes before you can change any other attributes for that file.
•
Using the archive attribute
The archive attribute (that is, +a) marks files that have changed since the last time they were backed up. The xcopy command uses archive attributes. For more information about archive attributes and xcopy, see Related Topics.
•
The attrib command, with different parameters, is available from the Recovery Console.
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Examples
To display the attributes of a file named News86 located on the current drive, type:
attrib news86
To assign the read-only attribute to the file named Report.txt, type:
attrib +r report.txt
To remove the read-only attribute from files in the \Public\Jones directory on a disk in drive B and from files in any subdirectories of \Public\Jones, type:
attrib -r b:\public\jones\*.* /s
Consider a scenario where you want to give an associate a disk containing all files in the default directory on a disk in drive A, except files with the .bak extension. Because you can use xcopy to copy only those files marked with the archive attribute, you need to set the archive attribute for those files you want to copy. First, you need to set the archive attribute for all files on drive A. Second, you need to clear the archive attribute for those files with the .bak extension. For example, type:
attrib +a a:*.* attrib -a a:*.bak
Next, use xcopy to copy the files from the disk in drive A to the disk in drive B. The /a command-line option in the following command causes xcopy to copy only those files marked with the archive attribute. For example, type:
xcopy a: b: /a
If you want xcopy to clear each file's archive attribute after it copies the files, use the /m command-line option instead of /a. For example, type:
xcopy a: b: /m

Data Hide Trick/Technique Script

2015-02-03T03:43:00.001-08:00

Save this File as *.bat
Change name of the directory as per your requirement at:"YOUR FOLDER NAME GOES HERE" and change password as per your desire.

cls
@ECHO OFF
title Folder YOUR FOLDER NAME GOES HERE
if EXIST "HTG Locker" goto UNLOCK
if NOT EXIST Movie goto MDLOCKER
:CONFIRM
echo Are you sure you want to lock the folder(Y/N)
set/p "cho=>"
if %cho%==Y goto LOCK
if %cho%==y goto LOCK
if %cho%==n goto END
if %cho%==N goto END
echo Invalid choice.
goto CONFIRM
:LOCK
ren YOUR FOLDER NAME GOES HERE "HTG Locker"
attrib +h +s "HTG Locker"
echo Folder locked
goto End
:UNLOCK
echo Enter password to unlock folder
set/p "pass=>"
if NOT %pass%== PASSWORD GOES HERE goto FAIL
attrib -h -s "HTG Locker"
ren "HTG Locker" YOUR FOLDER NAME GOES HERE
echo Folder Unlocked successfully
goto End
:FAIL
echo Invalid password
goto end

Mustafa Jane Rehmat Pe Lakhon Salaam

2015-02-03T03:37:00.002-08:00

Mustafa Jane Rehmat Pe Lakhon Salaam

Sham-e Bazme Hidayat Pe Lakhon Salaam

1. Jab Hua Zofishan Deen-o-duniya Ka Chand

2. Aya Khilwat Se Jalwat Mein Asra Ka Chand

3. Nikla Jis Waqt Mas’oodey Batoha Ka Chand

4. Jis Suhani Ghari Chamka Taibah Ka Chand

5. Us Dil Afroz Sa’at Pe Lakhon Salaam

Mustafa Jane Rehmat Pe Lakhon Salaam

Sham-e Bazme Hidayat Pe Lakhon Salaam

6. Jis Ke Jalwey Zamane Pe Chane Lagey

7. Jis Ki Zousey Andherey Thikane Lagey

8. Jis Se Tarik Dil Jagmagane Lagey

9. Jis Se Zulmat Kade Noor Pane Lagey

10. Us Chamak Wali Rangat Pe Lakhon Salaam

Mustafa Jane Rehmat Pe Lakhon Salaam

Sham-e Bazme Hidayat Pe Lakhon Salaam

11. Rehmaten Haqq Ki Hone Lagi Barishein

12. Deen-o-duniya Ki Lutney Lagi Daulatein

13. Khol Din Jis Ne Allah Ki Hikmatein

14. Woh Zuban Jis Ko Har Kun Ki Kunji Kahein

15. Uski Nafiz Hukumat Pe Lakhon Salaam

Mustafa Jane Rehmat Pe Lakhon Salaam

Sham-e Bazme Hidayat Pe Lakhon Salaam

16. Aur The Sahaba Mein Yun Aminah Bi Ke Lal

17. Aur Jaisey Taron Ke Jhurmat Mein Badre Kamal

18. Halqae Noor Mein Nayyare La Zawaal

19. Aur Gird Mahe Daste Anjum Mein Darakhshan Hilal

20. Badr Ki Dafey Zulmat Pe Lakhon Salaam

Mustafa Jane Rehmat Pe Lakhon Salaam

Sham-e Bazme Hidayat Pe Lakhon Salaam

21. Aa Gaya Farsh Par Asmane Shafique

22. Markaze Hashmi Khandane Shafique

23. Mushfiqe Mushfiqan Ma Manane Shafique

24. Ahley Islam Ki Madrane Shafique

25. Banuwane Taharat Pe Lakhon Salaam

Mustafa Jane Rehmat Pe Lakhon Salaam

Sham-e Bazme Hidayat Pe Lakhon Salaam

26. Ghunchae Baagh Judo Nawale Rasool

27. Partawe Sham-e Jaho Jalale Rasool

28. Jalwae Toor Husno Jamale Rasool

29. Noore Jaan Itrey Majmua Aaley Rasool

30. Sab Ke Aaqae Ne’amat Pe Lakhon Salaam

Mustafa Jane Rehmat Pe Lakhon Salaam

Sham-e Bazme Hidayat Pe Lakhon Salaam

31. Zaate Yakta Ke Un Per Karoron Durood

32. Rabbe Kaa’bah Ke Un Per Karoron Durood

33. Haqq Ta’ala Ki Un Per Karoron Durood

34. Unke Maula Ki Un Per Karoron Durood

35. Unke Ashabo Itrat Pe Lakhon Salaam

Mustafa Jane Rehmat Pe Lakhon Salaam

Sham-e Bazme Hidayat Pe Lakhon Salaam

Some Terms of Economics

2015-02-03T03:36:00.002-08:00

Short Run: it is the concept that within certain period of time in the future at least one input is fixed while other are variable. the short run is not a definite period of time but rather varies based on the length of the firm's contract.

for example, a firm may have entered into lease contracts which fix the amount of rent over the next month, year or several years. Or the firm may have wage contract with certain workers which cannot be changed until the contract renewal.

Long Run: a period of time in which all factors of production and cost are variable. in the long run firms are able to adjust all cost, whereas in the short run firms are only able to influence price through adjustment made to production levels. additionally, whereas firms may be a monopoly in the short-run they may expect competition in the long-run term.

in economics, long run models may shift away from short run equilibrium in which supply and demand react to price levels with more flexibility.

Explaining long run:

firms examining the long run understand that they cannot alter levels of production in order to reach an equilibrium between supply and demand. in the long run, they can either expand or reduce production capacity or enter or exit an industry based on expected profits. in the short run, barriers to entry prevent competitors from quickly entering a market. in the long run, however competitors may enter or exit and industry depending in the levels of profit previously seen by companies operating in that industry.

Marginal Utility: additional satisfaction a consumer gains from consuming one more unit of a good or service. marginal utility is important economic concept because economist use it to determine how much of an item a consumer will buy. positive marginal utility is when the consumption of an additional item increase the total utility. negative marginal utility is when the consumption of an additional item decreased the total utility.

Explanation:

if you were really thirsty you'd get a certain amount of satisfaction from a glass of water. this satisfaction would probably decrease with the second glass and then decrease even more with the third glass. the additional amount of satisfaction comes with each additional glass of water is marginal utility.

Elasticity: a measure of a variable sensitivity to a change in another variable. refers the degree to which individuals (consumer/producers) change their demand/amount supplied in response to price or income changes.

Explanation:

elasticity used to assess the change in consumer demand as a reslt of a change in good's price when the value is greater than 1, this suggest that the demand for good/service is affected by the price, whereas a value that is less than 1 suggest that demand is incentive to price.

businesses often strive to sell/market products or service that are or seem inelastic in demand because doing so can mean few customer well be lost as a result of price increase.

perfect competition: a market structure in which the following five criteria are met:

1) all firms sell identical product.

2) all firms are price takers- they cannot control market price of their product.

3) all firms have a relatively small market share.

4) buyers have complete information about the product being sold and the price charges by each firm.

5) the industry characterized by freedom of entry and exit.

perfect competition is sometime referred to as pure competition.

Explanation:

perfect competition is a theoretical market structure. it is primarily used as a benchmark against which other real-life market structure are compares. the industry that most closely resembles perfect competition in real life is agriculture.

perfect competition is the opposite of monopoly, in which only a single firms supplies a particular good or service, and that firm can charge whatever price it want to because consumers have no alternative and it difficult for would-be competitors to enter the market place.

under perfect competition that are many buyers and sellers, and prices reflect supply and demand. also consumers have many substitutes if the good or service they which to buy becomes too expensive or its quality begins to fall short. new firms can easily enter the market, generating additional competition.

companies earn just enough profit to stay in business and no more because if they were to earn excess or fits other companies would enter the market and drive profit back down to the bare minimum.

real-competition differs from the textbook model of perfect competition in many ways. real companies try to make their product different from those of their competitors. they advertise to try to gain market share. they cut price to try to take customers away from other firms. they raise prices in the hope of increasing profits. and some firms are large enough to affect market price but the perfect competition model is not an ideal that we should try to achieve in the real world.

Tum Itna Jo Muskara Rahay Ho (Jagjit Singh)

2015-02-03T03:32:00.001-08:00

tum itna jo muskura rahay ho

kya gham hai chupa rahay ho

ankho main nami, hansi labo'n par

kya hal hai, kya dikha rahay ho

kya gham hai chupa rahay ho

tum itna jo muskura rahay ho

banjaien gay zahar petay petay

ye ashq jo petay ja rahay ho

jin zakhmo ko waqt bhar chala hai

tum kyun inhain cheeray ja rahay ho

kya gham hai chupa rahay ho

tum itna jo muskura rahay ho

Rekhao'n ka khel hai muqadar

rekhao'n say maat kha rahi ho

kya gham hai chupa rahay ho

tum itna jo muskura rahay ho

The importance of Sunnah

2013-01-24T11:58:00.005-08:00

SHARIA, the Muslim code of conduct, permeates the ethos — the very soul — of Muslim life.

Thus, the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990), sponsored by the Organisation of Islamic Conference, affirmed the Sharia as the sole information source for guidance on Muslim daily living. This was the ‘Muslim response’ to the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).

Started by five highly respected imams — Jafar ibn Muhammad (702-765CE), Abu Hanifa (699-767), Malikibn Anas (711-795), al-Shafi’i (767-820), and Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855) — the Sharia represents the fruit of their labours from perusing through the available hadith literature to enunciate their respective views on how Muslims should lead their lives in conformity with the Quran and hadith.

Their writings elaborate on, for example, rituals (for prayers, fasting and pilgrimage) and punishments (e.g.for adultery, apostasy and pilferage). And while each imam worked independently, their writings weredistilled by devout followers as Sharia (‘the way’). Some conservative Muslims consider Sharia to be ‘mandated by God’.

But I discovered that the six hadith compilers — Bukhari, Muslim, Ibn Majah, Abu Dawood, Tirmidhi and Al-Nasai — who collectively compiled the lion’s share of the known 12,000 plus hadith, produced their compilations decades after these imams had died.

Thus, the only hadith collection these imams could have consulted was al-Muwatta, a relatively small (1,800 hadith) collection of Imam Malik ibn Anas. While dealing mostly with rituals, it also carries somehadith on other matters, including hadd (capital or corporal punishment for adultery, fornication, apostasy, drinking and theft). For example, it carries six hadith on adultery in which the Prophet (PBUH) prescribedrajam (stoning adulterers to death).

But the other hadith collections mentioned above, in addition to hadith prescribing rajam, also carry the following three hadith not found in al-Muwatta, in which the Prophet apparently forgave adulterers: One example is cited by Abu Dawood in which it seems that no one was punished.

In another case, on learning that some Muslims had killed an adulterer, the Prophet asked: “Why did you not let him live? Perhaps he would have repented and been forgiven by God” (Tirmidhi, 1010). And in a third case, when a man confessed to having committed a sin requiring hadd punishment, the Prophet asked, “Haven’t you prayed with me?” The man said, “Yes.” The Prophet replied, “God has forgiven your sin” (Bukhari, 8.812).

Why don’t we find these reports in al-Muwatta? Since Imam Malik was a jurist, he was probably particularly interested in learning about specific punishments the Prophet prescribed. Therefore, his question to his respondents, who were descendants of the Sahaba (the Prophet’s companions), could have been narrowly focused, such as: “What punishment did the Prophet prescribe for adultery?” (This was about 100 years after the Prophet died).

And since rajam was the answer, it became incorporated in the Sharia. On the other hand, questions such as: “How did the Prophet handle cases of adultery?” or “Did the Prophet ever forgive adulterers?” would probably evoke the type of responses that Dawood, Muslim, and Bukhari obtained in the above examples.

Conservative Muslims might argue that Sharia scholars knew all hadith. But then there would have been no need for Bukhari to have spent several years travelling around the Muslim world interviewing individuals whose predecessors had been the Prophet’s companions.

One could even argue that he and other hadith compilers undertook their respective missions because they felt there must be more to the Prophet’s life than conveyed through Imam Malik’s small hadithcollection. The changed prophetic response to adultery could also reflect the evolving nature of Quranic guidance.

While the unquestioned following of Sharia by some Muslims underscores the power of faith, the Quran also encourages ijtihad (introspection) when issues are unclear. Thus, Muslims might consider reviewing the 80-90 per cent hadith that became available after the Sharia compilers’ deaths.

This will probably suggest that the hadith of compassion, forgiveness, and gender equality are more in line with Islam being a religion of peace than those of punishment. Underscoring hadith such as: “Avoidinflicting the prescribed punishment as much as you can, and if there is any way out, let a man go, for it is better for a leader to make a mistake in forgiving than in punishing” (Tirmidhi, 1011), the updated Sharia will lead to Islam being truly called a religion of peace and compassion.

Then, unfortunate incidents such as the one in which a 25-year-old mother of five was stoned to death on charges of adultery filed with a local panchayat in Pakistan by an influential landlord might not occur. Earlier, the victim had reportedly rebuffed the landlord’s sexual advances. Her husband was apparently abducted to enable the assailants to implement the ‘punishment’ in her home in the small hours of the morning.

And in western countries, for example in the US, where 13 states have banned the use of Sharia in judicial deliberations because of its ‘cruel and misogynist character’, Sharia bans will become non-issues and Islamophobia, gripping the US and several European countries, might also gradually disappear.

The true spirit of Islam as a religion of peace and compassion unfolds beautifully when we read the Quran and hadith keeping in mind the context and chronology of revelation.

The writer is the author of Islam: A Religion of Peace? and president of the Honolulu-based Pacific Institute of Islamic Studies.

Sharia: the way forward

2013-01-24T11:58:00.001-08:00

SHARIA, the Muslim code of conduct, permeates the ethos — the very soul — of Muslim life.

The true spirit of Islam as a religion of peace and compassion unfolds beautifully when we read the Quran and hadith keeping in mind the context and chronology of revelation.

The writer is the author of Islam: A Religion of Peace? and president of the Honolulu-based Pacific Institute of Islamic Studies.

Research Paper on: IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ON HUMAN BEHAVIOUR

2012-10-11T03:03:00.001-07:00

IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR

DEFINITION.

Environment means natural world. Environment is the surrounding in which a person, animal or plant lives or operates. The environment is our life support system it includes everything that we rely on during our lifetimes such as air, metals, soil, water, rock and other living organisms. The natural environment contains all living or non living things that occur naturally on earth. The study of the interaction between human behavior and our physical surroundings. The presence of other people influences us to study crowding. Interest broadened to include the variety of negative behavior effects caused by environmental variables such as noise, heat and air pollution. Increasingly concentrated on how human behavior negatively impacts the environment and on to change this behavior. A serious threat to human beings and their environment is the continues and accelerating over exploitation and destruction of natural resources.

INTRODUCTION

Environmental degradation may be defined as the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil: the destruction of eco system and the extinction of wild life. Environmental degradation has occurred due to the recent activities in the field of socio-economic, institute and technology. Environmental changes are depend on many factors including economic growth, population growth, urbanization, intensification of agriculture, rising energies use and transportation. Poverty still remains a problem at the root of several environmental problems to create awareness among the people about the ill effects of environmental pollution.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

In discussing the effect on health, we point out that initial focus centered on physical threat throughout human history; people have been threatening by earthquake and natural disasters. Recent times, technological advancement have brought new potential dangers which are regularly exposed to health related messages about environmental threat such as; increased cancer risk is caused by living or working near power line talking on cellular telephone. Environmental threats are stressful; people must find ways to cope. In effected response is a tribute environmental problems to the evil motives of individual farms or of government agencies and then to resort to violence against individuals associate with this organization. The most adopted approach is to take step to alert the behavior of individuals.

FACTORS:

Major factors that influence social behavior consist of ecological variable the direct and indirect influence physical environment.

1. Noisy environment.

2. Temperature.

3. Air.

4. Atmosphere.

NOISY ENVIRONMENT: UNPLEASANT AND UNPREDICTABLE

Noisy environment is defined as UN wanted sound, in other words: sounds that create a negative affective response. Loudness is one of the major reasons that a given sound is evocated as unpleasant. We tend to react negatively to loudness, whether it is natural occurrence (such as a loud clap of thunder) or artificial (such as jet taking off). Unpredictability is the other major reason for a negative response to sound. We can adapt more easily to a regular, predictable sound, such as birds that start singing each morning at sun rise. Unexpected and

Unpredictable sounds. The negative effects of unpredictable noise on performance tasks including reading comprehension and solving. The negative effects of noise are reduce when individuals pensive that may have control over it. Loud unpredictable noise generates great deals of negative effects, including hunger and it is a measure source of environmental stress. Noise interferes with behavior in daily life. Daily exposure to the sounds of a by air causes adults to be less able to find items in a super market, to have memory loss, and even to be more likely to drop things. Still any one of this response to heat (as well as their combine effects) can increase the like hood of negative interpersonal responses. In a study of auto mobile drive at any intersection in phoenix, Arizona, the higher the temperature, the more the drivers angrily honked their horns if the cars is in the front of them remain stationary after the light turned green. Some negative to heat involve more harmful interpersonal behavior. Temperature level has also been linked to more serious inter personal aggression. Not only does a heat affect aggressive crime it also increases the aggressiveness of police officers towards suspected offenders.

THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR ON THE ENVIRONMENT:

Environmental psychology in terms of the interactions between our behavior and physical surroundings. It really is a two way street, with the environment affecting our actions and our actions affecting the environment. Almost everything that humans do has a small but cumulative on the world around us whenever someone becomes a parent drives a car, uses hair spray, buys a product, send garbage to a land fill, lights a fire, or plants a tree, the environment is affected. More serious are the health threat caused by as an environmental stressor hearing loss, hypertension.

THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF BREATHING POLLUTED AIR.

Air quality was expressed on the global environment. Pollution remains problem, on the job, more than half of all factory workers are exposed to hazardous polluted air. Polluted air is one of several factors in the environment that have a negative effect on humans. Impure air causes negative emotional reactions, increasing various health risks, and is responsible for thousands of death annually. Particles in the air we breathe the victims are primarily children with respiratory illness, individual of all ages have asthma, and elderly citizens have upper respiratory illness. Most of the partials are released in to the air by industrial plants a smaller proportion originate in the exhaust of vehicles powered by diesel engines. In countries that have less restrictive environmental laws

ELECTRICAL IONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE:

Natural environmental phenomena can also influence behavior lighting, strong winds and other atmospheric disturbances cause air molecules to spill into positively and negatively charged particles called ions. The result is atmospheric electricity affects which social behavior. Positive ions are generated by hot, dry wind blowing from mountain ranges down across the plane below. As the positive ions level raises the frequency of suicides traffic accidents, industrial accidents and several types of crime also increase. The influence of positive verse negative effect on behavior and environmental factors such as noise, high temperature, bad smelling, air and positive ions leads to negative behavior in part because they create negative effects. While a quiet atmosphere comparable temperature, fragrant smells and negative ions arouse positive affects and have benefited behavior effect. Numerous other environmental factors such as room lighting also influence our behavior of their effect on emotions.

HIGH TEMPERATURE: NEGATIVE AFFECTS AND NEGATIVE INTERPERSONAL BEHAVIOR:

The temperature rises to appoint where it is uncomfortably hot, people interact with one another in less positive ways. Note that discomfort is not simply a matter of air temperature it is also affected by humidity and by air movement. Engaged in aerobic exercise under comfortable, warm or hot conditions hot temperature resulted in hostile affect, hostile thought and physiological arousal.

AFFECTING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGARADATION:

DESTRUCTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Agriculture development and farming activities contribute, to soil erosions, land salivation and loss of nutrients. The green revolution and over exploitation of land and water resources, use of fertilizers and pesticides have increased many causes in the degradation of land and water.

DISEASES CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR:

Environmental diseases are diseases that are not genetic but are caused, aided or triggered by the environment. They are basically carried in the water, soil, air and food, which can therefore affect almost every living organism. According to the world health organization, it has been reported that 25 million adults and children die annually of this factor which, if taking care of can be prevented to a very large extent. Also the frequency of the four behaviors was measured. The taxonomy has content, discriminate, predictive and homological validity and satisfactory. The most internalize of the new norm constructed, intrigrated is most strongly correlate with measured personal and moral norms. The pattern of collation between norms constricted and between norms and behavior worry between behaviors hence. Respondent seem to apply different norms for different environmentally response behavior. Environmental degradation comes from economic activity that consumer expenditure account for most gross domestic product and that therefore changing consumer behavior can go a long way towards reducing environmental degradation, there are several strategies available for changing environmentally significant consumer behavior.

DISEASES THAT CAUSE DEATH, ILLNESS AND DISABILITY DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE GIVEN BELOW:

1. Diarrhea mainly cause due to unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation and hygiene.

2. Lower respiratory infections are caused due to indoors and out door air pollution.

3. Malaria a dreadful disease cause due to poor water resources, housing and land use management.

4. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by a gradual loss of lung function mainly due to workplace exposures to toxic dusts and fumes.

5. overcrowding in public is also one of the factors that boost infections.

6. Cardiovascular disorders are mainly caused by factors such as high cholesterol level, smoking, obesity, stress, diabetes, genetics and lack of exercise.

7. Cancer is also considered environmental disease, because most of the cancers are caused by the environment.

8. Mental illness and stress are also diseases that are triggered by the environment we live in stress can sometimes leads to depression and if no help is provided at the time can lead to suicide.

HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS INFLUENCED BY THE ENVIRONMENT:

People behave the way that they do by choice but in reality the environment play a critical role. Something as simple as changes in temperature and as extreme as times of war can have a profound.

EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOR:

The environment in relation to human beings is the natural and man-made physical surrounding the instructions and the opinions and ideas that surround individual .obviously the environment is very important to people. It affects the way people live, down to the smallest .Environment does not control the choice man makes with regard to his goal, but it limits the possibilities open to him. Yet human behavior occupies center stage for virtually every major environmental problem comforting human kind. On the one hand, both personal subcritical decision and actions are the root cause of most ecological problem and on the other environmental quality can affect psychological health and functioning. The focus of this entry is on the impact on the environmental quality, specifically crowding, noise pollution upon psychological functioning. The construct of psychological stress has proven useful for understanding how the physical environment can affect human well being. Psychological stress refers to behavioral and physiological reactions to environmental demands that exceed or tax the adaptive capacities of the organisms. These demands are termed stressors. Adaptive capacities of the organisms encompass genetic predispositions, cognitive behavioral coping stages and social characteristics that can alert the balance environmental demands and individual capacity.

ECO-PSYCHOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION:

One of the necessary corner stone’s of Eco-psychology and environmental psychology is a contribution to understanding and solving environmental problems. If these fields are to have any lasting benefit, they must help us to solve the very real problems of environmental degradation and devastation. These solutions must come on broad, cultural, bioregional, even global levels, as well as on individuals and local levels. Some of the ways environmental psychology and eco-psychology can respond to environmental problems and they can understand and support sustainable effective action.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS:

The very real and well documented environmental problems we face, both locally and global, also have psychological consequences.

We can identify three categories of environmental

NATURAL DISASTER:

(a) Usually unpredictable, uncontrollable, destructive, acute, but they are expectable. While we cannot predict the next Tsunami, forest fire, or tornado, they tend to have a recognizable low point with natural disaster.

(b) Factors in psychological effect of natural disaster include the events duration, intensity, low point. Equally important are a variety of personal and social coping skill, including personality style, adoptive skills and social support.

(c) Psychological effects short term stress is common. Generally chronic stress is rear. Often, increase in cooperation and social bonding.

(d) Natural disasters are part of natural order. Natural disasters are easier to intricate because they are part of natural order.

TECHNOLOGICAL CATASTROPHES:

(a) Duration is variable. There may be long term effects, there is often no clear low point, and victims have little control. Ere may be a lack of visible destruction and no closer since the low term effects are unknown and unknown able. Most people have low familiarities with these, and there is low predictability.

(b) Toxic exposure leads to both neuropsychological effects and stress effects. The belief in exposure leads to stress in some cases, their low silence may lead to a denial.

(c) Psychological effects compare to natural disasters, these effects are more severe, complex, longer-lasting and likely to be chronic. They often increase interpersonal conflict.

(d) Since they are not part of natural order, hypothesis that they increase existential insecurity.

CHRONIC LONG-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Psychic numbing denial. (The most common and visible effects)

(a) Anxiety

(b) Helplessness, depression.

(d) Child development.

They may also a positive effects of recognizing and dealing with environmental destruction it may be a call to awareness and service, existential authenticity, responsibility.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION AND DECISION MAKING:

Economists and political scientists tend to use rational decision making models. Psychology points to a number of non rational factors.

(1) Levels of morals judgment, this work helps to understand the factors which influence judgments about environmental action.

(2) Compliance, groupthink, risk shift phenomenon. This is a large body of showing some of the social influence on action.

(3) Cognitive dissonance: behavior leads to attitude, justification way of changing behavior changing attitude, deny. Ironically, sometimes behaviors can lead to shift in attitude and not the other way around. If one acts in an environmentally responsible way direction.

(4) Addiction model of overconsumption. Environmentally destructive behaviours have some hallmarks of addiction behaviors. This paper may provide suggestion for promoting more environmentally responsible behaviors.

(5) Social traps. Tragedy of the commons. This describes individual behavior when competing for valued but limited resources. One person’s destructive behavior has little impact, but many people causes disaster. There is a short term personal benefit but a long-term collective loss.

DATA EXPLANATION:

Death Rate of Diseases Caused by Environmental Factors

Diseases that cause the largest number of deaths annually due to environmental factors are as follow:

· Cardiovascular diseases 2.6 million.

· Diarrhea 1.7 million.

· Lower respiratory infections 1.5 million.

· Cancers 1.4 million.

· Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease 1.3 million.

· Road accidents 470,000.

· Unintentional injuries 400,000 .

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATION

Without favorable environment no progress can be made; but impact of environment also react as a catalyst of change for human behavior because sometime the degradation of environment leads towards the stimulation of endocrine secretion which cause a major factor in the change of human behavior .

In whole the research, it is clear that all factors of environmental degradation may be reduced through

1 Framing the new laws on environmental degradation.

2 Environment friend policy.

3 Controlling all the ways and means of noise, air, soil and water pollution.

4 Through growing more and more trees.

5 By adapting the proper sanitation policy.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

First of all, I would like to say Alhamodulha, for giving me strength and health to this paper work until it. This dissertation would not have been possible without the guidance and support of Sir Syed Aijaz Ali Shah from initial to the final level that enabled me to develop an understanding of subject. Lastly, I offer my regards to Sir Tofique Ahmed and who encouraged me during the completion of this work.

SUGGESTIONS:

1. Firstly imputed awareness to masses about environment.

2. On the basis of priority to promote the culture of forestation.

3. The hazardous effects of fossil fuel should be introduced at school, college, and university as well as community level.

4. The environment related laws should be followed strictly.

REFERENCES

1. Themes and variations (Brief version 4^th edition) by Wayne Weiten.

2. Environmental Psychology by Paul A.Bell.

3. Annual Review of Neuroscience Vol: 21:1-24.

4. Articles About Environmental Degradation on human behavior.

5. Psychology Public Health Article Date 17.feb.2011.

6. Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE , Smoller JW , Goralnick JJ ,Holmgren MA , Sklar P ,Molecular genetics biological 2005.

Research Paper on: Deteriorating environment; a crime and its control under the relevant laws:

2012-10-11T02:55:00.003-07:00

Deteriorating environment; a crime and its control under the relevant laws:

*Syed AIjaz Ali Shah.

Assistant Director Labour Govt of Sindh

Address.

Mujeeb- Ur rehman Sheikh

Deputy director EPA HYD.Govt of Sindh

ABSTRACT

It is general perception that rapid population growth, urbanization and unsustainable consumption of natural resources have placed immense stress on our environment. A research from this perception on environment may be conducted in our country; while recently research has found extremely high level of contamination with toxic metals especially that of mercury in the road side soil along the national high way (report by faiza ilyas dated 28 February 2011 dawn newspaper). It is a feeling that Pakistan has become a territory where every other person is engaged in various heinous crimes such as murder, kidnapping for ransom etc. But we people are unaware about an environment related crime. In the study of criminology two kinds of crime are well known. 1. Felony 2. Misdemeanor.

1. Felony: The act of committing a serious crime such as murder or rape.

2. Misdemeanor: An action that is bad or unacceptable.

It is interesting to note that we people are not agree to admit that there is countless act of human being which has not yet been decided or considered as a crime like: cutting of trees, making of noise, smoke of vehicles and drainage of industrial effluent into our water sources and reservoirs.

This paper is a source to highlight the actual causes and root causes of criminal and legal aspects of environmental degradation.

We all know that anthropogenic disturbance in our ecosystem and biodiversity is a main cause which is highly required to be addressed under existing environmental laws.

It is to note that environmental degradation in Pakistan is pervasive accelerating and unabated putting of risk peoples health and livelihood and hampering the economic growth needed to reduce the level of open threat to our wild life habitant, agriculture, forest and flora and fauna in our country.

More than two dozen environment related laws are enacted in our country, where as we also celebrated environment concerned days locally or internationally, but the status of environment and control of its degradation in our country is very poor. It is high time to perform collective environment protection duties in the light of the declaration 2011 as the year of forest internationally.

DEFINITION

Deteriorating environment means depletion of environmental resources such as air, water, soil, and the destruction of ecosystem, bio diversity, and extinction of wildlife, deforestation and the presence of hazardous chemicals in our atmosphere. All these are due to changing in monsoon patterns, melting glaciers, and rising sea levels, etc. it is, crystal clear that only human being is considered a major factor for this deterioration. On the basis of the relationship of people with the environment four categories of laws are introduced.

· The constitution of Pakistan, 1973, especially the “fundamental rights” contained in The constitution as the concurrent legislative list under clause 24 clear the environmental matter under the heading “environmental pollution and ecology”;

· The common law of Torts;

· Ordinances; and

· Acts of parliament (also referred to as legislation).

The constitution, the common law of Torts, ordinances and Acts of parliament do not work in isolation from each other and can be used to identify rights and duties to protect the environment. For example, if community members are tied under serious health problems as a result of air pollution, you may find they are protected under the constitution, the common law, and various other laws in the constitution. Especially the environment related laws directly or indirectly influencing environmental management in Pakistan.

INTRODUCTION

There was a time when people thought of the environment, they thought of its beauty; but now as the natural beauty of the earth that disappears, many people around the world have awoken to the realities of just how fragile our earth actually is and the factors involved in distortion of the beauty of this planet.

How to determine “what is meant by deteriorating environment? Has been a great concern for many decades. And what actions can be appropriately identified as an environmental crime. Or what does it mean to refer to something as an environmental crime? Many of us have learnt the term environmental crime by the study of horror stories or local newspapers articles. But such stories and articles do not explicitly identify one kind of activities that constitute environmental crime. Over the last twenty years environmentalists, government agencies, and environmental attorneys have struggled to define exactly what. An environmental crime is what actions should be prosecuted crime, and what penalties are considered appropriate.

Through the 1980s and 1990s the public usually linked environmental crime with following actions: contamination of water by dumping chemicals into a stream or a river, releasing pollutants into the air, and improper disposal storage, or transportation of hazardous wastes such as pesticides, chemicals, and radio-active material. Hence the acts that involve disregard for the environmental consequences causing harm the natural environment were identified as environmental crimes.

“To define an environmental crime is an act committed with the intent to harm or with the potential to cause harm to ecological and biological systems, for the purpose of securing business or personal advantage, and in violation of state or federal statutes for which criminal sanctions apply”

In the light of this definition, specifically in the context of Pakistan, if the actions that are damaging to the environment or the potential to harm the natural environment are acknowledged as environmental crimes, none of us could be saved from punishment! And thus myriad of laws would then need to be formulated for offences against the environment in our country. For it can not be denied if we travel from KPK to Karachi, Smoke fume chemical waste, Water pollution deforestation unplanned urbanization , dirt , squalor and destructed lands, all such ecological irritants will witness that children, old young, men ,women,birds,animals,plants,are equally involved in the activities that have caused substantial harm and ruin to the environment .And once we are all proved criminal’s ,then I leave it to you to just to think who would punish ?Who would be punished ? And what punishment would e appropriate?

People from different subjects look at environmental degradation from different angels. Such as sociologist, physicist, chemist, mathematician, Ecologist, relate it to the causes of their respective fields.

Historical background

Criminology and environment:

According to the book Criminology and criminal law by justice (R) Dr. Munir Ahmed Mughal edition 2009 “a crime is in act or omission, which is prohibited by law as injurious to the public and punished by the state.

A criminal is social offence; a vice is a personal offence every action which does injury to other either individually or collectively in a crime; that which does injury to us is voice. Crime have been divided according to their nature into

1. Crime mala in se means things which are evil in themselves. Such as murder, rape, arson, burglary, and larceny etc.

2. Crime mala prohibit, means thing which are evil because it is in the public interest to prohibit them, comprises those acts, and which are crimes only because they have been prohibited by statute.

In our legislative system legislature, they have the authority to pass laws to keep peace and order in the society, the punishment they prescribe through competent legislation is called penal sanction such as

1. Retribution

2. Restitution

3. Compensation

4. Regulation

5. Rehabilitation

Clarkson, C.M.V has given seven characteristics of a crime namely

1. Harm

2. Legality

3. Actus-reus

4. Mens-rea

5. Causation

6. Concurrence

7. Punishment

An act does not become wrongful unless followed by a guilty mind Actus-reus

Means-rea must be there. A guilty mind must consist of either intention or negligence.

Means-rea must extend to the three parts of an act namely:-

1. Physical doing or not doing

2. The circumstances

3. The consequences

Where the law prohibits an act, it prohibits in respect of its origin, its circumstance and its consequences. At the common law, however, only two classes were recognized, serious crimes or felonies and minor crimes or misdemeanors. Now it is high time to understand the importance of environment under consideration upon which act of human is a crime in terms of deteriorating environment. Let me attention you’re please towards section 2(x) of (PEPA) 1979, where “environment “means:

a. Air, water and land

b. All layers of the atmosphere

c. All organic and inorganic matters and living organisms

d. The eco system and ecological relationship

e. Buildings, structures, roads, facilities and works

f. All social economic condition affecting community life;

This definition of environment covers not only natural resources but also the impact of human activity on ecological systems

Development of Environmental laws

It is a fact that the environmental laws were not enacted in Pakistan until the late 1950s and in the first half of 60s. The environment ministry was established in Pakistan in 1975, as a follow up of Stockholm declaration of 1972.The development of environment al law in Pakistan can be divided in (04) different periods:

1. Te first period of environmental law runs from 1965, in this period six or seven specific environmental laws were promulgated.

2. The second period of environmental law runs 1970 to 1976.during this period comparatively lesser laws were enacted.

3. The third period of environmental law runs from 1983 to 1997.this is the very effective period of environmental law, in this period first environmental protection ordinance 1983 was promulgated. With this ordinance the campaign of environmental legislation started which contemplated on enactment of Pakistan environmental protection Act 1997.

4. The fourth (4) period marks the begging of judicial activitism for the environmental issues by the Pakistani judges. This started with the 1994 land mark decision of the supreme court of Pakistan in the Shehla Zia case in which constitutional, rights for people living close to source of pollution was established. It has been followed by several decisions of the provincial high courts, which resulted in suspensions of several polluting operations.

Remedies under the relevant laws.

Deterioting environment adversely affect human life, liberty and inalienable right of livelihood, which is violate to the article 9, read with articale4 (a) read with article 5(2) of the constitution of Pakistan, 1973 as under.

Article 9…..no person shall be deprived of life or liberty save, in accordance with law.

Article 4(a) inalienable right; no action detrimental to the life, liberty, body, reputation or property of any person shall be taken except in accordance with law;

Article 5(2) obedience to the constitution and law is the [inviolable] obligation of every citizen whenever he may be and of every other person for time being with in Pakistan.

The forest act 1972, the sindh wild life protection ordinance, 1972 and the land preservation act, 1900 are also helpful in understanding the different section relating to environments.

Section 26 clearing land, felling trees, cultivation, grazing livestock, trespassing, mining and collection forest produce are prohibited in reserved forest along with hunting, shooting, fishing, setting traps or snares and poisoning the water.

Section 33-A the courts may impose penalties for trees passing a protected forest and evict trespassers.

Section 33(1) penalties are based on the value of timber of forest produce involved in the offence and may extend to two years, imprisonment and fine of 3,000 rupees.

Section 33(3) along with the confiscation of equipment abed illegally taken produce.

Section 33(4) the courts may grant a reward to persons providing information about offences or assisting in the apprehension of an offender.

Section 63 penalties related to marking timber and interfering with forest boundaries have also been increased by the 1994 amendment ,and extend to eight years imprisonment or a fine of a up to 40,000 rupees ,along with compensation for damage caused to the forest ,forest produce or timber.

Sind wildlife protection ordinance ,1972(section 14(2)) the exploitation of forest with in a wild life sanctuary is prohibited, except for the purpose of reducing fire hazards[sic].epidemic or insect attack or other natural calamities.

Land preservation Act, 1900(section 20) offences committed with respect to forest with respect to forest produce under various sections of the forest Act, 1927 are also deemed to be offences committed under of the act.

Control under relevant laws.

Though, more than 2 dozen environment related laws are en acted in our country among them following is the most relevant.

1. Forest Act, 1927.

2. Sindh wild life Protection act, 1972.

3. Local government ordinance, 2001.

4. Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997.

5. The Sindh irrigation Act, 1879.

6. Sindh irrigation and drainage authority ordinance, 1997.

7. The Sindh irrigation and drainage authority Act, 1997.

8. West Pakistan wild life Protection ordinance (LVI of 1959).

9. West Pakistan ARMS ordinance (XX of 1965).the explosive substances act.

10. The police order, 2002.

11. Motor vehicles ordinance, 1965. (Baluchistan, KPK, Punjab and sindh.).

12. Fatal accidents Act, 1855.

13. The land preservation act 1900.

Legal Aspect of Environment

It is an astonishing fact that from the rich to poor, official to layman, individual to collective, people are committed environments related crimes such as: over exploitation of natural resources and unethical anthropogenic activities i.e. excessive uses o electronic machinery, emitting smoke from cigarette and industries, throw garbage into streets, and to using polythene bags which degraded the environment. In this regard an eminent and illustrious scholar Buckle said that:-

"Society prepares the crime; the criminal commits it."

It must be recognizing that crime is a biological fact of society whether ancient or modern. Similarly laws were framed to curb the crime and sustain the society. It is coherent that laws are the dynamic tool to maintained peace and harmony in society they lead towards prosperity and development, forbid people from illegitimate and unethical action. Certainly laws have a moral function in society and played a paramount role to shaping an egalitarian and balanced society.

As for as environment related laws are concerned, the legislation of environment laws depicted that these laws are made for the protection of nature and environment. In Pakistan stupendous efforts are made to save and protect the environment. The laws which are framed in our country for healthy environment are as under:-

Air Pollution

Following laws cover air pollution control:-

The Pakistan Penal code, 1860 (section 278)

The Pakistan Penal code section (278) describes that making atmosphere noxious to health.

The Motor vehicles Rule, 1969, (Rule 155)

Rule 155(2) said that every motor vehicle shall be constructed or equipped that the exhaust

Gases from the engine are not discharged down wards so as to impinge on the road surface.

The West Pakistan prohibition of smoking in Cinema House Ordinance, 1960.
The Motor Vehicles Ordinance, 1965
The Factories Act, 1934 (Section 16, 033-K and 33-L)

Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (Procedure) Rules, 1993
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (Section 11 to 14) Section 11 to 14 of Pakistan Environment Protection Act Prohibits discharge or emission of any effluent, waste, air pollution or noise in excess of the NEQS, or the established ambient standards for air, water or land.

Environmental Laws Related to Water Pollution

The Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 (Section 277)

The section 277 of Pakistan Penal Code demonstrates the fouling water of public spring or reservoir.

The canal and Drainage Act, 1873
The West Pakistan water and power Development Act; 1958 amended in 1958, 1964 and 1967.
The West Pakistan Land and water Development Board; (Authority for payment from Board Fund) Rule 1966.
Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (Procedure) Rules, 1993.
The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997
PPC: - 277 Fouling water of public spring or reservoir who ever voluntarily corrupts or fowls the water of any public spring or reservoir, so as to render it less fit for the purpose for which it is ordinarily used, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for term which may extend to three months or with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees or with both.
PPC:- 278 making atmosphere noxious to health : who ever voluntarily violates the atmosphere in any place so as to make it noxious to the health of person in general dwellining or carrying on business in the neighborhood or passing alone a public way, shall be punished with fine which may extend to give hundred rupees.
Environmental Laws Related to Solid and Effluent Management:-

Following laws cover solid and effluent management.

· The Factories Act, 1934 (Section 14)

The section 14 of factories Act, 1934 is related to disposal of waste and effluent.

· The Punjab local Government Ordinance 1979 (section 51, 54, 60 and 67)

· Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (Procedure) Rules, 1993.

· The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997

Environmental Laws Related to Hazardous Substance and Waste:-

Following laws deals with solid and effluent management.

· The Explosive Act, 1884.

· The Factories Act, 1934 (section 33-L-33QQ and 66)

· Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (Procedure) Rules, 1993.

· The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997.

Environmental Laws Related to Wild Life, Parks and Forest:-

· Pakistan wild life laws include the following enactment.

· Wild life Birds and Animals protection Act, 1912.

· West Pakistan wild life protection ordinance, 1959.

· West Pakistan wild life protection Rule, 1961.

· Sindh wild life protection ordinance, 1972 (section 7)

Section 7 of Sindh wild life protection related to restriction on hunting. No person shall hunt any protected animals.

· The Forest Act, 1927.

Environmental Laws Related to Public Health:-

Following laws cover Public Health matter.

· The Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 (section 278, 284, 285, and 286)

The section 278 of Pakistan Penal Code, (860 said that making atmosphere noxious to health)

The section 284 of Pakistan Penal Code, related to negligent conduction with respect to poisonous substance

· The Criminal Code, 1898, (section 133)

· The Public Health (Emergency Provision) Ordinance 1944.

· The West Pakistan Factories Canteen, Rule, 1959 (Rule 6 to 7)

· The Punjab local Government Ordinance 1979 (section 51, 52 and 53)

· The West Pakistan Epidemic Disease Act 1958.

· The Pakistan Environmental protection Act, 1997

Industrialization has brought prosperity to the people all over the world and increased the material comfort and benefits .All the same time, it created problems ,like air pollution .Poisonous gases such on carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide from industries ,Products of combination from automobiles etc are being released into the atmosphere ,these and other activities of man coupled with natural causes such as dust-storms, cause the earth s’atmoshpehr to be polluted .since air pollution causes damage to human and animal health ,apart from damaging the vegetation on the earth ,a high degree of pollution control is essential.

Environmental laws related to water pollutions.

The canal drainage act, 1873 which was amended in 1952,1965,1968,1970 and the Punjab miner canal act 1905 are the earliest statues governing water pollution in the Indus basin. The canal and drainage act, 1873 prohibits corrupting or fouling of canal water which may be used for domestic purposes in localities nearby and imposing fine 500 or 1 month imprisonment or both.

Karachi joint water board ordinance, 1949 and the Karachi joint water board rules, 1956, enforced by the Karachi joined board authority, prohibited fouling of water supplies, water works or water tanks. Side fisheries ordinance.1980 prohibits the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial waste in water .the factories act 1934 including the provincial factory rules, clause 14 on “disposal of waste and effluents “.States the effective arrangements shall be made in every factory for the disposal of waste and effluent from manufacturing process and fines for polluters. Other laws dealing with water pollution are:

The West Pakistan water and power development act, 1958 amended in 1958, 1964.1967.
The West Pakistan land and water development board (authority for payment from board fund) rules 1966.
The greater Lahore water supply sewerage and drainage, ordinance 1967.
The Pakistan Penal code, 1860(section 277).
The Punjab local government ordinance, 1979(59 and 61).
The Baluchistan ground water rights administration ordinance, 1978.
The Khyber Pakhtun khaw fisheries rules 1976.
Pakistan Environmental Protection council (procedure) rules 1993.
The Pakistan environmental protection Act 1997.

14. CONCLUSION

In a general way, the standards set forth in official style manuals of the University of Chicago² or of the American Institute of Physics³ are acceptable unless otherwise specified in these format instructions.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

· Applied Psychology

By Harold Ernest burtt, PHD published by New York prentice hall, Inc.

· Citizens’ guide to environmental rights, duties and obligations.

By huma ikram Ullah.

· Environmental legislation in Pakistan.

By environment and urban affairs division government of Pakistan.

· The sindh local government ordinance 2001

· The Pakistan penal code (XLV of 1860).

By ministry of law, Government of Pakistan.

· Pakistan’s environmental Laws and their compliance.

By Dr. Shoib Qadar Lahore Law times publication.

· West Pakistan Arms ordinance with explosives Act and Explosive substances Act.

By Shaukat mahmood (Pakistan Law times Publications).

· West Pakistan wild life protection ordinance, 1959(LVI of 1959).

All Pakistan Legal decision Nabha Road, Lahore.

· Law of motor vehicals by Mr.C.M Hanif and abdul Islam janjua.

Lahore Law times Publications.

· Arms and explosives by CH.M.A Majeed Bajwa.

Lahore Law times Publications.

· Criminology and Criminal Law

By justice (R) Dr.munir Ahmed Mughal muneer book house, Lahore

Published by Mohd.Khurram.

Climate Change Essay

2012-10-11T02:50:00.004-07:00

Climate change

Etymologically the ward climate means: the regular pattern of weather conditions (temperature, amount of rain, winds etc) of a particular place. While the term climate change can be describe as: the abnormal changes in temperature causing heavy rainfall by the unhealthy and unethical anthropogenic activities. Which effect the regular pattern of weather.

Therefore, the colorful plant ─ earth is the home of man, he incessantly working over it and shape the new global order, conquered the space and discovered sea routes with his vigilant intelligence building up the mighty skyscrapers, established massive industries, by exceptional abilities. But human progress has not been always a blessing. Excessive usage of natural resources polluted the water and the air, causing climate change, global warming and environmental degradation. As an eminent scholar depicted this mood of thought: “man learn to fly in the limitless sky like the birds, and to swim the deepest oceans like the fishes, but has failed to show his ability to live on the earth as a good human being.

However, the fountain head of these anomalies are the unhealthy anthropogenic activities, which causing the catastrophic problems. But the most crucial causes of the climate change are; increasing ratio of population, urbanization, deforestation especially rainforest areas, industrialization which increases the emission of C0₂and other green house gases and hazardous waste, which polluted the air as well as water, causing depletion of O₃ ozone layer and endemic diseases, like skin cancer etc. these change also damaging natural picturesque of the earth and heinously destroying the regular pattern of weather.

Therefore, the over helming climatic changes. Accelerated global warming and drastic environmental degradation, which caused, desertification, drought and freak weather phenomena, it also promote devastating floods which bring immense loss of human as well as natural resource.

Though, climate change is not only severally effected the human health and idyllic beauty of earth but also have grave economic impacts. Only Pakistan has confronted with loss of six percent annual GDP by this menace. These are sundry ways to overcome the clean and renewable source of energy such as wind power biomass, solar, tidal and geothermal energy for industries and fuel cell technology for vehicle are the beneficial ways to adopted. A forestation and mass awareness through media campaign are also an important way to stabilize the climate. Moreover, climate change is a contemporary problem and Quito protocol agreement was a joint struggle of the world leaders to familiar with this threat, as it will be ended in 2012, there is dire need to formulate a unanimous international agreement for this problem because bright human future will be depend upon clean and healthy climate.

Therefore, it is sum up with the aid of aforementioned arguments that “climate change is a fact not merely a theory and drastic action needed for it. As an eminent scholar and scientist Rose Perrt said that “take care of earth and she will take case of you”.

General Knowledge Qustions

2012-10-11T02:50:00.002-07:00

01. Pakistan became the member of UNO 30 Sep 1947

02. World Largest Diamond Producer Country South Africa

03. Hazrat Umer (R.A) was assassinated by Abu Lolo Feroz

04. Hazrat Usman (R.A) was assassinated by Kanana Bin Basher

05. Hazrat Ali (R.A) was assassinated by Abdul Rhaman Ibn-e-Muljim

07. Food Day celebrated on 16 Oct

08. FAO stands for Food & Agricultural Organization. Established on 16 Oct 1945 . H/Q Rome Italy

09. Aids Day celebrated on 1 Dec

10. Orchestra Means is a group of musical Expert

11. UNEP stand for United Nation Enviourmental Programme

12. NAFTA stand for North American Free Trade Agreement

13. National Flag of Pakistan made by Amir Qidwai

14. Indus water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19 Sep 1960

15. Mone-jo-daro was discovered in 1922 by sir John Marshal

16. The highest award of bravery in police services of Pakistan is Quaid-e-Azam Police Medal

17. Who build the tome of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai Ghulam Shah Kalhoro

18. First Captain of Pakistani Cricket team was Abdul Hafeez kardar

19. Total Area of Pakistan 796096 sq km

20. Total Area of Sindh 140914 sq km

21. Total Area of Punjab 205344 sq km

22. Total Area of Balochistan 347190 sq km

23. Total Area of Khyber Pakhton 74521 sq km

24. Total Area of FATA 27220 sq km

25. Total Area of Kashmir 13297sq km

26. Total Area of Islamabad 906 sq km

27. Manchar Lake is situated in the Province of sindh

28. Who built Rohatas Fort near Jehlum? Sher Shah Suri

29. First constitution of Pakistan was enforced on 23, March 1956

30. The Berlin wall was demolished in 2 Dec 1989

31. The border b/w India & China is 4015 Km is known as Mac Mohan line

32. The length of India & Bangladesh border is 4000Km 2500mile.

33. India & Myanmar (Barma) border 1642Km

34. Israel enclosed border first time to Bait-ul-Muqadas in 1947 &divided the city from Israel.

35. The border b/w USA & Mexico is 3141Km.

36. British Govt: divided Ireland in 1921.

37. Japan seized from Korea in 1910-1945.

38. The international Olympic committee (I.O.C) chief Jacques Rogge.

39. F.C stand for Forties constabulary.

40. Iranion consul General Masoud.M.Zamani

41. The ANP had forward three names of NWFP (1) Paktoonkhwa (2) Pashtookhawa (3) Afghnia

42. Commissioner of Malakand Fazal Kasim Khattak.

43. ISF stand for Insaf Students Federation.

44. Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28^th 1919.

45. Pasis is situated on the Seine River

46. Blue Book is an Official Publication of British Govt (UK)

47. Green Book is an Official Publication of Italy & Iran

48. Grey Book is an Official report of the Japanese & Belgium.

49. Orange Book is an Official Publication of Nether land.

50. Yellow Book is an Official book of France.

51. Little green data book Issued by World Bank.

52. Real name of Hazrat Lal Shabaz Usman marwandi.

ANTI- TERRORISM ACT, 1997 Pakistan

2012-10-11T02:49:00.004-07:00

ANTI- TERRORISM ACT, 1997

The following Anti-Terrorism Act, 1997, passed by the National Assembly and as well as Senate of Pakistan to combat terrorism in the country.

Whereas it is expedient to provide for the prevention of terrorism sectarian violence and for speedy trial of heinous offences and for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto;

It is hereby enacted as follows:

COMMENTS

Non-obstinate clauses of Act override general provisions of other laws.8

1. Short title, extent and commencement---(a) This' Act may be called the Anti-Terrorism Act, 1997

(b) It extends to the whole of Pakistan.

2. Definitions.---In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,-

(a) "armed forces" means the Military, Naval and Air Forces of Pakistan and there Reserves of such Forces;

(b) "civil armed forces" means the Frontier Constabulary, Frontier Crops, Pakistan, Coast

Guards, Pakistan Rangers or any other civil armed force notified by the Federal Government as such;

(d) "Government" means the Federal Government;

'[9(da) "High Court" means the High Court having territorial jurisdiction in respect of the area for which a Special Court has been established;] and

1 (e) "scheduled offence" means an a terrorist or sectarian related offences as set out in the Act or the Schedule hereto;]

(f) "Sectarian hatred" means hatred against a group of persons in Pakistan defined by

reference to religion, religious sect, religious persuasion, or regional belief;

(g) "Special Court" means a Special Court constituted under section 14; and

(h) "terrorist act" has the meaning assigned to it in section 6.

3.Declaration of intent.---If, at any time in the opinion of the Federal Government, the commission of terrorist acts and scheduled offences have become common place in Pakistan it may, by notification in the official Gazette, declare that it is expedient for purposes of the prevention and punishment thereof to have resort to the provisions of this Act and thereupon the powers conterred hereunder shall be available for use in accordance herewith.

8. NLR 2000 Criminal Lah. 25.

9. Inst. by Ordinance, IX of 1998

1. Subs. by Ordinance. IX of 1998.

4. Calling in of armed forces and civil armed forces in aid of civil power.---(l) It shall be lawful for the Federal Government to order, and subject to sub-section.

(2) For the Provincial Government to secure, the presence of armed forces and civil armed forces in any area for the prevention and punishment of terrorist acts and scheduled offences m accordance with the provisions of this Act.

(3) If, in the opinion of the Provincial Government, the presence of armed forces, or civil armed forces, is necessary in order to prevent the commission of terrorist acts or scheduled offences in any area, it may request the Federal Government to direct the presence or posting of units or personal of the armed forces, .or civil armed forces, in such numbers as may be deemed necessary for the prevention or control of terrorist acts or scheduled offences.

(4) The Federal Government may decide whether the requirement of the situation call for the deployment of---

(i) the civil armed forces; or

(ii) the armed forces and on so deciding shall, by means of a· notification in the official Gazette issued under clauses (i) or (ii), authorize and direct the posting thereof.

5. Use of armed forces and civil armed forces to prevent terrorism.---(l) Any police officer, or member of the armed forces, or civil armed forces, who is present or deployed in any are may, after giving sufficient warning, use the necessary force to prevent the commission of terrorist acts or scheduled offences, and, in so doing shall, in the case of an officer of the armed forces or civil armed forces, exercise all the powers of a police officer under the Code.

(2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of sub-section (1), an officer of the police, armed forces and civil armed forces may---

(i) after giving prior warning use such force as may be deemed necessary or appropriate, bearing in mind all the facts and circumstances of the situation, against any person who is committing, or in all probability is likely to commit a terrorist act or a scheduled offence, and it shall be lawful for any such officer, or any superior officer, to fire, or order the firing upon any person or persons against whom he is authorized to use force in terms hereof;

(ii) arrest, without warrant, any person who has ·committed an act of terrorism or a scheduled offence or against whom a reasonable suspicion exists that he has committed, or is about to commit, any such act or offence; and

iii) enter and search without warrant, any premises to make any arrest or to take possession of any property, fire-arm, weapon or article used or likely to be used, in the commission of any terror" 1St act or scheduled offence.

(3) Nothing contained in sub-section (1) or (2) shall affect the provisions of Chapter IX of the Code and the provisions of section 132 of the Code shall apply to any person acting under this section.

6. Terrorist act.---Whoever, to strike in the people, or any section of the people, or to alienate any section of the people or adversely affect harmony among different sections of the people, does may act or thing by using bombs, dynamite or other explosive or inflammable substances, or fire-arms, or other lethal weapons or poisons or noxious gases or chemicals or other substances of a hazardous nature in such a manner as to cause, or to be likely to cause the death of, or injury to, any person or persons, or damage to or destruction of, property or disruption of any supplies of services, essential to the life of the community or displays fire-arms, or threatens with the use off force public servants in order to prevent them from discharging their lawful duties commits a terrorist act.

COMMENTS

Fact that victim of murder was a public servant would be sufficient to attract provisions of Anti- Terrorism Act (1997). It would immaterial that the victim at time of occurrence was not on duty and that alleged murder had no nexus with performance of duties by victim in his capacity as a public servant. 2

Application moved before Judge, Anti-Terrorism Court, for re-transfer of case with contention that jurisdiction under Anti-Terrorism Act, 1997, did not arise, inter alia, because the victim was neither a public servant nor did he suffer death sentence while performing official duties. Such application dismissed by Judge, Anti-Terrorism Court and High Court declining its interference with his order.Supreme Court upholding order of High Court and declining its leave to appeal. It was held that the jurisdiction to decide whether a particular case falls or does not fall within purview of judge, Anti-Terrorism Act, also lies Presiding Officer of Anti-Terrorism Court, and such question can be re-agitated before the concerned Anti-Terrorist Court who would pass appropriate orders uninhibited by observations of High Court in its order. 3

7. Punishment for Terrorist Act.---Whoever commits a terrorist act shall---

(1) if such act has resulted in the death of any person be punished with death; and

(ii) in any other case be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than seven years but may extend to life imprisonment, and shall also be liable to fine.

Prohibition of acts intended or likely to stir up sectarian hatred.---A person who--(a) uses threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviors, or

(b) displays, publishers or distributes any written material which is threatening, abusive or insulting; or

(c) distributes or shows or plays a recording of visual images or sounds recording of visual images or sounds which are threatening, abusive or insulting; or

(d) has in his possession written material or a recording or visual images or sounds which are threatening, abusive or insulting with a view to their being displayed or published by himself or another, shall be guilty of an offence if---

2. NLR 2000 Criminal Lah. 25.

3. NLR 2000 Criminal SC 35.

(i) he intends thereby to stir up sectarian hatred; or

(ii) having regard to all the circumstances, sectarian hatred is likely to be stirred up thereby.

9. Punishment for offence under section 9.---Whoever contravenes any provision of section shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which may extend to seven years, or with fine, or with both.

10. Power to enter or search.---If an officer of the police, armed forces or civil armed forces is satisfied that there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that person has possession of written material or a recording in contravention of section he may enter and search the premises where it is suspected the material or recording is situated and take possession of the same.

11. Power to order forfeiture.---(I) A special court by which a person is convicted of an offence under section 9 shall order to be forfeited any material or recording referred to therein.

(2) Where the person who collected the material or recording cannot be found or identified the Special Court on the application of the officers seizing the material or recording shall forfeit the material or recording to the State to be disposed of as directed by it.

12. Jurisdiction of Special Court.---(I) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code or in any other law, a scheduled offence committed in' area in a Province shall be tribal only be the Special Court exercising territorial jurisdiction in relation to such area.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (I), if, in respect of a case involving a scheduled offence committed in any area, the Government, having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case, is satisfied that in order to ensure a fair trial, or for the protection and safely of witnesses, that such of offence should be tried by a Special Court established in relation to any other area, the Government may make a declaration to the effect.

Explanation. ---Where a Special Court is established in relation to two or more areas, such Special Court shall be deemed, for the purpose of this sub-section, to have been established in relation to each of such areas.

3. Where a declaration is made in respect of an offence committed in an area in a Province, any prosecution in respect of such offence shall be instituted only in the Special Court established in relations to such area, and, if any prosecution in respect of such offence is pending immediately before such declaration in any other Court, the same shall stand transferred to such Special Court and such Special Court shall proceed with such case from the stage at which it was pending at that without the necessity of recalling any witnesses.

n. Establishment of Special Courts.---(l) For the purpose of providing for the speedy trial of scheduled offences committed in any area, the Government" or if so directed by the Government, the Provincial Government, may establish, by notification, one or more Special Courts in relation to such area:---

(a) within such area; or

(b) if the Government having regard to the exigencies of the situation prevailing in such area considers it expedient so to do, at any place outside such area.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if, having regard to the exigencies of the situation prevailing in a Province, the Government is of the opinion that it is expedient to establish in relation to two or more areas, in the Province, a Special Court outside the said area or areas, for the trial of such scheduled offences committed in the area or areas it may, by notification, establish in relation to such area or areas a Special Court at such place outside the said area, or areas, as may be specified in the notification.

(3) Where more Special Courts than one have been established for one area the Government shall authorize of Judge of any such Court to distribute case among such Courts.

14. Composition and appointment of Presiding Officers of Special Courts.---(1) A Special Court shall consist of a Judge, being a person who---

(i) is or has been a Sessions Judge or an Additional Sessions Judge; or

(ii) has exercised the powers of a District Magistrate or an Additional District Magistrate and has successfully completed an advance course in Shariat, (Islamic Law) conducted by the International Islamic University Islamabad; or.

(iii) has for a period of not less than ten years been an advocate.

(2) The Federal Government shall make appointments to the post of Judges of Special Court after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court.

Explanation. --- The qualification of being an advocate for a period of not less than ten years may be relaxed in the case of a suitable person who is a graduate from an Islamic University and has studies Islamic Shariat and Fiqh as a major subject.

15. Place of sitting.---(1) Subject to sub-section (3), a Special Court shall ordinarily sit at such place of places as the Government may, by order, specify in that behalf.

(2) The Government may direct that for the trial of a particular case the Court shall sit at such place including the place of occurrence of an offence as it may specify.

(3) Except in a case where a place of sitting has been specified under sub-section (2), a Special Court may if it considers it expedient or desirable so to do either suo motu or on the application of the public prosecutor sit, for holding the trial of a case at any place including a mosque other than the ordinary place of its sitting.

16. Oath by Special Courts.---A Judge, of a Special Court shall, at the commencement of a proceeding under this Act, make oath, in the case of a Muslim, on the Holy Quran, to the effect that he shall decide the case honestly, faithfully and considering himself accountable to Almighty Allah, and in case of a non-Muslim in accordance with his - faith to the effect that he will decide the case honestly and faithfully according to his conscience and beliefs.

17. Powers of Special Courts with respect to other offences.--- When trying any scheduled offence, a Special Court may also try any offence other than the scheduled offence with which the accused may, under the Code, charged at the same trial.

18. Public prosecutors.---(l) The Government shall appoint in the .relation to each Special Court a Public Prosecutor and may also appoint one or more Additional Public Prosecutors:

Provided that the Government may also appoint, for any case or class of cases, a Special Public Prosecutor.

(2) Every person appointed as a Public Prosecutor or an Additional Public Prosecutor or a Special Public Prosecutor shall be deemed to be a Public Prosecutor within the meaning of section 492 of the Code, and the provisions of the Code shall have defect accordingly.

19. Procedure and powers of Special Court.----(l) The officer-in-charge of a police-station shall complete the investigation in respect of a case triable by a Special Court within seven working days and forward directly to the Special Court a report under section 173 of the Code:

Provided that the Special Court may extend the time within which such report is to be forwarded in a case where good reason are shown for not being able to do so within the time specified in this sub-section.

(2) Any default on the part of an officer-in-charge of a police-station.. an investigating officer or any other person required by law to perform any functions in the effect of, delaying investigation or submission of the report under sub· section (I), shall be deemed to be 2. Willful disobedience of the orders of the Special Courts and the person committing the default shall be liable to be punished for contempt of Court.

(3) The Special Court may directly take cognizance of a case triable by such Court without the case being sent to it under section 190 of the Code.

(4) In a case triable by a Special Court, orders for detention of an accused in police custody under section 167 of the Code shall be obtained from the Special Court concerned which shall record reasons for authorizing or refusing such detention:

Provided that, where an accused cannot within twenty-four hours may be obtained from the nearest Magistrate for the purpose of producing the accused before the Special Court within that period.

(5) Where, in a case trible by a Special Court, an accused has been released from police custody under section 169 of the Code has been remanded to judicial custody, the Special Court may, on good grounds being shown by a Public Prosecutor or a Law Officer of the Government, for reasons to be recorded in writing, make on order for placing him in police custody for the purpose of further investigation in the case.

(6) A special Court shall be deemed to be a Magistrate for purpose of Sub-section (4) and

(5).

(7) A The Special Court shall, on taking cognizance of a case, proceed with the trial from day to-day and shall decide the case within seven working days.

(8) A Special Court shall not adjourn any trial for any purpose unless such adjournment is, in its opinion, necessary in the interest of justice and no adjournment is, in its opinion, necessary in the interest of justice and no adjournment shall, in any case, be granted for more than two working days.

(9) . A Special Court shall not, merely by reason of a change in its composition or transfer of a case under sub-section (1) of section 10, be bound to recall and re-hear any witness who has given evidence and may act on the evidence already recorded.

(10) Any accused person may be tried in his absence if the Special Court, after such inquiry as it deems fit, i3 satisfied that---

(a) such absence is deliberate and brought about with a view to impeding the course of justice; or

(b) the behavior of the accused in Court has been such as to impede the course of justice and the Special Court has not that account ordered his removal from the Court· Provided that, in case a case referred to on clause (a), the accused person shall not be tried unlessars proclamation has been published in respect of him in at least three national daily newspapers out of which one shall be in the Urdu language requiring him to appear at a specified place within seven days failing which action may also be taken against him under section 88 of the Code:

Provided further that the Special Court will proceed with the trial after taking the necessary steps to appoint an advocate to defend the accused person who is not before the Court.

Explanation.---A accused who is tried in his absence under sub-section (10) shall be deemed not to have admitted the commission of any offence for which he has been charged.

(11) The advocate appointed under the second proviso to sub-section (10) shall be a person selected by the Special Court for the purpose and he shall be engaged at the expense of the Government.

(12) If, within sixty days from the date of his conviction, any person tried under sub-section (10) appears voluntarily, or is apprehended and brought before the Special Court and proves to its satisfaction that he did not abscond or council himself or the purpose of avoiding the proceeding against him, the Special Court and proves to its satisfaction that he did not abscond or conceal himself for the purpose of avoiding the proceeding against him, the Special Court shall set aside his conviction and proceed to try him in accordance with law for the offence with which he is charged:

Provided that the Special Court may exercise its powers under this sub-section in a case in which a person as aforesaid appears before it after the expiration of the said period and satisfies it that he could not appear within the said period by reason of circumstances beyond his control.

(13) Where a scheduled offence is punishable with imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or with fine, or with both, a Special Court may notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) of section 260 or section 262 of the Code shall, so far as may be, apply to such trial:

Provided that, in the case of a Conviction in a summary trial under this section, it shall be lawful for a Special Court to pass a sentence of rigorous imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years:

Provided further that a Special Court shall not try in a summary way any case which was pending in any Court immediately before the commencement of this Act, and is transferred to the special under section (10).

(14) Subject to the other provisions of this Act, a Special Court shall, for the purpose of trial of any offence, have all the powers of a Court sessions and shall try such offence as if it were a Court of Sessions as far as may be in accordance with the procedure prescribed in the code for trial before a Court of sessions.

20. Punishment.---A person convicted for an offence by the Special Court shall be awarded the maximum punishment prescribed by a law for the offence unless for reasons to be recorded the Court decides to award a lesser punishment.

21. Protection of witnesses.---(1) A Special Court trying an offence under this Act may. on application by a witness in any proceedings before it or by the public prosecutor in relation to such witness or on its own motion; give such directions it deems fit for the protection of the witness.

(2) Any person who fails to comply with any direction issued under sub-section (I) of any person who threatens or otherwise causes harassment to any such witness shall be guilty of an offence punishable by way of summary procedure with imprisonment which may extend to two years. or with fine or with hold.

22. Manner and place of execution of sentence.---The Government may specify the manner. mode and place of execution of any sentence passed under this act. having regard to the deferent effect which such execution is likely to have.

23. Power to transfer cases top regular Courts.---Where. after taking cognizance of an offence. a Special Court is of opinion that the offence is not a scheduled offence. it shall. notwithstanding that it has no jurisdiction to try such offence. transfer the case for trial of such offence to any Court having jurisdiction under the Code. and the Court to which the case is transferred may proceed with the trial of the offence as if it had taken cognizance of the offence.

24. Appellate Tribunals.---There shall be one of more Appellate Tribunals for each Province consisting of one or two Judges of the High Court to be nominated by the Chief Justice of the said Court and notified by the Government.

Explanation. ----In this section "High Court" means the High Court of the Province for which Special Court has been constituted.

25. Appeal.---(1). An appeal against the final judgment of Special Court shall lie to an Appellate Tribunal.

(2) Copies of the judgment of a Special Court shall be supplied to prosecutor free of cost on the day the judgment is pronounced and the record of the trial shall be transmitted to the Appellate Tribunal within three days of the decision.

(3) An appeal under sub-section (1) may be preferred by person sentenced by a Special Court to an Appellate Tribunal within seven days of the passing of the sentence.

(4) The Attorney-General may, on being directed by the 'Federal or a Provincial Government, file an appeal against an order of acquittal or a sentence passed by a Special Court within fifteen days of such order.

(5) An appeal under this section shall be heard and decided by an appellate Tribunal within seven working days.

(6) An Appellate Tribunal shall sit at such places, and have jurisdiction within such territorial limits, as may be fixed by the Government.

(7) Subject to sub-section (8); an Appellate Tribunal shall, in exercise of its appellate jurisdiction, subject to the provisions of this Act, have all the powers conferred on an Appellate Court under Chapter XXXI of the Code.

(8) Pending the appeal the Appellate Tribunal shall not release the accused on bail.

26. Admissibility of confession made before Police.---Notwithstanding anything contained in the Qanun-e-Shahadat, 1984 (P.O. 10 of 1984), a confession made by a person accused of an offence punishable under section 7 or section 8 of this Act or an offence covered by sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph 2, or paragraph 3 of the schedule to this Act, or robbery or dacioty with murder or rape before a police-officer not below the rank of a Deputy Superintendent of Police may be proved against such person:

Provided that Special Court may, for admission of the confession in evidence, require the police-officer to produce a video-tape together with the devices used for recording, the confession.

27. Punishment for defective investigation.---If a Special Court of an Appellate Tribunal comes to the conclusion during the course of or at the conclusion of the trial that the investigating officer, or other concerned officers have failed to carry out the investigation properly or diligently or have failed to pursue the case properly and in breach of their duties, it shall be lawful for such Court or, as the case may be, Appellate Tribunal to punish the delinquent officers imprisonment which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both by resort to summary proceedings.

28. Transfer of cases.---(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, an Appellate Tribunal may, if it considers it expedient so to do in the interest of justice, or where the convenience or safety of the witnesses or the safety of the accused so requires, transfer any case from one Special Court to another Special Court within or outside the area.

(2) A Special Court to which a case is transferred under sub-section (1) shall proceed with the case from the stage at which it was pending immediately before such transfer and it shall not be bound to recall and rehear any witness who has given evidence and may act on the evidence already recorded.

29. Trial before Special Court to have precedence.---A trial under this Act an offence by a Special Court, and the appearance of an accused before, it shall have precedence over the trial of any other case against the accused in any other Court, except the High Court on its original side.

30. Modified application of certain provision of the Code.---(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code or in any other law, every scheduled offence shall deemed to be a cognizable. offence within the meaning of clause if of section 4 of the Code and the worlds "cognizable case" as denied in that clause shall be construed accordingly.

(2) Sections 374 to 379 of the Code shall apply in relation to a case involving a scheduled offence subject to the modification that the references to a "Court of Sessions" and "High Court", wherever occurring therein, shall be construed as reference to a "Special Court" and an Appellate Tribunal.

(3) Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 439,497,498, 198A and 56lA of the Code, no Court other than a Special Court shall have the power or jurisdiction to grant bail to, or otherwise release, an accused person in a case triable by a Special Court.

(4) A Special Court shall not release an accused person on bail of there are reasonable a grounds for believing that he has been guilty of the offence with which he has been charged, and nor shall an accused person be released unless the prosecution has been given notice to show cause why he should not be so released and the accused has furnished sound sureties.

31. Finality of Judgment.-- A judgment or order passed, or sentence awarded, by a Special Court, subject to the result of an appeal under this Act shall be' final and shall not be called in question in any Court.

32. Overriding effect of Act.---(1) The provisions of this Act shall have effect notwithstanding anything contained in the Code or any other law but, save as expressly provided in this Act, the provisions of the Code shall, in so far as they are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act apply to the proceedings before a Special Court; and the purpose of the said provisions of the Code, a Special Court shall be deemed to be a Court of Sessions.

(2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the provisions contained in subsection (1) the provisions of section 350 of the Code shall, as far as may be, apply to the proceedings before a Special Court, and for this purpose any reference in those provisions to a Magistrate shall be construed as a reference to a Special Court.

33. Delegation.--- The Government may, by notification, delegate, subject such conditions as may be specified therein, all or any of the powers exercisable by it under this Act.

34. Power to amend the Schedule.---The Government may, by notification,' amend the Schedule so as to add any entry thereto or modify or omit any entry therein.

35. Power to make rules.---(1) The Government may, by notification, make such rules, if any, as it may deem necessary for carrying out the purposes of this Act.

36. Savings.---(1) Nothing contained in this Act shall affect the jurisdiction by, or the procedure applicable to, any Court or other authority under any law relation to the Naval, Military or Air Forces or any other armed force of the Government.

(2) For the removal of any doubt, it is hereby declared that, for the purposes of any such law as is referred to in sub-section (1), a Special Court shall be deemed to be Court of ordinary criminal jurisdiction.

37. Contempt of Court.---(I) A Special Court and an Appellate Tribunal shall have the power to punish with rigorous imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months and with fine any person who--

(a) abuses, interferes or obstructs the determination of a matter pending or most likely to come up before the Court or Tribunal; or

(b) does anything which, by any other law, constituents contempt of Court or Tribunal.

Explanation.---In this section, "Court" means a Special Court and "Tribunal" means an Appellate Tribunal.

38. Punishment for terrorist act committed before this Act.---Where a person has committed an offence before the commencement of this Act which if committed after the date on which this Act comes into force' would constitute a terrorist act there under he shall be tried under this Act but shall be liable to punishment as authorized by law at the time the offence was committed.

39. Indemnity.---No suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings shall tie against any person in respect of anything which is in good faith done or intended to be done under this Act.

40. Amendment of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1908 (XIV of 1908).---In the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1908 (XIV of 1908), the following amendments shall be made, namely:

(I) In section 15, in clause (2) in sub-clause (a) for the Words "violence or intimidation" the worlds "terrorist, stirring up sectarianism violence or intimidation which endanger or theater public order" shall be substituted.

(II) For section 16, the following shall be substituted, namely.---

16. Declaration of an association to be unlawful.---(l) If either the Federal Government or the Provincial Government is of the opinion that an association is an unlawful association it may call upon the association to show-cause within fourteen days why it should not be declared as unlawful association for the purpose of this Act.

(2) If after hearing the association, the Federal Government or the Provincial Government is of the opinion that the association is an unlawful association it may declare such association to be an unlawful association.

(3) If the Federal Government or the Provincial Government is of the opinion that in the interest of the maintenance of public order or to prevent injury to the people it is just and necessary to take immediate action, it may, pending passing of order under sub-section (2), by an interim order, declare an association to be unlawful.

(4) An association aggrieved by an order under sub-section (2) may file an appeal before a Board appointed by the Chief Justice of the High Court of the Province consisting of a Chairman and two other persons each of whom is or has been a judge of the High Court.

(5) The Board shall decide the appeal within thirty days and may pass such order as it may deem fit.

(III) In section 17---

(i) in sub-section (I) for the words "six months" the word "five years" shall be substituted; and

(ii) in sub-section (2) for· the words "three years" the words "seven years" shall be substituted.

(IV) In sections 17 A, 17D and 17E for the words "Provincial Government" where occurring the words "Federal Government or the Provincial Government" shall be substituted.

SCHEDULE AMENDED BY NOTIFICATION

NO. S.R.O. 1237 (1)/97, dated 13.12.1998

Any offence punishable under any of the following sections of the Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of t860), namely:---

(a) Section 302---

(i) if committed with a cannon, grenade, bomb of rocket; or

(ii) if the victim is a member of police, armed forces or civil armed forces or is a public servant; or

(iii) if committed during or while committing the offence of robbery or dacoit and committed .after the commencement of this Act; or

4 [(b) Sections 109, 120A, 120B, 121, 121A, 122, 123] 295A, 365, 365A, 402A, 402B and 402C; and

(c) Sections 392 to 395, 397 to 398, if in committing the offence, the offender or any of the offenders commits the offence of murder or Zina-bil-jabr punishable under section 6, 7, 8 or 10 of the Offence of Zina (Enfgg:ement of Hudood) Ordinance, 1979 (VII of 1979) and committed after the commencement of this Act.

"(2A) Any offence punishable under section 6, 7, 8 or 10 of the Offence of Zina (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance, 1979 (VII of 1979), if committed in committing ay of the offence punishable· under sections 392 to 398 of the Pakistan Penal 'Code (Act XLV of 1860) and committed after the commencement of this Act."

3. An offence punishable under sub-section (4) of section 10 of the Offence of Zina (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance, 1979 (Ord. VII of 1979), if committed after the enforcement of this Ace]

4. Subs. by Notification No. SRO 1312 (1)/99, dated 2.12.1999.

What are the problems of our rural areas of sindh Pakistan? Suggest measures to address these issues as to remove disparity between “Rural and urban” area.

2012-06-30T14:51:00.001-07:00

Sindh the land of myths and mystical legendary heroes blessed with the spiritual illumination of shah bhitai, sachal sarmast and lal shahbaz qalandar, is sami-rural and sami urban province.comprises on an area of 140914sq Km. its economy chiefly based upon the vibrant agricultural activities of Kharif and Rabi season. While urban areas have some other industries like sugar mills, cotton factories, rice mills, Textile and bangle industries etc. in which most of them associated with agriculture production, which sowed and harvest in the rural areas.

However, being the robust stakeholder of the sindh progress and prosperity, the rural areas are still in the clutches of the grove problem like increasing law and order situation, poverty, lack of basic amenities, safe drinking water, poor sanitation system, moribund health facilities, food insecurity, agriculture backwardness and most important uncompetitive education system. All these crises and issues exarbute rural and urban desperities and increase their suspicion about the denied of their fundamental rights. In this regards following are the feasible measure to reduce rural and urban desperities and provide an opportunity for responsible urban and vibrant role of rural areas in the construction and development of the province.

Therefore, education in the key factor to sustainable development and a benchmark to reduce desperities, so a significant role which address ghost school, ghost teachers and ghost student and introduce a new and innovative learning environment which uplift and empower sindh rural people to fight for the right.

In addition, poor sanitation system and moribund health facilities bring about many epidemic diseases like malaria, gastro patches and other water born disease which not only severally affects human but animal also. This will cause heavy losses, so as, the nud for an infrastructural development and the concept of model village can be materialized with collaboration of international & national NGO’s and government respectively.

Backwardness of agriculture and the illiteracy of the farmers resulted low production crops yield which added fuel to the fire and make the stains unreasonable like food insecurity, poverty, and lack of opportunity. So the farmers training program on the basis of Benazir Youth Development Program will be profitable in this regard. Increasing agriculture research projects and the role of local councils and districts governments to introduce micro employment plan to alleviate poverty and reduce unemployment are favorable steps.

Unemployed youth is the main cause of concern, and the ministry of youth affairs employment exchange department, social welfare department, zakat and usher department and sociology department of the universities must work together and recommend micro and macroeconomic, employment and poverty alleviation plan on the basis of their research and survey, so we utilize the zealous potential of our youth and make them a responsible and productive part of society.

Conclusion:

In a nutshell, the rural and urban desperities are the innovation of our mind, firstly they must be remove from there, while village aid program, small loan scheme, dole for disable and community welfare projects are the effective tool to reduce rural grievenus and the rural and urban desperities.

Economic disparity

2012-06-27T10:13:00.000-07:00

IN all societies and in all epochs, human beings have been confronted by disparity. This can be observed in every aspect of life. One can see disparity in economic and social spheres and also in educational or intellectual spheres. But the most stressful is disparity at the economic level.

Every society consists of the haves and have-nots. Some people are born rich, with a silver spoon in their mouths while others strive to become rich. Similarly, there are people who are weak financially and desperate to make ends meet. The Quran recognises such a nature of society and declares it as God’s will. The Holy Book says “…It is We who portion out between them their livelihood….” (43:32). Thus a society is like a human hand whose five fingers are not equal, but they are part of one hand and their strength lies in their unity.

However, the gap between rich and poor should not be too wide. A wide gap tends to precipitate unrest and peace is threatened. The peaceful coexistence among different segments of society is possible if all of us think of humanity as one and adopt certain values ourselves such as caring and helping each other.

The rich class should realise the hardships of the poor and share a portion of its wealth to uplift the poorer class. All world religions, through their teachings, try to minimise the gap between rich and poor and exhort the well-off to help the less fortunate so that they may also lead a life of dignity.Islam, too, encourages its followers to be generous. Helping others and providing succour to the needy is regarded as one of the cardinal principles of Islam. The Quran declares that society has a right and stake in whatever the affluent possess. This is in contrast to the western notion which upholds the individual’s right of ownership over his or her wealth. The Quran says “And in their wealth there is the right of the beggars and the deprived”. (51:19).

The Quran uses different terms such as zakat, khairat, infaaq, sadaqa and qarz-i-hasana etc for spending in the way of Allah. All these terms imply a notion that one should be generous enough to share one’s wealth — material and non-material — with others and try to create harmony in society.

Zakat is considered to be an obligatory contribution that all affluent Muslims need to pay and provide for those who are in need. Its Arabic root signifies the purifying aspect, for it cleanses the giver of greed and excessive materialism, promoting, at the same time, the general level of well-being and happiness in society.

Regardless of disparity, Islam considers all Muslims equal in the eyes of Allah; there is no privileged class in Muslim society. However, keeping the human inclination of preferring one’s parents and relatives over others in view, Islam allows that man’s first charity should be to his or her family members, if in need. They should consider their parents and relatives first if they be in need of financial help, followed by other segments of society.

Despite these principles, in our present-day Pakistani society, one sees widespread poverty. With every passing year, poverty continues to increase. Millions of people slide into poverty because of the ongoing economic crisis. Begging has become common; the number of homeless persons continues to grow; migration from rural to urban areas in search of livelihood continues unabated. Crime and suicide rates are high in our country. This grim situation brings one to the conclusion that this society has failed in many ways.

In order to redeem the situation, we need to wage a war against poverty. Islam has provided us multiple ways of spending on the poorer segments to uplift them. Help should not make the poor even poorer and dependent on aid all the time. In other words, money should not be doled out; rather, people should be helped in a way so as to enable them to stand on their own feet, to earn their livelihood and later contribute to society.

To paraphrase a popular saying, if one gives a man a fish, he will have one meal. However, if a man is taught to fish, he will have meals for the rest of life. It is stated clearly in the Quran that all that is created on the earth is for humankind; it is for man to use the same for humanity’s collective benefit. Man’s mission would be incomplete till he uses God’s blessings beneficently. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) has also set such examples.

Poverty cannot be eradicated in one go; it needs a well-thought-out plan in which education has a vital role. Education should be made life-oriented; people should not only be literate but skilfully trained to earn their livelihoods. Every year, thousands of students pass their examinations but are unable to find jobs. They must be encouraged to acquire skills in various trades, take initiatives in the field of their choice and start serving society.

All fields are open, it is for man to sow the seed and reap the fruit. There are some NGOs that serve free meals to the needy on a regular basis. This is good, but the best way to serve society is to train unemployed youth and engage them in some fruitful service. Similarly, in each locality there should be a bureau tasked with searching for opportunities in new fields, training unemployed youth and engaging them.

The importance of ‘mehr’

2012-06-27T10:10:00.000-07:00

MARRIAGE in Islam is a legal contract between two parties and not a holy sacrament. Many terms and conditions in the marriage contract are obligatory, while others can be set and agreed to at the time of marriage.

The gift or dower given as a mark of respect to the wife at the time of marriage by the husband is obligatory and is referred to as mehr. It is the legal right of the wife. It can be in cash or kind. The amount is variable and should be agreed to by both parties.

One of the words used in the Quran for this purpose is sadaqah (4:4), meaning the gift that is given in good faith and as a good deed, out of generosity, without meaning to aggrandise oneself. The other word used in the Quran is ajr (33:50). This word means a reward and is also used to denote wages. It is given as a gift to the woman who is going to leave her family and the security of her home, and is risking adjustment in a new and unknown set-up.

No one is exempt from paying the mehr. Even the Prophet (PBUH) has been told, “O Prophet, We have made permissible for you the wives whose dower you have paid….” (33:50). When Hazrat Ali came to the Prophet to ask for the hand of Bibi Fatima, the first thing the Prophet asked him was, “Do you have anything to give as mehr?” He said he had a horse and a saddle. He sold his saddle for 480 dirhams and brought it to the Prophet. The immediate needs of the bride and the new household were met with this amount. The concept of jahez, or giving endless amounts of household goods and gifts by the bride’s family, does not exist in Islam.

In some countries this legal requirement has been made a mockery of, either by fixing an unrealistically large amount and then not paying it, or fixing a ridiculously small amount, which there is no need to pay. The widow is sometimes asked to forgive her husband at his deathbed. The mehr remains a debt on the husband throughout his life and after his death the heirs inherit this debt and are bound to pay it.

The mehr is the sole property of the wife and neither parents nor any other relatives have any right over it. Sometimes male relatives illegally take away the mehr without the woman setting eyes on it, making it look like a sale.

Depending on the mode of payment, there are two kinds of mehr: the mu’ajjal, or prompt, and the muwajjal, or deferred. The deferred payment is allowed in the case of those who might be expecting remittances at a later date. But delaying the payment unnecessarily is not being true to the contract. Some people, in trying to be pious, say that they are willing to fix the mehr of their daughters at the rate of the sharai mehr, which some elders have worked out to be the unbelievable amount of Rs32.25! It is difficult to say where they got this figure from.

The Sharia, or Islamic law, has not fixed or even recommended any amount which could be called the sharai mehr. If inflation over the centuries could be calculated, the purchasing power of this amount would be found to have been reduced several thousand times. There is the well-known case of an old Sahabiah who questioned Hazrat Umar in the mosque when he suggested putting a ceiling on the upper limit of mehr.

According to some scholars, even if the mehr is not mentioned in the nikahnama, the mehr would still be an obligation and the law will award it on the demand of the wife. The amount, in this case, would be determined by the mehr of the females of her class or of her father’s family, known as mehr misl, or the financial position of the groom, the social status of the bride, the prevalent custom of the time and place and the agreement that the bride and the groom can reach over the amount. There is no upper limit on the amount of the mehr, but the amount should be a realistic one. It can be from a “heap of gold” to anything that the parties agree to and is non-refundable.

In Surah al-Nisa, it is said, “Give to the women their agreed dowers [willingly]….” (4:4) and, “…as an obligation….” (4:24). According to Imam Malik, if the parties agreed that there would be no mehr then the nikah would not be valid. But according to Imams Abu Hanifa, Shafi’i and Ahmed the nikah would be valid, but the mehr would still remain an obligation.

It is an obligation even in the case of the women of the “…People of the Book….” (5:5). According to Maulana Umar Ahmed Usmani, the labour of the groom cannot be accepted as mehr, because the mehr has to be an amount paid to the bride.

These days, marriages are being conducted with great pomp and show in which a great deal of wealth is squandered. If, instead of spending so much on unnecessary items, top priority is given to the payment of mehr, it would mean fulfilling a religious obligation. It would also be more in line with the Quranic injunctions and the example of the Prophet, and could provide some security to the bride, especially if she can invest the amount profitably.

discuss the reasons why is Pakistan economy not showing any positive change despite the increase in government expenditures?

2012-06-27T10:06:00.000-07:00

Despite increase in government expenditures, Pakistan economy has been facing unemployment, acute energy crisis, inflation, poverty and trade deficit for many years.

Discuss the reasons why is Pakistan economy not showing any positive change despite the increase in government expenditures?

The reason is not very mingled to discuss, it is simple to understand. Only increase in budget does not very comprehend option; it is an obligatory need make decrement in the government expenditures too. Because as problem are mentioned in last part of the case. Firstly rather than increase in government expenditure we must consume it in the agriculture and industrial development this will show as great reform in positive economy.

The thing which makes these problems as describe in case, will encourage taking international loans that will also having great mass involvement in many criteria.

And when government takes loan; aftermath country will have to pay great amount of interests and this will come up with a great cause in the shape of inflation because we don’t have a good working strategy to collect Revenue or Tax from household and market sector, for that government often needs to print currency note and its result will affect the ratio of GDP.

And when we face various decrements in GDP and increments in inflation, this will impact on the currency, which will clearly make decrement in Rupees over Dollar, that will comes up as trade deficits. For which companies and sometime household have to pay larger amount in the account of Custom Clearance Tax and other too.

Trade Deficit: Economic theory dictates that a trade deficit is not necessarily a bad situation because it often corrects itself over time. However, a deficit has been reported and growing in the United States for the past few decades, which has some economists worried. This means that large amounts of the U.S. dollar are being held by foreign nations, which may decide to sell at any time. A large increase in dollar sales can drive the value of the currency down, making it more costly to purchase imports.

Energy Crisis: Lopsided priorities, poor management and lack of accountability can be denoted as the reasons for dearth of energy in Pakistan. The numbers of consumers of electricity are now increased owing to the rapid urbanization process. The facility of electricity is now provided to the remote villages. We waste a lot of energy, about 15 to 20 percent through poor distribution system. Industrial, transport and domestic sectors are the three important consumers of energy. It is assumed that a misplaced use of energy is rampant in industries which need to be curtailed.

Inflation, Poverty, Unemployment: The political instability is also responsible for unfair consumption inequality. For maintaining and winning the political sympathies of rivals, heavy loans were given to the members of parliament, making them big guns. Again, most of these loans were not returned. The feudal and businessmen always got themselves exempted from taxes whether legally or illegally. The political administrative set-up of the county is also promoting inequality in the country. Market imperfection along with monopolistic tendencies, low agricultural and industrial outputs, illiteracy, rising population, low level of skill, corruption, inflation and uneven infrastructural facilities are the factors responsible for increasing poverty and unemployment.

Especially after 1998 in Pakistan, industries and agriculture sectors were mechanized. There were ruthless trends of use of computer and automatic machines. This situation has decreased the demand for labor. The decreased demand for labor along with surplus supply of labor has resulted in weakening the position of working class and labor. It means that the brokers, wholesalers, producers, businessmen and middlemen not only earn high profits but they have been also becoming richer by exploiting the surplus of unemployed by giving them lower wages. In this situation the gap of unemployment poverty also increases as well as inflation too; due to monopolistic character in race of supernormal profit which will consume less.

Conclusion & Recommendations:

Almighty Allah has grace us with all types of resources such as Human resources in all respective principles, Nuclear Power, Geographically graced by land mountain, rivers, ocean, and the most important thing is that this is a border line country, and we are free to trade with the world in any respective principles. Though we just need to use our resources wealthy but lack of training, learning especially in the institute from where the process of fiscal policy control; be restrains will become more marvels. Due to pursuance of expansionary policies will help country position to expect deteriorate which will increase both exports and imports. Because all points above are nexus with each others to maintain sustainable economy.

We must maintain revise the fiscal policy and execute law enforcement task force to collect revenue and tax and other customs. And government should have to look for providing subsidies to manufactures which will play a vital role for deflation and also makes barriers for oligopolies and monopolist and will promote perfect competition. And we must enhance the agriculture sector because we have fertile land that also plays a vital role for positive economy. We must promote green economy program as well as tourism development in technological industries.

Aftermath we will not have any such reasons to take loans and make our economy slumbered.

More focus on correct grammar restrains the creativity of the students.

2012-06-27T10:05:00.000-07:00

As we know that English is the lingua franca of the world, and also it is a higher and technical language. The problem which makes student muse in their creativity is; English is our second language. Because of my learning experience, more focus on grammar will get mingled most students and gets pounder about, what to do and how to do?

As far the topic concerns, that grammar restrains the creativity – I don’t agree about this statement.

Because I have an example for this; by birth newborn child don’t know even the tiny about this phenomenon which called as grammar. But steadily and gradually he becomes master of his language. We must notice that the child learns its language from his observing sense and provoking and comprehend thought.

So the question is simple that, if we do just comprehension and daily talk in English etc. we need only 3 things: first, Vocabulary second correct sentence structure and third appropriate use of words which will be marvel by the help of just comprehension and nothing else.

Global Energy Security

2012-06-20T20:38:00.002-07:00

Global Energy Security

The dawned of the 21^st century bring the unique concept of global security to meet the complex crises of the present world. Such as: human security, food security, water security, cyber security and energy security etc. This global concept of security is a comprehensive attempt to address the contemporary problem with integrated approach and technique. After the diametrical end of the cold war, the concept of “New Global Order” emerges on the horizon of the world. This will demonstrate that sustainable economic growth determines the status of a nation in this perspective.

So as to meet the growing economic challenges the world leaders begets the concept of “Global Energy Security”. In addition, energy is a dynamic force on which the modern society rely on. Different form of energy is essential in the residential, industrial and transportation sectors. In-fact, now energy is essential for every nation to develop in broader scenario and lack of energy means less development and less economic freedom.

The European commission defines energy security; “the ability to ensure that future essential energy needs can be meet, both by means of adequate domestic resources worked under economically acceptable conditions as maintain as strategic reserves and by calling upon accessible and stable sources supplemented where appropriate by strategic shocks”. In other words energy security refers to sustainable and reliable supplies reasonable prices.

Historically speaking, the 1973 Arab-Israel war put energy security on the agenda of industrialized nations. The oil embargo that resented into unpredictable rise in oil prices from $2.50 a barrel to about $12 a barrel in 1974. This quagmire leads whole energy efficient and energy deficient nations to draw out a global energy security framework to meet the increasing demand of energy on equal basis.

However, the major challenges that confronted by global energy sector is the volatile nature of oil prices. Oil is a primary input with no substitutes. When prices rise most consumer have little choice but to pay more rather than by less.

Resultantly, the economic cycle hold fire and cause macro-economic imbalances, soaring inflation, exarbate poverty and worsen the state of unemployment. Therefore energy security depends upon sufficient investment in resources development, generation capacity and infrastructure to meet increasing demand.

Following are the recommended measures to combat global energy insecurity and to fulfill required.

Undoubtedly, no region, nation or country can alone achieve a state of energy security. Neither the consequences of interruptions in oil production, so as it required on integrated global approach such as diversification of both energy mix and energy resources in the main route to energy security.

It is a fact that there are enough physical reservoirs to meet global demand for energy like wind, solar, tidal hydro, bio-gas etc. but the exploration development and transportation of these resources cause significant financial and political challenges that required setting up a world energy organization to meet this challenge accordingly.

Emerging economic giant, China, India and other Asia Pacific countries have demanding a massive amount of energy to address their growing demand security of supplies can be enhances by afformented formula of diversification of energy sources.

In addition, West Asia will always be critical player in energy security as the main source of crude oil supply to all major consumer nations such as the United States, Europe, Asia Pacific region and enjoys a lowest production costs for hydrocarbon resources but political unrest-ness bring about oil prices to rise unprecedented. So world communities along with collaboration of their nation bring political reforms and avoid interference foreign policy for the effective benefits and dispersion of energy.

Conclusion: The demand for energy is growing; it required an interdependence and joint management formula to fulfill it. By setting up a platform where these issue and apprehensions must be discussed in broader perspective.

THE ART OF GUARDIANS

2012-06-20T20:37:00.002-07:00

THE ART OF GUARDIANS

To encourage intelligence; both sharp and dull student and extend educational facilities to all the faculties of the particular child. A midst all despair, hope-less-ness and problem which can possibly surround a person at any point there is always a dipole of beautiful ray of hope.

An undeniable source of comfort—the most divine and precious thing of the creation are the parents and teacher. Both are the angles in human disguise for the students. This sometime can be atonal.

For the captivating world of learning it is not very difficult to cultivate comprehend habits in your child. All you need to do is set a time for yourself and your child, an hour daily during any part of the day will support the moral and psychological phenomenon of the child.

Today the wonderful world of Tilism-i-Hoshruba might have been replaced by the tall walls of the Hogwarts school of Harry Potter, but magic and the wands, wizards and fairies, prince & the devil—the essential that ignited the imagination of the child, remains the same.

And today: although all those childhood superheroes have materialized on their minds. The pleasure of reading and some practical efforts will make it to be the highest of all pleasure that the human mind an ever indulge in.

So who do we owe it to, which will bring the courage and enthusiastic approach & abilities to child for their lifespan? Our school, teacher and our parent are the best resource to make them comfortable.

Besides learning new and interesting thing that will be as pensive strategy for the child on every single day. This practice should need to be done by both parents & teacher for their toddlers. Rather than show some aggressive role and make them hated due to their fluctuations in their abilities, which will bring them behind the lines one day.

They will soon respond to your gesture through which what will you produce to them conducive. And then they will ardently waits for their turn to get flurry to propound their ardent that will be pensive for their future work. Because imagination of child has no bounds and the teachers and parents will polish them timely.

Another thing which impacts to the thought provoking abilities of the child is the gesture of their sources; that what is the way of presenting anything to them?

One of the important findings of neuroscience in the last decades has been the discovery of “neuron mirror” children are found to be the best example of it. Form where they rapidly and accurately absorbing such things that might be produce by the teachers and parents.

Each teacher and Parent had his or her own little supernova which somehow had to fix the fault of solar system of any student through spent an equal amount of time to each one.

Economics: Agriculture Position in Pakistan

2012-06-20T20:36:00.001-07:00

The Case:

In Pakistan, sugarcane, wheat, rice and cotton accounted for 90% of the value added in crops and 6% of GDP in the last fiscal year but the average yield of these crops is very low as compared to other countries. There are several factors for this low productivity like soil conditions, low income and purchasing power of growers, unavailability of proper inputs, lack of modern technologies of production etc. Due to high dependency burden, expensive health facilities, inflation and high prices of energy, farmers hardly fulfill their domestic expenditures which restrict their investment capability. Upward price fluctuations of all inputs (seed, fertilizer, pesticides etc) and varying prices of outputs (cotton, rice, wheat, sugarcane etc) adversely affect the farmer’s ability and choice to invest. At the start of crop season, there is demand pressure for inputs when growers have to purchase inputs for cultivation whereas at the end of crop season, there is supply pressure of output in the market. Farmers have to sell their crops immediately after harvesting due to financial stress and lack of storage facility. Suppliers of inputs create shortage and force farmers to buy inputs at higher costs. Middlemen purchase farmer’s products below the market prices. Farmers have no choice but to accept the whole situation. They pay some part of total input bill and promise the suppliers to pay rest of the bill at the end of next crop season. This sometimes bounds them to sell their products to the same supplier year after year. The present market system is inefficient that supports middlemen and discriminates against farmers.

Requirement:

Keeping the above scenario in your mind, think as an economist and suggest practical measures to eliminate these adverse factors to facilitate the farmers. (Write "to the point" answer, avoid irrelevant or extra details.)

Solution:
First we have to give inputs to farmer as much as possible, and discriminate against middleman, who bound farmers by purchasing whole crops on credit terms that they pay some part of total input bill and pay rest at the end of next crop season. Which click the dependency burden on agriculture in the form of inflation, high prices of energy, for which former hardly fulfill their domestic expenditure which bound their investment capabilities. In Pakistan, 54 to 60% population depends on agriculture, and agriculture accounted for 90% of the value added in crops. This was 6% of GDP in the last year.

Suggestion:

· Increase income by providing them enough facilities that makes purchasing power of the growers.
· Make availability of proper input at low cast modern technology should installed by the agriculture department, agriculture inspector should take inspection time by time to the fields. This will help increase of crops production and will less-abundance on surplus, nepotism, and supply side.
· Provide them health facilities, energy, that farmers fulfill their expenditure.
· Decrease price fluctuation of seeds, fertilizer, pesticide etc. that affect farmer’s ability and choice to invest more and more.
· Make a place where former sell their crops immediately after harvesting, under control of government department such as food and supply. That will discriminate against both inflation and shortage and mainly middleman.