Tech Hub

Write a Program to Implement Stop and Wait Selective Repeat Using TCP/UDP

2021-08-13T19:41:00.000+05:30

TCP

SERVER

import java.io.DataInputStream;

import java.io.DataOutputStream;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.net.ServerSocket;

import java.net.Socket;

import java.net.SocketException;

public class Q3_TCPS extends Thread

{

static ServerSocket Serversocket; static DataInputStream dis; static DataOutputStream dos;

public static void main(String[] args) throws SocketException

{

try

{

int a[] = { 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88 };

System.out.println("Server is starting."); Serversocket = new ServerSocket(9999);

System.out.println("Server is waiting for client request...");

Socket client = Serversocket.accept();

dis = new DataInputStream(client.getInputStream());

dos = new DataOutputStream(client.getOutputStream());

System.out.println("The number of packets sent is:"+a.length);

int y = a.length; dos.write(y);

System.out.println("No of frame is:" + y);

dos.flush();

for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++)

{

dos.write(a[i]); Thread.sleep(1000);

System.out.println("Send frame is: " + a[i]); dos.flush();

}

int k = dis.read();

Thread.sleep(1000);

System.out.println("\nRetransmit packet no "+(k+1)+"again!!");

dos.write(a[k]); Thread.sleep(2000);

System.out.println("\nSend frame is: " + a[k]); Thread.sleep(3000);

System.out.println("\nAll frame send successfully."); dos.flush();

}

catch (Exception e)

{

System.out.println("Error is:= "+e); System.exit(0);

}

finally

{

try

{

dis.close();

dos.close();

}

catch (IOException e)

{

e.printStackTrace();

}

Client

import java.lang.System;

import java.net.*;

import java.io.*;

import java.util.Random;

public class Q3_TCPC extends Thread

{

static Socket connection;

public static void main(String a[]) throws SocketException

{

try

{

int v[] = new int[10]; int n = 0;

Random rands = new Random(); int rand = 0;

InetAddress addr = InetAddress.getByName("Localhost");

connection = new Socket(addr, 9999);

DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(connection.getOutputStream());

DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(connection.getInputStream());

int p = in.read();

System.out.println("No of frame is:" + p);

for (int i = 0; i < p; i++)

{

v[i] = in.read();

//System.out.println(v[i]);

}

rand = rands.nextInt(p);//FRAME NO. IS RANDOMLY GENERATED

v[rand] = -1;

for (int i = 0; i < p; i++)

{

Thread.sleep(1000);

System.out.println("Received frame is: " + v[i]);

}

for (int i = 0; i < p; i++)

{

if (v[i] == -1)

{

Thread.sleep(2000); System.out.println("\nRequest to retransmit from packet no "+ (i+1) + " again!!");

n = i;

out.write(n);

out.flush();

}

System.out.println(); v[n] = in.read(); Thread.sleep(3000);

System.out.println("Received frame is: " + v[n]); Thread.sleep(3000);

System.out.println("\nAll frame receive successfully.");

}

catch (Exception e)

{

System.out.println("Error is:= "+e); System.exit(0);

}

OUTPUT

UDP

SERVER

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

import java.util.*;

public class Q3_UDPS extends Thread

{

public static void main(String[] args) throws SocketException

{

try

{

int a[] = { 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88 };

System.out.println("Server is starting.");

DatagramSocket ds = new DatagramSocket(9999);

InetAddress ia = InetAddress.getLocalHost();

System.out.println("Server is waiting for client request...");

byte b1[] = new byte[100];

DatagramPacket dp = new DatagramPacket(b1,b1.length);

ds.receive(dp);

String str = new String(dp.getData());

str = str.trim(); System.out.println("Client "+str);

System.out.println("The number of packets sent is:" + a.length);

int y = a.length;

byte b2[] = (String.valueOf(y)).getBytes();

DatagramPacket dp1 = new DatagramPacket(b2,b2.length,ia,dp.getPort());

ds.send(dp1);

System.out.println("No of frame is:" + y);

for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++)

{

byte b_2[] = (String.valueOf(a[i])).getBytes();

DatagramPacket dp2 = new

DatagramPacket(b_2,b_2.length,ia,dp.getPort());

ds.send(dp2); Thread.sleep(1000);

System.out.println("Send frame is: " + a[i]);

}

byte b3[] = new byte[100];

DatagramPacket dp3 = new DatagramPacket(b3,b3.length);

ds.receive(dp3);

String str2 = new String(dp3.getData()); str2 = str2.trim();

int k = Integer.valueOf(str2);

Thread.sleep(1000);

System.out.println("\nRetransmit packet no "+(k+1)+"again!!");

byte b4[] = (String.valueOf(a[k])).getBytes();

DatagramPacket dp4 = new DatagramPacket(b4,b4.length,ia,dp.getPort());

ds.send(dp4);

Thread.sleep(2000);

System.out.println("\nSend frame is: " + a[k]);

Thread.sleep(3000);

System.out.println("\nAll frame send successfully.");

}

catch (Exception e)

{

System.out.println("Error is:= "+e); System.exit(0);

}

Client

import java.lang.System;

import java.net.*;

import java.io.*;

import java.text.*;

import java.util.Random;

import java.util.*;

public class Q3_UDPC extends Thread

{

static Socket connection;

public static void main(String a[]) throws SocketException

{

try

{

int v[] = new int[10]; int n = 0;

Random rands = new Random();

int rand = 0;

DatagramSocket ds = new DatagramSocket(); InetAddress ia = InetAddress.getLocalHost();

byte b1[] = ("Connected.").getBytes();

DatagramPacket dp = new DatagramPacket(b1,b1.length,ia,9999);

ds.send(dp);

byte b2[] = new byte[100];

DatagramPacket dp1 = new DatagramPacket(b2,b2.length); ds.receive(dp1);

String str1 = new String(dp1.getData()); str1 = str1.trim();

int p = Integer.valueOf(str1);

System.out.println("No of frame is:" + p);

for (int i = 0; i < p; i++)

{

byte b_2[] = new byte[100]; DatagramPacket dp2 = new

DatagramPacket(b_2,b_2.length);

ds.receive(dp2);

String str2 = new String(dp2.getData()); str2 = str2.trim();

v[i] = Integer.valueOf(str2);

}

rand = rands.nextInt(p);//FRAME NO. IS RANDOMLY v[rand] = -1;

for (int i = 0; i < p; i++)

{

Thread.sleep(1000); System.out.println("Received frame is: " + v[i]);

}

for (int i = 0; i < p; i++)

{

if (v[i] == -1)

{

Thread.sleep(2000);

System.out.println("\nRequest to retransmit from packet no "+ (i+1) + " again!!");

n = i;

byte b6[] = (String.valueOf(n)).getBytes();

DatagramPacket dp6 = new DatagramPacket(b6,b6.length,ia,9999);

ds.send(dp6);

}

System.out.println();

byte b5[] = new byte[100];

DatagramPacket dp5 = new DatagramPacket(b5,b5.length);

ds.receive(dp5);

String str5 = new String(dp5.getData());

str5 = str5.trim();

v[n] = Integer.valueOf(str5);

Thread.sleep(3000);

System.out.println("Received frame is: " + v[n]);

Thread.sleep(3000);

System.out.println("\nAll frame receive successfully.");

}

catch (Exception e)

{

System.out.println("Error is:= "+e); System.exit(0);

}

OUTPUT

Why minimally invasive spine surgery is beneficial

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Why Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery is Beneficial?

2021-08-12T10:57:00.001+05:30

Understand the term "Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery"

Image Source - Google | Image Credit - painguru

In recent times, technology has developed in such a way that medical surgeries are becoming more successful as compared to past times.

Even, with the help of technology, surgical machines are run on an AI base and it will occur minimal pain to the patient while doing the heavy operation on him/her.

Spine surgery is considered as "Open Surgery" on the patient. A doctor can view the damaged part of the spine easily while doing this spinal operation.

As this spinal surgery is done "inside the body", minimum pain will occur as compared to "outer body" operation.

With the advancement of technology, even patients didn't feel much pain while surgery because surgeons give them anesthesia. But, after the surgery little pain will be felt by patients because of the less impact of anesthesia on their respective body part.

After the successful minimally invasive spine surgery, some physical therapy is given to patients to cure their spinal part very quickly and in an efficient way.

To attempt this surgery, most of the surgeons use "tabular retractor" technique. In which, one cut is made and a tabular retractor is inserted inside the skin which creates one little tunnel to the particular area where the problem exists.

Throughout the procedure, any little bone is removed with the help of a retractor and in the replacement of the bone, any screw or rod is inserted through the tubular retractor and fit on the problematic area of the spine.

Surgeons can see real-time x-ray images of patients while attempting real-time operations.

Most of the time 2 types of anesthesia are given to patients:

1) Asleep throughout the whole operation.

2) Awake but no feeling in the spine area.

Benefits of Minimal Invasive Spine Surgery

Image Source - Google | Image Credit - pennmedicine

Less blood loss: As in this spinal surgery, a small incision is made, smaller amount of blood will lose during this operation.

Smaller amount of anesthesia: nowadays, the medical sector is developed in such a way that patients can see their operation "live" with the help of an advanced level of anesthesia with a lower amount of it.

No scarring: As anesthesia is given to patients, they will feel 0% in the spine area where their operation is conducted and it will lead to no scar or fear to the patient.

Fast recovery: Upgradation to medical instruments and techniques, operations are becoming safer and faster recoverable for the patients.

Small cuts: Incision for spinal surgery will be very small as it is needed for the insertion of retractor.

Note

As spine surgery is done inside the body, there might be a risk of blood clots, infections, chances of paralysis, pain and discomfort on the operational area and chances of allergic reactions after(post) the operation.

Such types of risks are only associated when you did minimally invasive spine surgery with not more experienced surgeon.

The advantages of perfect landing page for better ROI

Stop and wait selective repeat using tcp and udp

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The Advantages of Perfect Landing Page For Better ROI

2021-08-11T19:25:00.001+05:30

What is landing page ??

Image Source - Google | Image Credit - digitalpublishing101

Have you ever heard the word "Landing Page" before? Well, I think you saw it in your routine life but majority of time you don't know about this term. So let's discuss it.

Landing page is a web page which looks very attractive and easily navigational for any user.

Navigation: The navigation bar can help you to reach out to any of the web pages of a particular website within seconds, so it can save your time.

Image that supports topic: Most of the time you click on any web page by seeing its picture... Am i right ?? Yes !!!

Share links: You must have to put links of your other articles in your current article to promote them and which will helpful for you to get a better reach through your blog reader.

Bullet Points: It is advisable to add bullet points in the starting of your article, so that user can decide if he or she has to read your article or not and also it will save your users time.

Shorter Forms: Any blogger must have to add little form or newsletter form in their article, so that they can directly receive mails regarding your latest post in your blog.

How landing page works ??

Image Source - Google | Image Credit - ndtv

In sweet and simple language, a landing page can customize the need of users in shorter steps and in a quick way.

Example of Zomato

Step 1: If you want to order anything from zomato then first of all will signup or login to their system and then you will set your location.

Step 2: You will search for any food item (Pizza) and search... Then their algorithm will show you only those restaurants or pizza shops that are nearby your set location.

Step 3: You will choose your favorite pizza shop or restaurant and then you will select your favorite pizza and will select the quantity.

Step 4: In this step, you will choose online payment or offline payment.

Step 5: Finalize your order and pay regarding your mode of payment.

So, this whole process completes in a very smooth and smarter way. In the future, you will surely like to visit websites like zomato which completes your need very faster and smoothly without any disturbance.

Pros of better ROI with the help of landing page

Image Source - Google | Image Credit - wordstream

High Revenue: It is obvious that if your website's UI is better then any user will like to visit again and again which will lead to high income with the help of Google Adsense or any other ad provider.

Increase your business goals: If any user likes your website then he or she will talk about your site with another person. So, indirectly it will rise up your site's marketing goals and lead to an increase in your site traffic.

Increase search traffic: If more people visit your site then it will directly impact on site's ranking and there might be a possibility of getting the rank on the first web page of your site's keyword.

Know more about food habits and monsoon

Why minimally invasive spine surgery is beneficial?

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Food Habits and Monsoon

2021-08-11T15:46:00.003+05:30

Fritters

Image Source - Google | Image Credit - nehascookbook

Well, are you a foodie? I guess, Yes!! That's why you are here... Then you are at the perfect place.

There are total 4 seasons (Winter, Spring, Summer, and Monsoon) in our country, but Monsoon is something special rainy season when our food habits get changed drastically as compared to the rest of the 3 seasons.

When the rain starts, most of the people thought to eat fritters (पकोड़े) by enjoying the rainy atmosphere along with the earthy aroma.

Even my favourite season is Monsoon and when rain is there, I used to tell my mom that "Mom, please make only fritters for me today, I am not gonna eat anything else".

Fritters are the most common eatable food which majority of people like to eat because it feels energetic and can help for the relaxation of our mind by having hot foods during the rainy atmosphere.

Though, fritters are not healthy food at all as it is a fried item, it is acceptable to take it during the monsoon for the refreshment of your soul.

Soup

Image Source - Google | Image Credit - indianhealthyrecipes

In our country, there are different types of soups are available, like tomato soup, baby corn soup, hot and sour soup, manchow soup and many more are available in the market.

As I said, in monsoon little bit of cold weather is there, drinking soup with toast can help any person to give warmth while enjoying the rain with your loved ones.

One of the major benefit of taking a sip of soup with toast is that it is a healthy beverage and it will always be helpful for the betterment of your heart.

Around one month ago, I went to one hilly area and I was sitting outside one local eatery shop. There was immediately raining started and my friends gave the order of fritters (पकोड़े), but I chose to give an order of Tomato Soup over fritters and I will never forget that experience in my whole life.

Fruits

Image Source - Google | Image Credit - goodhousekeeping

Fruits are evergreen eatable items that will never harm your body system in any aspect.

During monsoon, taking fruits like apples, cherries, papayas and lichi will helpful to you for better digestion of your immune system.

in monsoon time, If any children don't like soup or fritter, then I think no children can deny fruits because at these early age fruits are their favourite food item to eat.

Basically, fruits are very light food items, which can easily digest during foggy weather in the monsoon season.

Maggie

Image Source - Google | Image Credit - youtube

Rain is useless if you don't eat maggie when you were a child.

The majority of children like to have maggie while seeing raining outside their home. Even nowadays parents like to eat it to give a company to their children in monsoon season.

The trend of eating maggie came from North India and recently it is followed by all parts of India.

I hope all of your mouths get watery while reading this delicious article.

Know more about Stop and Wait ARQ protocol using both TCP and UDP

Know more about the advantages of perfect landing page for better ROI

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Write a program to implement Stop and Wait ARQ protocol using both TCP and UDP

2021-08-09T21:47:00.001+05:30

TCP

Client Side:

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

public class A5_C_TCP

{

Socket sender;

ObjectOutputStream out;

ObjectInputStream in;

String packet,ack,str, msg;

int n,i=0,sequence=0;

public void run()

{

try

{

BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));

System.out.println("Waiting for Connection... ");

sender = new Socket("localhost",2004);

sequence=0;

out=new

ObjectOutputStream(sender.getOutputStream());

out.flush();

in=new ObjectInputStream(sender.getInputStream());

str=(String)in.readObject();

System.out.println("Client "+str);

System.out.print("Enter the data to send:= ");

packet=br.readLine();

System.out.println("\nPacket is:= "+packet);

n=packet.length();

System.out.println();

// System.out.println("N is:= "+n);

{

try

{

if(i<n)

{

Substring msg is:= "+msg);

msg=String.valueOf(sequence);

// System.out.println("Before

msg=msg.concat(packet.substring(i,i+1));

// System.out.println("After

Substring msg is:= "+msg);

}

else if(i==n)

{

msg="end";

out.writeObject(msg);

break;

}

"+sequence);

is:= "+ack);

out.writeObject(msg);

sequence=(sequence==0)?1:0;

// System.out.println("sequence is:=

out.flush();

System.out.println("data sent := "+msg);

Thread.sleep(2000);

ack=(String)in.readObject();

// System.out.println("acknowledgment

System.out.println("waiting for

acknowledgment...");

if(ack.equals(String.valueOf(sequence)))

{

recieved\n");

i++;

System.out.println("Packet

}

else

{

Thread.sleep(2000);

resending data...\n");

System.out.println("Time out

sequence=(sequence==0)?1:0;

Thread.sleep(2000);

}

catch(Exception e)

{

System.exit(0);

}

}while(i<n+1);

System.out.println("\nAll data sent.");

}

catch(Exception e)

{

System.exit(0);

}

finally

{

try

{

in.close();

out.close();

sender.close();

}

catch(Exception e){}

}

public static void main(String args[])

{

A5_C_TCP obj = new A5_C_TCP();

obj.run();

}

Server Side:

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

public class A5_S_TCP

{

ServerSocket Receiver;

Socket connection=null;

ObjectOutputStream out;

ObjectInputStream in;

String packet,ack,data="";

int i=0,sequence=0;

public void run()

{

try

{

BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));

System.out.println("Server is starting.");

Receiver = new ServerSocket(2004,10);

System.out.println("Server is waiting for client

request...");

connection=Receiver.accept();

sequence=0;

System.out.println("Connection established.");

out=new

ObjectOutputStream(connection.getOutputStream());

out.flush();

in=new

ObjectInputStream(connection.getInputStream());

out.writeObject("connected.");

{

try

{

"+packet);

packet=(String)in.readObject();

System.out.println("Packet is:=

if(packet.equals("end"))

{

recived is:= "+data);

System.out.println("\nData

String temp = data;

data = temp.replace(data, " ");

}

// System.out.println("sequence is:=

"+sequence);

if(Integer.valueOf(packet.substring(0,1))==sequence)

{

"+data);

is:= "+sequence);

packet is:= "+packet);

data+=packet.substring(1);

System.out.println("data is:=

sequence=(sequence==0)?1:0;

// System.out.println("sequence

System.out.println("\nReceive

Thread.sleep(2000);

}

else

{

System.out.println("\nReceive

packet is:= "+packet+" with duplicate data");

Thread.sleep(2000);

}

if(i<3)

{

System.out.println(String.valueOf(sequence));

out.writeObject(String.valueOf(sequence));i++;

System.out.println("Acknowledgment sended.");

Thread.sleep(2000);

}

else

{

String.valueOf(String.valueOf((sequence+1)%2));

out.writeObject(String.valueOf((sequence+1)%2));

i=0;

System.out.println("Acknowledgment sended.");

Thread.sleep(2000);

}

catch(Exception e)

{

System.exit(0);

}

}while(!packet.equals("end"));

out.writeObject("\nconnection ended.");

}

catch(Exception e)

{

}

finally

{

try

{

in.close();

out.close();

Receiver.close();

}

catch(Exception e)

{

System.exit(0);

}

public static void main(String args[])

{

A5_S_TCP obj = new A5_S_TCP();

obj.run();

}

Output:

UDP

Client Side:

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

import java.util.*;

public class A5_C_UDP extends Thread

{

String packet,ack,str, msg;

int n,i=0,sequence=0;

public void run()

{

try

{

Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);

DatagramSocket ds = new DatagramSocket();

InetAddress ia = InetAddress.getLocalHost();

sequence=0;

byte b1[] = ("Connected.").getBytes();

DatagramPacket dp = new

DatagramPacket(b1,b1.length,ia,9999);

ds.send(dp);

System.out.println("Server Connected.");

System.out.print("Enter the data to send:= ");

packet=scan.nextLine();

System.out.println("\nPacket is:= "+packet);

packet = packet.replace(" ","");

n=packet.length();

System.out.println();

System.out.println("N is:= "+n);

{

try

{

if(i<n)

{

msg=String.valueOf(sequence);

// System.out.println("Before

Substring msg is:= "+msg);

msg=msg.concat(packet.substring(i,i+1));

// System.out.println("After

Substring msg is:= "+msg);

}

else if(i==n)

{

(String.valueOf(msg)).getBytes();

msg="end";

byte b4[] =

DatagramPacket dp4 = new

DatagramPacket(b4,b4.length,ia,dp.getPort());

ds.send(dp4);

break;

}

(String.valueOf(msg)).getBytes();

byte b3[] =

DatagramPacket dp3 = new

DatagramPacket(b3,b3.length,ia,dp.getPort());

ds.send(dp3);

sequence=(sequence==0)?1:0;

// System.out.println("sequence is:=

"+sequence);

System.out.println("data sent := "+msg);

Thread.sleep(2000);

DatagramPacket(b5,b5.length);

is:= "+ack);

byte b5[] = new byte[100];

DatagramPacket dp5 = new

ds.receive(dp5);

String str5 = new String(dp5.getData());

ack = str5.trim();

// System.out.println("acknowledgment

System.out.println("waiting for

acknowledgment...");

if(ack.equals(String.valueOf(sequence)))

{

recieved\n");

i++;

System.out.println("Packet

Thread.sleep(2000);

}

resending data...\n");

else

{

}

System.out.println("Time out

sequence=(sequence==0)?1:0;

Thread.sleep(2000);

}

catch(Exception e)

{

System.exit(0);

}

}while(i<n+1);

System.out.println("\nAll data sent.");

}

catch(Exception e)

{

System.exit(0);

}

public static void main(String args[])

{

A5_C_UDP obj = new A5_C_UDP();

obj.start();

}

Server Side:

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

public class A5_S_UDP extends Thread

{

ServerSocket Receiver;

Socket connection=null;

ObjectOutputStream out;

ObjectInputStream in;

String packet,ack,data="";

int i=0,sequence=0;

public void run()

{

try

{

request...");

System.out.println("Server is starting.");

DatagramSocket ds = new DatagramSocket(9999);

InetAddress ia = InetAddress.getLocalHost();

System.out.println("Server is waiting for client

byte b1[] = new byte[100];

DatagramPacket dp = new

DatagramPacket(b1,b1.length);

ds.receive(dp);

String str = new String(dp.getData());

str = str.trim();

System.out.println("Client "+str);

sequence=0;

{

try

{

DatagramPacket(b2,b2.length);

"+packet);

byte b2[] = new byte[100];

DatagramPacket dp2 = new

ds.receive(dp2);

String str2 = new String(dp2.getData());

packet = str2.trim();

System.out.println("Packet is:=

if(packet.equals("end"))

{

recived is:= "+data);

System.out.println("\nData

String temp = data;

data = temp.replace(data, " ");

}

// System.out.println("sequence is:=

"+sequence);

if(Integer.valueOf(packet.substring(0,1))==sequence)

{

"+data);

data+=packet.substring(1);

System.out.println("data is:=

sequence=(sequence==0)?1:0;

is:= "+sequence);

packet is:= "+packet);

// System.out.println("sequence

System.out.println("\nReceive

Thread.sleep(2000);

}

else

{

System.out.println("\nReceive

packet is:= "+packet+" with duplicate data");

Thread.sleep(2000);

}

if(i<3)

{

(String.valueOf(sequence)).getBytes();

byte b3[] =

DatagramPacket dp3 = new

DatagramPacket(b3,b3.length,ia,dp.getPort());

ds.send(dp3);

i++;

System.out.println("Acknowledgment sended.");

Thread.sleep(2000);

}

else

{

byte b4[] =

(String.valueOf((sequence+1)%2)).getBytes();

DatagramPacket dp4 = new

DatagramPacket(b4,b4.length,ia,dp.getPort());

ds.send(dp4);

i=0;

System.out.println("Acknowledgment sended.");

Thread.sleep(2000);

}

catch (Exception e)

{

System.exit(0);

}

}while(!packet.equals("end"));

byte b5[] = ("connection ended.").getBytes();

DatagramPacket dp5 = new

DatagramPacket(b5,b5.length,ia,dp.getPort());

ds.send(dp5);

}

catch (Exception e)

{

System.exit(0);

}

public static void main(String args[])

{

A5_S_UDP obj = new A5_S_UDP();

obj.start();

}

Output:

Stop and wait protocol with both TCP and UDP

Food habits and monsoon

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Write a program to implement Stop and Wait Protocol using both TCP and UDP

2021-08-07T11:18:00.001+05:30

Client Side:

TCP

import java.io.*;

import java.util.*;

import java.net.*;

class A2_C_TCP

{

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception

{

A2_C_TCP obj = new A2_C_TCP();

obj.run();

}

public void run() throws Exception

{

Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter number of frames:= ");

int n=scan.nextInt();

Socket s = new Socket("localhost", 9999);

PrintStream ps = new PrintStream(s.getOutputStream());

for(int i=0;i<=n;)

{

if(i == n)

{

ps.println("Exit");

break;

}

System.out.println("\nFrame "+(i+1)+" sent."); ps.println(i);

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader (s.getInputStream()));

String ack = br.readLine();

if(ack != null)

{

from server.");

}

else

{

}

System.out.println("Acknowledgement was received

i++;

Thread.sleep(2000);

System.out.println("Error.");

}

Server Side:

import java.io.*;

import java.util.*;

import java.net.*;

class A2_S_TCP

{

public static void main(String args[])throws Exception

{

A2_S_TCP obj = new A2_S_TCP();

obj.run();

}

public void run()throws Exception

{

String temp="any message", str="Exit";

System.out.println("Server is starting.");

ServerSocket ss = new ServerSocket(9999);

System.out.println("Server is waiting for client request...");

Socket s = ss.accept();

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader (s.getInputStream()));

PrintStream ps = new PrintStream(s.getOutputStream());

while(temp.compareTo(str) != 0)

{

Thread.sleep(1000);

temp=br.readLine();

if(temp.compareTo(str)==0)

{

break;

}

System.out.println("\nReceived Frame

"+((Integer.valueOf(temp)+1)));

Thread.sleep(500);

ps.println("Received");

}

System.out.println("\nAll frame was received successfully.");

}

Output:

UDP

Client Side:

import java.io.*;

import java.util.*;

import java.net.*;

class A2_C_UDP extends Thread

{

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception

{

A2_C_UDP obj = new A2_C_UDP();

obj.start();

}

public void run()

{

try

{

Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter number of frames:= ");

int n=scan.nextInt();

DatagramSocket ds = new DatagramSocket();

InetAddress ia4 = InetAddress.getLocalHost();

byte b4[] = String.valueOf(n).getBytes();

DatagramPacket dp4 = new

DatagramPacket(b4,b4.length,ia4,9999);

ds.send(dp4);

for(int i=0;i<=n;)

{

if(i == n)

{

InetAddress ia = InetAddress.getLocalHost();

byte b1[] = String.valueOf("Exit").getBytes();

DatagramPacket dp = new

DatagramPacket(b1,b1.length,ia,9999);

ds.send(dp);

break;

}

System.out.println("\nFrame "+(i+1)+" sent.");

InetAddress ia = InetAddress.getLocalHost();

byte b2[] = String.valueOf((i)).getBytes();

DatagramPacket dp2 = new

DatagramPacket(b2,b2.length,ia,9999);

ds.send(dp2);

acknowledgement...");

System.out.println("Waiting for

Thread.sleep(2000);

byte b3[] = new byte[50];

DatagramPacket dp3 = new

DatagramPacket(b3,b3.length);

ds.receive(dp3);

String ack = new String(dp3.getData());

ack=ack.trim();

int a = Integer.valueOf(ack);

if(a == i)

{

System.out.println("Acknowledgement was

received for frame "+(i+1)+" as "+(a+1));

i++;

}

else

{

}

System.out.println("Error.");

Thread.sleep(2000);

}

catch(Exception e1)

{

System.out.println("Error is:= "+e1);

System.exit(0);

}

Server side:

import java.io.*;

import java.util.*;

import java.net.*;

class A2_S_UDP extends Thread

{

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception

{

A2_S_UDP obj = new A2_S_UDP();

obj.start();

}

public void run()

{

try

{

String temp="", str="Exit";

System.out.println("Server is starting.");

DatagramSocket ds = new DatagramSocket(9999);

DatagramSocket ds2 = new DatagramSocket(9998);

System.out.println("Server is waiting for client request...");

byte b3[] = new byte[50];

DatagramPacket dp3 = new DatagramPacket(b3,b3.length);

ds.receive(dp3);

String frameLength = new String(dp3.getData());

frameLength = frameLength.trim();

int n = Integer.valueOf(frameLength);

System.out.println("Frame Length is:= "+frameLength);

while(temp.compareTo(str) != 0)

{

Thread.sleep(2000);

byte b1[] = new byte[50];

DatagramPacket dp = new

DatagramPacket(b1,b1.length);

ds.receive(dp);

temp = new String(dp.getData());

temp = temp.trim();

if(temp.compareTo(str)==0)

{

break;

}

System.out.println("\nReceived Frame

"+((Integer.valueOf(temp)+1)));

System.out.println("Sending acknowledgement...");

Thread.sleep(2000);

InetAddress ia = InetAddress.getLocalHost();

int t = Integer.valueOf(temp);

byte b2[] = String.valueOf(t).getBytes();

DatagramPacket dp2 = new

DatagramPacket(b2,b2.length,ia,dp.getPort());

ds2.send(dp2);

int f = Integer.valueOf(temp);

System.out.println("Acknowledgement was sended

for frame "+(f+1)+" as "+(t+1));

}

System.out.println("\nAll frame was received

successfully.");

}

catch(Exception e1)

{

System.out.println("Error is:= "+e1);

System.exit(0);

}

Output:

Know more about latest IELTS experience 2021

Stop and wait ARQ protocol with TCP and UDP

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Latest IELTS Experience | 2021 | IDP | Result | Computer Delivered

2021-08-04T20:08:00.001+05:30

Hello everyone, I hope you all are safe at your happy place.

Today, I'm here to share my IELTS exam experience for those who are worrying about their IELTS exam (There is no need to worry).

I gave Computer Delivered IELTS through IDP in Ahmedabad.

My exam was on 24th June 2021 and as I said I gave computer-delivered IELTS, so my speaking was on the same day (24th June 2021).

Exam Venue: Computer Delivered IDP IELTS Test Center Ahmedabad

Date: 24th June 2021

Timing:

Speaking - 10:40 am to 11:00 am

LRW - 1:00 pm to 4:00 pm

Speaking Experience:

Whether you choose paper-based IELTS or computer-delivered IELTS, speaking will always be in an in-person face-to-face interview.

As I opted for computer-based IELTS, so my speaking was at Computer Delivered IDP IELTS Test Center Ahmedabad rather than a hotel (paper-based).

There was a soundproof room in which my speaking exam was conducted.

When I entered that room, there was one examiner (Sir), who welcomed with my name and offered me to sit on one chair.

As there is a corona crisis all around the world, wearing a mask is compulsory while giving the speaking test.

So, I wore my mask and I thanked him with a "Good Morning, Sir" message before sitting in a chair.

After then my speaking test was started.

Part 1:

Questions regarding my study and my hometown.

Part 2:

Que Card Topic - Describe about a place which you want to visit but don't want to live in.

Part 3:

Questions regarding city and countryside area.

Note - My speaking test was run around 10-11 minutes.

Computer Delivered LRW Experience:

My LRW was at Computer Delivered IDP IELTS Test Center Ahmedabad.

Also, the mask is compulsory throughout the LRW.

When I entered into the test room, a lot of computers were there and IDP is following corona protocol strictly so when it comes to sitting arrangements then there were only 2 students in each row (corner to corner).

The computer screen was big and suitable to use. The keyboard was very fine and also headphone was of very good quality.

There were 2 water bottles were given already at our computer desk.

1) Listening

All the note completion question was ONE WORD ONLY.

Part 1 - Easy

Part 2 - Easy

Part 3 - Moderate

Part 4 - Moderate

2) Reading

All the note completion questions were ONE WORD ONLY.

Section 1 - Easy

Section 2 - Moderate

Section 3 - Easy

3) Writing

Task - 1 : Single Table

Task - 2: To learn the way other cultures live it is better to watch films or video programs rather than to read books and newspapers. To what extent do you agree or disagree with these statements? Give your own opinion and examples.

Important Tip:

While practicing speaking and LRW at your home, always do practice by wearing a mask to get comfortable for your exam day.

During the examination, try to drink water if you get confused while giving LRW or Speaking. It will help you to reduce your mental stress.

My IELTS Result:

Know more about syntax explanation of system software program

Stop and Wait Protocol using TCP and UDP

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Syntax Explanation of System Software Programs

2021-04-05T20:03:00.008+05:30

System Software

Image Source - Google | Image By - Dribble

1) MNT -> Macro Name Table.

2) PNTAB -> Parameter Name Table.

3) MDTP -> Macro Definition Table Pointer.

4) SSTP -> Sequencing Symbol Table Pointer.

5) APT -> Actual Parameter Table.

6) PDT -> Parameter Default Table.

7) EVT -> Expansion Time Variable Table.

8) EVNTAB -> EV name are entered in EVNTAB while accessing EV declarations.

9) SSNTAB -> SS name are entered in SSTAB while accessing SS declarations.

10) MDT -> Macro Definition Table.

11) APTAB -> Actual Parameter Table

12) MNEMONIC -> To represent machine operation or opcode.

13) #PP -> Total number of positional parameters.

14) #KP -> Total number of keyword parameters.

15) #EV -> Total number of time variables.

16) strtok -> Basically, it is a part of C library and it will split null string into tokens separation.

17) fprintf -> formatted printf (you can format, how the data will be printed).

18) fclose -> it will close the defined stream.

19) lit_table -> a literal pool is a lookup table used to hold literals during assembly and execution.

20) ltorg -> assembler can collect the instruction and assemble literals into a literal pool.

21) fgets -> fgets will read a limited number of characters from a given file stream source into an array of characters.

22) isdigit -> it can be used to check if the passed character is a digit or not. It returns a non-zero value if it's a digit else it returns 0. For example, it returns a non-zero value for '0' to '9' and zero for others.

Prime Number Using TCP Protocol

IELTS Exam Experience

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Prime Number | TCP Protocol | Data Communication and Networking

2021-02-20T20:14:00.003+05:30

Client

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

class Q3_Client

{

public static void main(String ar[]) throws Exception

{

Socket s=new Socket("localhost",12345);

PrintWriter p=new PrintWriter(s.getOutputStream());

BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s.getInputStream()));

BufferedReader ink=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

System.out.println("How many numbers Enter ? ");

int num=Integer.parseInt(ink.readLine());

p.println(num);

p.flush();

System.out.println("Enter "+num+" numbers :");

String sarr[]=new String[num];

for(int i=0;i<num;i++)

{

System.out.print("no. "+i+"=");

sarr[i]=ink.readLine();

p.println(sarr[i]);

p.flush();

}

String res;

System.out.println("\nPrime Number::\n");

while((res=in.readLine())!=null)

{

System.out.print(res);

}

s.close();

}

Server

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

class Q3_Server

{

public static void main(String ar[]) throws Exception

{

ServerSocket s1=new ServerSocket(12345);

System.out.println("Server Started");

Socket s=s1.accept();

PrintWriter p=new PrintWriter(s.getOutputStream());

BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s.getInputStream()));

String num=in.readLine();

int n=Integer.parseInt(num);

System.out.println("Client want to check "+n+" of Prime numbers");

String sarr[]=new String[n];

int arr[]=new int[n];

int c;

System.out.println("received numbers::\n");

for(int i=0;i<n;i++)

{

sarr[i]=in.readLine();

arr[i]=Integer.parseInt(sarr[i]);

System.out.println("no. "+i+"="+arr[i]);

}

int a[]=new int[n];

int cnt=0;

for (c = 0; c < n ; c++)

{

if((arr[c]%2)!=0 || arr[c]==2){

a[cnt]=arr[c];

cnt++;

}

System.out.println("\nlist of Prime numbers :");

String sendarr=new String();

if(cnt==0){

sendarr="Here not any prime number....";

}

else{

for (c = 0; c <cnt; c++)

sendarr+=" ,"+a[c];

}

System.out.println(sendarr);

p.println(sendarr);

p.flush();

s.close();

s1.close();

}

Output

UDP Protocol

Syntax | System Software

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UDP Protocol | Data Communication and Networking | Example

2021-02-10T20:39:00.003+05:30

Client

import java.util.*;

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

class Q2_Client{

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

Scanner scan=new Scanner(System.in);

DatagramSocket cSocket=new DatagramSocket();

InetAddress iPAddress=InetAddress.getByName("localhost");

byte[] sdata=new byte[1024];

byte[] rdata=new byte[1024];

System.out.println("\nEnter Number : ");

int st=scan.nextInt();

String s=String.valueOf(st);

sdata=s.getBytes();

DatagramPacket sPacket=new DatagramPacket(sdata, sdata.length, iPAddress, 0614);

cSocket.send(sPacket);

DatagramPacket rPacket=new DatagramPacket(rdata, rdata.length);

cSocket.receive(rPacket);

String mst=new String(rPacket.getData());

System.out.println("\nCube of "+st+" is: "+mst);

cSocket.close();

scan.close();

}

Server

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

class Q2_Server {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

DatagramSocket sSocket=new DatagramSocket(0614);

byte[] sdata=new byte[1024];

byte[] rdata=new byte[1024];

while(true){

DatagramPacket sPacket=new DatagramPacket(rdata, rdata.length);

sSocket.receive(sPacket);

String str=new String(sPacket.getData());

System.out.println("\nConnection Established!!");

//System.out.println("\nSending Data : "+cube);

int cube=Integer.parseInt(str.trim());

cube=cube*cube*cube;

str=Integer.toString(cube);

InetAddress iAddress=sPacket.getAddress();

int port =sPacket.getPort();

System.out.println("\nSending Data : "+cube);

sdata=str.getBytes();

DatagramPacket sendPacket=new DatagramPacket(sdata, sdata.length, iAddress, port);

sSocket.send(sendPacket);

}

Output

TCP Protocol

Prime Number Using TCP Protocol

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TCP Protocol | Data Communication and Networking | Example

2021-02-08T12:43:00.002+05:30

Client

import java.net.* ;

import java.io.* ;

import java.util.*;

public class Q1_Client{

public static void main(String [] args)

{

try {

Scanner scan=new Scanner(System.in);

Socket skt= new Socket("localhost",0722);

InputStream in = skt.getInputStream();

OutputStream out = skt.getOutputStream();

byte[] sdata=new byte[1024];

byte[] rdata=new byte[1024];

System.out.println("\nEnter Number: ");

int st=scan.nextInt();

String s=String.valueOf(st);

sdata=s.getBytes();

out.write(sdata);

in.read(rdata);

String msg=new String(rdata);

System.out.println("\nSquare of "+st+" is: "+msg);

out.close();

skt.close();

scan.close();

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Didn't get any Data....");

}

Server

import java.net.* ;

import java.io.* ;

import java.util.*;

public class Q1_Server{

public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception {

ServerSocket srvr=new ServerSocket(0722);

Socket skt=srvr.accept();

System.out.println("\nServer is connected!!");

OutputStream out = skt.getOutputStream();

InputStream in = skt.getInputStream();

byte buf[]=new byte[50];

in.read(buf);

String msg=new String(buf);

int m=Integer.parseInt(msg.trim());

m=m*m;

System.out.println("\nSending Data: "+m);

msg=String.valueOf(m);

out.write(msg.getBytes());

in.close();

//srvr.close();

}

Output

String operations in Java

UDP Protocol

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Insert A New Character | Delete A Character | Append Two Strings | Reverse A String

2020-12-16T23:20:00.002+05:30

Output

Code

import java.util.Scanner;

abstract class abs{

StringBuffer str;

Scanner scan=new Scanner(System.in);

abstract void ins();

abstract void del();

abstract void app();

abstract void rev();

}

class operations extends abs{

operations(StringBuffer str){

this.str=str;

}

void ins(){

dis(str);

System.out.print("Enter Inserting String : ");

String s1=scan.next();

s1=" "+s1+" ";

int i=str.length()+1;

while(i>str.length()){

System.out.print("Enter Inserting Index : ");

i=scan.nextInt();

}

System.out.print("After Inserting : ");

dis(str.insert(i,s1));

}

void del(){

dis(str);

int s1=str.length();

while(s1>=str.length()){

System.out.print("Enter Delete Starting Index : ");

s1=scan.nextInt();

}

int i=str.length()+1;

while(i>str.length() && s1<i){

System.out.print("Enter Delete Last Index : ");

i=scan.nextInt();

}

System.out.print("After Delete : ");

dis(str.delete(s1,i));

}

void app(){

dis(str);

System.out.print("Enter Apped String : ");

String st=scan.next();

System.out.print("After Appending : ");

dis(str.append(" ").append(st));

}

void rev(){

dis(str);

System.out.print("Reverse String :");

dis(str.reverse());

}

void dis(StringBuffer str){

System.out.println("This is String : "+str);

this.str=str;

}

class String_5{

public static void main(String args[]){

operations op;

Scanner scan=new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter String : ");

String s1=scan.next();

StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer(s1);

op=new operations(sb);

int c=1;

while(c!=5){

System.out.print("operations :\n1.Insert a new character\n2.Delete a character\n3.Append two strings\n4.Reverse a string\n5.Exit\nEnter selection : ");

c=scan.nextInt();

switch(c){

case 1: op.ins(); break;

case 2: op.del(); break;

case 3: op.app(); break;

case 4: op.rev(); break;

case 5: System.out.print("Exit...."); break;

default : System.out.print("Invalid....");

}

String Handling In Java

TCP Protocol

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Find A Substring | Find A Length of The String | Find A Particular Character Located At Entered Index Number

2020-12-15T19:55:00.003+05:30

Output

Code

import java.util.Scanner;

interface st{

void Sub();

void len();

void index();

}

class menu implements st{

Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);

String org = "";

menu (String org) {

this.org = org;

}

public void Sub(){

System.out.print ("Enter SubString : ");

String s1 = scan.next();

int in = org.indexOf (s1);

if(in != -1)

System.out.println ("First occurrence of Substring "+s1+" is found at : " +in);

else

System.out.println ("Substring not found.....");

}

public void len(){

int lengt = org.length();

System.out.println (org+" length is : "+lengt);

}

public void index(){

if (org.length() < 5)

System.out.println ("Their are not 5 char in String then replace not possible... ");

else{

System.out.println ("Before changing String : "+org);

System.out.print ("Enter Any Character : ");

char c = scan.next().charAt (0);

if (org.length() == 5)

org = org.substring (0,4) + c;

else

org = org.substring (0,4) + c+ org.substring (4+1);

System.out.println ("After changing String : "+org);

}

class String_1{

public static void main (String args [] ){

Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);

int c = 1, i = 0;

String org = "";

menu m1 = new menu (org);

while (c != 5){

if (i == 0){

System.out.print ("Enter String : ");

org = scan.next();

i++;

m1 = new menu (org);

}

System.out.println ("\n\nSelect From Following Operations \n1.Find a substring\n2.Find a length of the string\n3.A particular character located at index no.5\n4.New String\n5.Exit");

System.out.print ("Enter Selection : ");

c = scan.nextInt();

System.out.println ("\n");

switch (c){

case 1: m1.Sub(); break;

case 2: m1.len(); break;

case 3: m1.index(); break;

case 4: i=0; break;

case 5: System.out.println("Eixting...."); break;

default : System.out.println("Invalid Selection.....");

}

3D Rotation In Computer Graphics

String Operations In Java

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Write Down The Equation And Transformation Matrix For 3D Rotation About X, Y and Z-Axis

2020-12-14T16:14:00.002+05:30

• For 3-D rotation, we need to pick an axis to rotate an object.

• The most common choices are the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis.

X-Axis Rotation

• The transformation for x-axis is obtain from equation of z-axis rotation by replacing cyclically as shown here:

x -> y -> z -> x

• Rotation about x-axis, we leave x co-ordinate unchanged.

y' = ycosθ - zsinθ

z' = ysinθ + zcosθ

x' = x

• Matrix equation is:

p' = Rx (θ) * p

Y-Axis Rotation

• The transformation for y-axis is obtain from equation of x-axis rotation by replacing cyclically as shown here:

x -> y -> z -> x

• Rotation about y-axis, we leave y co-ordinate unchanged.

z' = zcosθ - xsinθ

x' = zsinθ + xcosθ

y' = y

• Matrix equation is:

p' = Ry (θ) * p

Z-Axis Rotation

• Two-dimension rotation equation can be easily converted into 3-D z-axis rotation equation.

• Rotation about z-axis, we leave z co-ordinate unchanged.

x' = xcosθ - ysinθ

y' = xsinθ + ycosθ

z' = z

• Where, parameter θ specify rotation angle.

• Matrix equation is:

p' = Rz (θ) * p

2-D Viewing Plane In Computer Graphics

String Handling In Java

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Derive The Equation And Transformation Matrix For Producing Parallel Projection On 2D Viewing Plane And Also Explain Orthographic And Oblique Projections

2020-12-13T20:17:00.002+05:30

• Parallel projection methods are used by engineers to create and working drawing of an object which preserves its true value.

• In the case of parallel projection the rays from an object coverage at infinity, unlike the perspective projection where the rays from an object converse at infinite distance.

• Parallel projection can be categorized according to the angle that projection of direction plan.

Transformation of Parallel Projection

• Parallel projection (are also known as orthographic projection) is projections into one of the coordinate plans.

x = 0, y = 0 and z = 0

• The standard transformation parallel projection into the xy plane (i.e = z = 0 plans) is:

z = x' = x

y' = y

z' = 0

• In matrix form:

Orthographic Parallel Equation

• When the projection lines are perpendicular to the view plane, we have an orthographic parallel equation.

• Orthographic projections are most often used to produce the front, side and top view of an object.

• Engineering and architecture drawings commonly used in orthographic projections.

• Because length and angle are accurately depicted and can be measure from the drawing.

• Transformation equations for an orthographic parallel projection are straight forward.

• Figure of orthographic parallel projection is given below:

Oblique Parallel Projection

• An oblique projection is obtained by projecting points.

• Along parallel lines that are not perpendicular to the projection plane.

• Coordinates of oblique parallel projection can be obtained as:

• As shown in the above figure (x, y, z) is a point at which we are taking oblique projection (x, y), (y, p) on the view plane is an orthographic projection of (x, y, z).

xp = x + ∠cosθ

yp = y + ∠sinθ

∠ = z / tanx

so, tanx = z / ∠

Cohen Sutherland In Computer Graphics

3-D Rotation In Computer Graphics

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Given a Clipping Window P(20,20), Q(60,20), R(60,40) and S(20,40), Use Cohen Sutherland To Determine The Visible Portion of The Line A(40,80) and B(120,30)

2020-12-12T20:26:00.002+05:30

Solution

Clipline (40, 80, 120, 30, 20, 60, 20, 40)

{

code1 = 0000

done = 0

code2 = 0000

draw = 0

while (done == 0)

{

code1 = encode (x1, y1)

encode (40, 80)

{

if (x < xwmin) (40 < 20)

false

if (x > xwmax) (40 > 40)

false

if (y < ywmin) (80 < 20)

false

if (y > ywmax) (80 > 60) true

code = 1000

}

So, code1 = 1000

code2 = encode (120, 30)

encode (120, 30)

{

if (x < xwmin) (120 < 20)

false

if (x > xwmax) (120 > 40) true

code = 0010

if (y < ywmin) (30 < 20)

false

if (y > ywmax) (30 > 60) false

}

code2 = 0010

ans = accept (code1, code2)

accept (1000, 0010)

{

if (! (a ! b)) !(1000 ! 0010)

false

else

return 0

}

So, ans = 0

if (ans == 1)

{

false

}

else

{

ans = reject (code1, code2)

}

reject (1000, 0010)

{

if (a & b) (1000 & 0010)

false

else

return 0

}

So, ans = 0

if (ans == 1)

{

false

}

else

{

if (inside (code1))

false

if (x1 != x2)

m = (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1)

= (30 -80) / (120 - 40)

= (-50) / (80)

= - 0.625

}

if (code1 & lb)

{

false

}

else if (code1 && b)

{

false

}

else if (code1 & bb)

{

false

}

else if (code1 & tb) true (1000 & 1000)

{

x1 = y1 + (ymax - y1) / m

y1 = ymax

}

while (done == 0)

{

code1 = 0010 = encode (112, 60)

code2 = 0010 = encode (120, 30)

ans = accept (code1, code2)

if (ans == 1)

{

flase

}

else

{

ans = 1 = reject (code1, code2)

if (ans == 1)

true

done = 1

}

while (draw == 1) true

dda (112, 60, 120, 30)

}

Double Buffering In Computer Graphics

2D Viewing Plane In Computer Graphics

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Double Buffering In Computer Graphics

2020-12-09T22:29:00.002+05:30

Double Buffering

Image Source - Google | Image By - slideshare

• The idea of maintaining 2 images, one to show and one to build or alter is called double buffering.

• Eg - word file

Rename Segment

rename_segment (old_seg, new_seg)

{

If (old_seg < 1 or new_seg < 1 or old_seg > num_seg or new_seg > num_seg) then

Error: "Invalid segment name"

If now_open = old_seg or now_open = new_seg then

Error: "Segment open"

If seg_size [new_seg] > 0 then

Error: "Segment already exists"

seg_start [new_seg] = seg_start [old_seg]

seg_size [new_seg] = seg_size [old_seg]

visibility [new_seg] = visibility [old_seg]

trans_x [new_seg] = trans_x [old_seg]

trans_y [new_seg] = trans_y [old_seg]

scale_x [new_seg] = scale_x [old_seg]

scale_y [new_seg] = scale_y [old_seg]

angle [new_seg] = angle [old_seg]

seg_size [old_seg] = 0

}

Set Visibility

set_visibility (seg_name)

{

If seg_name < 1 or seg_name > num_seg

Error: "Invalid segment name"

visibility [seg_name] = 0 / 1

If visibility [seg_name] = 0 then

new_frame();

}

Set Transform

set_transform (seg_name, tx, ty, sx, sy, a)

{

If seg_name < 1 or seg_name > num_seg

Error: "Invalid segment name"

trans_x [seg_name] = tx

trans_y [seg_name] = ty

scale_x [seg_name] = sx

scale_y [seg_name] = sy

angle [seg_name] = a

If visibility [seg_name] = 1 then

new_frame();

}

Build Transform

build_transform (seg_name)

{

If seg_name < 1 or If seg_name > num_seg

Error: "Invalid segment name"

identity_matrix ()

scaling (scale_x [seg_name], scale_y [seg_name], h)

rotation (theta [seg_name], h)

translation (trans_x [seg_name], trans_y [seg_name], h)

}

• Seg_name is not specified as only 1 segment will be opened.

putpoint (op, x, y)

{

If (free > df_size) then

Error: "Display file full"

seg_size [now_open] += 1

df_op [free] = op

df_x [free] = x

df_y [free] = y

free ++

}

make_pic_current ()

{

If (erase_flag == 1) then

erase ();

erase_flag = 0

for (i = 0 to num_seg)

{

If (seg_size [i] != 0 & visibility == 1) then

build_transform (i)

interpret (seg_start [i], seg_size [i]);

}

delete_seg (0)

}

Segments In Computer Graphics

Cohen Sutherland In Computer Graphics

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Segments In Computer Graphics

2020-12-08T21:37:00.002+05:30

Segments

Image Source - Google | Image By - geeksforgeeks

• The segment name is zero then it is called an undefined segment.

• BD created for a code that is not specified where it belongs then it belongs to zero segments, with no visibility.

• Segment name can be integers from 1 to max number.

Create Segment

create_segment (seg_name)

{

variables:

now_open (global val = 0), num_seg, seg_start [num_seg], seg_size [num_seg], trans_x [num_seg], visibility [num_seg], trans_y [num_seg], angle [num_seg], scale [num_seg], free

If now_open > 0 then,

Error: "Segment already opened"

If seg_name < 1 or seg_name > num_seg then,

Error: "Invalid segment name"

If seg_size [seg_name] > 0 then,

Error: "Segment already exists"

seg_start [seg_name] = free

seg_size [seg_name] = 0

visibility [seg_name] = visibility [0]

trans_x [seg_name] = trans_x [0]

trans_y [seg_name] = trans_y [0]

scale_x [seg_name] = scale_x [0]

scale_y [seg_name] = scale_y [0]

angle [seg_name] = angle [0]

now_open = seg_name

}

Close Segment

close_segment ()

{

If now_open = 0 then,

Error: "Segment already closed"

delete_seg (0)

seg_start [0] = free

seg_size [0] = 0

now_open = 0

}

Delete Segment

delete_segment (seg_name)

{

If (seg_name < 1 or seg_name > num_seg) then,

Error: "Invalid segment name"

If now_open = seg_name then,

Error: "Segment open"

If seg_size [seg_name] = 0 then,

Error: "Segment doesn't exists"

put = seg_start [seg_name]

size = seg_size [seg_name]

get = put + size

while (get < free)

{

df_op [put] = df_op [get]

df_x [put] = df_x [get]

df_y [put] = df_y [get]

put ++

get ++

}

free = put

for (i = 0 to num_seg)

{

if (seg_start [i] > seg_start [seg_name])

{

seg_start [i] = seg_start [i] - size

}

seg_size [seg_name] = 0

if (visibility [seg_name] == 1) then,

new_frame ()

}

Delete All

delete_all ()

{

for (i = 0 to num_seg)

{

seg_start [i] = 1

seg_size [i] = 0

}

free = 1

now_open = 0

new_frame ()

}

Liang Barsky Algorithm In Computer Graphics

Double Buffering In Computer Graphics

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Liang Barsky Line Clipping Algorithm In Computer Graphics

2020-12-07T19:26:00.003+05:30

Liang Barsky Algorithm

Image Source - Google | Image By - pracspedia

• Parametric equation of line is given by,

x = x1 + (x2 - x1) * u

y = y1 + (y2 - y1) * u

Where, 0 <= u <= 1

x2 - x1 = delta x

y2 - y1 = delta y

Replacing this values in equation,

x = x1 + u * delta x

y = y1 + u * delta y

• The point clipping condition can be written in parametric form as,

xwmin <= x1 + delta x * u <= xwmax

ywmin <= y1 + delta y * u <= ywmax

• Each of this 4 inequality is represented as,

u * pk <= qk, k = 1, 2, 3, 4

Where,

p1 = - delta x, q1 = x1 - xwmin

p2 = delta x, q2 = xwmax - x1

p3 = - delta y, q3 = y1 - ywmin

p4 = delta y, q4 = ywmax - y1

• Any line i.e parallel to one of the clipping boundry has pk = 0.

• If for that value of k, we get qk < 0 then line is completely outside the window & can be eliminated if qk >= 0, the line is parallel to the window.

• When pk < 0 the line is from outside to inside if pk > 0, the line is from inside to outside for non - zero value of pk, we can calculate u = qk / pk.

• For each line we calculate u1 & u2,

The value of u1 is determinded for the line which proceeds from outside to inside p < 0, for this we calculate rk = qk / pk.

• The value of u1 is taken as the largest of the r value.

• Conversely, the value of u2 is determined for the line which proceeds from inside to outside (p > 0).

• Again Rk is calculated and u2 is the minimum of r value.

• If u1 > u2, the line is completely outside & rejected otherwise endpoints are calculated using parameter u.

• Initialize u1 & u2 to 0 and 1 respectively.

• For each boundry calculate p & q, if p < 0.

• R is used to update otherwise if p > 0, r is used to update u2 if updating u1 & u2 results in u1 > u2.

• We reject the line otherwise we update u.

• If p = 0 & q < 0, we discard the line since it is parallel & outside the window.

• The endpoints are calculated using parameter u1 & u2.

Clipline (x1, y1, x2, y2, xwmin, xwmax, ywmin, ywmax)

{

u1 = 0.0, u2 = 1.0

dx = x2 - x1 ,dy = y2 - y1

if (cliptest (-dx, x1 - xwmin, u1, u2))

{

if (cliptest (dx, xwmax - x1, u1, u2))

{

if (cliptest (-dy, y1 - ywmin, u1, u2))

{

if (cliptest (dy, ywmin - y1, u1, u2))

{

if (u2 < 1.0)

{

x2 = x1 + u2 * dx

y2 = y1 + u2 * dy

}

if (u1 > 0.0)

{

x1 = x1 + u1 * dx

y1 = y1 + u1 * dy

}

bresenham (round (x1), round (y1), round (x2), round (y2))

}

Cliptest (p, q, u1, u2)

{

retvalue = true

if (p < 0)

{

r = q / p

if (r > u2)

{

retvalue = false

else

if (r > u1)

u1 = r

}

else if (p > 0)

{

r = q / p

if (r < u1)

{

retvalue = false

else if (r < u2)

u2 = r

}

else

{

if (q < 0)

retvalue = false

}

return (retvalue);

}

2-D Rotation In Computer Graphics

Segments In Computer Graphics

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Explain In Detail 2D Rotation Along With Diagram

2020-12-04T18:31:00.002+05:30

2 - D Rotation

• A two-dimensional rotation is applied to an object by repositioning it along a circular path in the XY plane.

• To generate a rotation, we specify a rotation angle θ and the position (x, y) of the rotation point (or pivot point) about which the object is to be rotated (Fig. 5-3).

• Positive values for the rotation angle define counterclockwise rotations about the pivot point, as in Fig. 5-3, and negative values rotate objects in the clockwise direction.

• This transformation can also be described as a rotation about a rotation axis that is perpendicular to the XY plane and passes through the pivot point.

• We first determine the transformation equations for rotation of a point position P when the pivot point is at the coordinate origin.

• The angular and coordinate relationships of the original and transformed point positions are shown in Fig. 5-4.

• In this figure, r is the constant distance of the point from the origin, angle

• Φ is the original angular position of the point from the horizontal, and θ is the rotation angle.

• Using standard trigonometric identities, we can express the transformed coordinates in terms of angles θ and Φ as:

Figure (5.4)

x' = r cos (Φ + θ) = r cosΦ cosθ - r sinΦ sinθ

y' = r sin (Φ + θ) = r cosΦ sinθ - r sinΦ cosθ

• The original coordinates of the point in polar coordinates are

Figure (5.5)

x = r cos Φ, y = r sin Φ

• Substituting expressions 5-5 into 5-4, we obtain the transformation equations for rotating a point at position (x, y) through an angle θ about the origin:

Figure (5.6)

x' = xcosθ - ysinθ

y' = xsinθ + y cosθ

• With the column-vector representations 5-2 for coordinate positions, we can write the rotation equations in the matrix form:

Figure (5.7)

P' = R * P

Where the rotation matrix is:

Figure (5.8)

R= [ [cosθ - sinθ] [sinθ cosθ] ]

• When coordinate positions are represented as row vectors instead of column vectors, the matrix product in rotation equation 5-7 is transposed so that the transformed row coordinate vector |x' y'| is calculated as

P't = (R * P) t

= Pt * Rt

• Where PT = [x y], and the transpose RT of matrix R is obtained by interchanging rows and columns.

• For a rotation matrix, the transpose is obtained by simply changing the sign of the sine terms.

• The rotation of a point about an arbitrary pivot position is illustrated in Fig. 5-5.

• Using the trigonometric relationships in this figure, we can generalize Eqs. 5-6 to obtain the transformation equations for rotation of a point about any specified position (x,,!~,):

Figure (5.9)

X ' = X, + (a - x,) cos θ - (y - y,) sin θ

Y' = Y, + (1 - v,) sin θ + (y - y,) cos θ

• These general rotation equations differ from Eqs. 5-6 by the inclusion of additive terms, as well as the multiplicative factors on the coordinate values.

• Thus, the matrix expression 5-7 could be modified to include: pivot coordinates by matrix addition of a column vector whose elements contain the additive (translational) terms In Eqs. 5-9.

• There are better ways, however, to formulate such matrix equations, and we discuss in Section 5-2 a more consistent scheme for representing the transformation equations.

• As with translations, rotations are rigid-body transformations that move objects without deformation.

• Every point on an object is rotated at the same angle.

• A straight line segment is rotated by applying the rotation equations 5-9 to each of those' line endpoints and redrawing the line between the new endpoint positions.

• Polygons are rotated by displacing each vertex through the specified rotation angle and regenerating the polygon using the new vertices.

• Curved lines arc rotated by repositioning the defining p ~ r ~atnsd redrawing the curves.

• A circle k>r,117 ellipses, for instance, can be rotated about a noncentral axis by moving the center position through the arc that substances the specified rotation angle.

• An ellipse can be rotated about its center coordinates by rotating the major and minor axis.

Concept of Char_Up Vector In Computer Graphics

Liang Barsky Algorithm

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Explain The Concept of Char_Up Direction In Text Printing With An Example

2020-12-03T18:59:00.002+05:30

Character Up

• The orientation for a displayed character string is set according to the direction of the character up vector.

• char_up (x, y)

• Parameter in the function is assigned two values for x and y value components.

• Text is then displayed so that the orientation of character from baseline to topline is in the direction of the "up vector".

• E.x - char_up (1, 1) the direction is in the up vector is 45 degree and text would be displayed as given below:

• A producer for orienting text rotates character so that the side of character bodies, from baseline to cap line is aligned with the up vector.

Routine Instructions

setcharup (dx, dy)

{

s = sqrt (pow (dx, 2) + pow (dy, 2))

if (s < roundoff) then

Error: "Very Small Value"

ds = (abs (cw * dy) + abs (ch * dx)) / s

ts = ds * (1 + charsep)

xcharsp = ts * (dy / s)

ycharsp = ts * (-dx / s)

}

text (String)

{

len = strlen (String);

x = df - penx;

y = df - peny;

for (i = 1 to len)

chr = String [i]

op = chr

op = -op

dis_file_enter (op);

df_penx += xcharsp

df_peny += ycharsp

move_abs (x, y)

}

interpret (start, count)

{

for (n = start to count)

getpoint (n, op, x, y);

if (op < -31 && op > -127)

dochar (op, x, y);

else if (op == 1)

domove (x, y);

else if (op == 2)

doline (x, y);

else

"op code error"

}

dochar (op, x, y)

{

frame_penx = max (ws, min (we, x * w + ws))

frame_peny = max (hs, min (he, y * h + hs))

op = -op

chr = op

switch (chr)

case 'h' : genh (frame_penx, frame_peny);

case 'e' : genh (frame_penx, frame_peny);

case 'l' : genh (frame_penx, frame_peny);

case 'o' : genh (frame_penx, frame_peny);

}

initialize ()

{

old initialize ()

ch = 0.1;

cw = 0.1;

char_sep = 0;

set_charup (1, 0) / (0, 1);

}

main ()

{

char_string [5] = {'h','e','l','l','o'};

initialize ();

new_frame ();

text (string);

make_picture_current ();

}

Illustrate the Bresenham Algorithm For Endpoints (-1, 7) to (5, 9)

Concept of 2D Rotation In Computer Graphics

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Illustrate Bresenham Algorithm For Calculating The Points For Line Having Endpoints (-1, 7) to (5, 9)

2020-12-02T19:22:00.005+05:30

Points -> (-1, 7) to (5, 9)

Bresenham (-1, 7, 5, 9)

{

dx = abs (-1 - 5) = 6

dy = abs (7 - 9) = 2

m = (float) (9 - 7) / (5 - ( - 1)) = 0.33

if (6 >2) then

{

p = 2 * 2 - 6 = -2

twody = 2 * 2 = 4

twodydx = 2 * (2 - 6) = -8

if (-1 > 5) false

else

x = xa = -1

y = ya = 7

xend = xb = 5

putpixel (-1, 7, 3)

while (-1 < 5)

{

x = 0 // x++;

if (-2 < 0) then

p = -2 + 4 // p = p + twody

putpixel (0, 7, 1)

}

while (0 < 5)

{

x = 1 // x++;

if (2 < 0) false

else

if (0 < 0.33 && 0.33 < 1) then

y = 8 // y++;

p = 2 + (-8) = -6 // p = p + twodydx

}

putpixel (1, 8, 2)

}

while (1 < 5)

{

x = 2 // x++;

if (-6 < 0) then

p = -6 + 4 = -2 // p = p + twody

putpixel (2, 8, 4)

}

while (2 < 5)

{

x = 3 // x++;

if (-2 < 0) then

p = -2 + 4 = 2 // p = p + twody

putpixel (3, 8, 1)

}

while (3 < 5)

{

x = 4 // x++;

if (2 < 0) false

else

{

if (0 < 0.33 && 0.33 < 1) then

y = 9 // y++;

p = 2 + (-8) = -6 // p = p + twodydx

}

putpixel (4, 9, 1)

}

while (4 < 5)

{

x = 5 // x++;

if (-6 < 0) then

p = -6 + 4 = -2 // p = p + twody

putpixel (5, 9, 1)

}

Putpixel

Number System In Java

Concept of Char_Up Vector In Computer Graphics

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Write a Java Program That Has a Class Called Number System

2020-12-01T22:15:00.002+05:30

Number System

import java.util.Scanner;

class Numbersystem{

void toBinary(int n){

System.out.println(Integer.toBinaryString(n));

}

void toOctal(int n){

System.out.println(Integer.toOctalString(n));

}

void toHexadecimal(int n){

System.out.println(Integer.toHexString(n));

}

class Q7{

public static void main(String args[]){

Numbersystem s=new Numbersystem();

int n;

Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("\nEnter decimal value: ");

n=sc.nextInt();

if(n<0 || n>9)

{

System.out.println("Please enter valid decimal number!!");

}

else

{

System.out.println("\n-------------------------------------------");

System.out.println(" ANS ");

System.out.println("-------------------------------------------");

System.out.println("Decimal to Binary:");

s.toBinary(n);

System.out.println("Decimal to Octal:");

s.toOctal(n);

System.out.println("Decimal to Hexadecimal:");

s.toHexadecimal(n);

System.out.println("-------------------------------------------");

}

Polygon Relative In Computer Graphics

Bresenham Algorithm for Endpoints (-1, 7) to (5, 9)

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C Program of Polygon Relative In Computer Graphics

2020-11-30T19:13:00.002+05:30

Program of Polygon Relative

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<math.h>

#include<graphics.h>

#include<string.h>

#define size 25

#define r(a) (a+0.5)

int gdriver=DETECT, gmode;

float df_penx, df_peny, frame_penx, frame_peny, df_op[size], df_x[size], df_y[size];

float hs, he, h, we, ws, w, x, y;

int op,fre,erase_flag=0, x1, y1, n;

float a_x[]={0.4, 0.23, -0.23, 0.5, -0.23, 0.23};

float a_y[]={0.3, 0.2, 0.2, 0.0, -0.2, -0.2};

void erase()

{

int j;

for(n=1;n<we+1;n++)

for(j=1;j<he+1;j++)

putpixel(n, j, 0);

}

void new_frame()

{

erase_flag=1;

}

void initialize()

{

fre=0;

df_penx=0;

df_peny=0;

frame_penx=0;

frame_peny=0;

hs=0;

he=getmaxy();

h=he-hs;

ws=0;

we=getmaxy();

w=we-ws;

}

void putpoint(int op, float x, float y)

{

df_x[fre]=x;

df_y[fre]=y;

if(df_x[fre]==0 || df_y[fre]==0)

{

df_x[fre]=x;

df_y[fre]=y;

}

df_op[fre]=op;

fre++;

}

void display_file(int op)

{

putpoint(op, df_penx, df_peny);

}

void line_rel(float x, float y)

{

df_penx+=x;

df_peny+=y;

display_file(2);

}

void line_abs(float dx, float dy)

{

df_penx=dx;

df_peny=dy;

display_file(2);

}

void move_abs(float a_x[], float a_y[], int j)

{

float tempx, tempy;

if(j<3)

printf("It not ploygone...");

else

{

df_penx+=a_x[0];

df_peny+=a_y[0];

tempx=df_penx;

tempy=df_peny;

display_file(j);

for(n=1;n<j;n++)

{

line_rel(a_x[n], a_y[n]);

}

line_abs(tempx, tempy);

}

float max(float a, float b)

{

if(a>b)

return (a);

else

return (b);

}

float min(float a, float b)

{

if(a<b)

return (a);

else

return (b);

}

void bresenham(int xa, int ya, int xb, int yb);

void domove(float x, float y)

{

float p1, q1;

p1=min(we, (x*w+ws));

q1=min(he, (y*h+hs));

frame_penx=max(ws, p1);

frame_peny=max(hs, q1);

}

void doline(float x, float y){

float p1, q1;

p1=min(we, (x*w+ws));

q1=min(he, (y*h+hs));

x1=frame_penx;

y1=frame_peny;

frame_penx=max(ws, p1);

frame_peny=max(hs, q1);

bresenham(r(x1), r(y1), r(frame_penx), r(frame_peny));

}

void dopol(float x, float y)

{

domove(x, y);

}

void getpoint(int n)

{

op=df_op[n];

x=df_x[n];

y=df_y[n];

}

void interpret(int s, int count)

{

for(n=s;n<=count;n++)

{

getpoint(n);

if(op==1)

domove(x, y);

else if(op==2)

doline(x, y);

else

dopol(x, y);

}

void make_pic()

{

if(erase_flag==1)

{

erase();

erase_flag=0;

}

if(fre>1)

interpret(0, fre-1);

fre=0;

}

void main()

{

clrscr();

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "C:\\TurboC3\\BGI");

initialize();

new_frame();

move_abs(a_x, a_y, 6);

make_pic();

getch();

}

void bresenham(int xa, int ya, int xb, int yb)

{

int p, x, y, dx, dy, twodydx, twody, twodxdy, twodx, xend, yend;

float m;

dx=abs(xa-xb);

dy=abs(ya-yb);

m=(float)(yb-ya)/(xb-xa);

if(dx>dy)

{

p=2*dy-dx;

twody=2*dy;

twodydx=2*(dy-dx);

if(xa>xb)

{

x=xb;

y=yb;

xend=xa;

}

else

{

x=xa;

y=ya;

xend=xb;

}

putpixel(x, y, 3);

while(x<xend)

{

x++;

if(p<0)

p=p+twody;

else

{

if(0<m && m<1)

y++;

else

y--;

p=p+twodydx;

}

putpixel(x, y, 3);

}

else

{

p=2*dx-dy;

twodx=2*dx;

twodxdy=2*(dx-dy);

if(ya>yb)

{

x=xb;

y=yb;

yend=ya;

}

else

{

x=xa;

y=ya;

yend=yb;

}

putpixel(x, y, 3);

while(y<yend)

{

y++;

if(p<0)

p=p+twodx;

else

{

if(m>=1)

x++;

else

x--;

p=p+twodxdy;

}

putpixel(x, y, 3);

}

Know more about Samsung Galaxy F41

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Samsung Galaxy F41 - Price | Full Specification | Features

2020-11-29T15:26:00.002+05:30

General Information

Image Source - Google | Image By - technosports

• Samsung Galaxy F41 was launched in India on October 8, 2020.

• This smartphone runs on the Android version 10 operating system, which is powered by an octa-core processor.

• Samsung Galaxy F41 has a Full HD+ AMOLED display and this model's weight is 191 gm.

• Screen resolution of this smartphone is 2340*1080, which is a very good feature of this product.

• When it comes to the camera, this model has 3 rear cameras and 1 front camera.

• This model consists of 6000 mAh powerful battery backup.

• This smartphone has connectivity features like wi-fi, Bluetooth, GPS, and many more included.

• Samsung Galaxy F41 is available on Flipkart in 3 color variants.

• Flipkart will give you 5% cashback on EMI with an SBI credit card and also give you 5% unlimited cash back on Flipkart axis bank credit card.

• Let's understand this smartphone in detail.

Hardware

• Samsung Galaxy F41 runs on Android version 10 operating system

• It is powered by octa-core processor

• It's processor is made from Exynos 9 octa 9611 chipset

• This model's weight is 191 gm

• It's width is 75.1 mm

• It's height is 159.2 mm

• This smartphone's thickness is 8.9 mm

RAM Variants

Samsung Galaxy F41 is available in 2 RAM Variants,

1. 6GB RAM, 64GB Storage

2. 6GB RAM, 128GB Storage

Slots

• Samsung Galaxy F41 contains a microSD slot

• It supports expandable storage

• It is expandable up to 512 GB

• This model supports USB Type C

Camera

Samsung Galaxy F41 has 3 Rear Cameras and 1 Front Camera

1. 64 MP (Rear)

2. 8MP (Rear)

3. 5MP (Rear)

4. 32 MP (Front)

Camera Features

• Samsung Galaxy F41 has an image resolution of 9000*7000 pixels

• It has a single-camera setup

• It supports continuous shooting with HDR (High Dynamic Range Mode) feature included

• It's the camera has digital zoom and face detection features available

• It has settings like exposure compensation and ISO control

• Auto flash and touch to focus is available in this model

• This model has inbuilt LED flashlight is there

Display Features

• Samsung Galaxy F41 has Full HD+ AMOLED display with multi-touch feature

• It's the screen is protected by corning gorilla glass

• Screen resolution is 2340*1080, which is the best feature of this model

• This smartphone's screen size is 6.4 Inches

• It has bezel-less display with a waterdrop notch

• Aspect ratio of its screen is 20:9

• Screen's pixel density is 403 PPI

Connectivity Features

Smartphone become almost 50% useless if there are not any connectivity features included

Samsung Galaxy F41 contains Connectivity Features like,

1. Wi-Fi

2. GPS

3. Bluetooth

4. Headphone

5. Volte

Battery Specification

• Samsung Galaxy F41 consists of 6000 mAh powerful battery backup

• It's battery type is Lithium-ion

• Battery supports quick charging with 15W power

• It supports USB type C for charging

• User can't replace this battery on its own

SIM Specification

1. SIM 1

• LTE/3G/4G: Yes

• SIM Type: Nano

• GSM/CDMA: GSM

2. SIM 2

• LTE/3G/4G: Yes

• SIM Type: Nano

• GSM/CDMA: GSM

Skins Available

Samsung Galaxy F41 is available in 3 color variants

1. Fusion Black

2. Fusion Blue

3. Fusion Green

Sensors

1. Fingerprint Sensor

2. Proximity Sensor

3. Ambient Light Sensor

4. Gyroscope

5. Accelerometer

6. Compass

Price

1. Samsung Galaxy F41 (6GB RAM, 64GB Storage) - Fusion Black: INR 15,499

2. Samsung Galaxy F41 (6GB RAM, 64GB Storage) - Fusion Blue: INR 15,499

3. Samsung Galaxy F41 (6GB RAM, 64GB Storage) - Fusion Green: INR 15,499

4. Samsung Galaxy F41 (6GB RAM, 128GB Storage) - Fusion Black: INR 16,499

5. Samsung Galaxy F41 (6GB RAM, 128GB Storage) - Fusion Green: INR 16,499

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