Smart Learning

Formatting a Worksheet, Home Tab Features in MS Excel:

2020-05-04T13:49:00.002+05:30

FORMATTING A WORKSHEET:

MS Excel has the features of formatting a worksheet. For formatting a worksheet, there are different tabs available. Some tabs are Home tab, Insert tab, Page layout tab, Formula tab etc. Each tab consist different groups and each group has several options. These options are used to formatting a worksheet in MS Excel.

Home Tab Features for Formatting a Worksheet:

Clipboard Group: Clipboard Group has some options like Copy, Cut, Format Painter and Paste.

Copy: It is used to copy the selected cells. It makes another copy of the selected cells.
Cut: It is used to cut the selected cells. It moves the selected cells into another location.
Paste: It is used to paste the copied or cut cells on other locations.
Format Painter: It is used to copy formatting from one place and apply the same formatting to multiple places in the document.

Font Group: Font Group has some options like Font Face, Font Size, Font Colour, Increase Font Size, Decrease Font Size, Bold, Italic, Underline, Bottom Border and Fill Colour.

§ Font Face: It is used to change font-face or font style.

§ Font Size: It is used to change the size of a text.

§ Font Colour: It is used to change the text colour.

§ Increase Font Size: It is used to increase the font size.

§ Decrease Font Size: It is used to decrease the font size.

§ Bold: It is used to change a text into bold letters.

§ Italic: It is used to change a text into italic.

§ Underline: It is used to make underline.

§ Border: It is used to make a border around the cells. It is used to make border-bottom, up, right, left, all border etc.

§ Fill Colour: Colour the background of selected cells.

Alignment Group: Alignment group has the following options:

§ Top Align: It is used to set the text top align in the cell.

§ Middle Align: It is used to set the text middle align in the cell.

§ Bottom Align: It is used to set the text bottom align in the cell.

§ Left Align: It is used to set the text left align in the cell.

§ Center Align: It is used to set the text center align in the cell.

§ Right Align: It is used to set the text right align in the cell.

§ Decrease Indent: It is used to decrease the margin between the border and the text in the cell.

§ Increase Indent: It is used to increase the margin between the border and the text in the cell.

§ Orientation: It is used to rotate a text to a diagonal angle or vertical orientation.

§ Wrap Text: It is used to make all content visible within a cell by displaying it on multiple lines.

§ Merge and Center: It is used to joins the two selected cells into one larger cell and centers the contents in the new cell.

Number Group: Number group has various categories like number, currency, date, time, accounting, fraction, percentage, etc. Number group helps to choose how the values in a cell are displayed: as a percentage, as date, as time, as a currency, etc.

Styles Group: Styles group has three features i.e. conditional formatting, Format as table, Cell styles.

§ Conditional Formatting: It is used to highlight interesting cells, emphasize unusual values, visualize data using data bar, colour scales, and icon sets based on criteria.

§ Format as Table: It is used to quickly format a range of cells and convert it to a table by choosing a pre-defined table style.

§ Cells Styles: It is used to quickly format a cell by choosing from pre-defined styles.

Cells Group: Cells group has three features i.e. Insert, Delete, and Format.

§ Insert: It is used to insert cells, rows, columns into the sheet, and insert sheet into a workbook.

§ Delete: It is used to delete cells, rows, columns from the sheet, and delete a sheet from the workbook.

§ Format: It is used to change the row height or column width, organize sheets or protect or hide cells.

Editing Group: Editing group has the following features:

§ Auto sum: It is used to display the sum of selected cells directly after the selected cells.

§ Fill: It is used to continue a pattern into one or more adjacent cells.

§ Clear: It is used to delete everything from the cells, selectively remove the formatting, the contents, and the comments.

§ Sort & Filter: It is used to arrange that data in ascending or descending order, you temporally filter out specific values.

§ Find & Select: It is used to find and select specific text within a workbook.

Format Cells:

In MS Excel, there are many features for Cell formatting. Home Tab consists of Font, Alignment, Number, Styles, Cells, and Editing groups. These formatting options format a cell without affecting the actual value of data. They just affect the appearance of data on the worksheet to make it attractive and presentable. Selecting a cell and clicking the right mouse button gives a drop-down list of options to Format Cells.

Cell Alignment:

Text in a cell can be aligned vertically and horizontally.

· Horizontal alignment may be set text as Left, Center, Right, Fill, Justify etc.

· Vertical alignment may be set text as Top, Bottom, Center, and Justify.

· The text can be wrapped, shrunk to fit and cells can be merged into one cell.

· Orientation is the angle at which the text is displayed and it rotates the text.

· Row height option is used to increase or decrease the height of the selected rows in a worksheet.

· Auto-fit Row Height changes the height of the row to default size in a worksheet.

· Hide option hides the selected rows from the screen in a worksheet.

· Unhide option again displays the hidden line in a worksheet.

Data- Input, Edit, Select and Modifying in MS Excel:

2020-05-03T11:14:00.002+05:30

Enter Data in a Worksheet:

Data can be entered in a cell by selecting any cell or placing the cursor in the cell. When you will select a cell, the boundary of the cell will become bold and thick. Now you type the text or data in the cell. You can move around the active cell i.e. up, down, left and right by using arrows keys. When you will select a cell, it will be display in the formula bar so that you can also type text in the formula bar and typed text also display in the selected cell.

Editing Data in Worksheet:
After typing the text in a Worksheet you can make changes in the text. Changing in the text also called text editing. There are some steps for editing the data.

1. Select the cell that you want to edit. Now type the new data, the new data will be entered in place of old data.

2. To change a portion of a data, move mouse pointer at the position and double click. Now you can enter new portion of data.

3. Selected cell data also appears in the formula bar so editing of data can also be done in the formula bar.

Selecting a Range of Cells:

· A range or group of cells can be selected by dragging the mouse over them holding down the left button of mouse.

· Keyboard can also be used to select a range of cells.
Place the cursor on the border cell of the range. Press the shift key and holding this key move the cursor up /down using arrow keys over the cells to select them.

· To select all cells of a worksheet, use shortcut key Carla.

· To select non-adjacent cell ranges, select the first range of cells, and then hold down CTRL key and select the other cells or ranges.

· You can select entire column by clicking on the column heading.

· You can select entire row by clicking on the row heading.

Modifying Data in a Worksheet:

1. Undo/Redo: Undo option is used to undone the last action and Redo shows the last action.

2. Cut: It will place the selected data on the clipboard and delete from old location. You can use shortcut key for cut i.e. Ctrl+X.

3. Copy: To copy the data, select the range of cells. Now click on copy option under clipboard group. Now place the cursor or mouse pointer at the desired location on worksheet and click on Paste option under clipboard group. User can use shortcut key for copy a text i.e. Ctrl+C.

4. Paste: Copied data stored in clipboard group under Home tab. To be paste this data click on desired location or move mouse pointer. Now click on Paste option on the clipboard group. User can also use shortcut keys for paste copied data i.e. Ctrl+V.

5. Find: This option helps us to find any text, number and formula in a worksheet. Find option is available in the Editing group under Home tab in Excel.

6. Find and Replace: This option is very useful. It is available in the editing group of Home tab. You can click on replace option on the Editing group, a dialog box will appear. Enter the data you want to find, in case you want to replace this data, click on Replace button then another dialog box will appear; now you can type another data that you want to replace.

7. AutoFill: This option in MS Excel allows us to fill a range of cells in a row or column with a particular series of values.Type 1 in cell A1. Select it and drag the small black cross sign at the bottom right corner of the cell downwards it as you want. You will see that all the range cells will be filled with 1.Type 1 in cell A1 and 2 in A2. Select A1 and A2 and drag the cross sign downwards, the selected range of cells will be filled with values 1, 2, 3, 4, …….and so on. If you type 1 in A1 and 3 in A2 and then drag the fill handle (black cross sign) downwards, the selected range of cells will be filled with values 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 …….. So AutoFill automatically checks the relation between the first two values and fills up the reaming of the cells in range with appropriate values.

Cells Group:
Cells group is available under Home tab in MS Excel. This group consists of Insert, Delete and Format option. Insert option also includes Insert Cells, Insert Sheet Rows, Insert Sheet Columns and Insert Sheets. Delete option includes Delete Cells, Delete Sheet Rows, Delete Sheet Columns and Delete Sheets. Format option includes Row height, Column Width, hide/unhide, Rename Sheet etc.

If we right click on any cell in a sheet, a drop-down list will appear. This list have some options like Cut, Copy, Paste, Insert, Delete, Clear Contents, Filter, Sort, Insert comments etc.

1.     Insert Cells: This option is used to insert a cell in the sheet
2.     Insert Sheet Rows: This option is used to insert a sheet row.
3.     Insert Sheet Column: This option is used to insert sheet column.
4.     Insert Sheet: This option is used to insert a sheet.
5.     Delete Cells: This option is used to delete a cell.
6.     Delete Sheet Rows: This option is used to delete a row from a excel sheet.
7.     Delete Sheet Column: This option is used to delete a sheet column.
8.     Delete Sheet: This option is used to delete entire sheet from workbook.
9.     Row Height: This option is used to increase or decrease row height.
10.  Column Width: This option is used to increase or decrease the column width.

Different tabs of MS Excel are:

Home Tab: Home Tab has the following groups:

i. Clipboard,

ii. font,

iii. Alignment,

iv. Styles,

v. Number,

vi. Cells, and

vii. Editing.

Insert Tab: Insert Tab has the following groups:

i. Table,

ii. Illustration,

iii. Charts,

iv. Links, and

v. Text.

Page Layout tab: Page Layout Tab has the following groups:

i. Themes,

ii. Page setup,

iii. Scale to fit,

iv. Sheet options and

v. Arrange.

Formula: Formula Tab has the following groups:

i. Function library,

ii. Defined names,

iii. Formula Auditing and

iv. Calculation.

Data: Data Tab has the following groups:

i. Get External data,

ii. Connections, Sort & Filter,

iii. Data tools and

iv. Outline.

Review: Review Tab has the following groups:

i. Proofing,

ii. Comments and

iii. Changes.

View Tab: View Tab has the following groups:

i. Workbook views,

ii. Show/hide,

iii. Zoom,

iv. Window and

v. Macros.

Inserting Picture, WordArt, Shapes, Symbols in MS Word:

2020-04-29T14:56:00.002+05:30

INSERTING PICTURES:

Microsoft Word has a feature to insert a picture in a document, to make document more attractive and presentable.

Inserting Pictures:

We can insert a picture from our computer or internet. To insert a picture in a document firstly place the cursor at the point where you want to insert a picture then follow the given steps:

Step 1 Click on the Insert tab.

Step 2 Click on the Pictures option to insert picture from your computer in the Illustrations group under Insert tab. The Insert Picture dialog box will be appears.

Step 3 Search the picture that you want to insert and Select the picture and click on the Insert button.

The selected picture will be added to the document. After adding picture you can drag the picture to the desired position in the document.

Formatting Pictures:

After adding a picture in the document, you will see that a new tab-the Format tab will be added to the Ribbon under the Picture Tools.

This tab provides many options for applying different styles and effects on the picture to make it more attractive.

Applying artistic effects:

We can apply various effects to a picture to make it more attractive, Click on the picture and follow the given steps:

Step 1 Click on the Effects button in the Adjust group. A gallery of various artistic effects will be display.

Step 2 Click on the desired artistic effect. You can also move your mouse pointer on any effect to see its effect on the picture before you select it.

Applying picture styles:

You can improve the appearance quality of a picture by adding many styles in a picture. To apply styles, choose the picture and select the desired style in the Picture Styles group.

Applying picture effects:

MS Word provides various effects such as glow, reflection, soft edges etc that can be applied to a picture to improve its visual appearance quality. To apply picture effects, select the picture and follow the given steps:

Step 1 Click on the Picture Effects button in the Picture Styles group under Format tab.

Step 2 Select the category of effect and then click the picture effect that you want to apply. You can also move your mouse pointer on any effect to see its effect on the picture before you select the effect you want to apply.

INSERTING WORDART:

WordArt is a good feature that makes text in different styles in a document. WordArt gallery includes many designs that can be used to make attractive looking document.

Inserting WordArt:

Follow the given steps to insert WordArt:

Step 1 Click on the Insert tab.

Step 2 Click on the WordArt option in the Text group under Insert tab.

Step 3 Select a WordArt style. A box with the sample text ‘Your text here’ will be appearing in the document. In this box you can type any text that you want.

Formatting WordArt Text:

The Format tab will be appearing when you click on the inserted WordArt. The Format tab has many options for making changes to the WordArt. You can use the Shape Fill, Shape Outline and Shape Effects etc to make the text more attractive.

INSERTING SHAPES:

You can insert many shapes in Word such as lines, rectangles and arrows through the Insert tab. This feature of Word is very useful as it can improve the presentation of a document by including diagrams.

Inserting Shapes:

Follow the given steps to insert a shape:

Step 1 Click on the Insert tab.

Step 2 Click on the down arrow next to the Shapes option in the Illustrations group under Insert tab.

Step 3 Select the shape that you want to insert.

Step 4 Move the mouse pointer where you want to draw the shape. Click where you want to draw and drag the mouse to draw the shape.

By default colour is blue of fill colour shape. We can change the fill colour; outline colour, etc. of the shape using the options that are available under the Format tab.

Formatting Shapes:

The Format tab under drawing tools appears when we click on the inserted shape. The different options of format tab are:

1. The Shape Styles option allows you apply preset fill colours and outline colours to the selected shape. To appear the Shape Styles gallery, click on the more button.

2. The Shape Fill option lets you fill the selected shape with a colour, gradient, picture or texture etc.

3. The shape outline option allows you to specify the colour, thickness and line style for the outline of the selected shape.

4. The Shadow Effects option allows you to apply shadow effects to the selected shapes.

5. The 3-D Effects option allows you to give a 3-D effect to the selected shape.

Adding text inside a shape:

We can write text inside an inserted shape by right-clicking on it and choosing the Add Text option from the drop-down list. Type required text in the shape.

INSERTING SYMBOLS:

Follow the given steps to insert symbols in your document.

Step 1 Firstly place the cursor at the position where you want to insert a symbol.

Step 2 Click on the Insert tab.

Step 3 Click on the Symbol option under Insert tab.

Step 4 Select a symbol that you want to insert from the drop-down list.

More Symbol Options:

If the symbol you want to insert is not in the drop-down list then you can look for more symbols option by opening the Symbol dialog box.

Step 1 Click on the More Symbols option under Symbols group. The Symbol dialog box will be appearing.

Step 2 Select an appropriate font.

Step 3 Choose the desired symbol and click on Insert option. Symbol will be inserted.

Column Formatting,Find & Replace,Page- Margin,Orientation,Size & Print:

2020-04-27T22:30:00.000+05:30

COLUMN FORMATTING:

Microsoft Word has a feature of Column Formatting. This feature helps us to type text in different columns on a single document or page in MS Word. In newspaper you have seen that the articles always written in this manner i.e. column formatting. Following figure shows the column formatting.

Follow the given steps for column formatting.

Step 1 Select the text that you want to display in columns.

Step 2 Click on the Page Layout tab.

Step 3 Click on the Columns option in the page setup group under Page Layout tab. A drop-down list will be appears.

Step 4 Click and select the desired number of columns.

Some More Column Formatting Options:

For more column formatting options, we can open the Columns dialog box from drop-down list of columns option under page setup group.

Follow the given steps:

Step 1 Click on the More Columns option in the columns drop-down list under page setup group. The Columns dialog box will be appears.

Step 2 You can specify the number of columns in the Presets section or enter a number in the number of columns box.

Step 3 Click on the equal column width check box if you want the equal column width. Otherwise, enter the width for column.

Step 4 For inserting a line between the columns click on the line between check box

Step 5 Click on OK. The selected text will be display in columns.

‘FIND FEATURE’ IN MS WORD:

In MS word Find Feature is available. If you want to search any word or sentence from your document, you can use find feature. There is no need to go through the entire document to search any word or sentence. Find feature can be used to search any word or sentence from a word document.

The steps for this feature are:

Step 1 Click on the Home tab.

Step 2 Click on the Find option in the Editing group under Home tab. The Navigation pane will be appearing.

Step 3 Type the word or sentence that you want to find in the Search box. Word searches the word or sentence you entered and displays the results in the Navigation pane and also highlights the word in the document.

Step 4 Click on a result in the navigation pane to see result in the document. You can look at all the results by clicking on the Next Search Result and the Previous Search Result arrows available in the Navigation pane.

FINDING AND REPLACING TEXT FEATURE:

We can find word or sentences in the word document by using finding and replacing feature. The steps to find and replace text are:

Step 1 Click on the Home tab.

Step 2 Click on the Replace option in the Editing group under Home tab. The Find and Replace dialog box will be appearing.

Step 3 Enter the word or sentence you want to search and replace in the Find what box.

Step 4 Enter the new word or sentence to replace the existing text in the Replace with box.

Step 5 Click on either of the following options:

Replace: Clicking the Replace button replaces the first word of the searched word with the new word. Clicking on the Replace button again replaces the next searched word or sentence.

Replace All: Clicking on the Replace All button replaces all word of the searched word with the new word or sentence.

Find Next: Clicking on the Find Next button just searches the word in the document and then you can use the Replace button to replace it with new word or sentence.

Step 6 When Word has completed searching for the word, a message box will be appears. Click on OK button.

SETTING PAGE PROPERTIES:

You can format the pages in a Word document by using setting properties such as page margins, page orientation and page size etc.

1. Page Margins: The Page Margin is the amount of space between the edges of the page and the document text on all the four sides.

2. Page Orientation: The Page Orientation is the property that determines the printing direction of the text i.e. Portrait or Landscape.

Portrait: This orientation is the default orientation. In this orientation, the document will be print length-wise.

Landscape: In landscape orientation, the document will be print width-wise.

3. Page Size: The Page Size means the height and width of the paper on which you want to take print of the document. You can select different page sizes like A4, A5, etc. to take the printout.

Page Margins:

Follow the following steps to set the page margins:

Step 1 Click on the Page Layout tab.

Step 2 Click on the Margins option in the Page Setup group under Page layout tab. A drop-down list will be appearing.

Step 3 Click on a predefined margin.

Some More Page Margins Options:

To enter different values for page margins, you have to open the page setup dialog box.

To open page setup dialog box follow the steps:

Step 1 Click on the Custom Margins option at the end of drop down list of margins option under page setup group. The Page Setup dialog box will be appears.

Step 2 Enter the values for Top, Bottom, Left and Right margins.

Step 3 Click on OK button. The margins of the page will be set accordingly.

Page Orientation Setting:

The steps to set the page orientation are:

Step 1 Click on the Page Layout tab.

Step 2 Click on the Orientation option in the Page Setup group under page layout tab.

Step 3 Choose orientation type as Portrait or Landscape.

Page Size Setting:

The steps to set page size are:

Step 1 Click on the Page Layout tab.

Step 2 Click on the Size option in the Page Setup group under Page layout tab. A drop-down list will be display.

Step 3 Select the desired page size.

PREVIEWING AND PRINTING A DOCUMENT:Preview a document means checking the document before printing it that how print will look like.
We can print and preview a document by using the following steps:
Step 1 Click on the Office button.
Step 2 Click on the Print option in the drop down list. A preview of the document automatically appears on the right side of the window.
Step 3 Click on the arrows below the preview section to view every page in the word document. We can magnify the view by using of the zoom slider bar at the bottom of the preview section.
Step 4 Select the printer from the printer drop-down list.
Step 5 Enter the number of printout in the Copies spin box.
Step 6 Under the Settings section, click on the arrow next to the Print All Pages option to select which page to print.
1.  Choosing Print All Pages prints when you want to print the entire document.
2.  Choosing Print Selection prints only when the selected text in the document.
3.  Choosing Print Current Page prints only the current page or selected page.
4.  Choose Print Custom Range to print a range of pages (i.e. 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8).
5. Choose Only Print Odd Pages to print all odd pages available in the document.
6. Choose Only Print Even Pages to print all even pages available in the document.
Step 7 Click on the Print button.

Formatting(Character formatting and Paragraph formatting):

2020-04-24T17:27:00.000+05:30

FORMATTING TEXT:

Formatting text refers to the editing text, making text attractive and presentable.

User can change text style, text size etc. User can apply bold, italic and underline options on text.

• You have to select all text before applying text formatting options.

You can select whole text by using shortcut key Ctrl+A.

• You can use the following steps to select text.

1. You can double-click on a word to select it.

2. You can triple-click on a paragraph to select it.

3. You can use Ctrl+click on a sentence to select it.

There are basically two types of formatting:

• Character formatting, and

• Paragraph formatting

CHARACTER FORMATTING:

Character formatting is the formatting that we can apply to any single character or to a group of characters.

It has the following options.

Font: This will decide the appearance of our text.

Font Style: We can make change the text style i.e. Bold, Italic or both.

Size: This increases or decreases the size of the text– the size measured in points (72 points =1 inch).

Font Color: We can apply colours to the characters or text for printing the final document.

Underline: We can highlight text by using underline option.

Effects: We can also apply different effects to our text. Two most common effects are Superscript and Subscript. The 2 in 32 is a superscript. To change a character as superscript,you need to select only that character and click the box against Superscript. Similarly 1 in T1 is a subscript.

PARAGRAPH FORMATTING:

In MS Word, we can begin new paragraph by pressing enter key. We can format paragraph by editing its alignment, indentation, paragraph spacing and line spacing.

Some paragraph formatting options are as follows:

Alignment:

Alignment refers to the position of text with respect to left and right margins.

We can change the alignment of text by use of the alignment buttons in the paragraph group under the home tab.

There are four alignment options.

1. Align Left: Align left option places the text to the left margin. We can use shortcut key (Ctrl+L) for left align.

2. Center: Center option places the text in the center of the left and right margins. User can use shortcut key (Ctrl+E) for center align.

3. Align Right: Align Right option places the text towards the right margin. We can use shortcut key(Ctrl+R) for right align.

4. Justify: Justify option places the text in a way that the text is equally distributed between both the margins. We can use shortcut key (Ctrl+J) for justify align.

Indentation:

Indentation is the distance of the paragraph from left margin or right margin.

Some indentations are:

1. Left Indentation: Left Indentation is the distance of the paragraph from the left margin.

2. Right Indentation: Right Indentation is the distance of the paragraph from the right margin.

Setting indentation:

Use these steps to set the indentation for the text.

Step 1 Select the text to be indented.

Step 2 Clicks on the Page Layout tab.

Step 2 Specify the values for Left and Right Indent in the Paragraph group under Page Layout tab.

More indentation options:

To set more indentation follows the given steps.

Step 1 Click on the Dialog Box Launcher button at the bottom-right corner of the Paragraph group under Page Layout tab. The Paragraph dialog box display.

Step 2 Enter the value for Left and Right Indents or choose one of the Special category indents and specify its value.

Line Spacing:

Line spacing is the space between the lines of text in a paragraph of a Word document. We can increase or decrease this space by following steps:

Step 1 Select the text or the paragraph.

Step 2 Click on the line spacing option in the paragraph group. A drop-down list will be appearing.

Step 3 Select the space that you want from the drop-down list. Space will be inserted.

Paragraph Spacing:

Paragraph spacing is the space before or after a paragraph. We can set paragraph spacing by following steps:

Step 1 Select the paragraph to be spacing or just place the cursor anywhere in the paragraph.

Step 2 Clicks on the Page Layout tab.

Step 3 Enter the desired values in the before and after spin boxes under spacing in the paragraph group.

More Line and Paragraph Spacing Options:

To specify the values for line and paragraph spacing, we can follow the given steps:

Step 1 Click on Line Spacing Option in the Line and Paragraph Spacing drop-down list in the Paragraph group under the Home tab. The Paragraph dialog box displayed.

Step 2 Choose the desired settings in the Spacing section of the dialog box.

Step 3 Click OK button to apply the settings.

What is MS Word?(How to Start,New document,Save,Open,Close):

2020-04-23T11:16:00.002+05:30

MS Word:

Microsoft Word(MS Word) is the ability to create documents using a word processor. It is used for typing documents in attractive way. MS word has many options to make document more attractive and presentable. MS Word has features to editing, formatting documents.
It is a subpart of MS Office. There are different versions of MS Office available like MS Office 95, MS Office 97, MS Office 2000, MS Office 2003, MS Office 2007, MS Office 2010, MS Office 2013 and MS Office 2016.

It has seven tabs; each tab has different groups and each group have different tools for creating document in effective manner.

There are different word processors available; like Microsoft Word, Word Perfect Office, Star Office Writer, etc., while others are open source like Open office.org Writer, etc.

Starting MS Word:

There are some steps to start MS Word.

1. Click on start button.

2. Click on All Programs.

3. Select MS Office.

4. Click on MS Word.

If the icon of Word is available on desktop or task bar then you can also start MS Word from desktop or taskbar by clicking on icon of Word.

Components of MS Word Window:

Some components of Word windows are as follows.

1. Ribbon

2. Quick Access Toolbar

3. Document title

4. Document page

5. Insertion point

6. Status bar

7. Zoom slider

8. Collapse ribbon

Components of Word Window

Ribbon:

The Ribbon includes multiple options on separate tabs. Each tab includes several groups. Each group contains many commands. The Ribbon contains seven tabs like Home, Insert, Page Layout, References, Mailings, Review and View.

The Home tab groups are Clipboard, Font, Paragraph, Styles and Editing. Each group includes more commands, some of which have drop down menu i.e. list of options.

The Insert tab groups are Pages, Tables, Illustrations, Header & Footer, Text and Symbols. Each group have list of options.

The Page Layout tab groups are Themes, Page Setup, Page Background, Paragraph and Arrange. Each group have list of commands related to them.

The References tab groups are Table of Contents, Footnotes, Citations & Bibliography, Captions, Index and Table of Authorities. Each group contains several commands related to them.

The Mailings tab groups are Create, Start Mail Merge, Write & Insert fields, Preview Results and Finish. Each group has many commands related to them.

The Review tab groups are Proofing, Comments, Changes, Compare and Protect. Each group have list of commands.

The View tab groups are Document Views, Zoom, Show/Hide, Window and Macros.

(Ribbon)

Uses of Ribbon:

1. Create new document file.

2. Review other tabs available on the Ribbon.

3. Review each group associated with the tab.

4. Click any tab to make it active tab.

5. Click on dialog box launcher in the lower-right corner of any group to show the dialog box.

Use of Quick Access Toolbar:

The Quick Access Toolbar is situated above the Ribbon and includes some commands that you can access most often. By default the Save, Undo and Repeat commands display when you start Word. You can add or remove commands from Quick Access Toolbar by clicking the drop-down arrow on the right side of the toolbar. Clicking the Save button in the Quick Access Toolbar user can save his document often. Clicking the Undo command you can cancel your last action. You can click Undo command as many times as you want. The shortcut key for Undo is Ctrl+Z. Clicking the Repeat command you can repeat you last action. The shortcut key for Repeat is Ctrl+Y.

(Quick Access Toolbar)

Document Title:

Document title is the top most bar of Word window. It is also known as title bar. It contains the title of the document. You can say that it display the name of the document. Title bar also contains minimize, restore and close button.

Document Page:

Document Page is the area where user can type text.

Status Bar:

Status bar display the status of the document that user typed. It displays number of pages, number of words in the document.

Creating New Document:

There is Office button on the left top corner of the Word window. When user will click on office button a drop-down list will be display. This drop-down list contains New, Open, Save, Save as, Print, Prepare, Send, Publish and close options. When user will click on new option then a new document will be display.

Now user can enter text in the document. After typing document user can apply formatting and editing option on the document. User can change font type, font styles, font size, bold, italic, underline, color etc.

Saving a Document:

There are some steps to save a document.

1. Click on office button.

2. Click on save button in the drop-down list.

3. Select the location where you want to save your document.

4. Type the name of you document.

5. Click on save button.

You can also use shortcut key to save a document i.e. Ctrl+S. To save a document user can use quick access toolbar because it contains save button.

Open Existing Document:

Follow the following steps to open a document:

1. Click on office button.

2. Click on open option from drop-down list.

3. Type file name that you want to open.

4. Click on the open button.

Close Word Window:

Follow the following steps to close Word window:

1. Click on office button.

2. Click on close option in the drop-down list.

What is Computer Network?

2020-04-19T17:32:00.000+05:30

A network is a group of computers to share information, resources and exchange files. In computer network each computer is called a node. A computer, printers or any other devices connected in a network is also called a node.

Types of Computer Network:

1. LAN

2. MAN

3. WAN

4. PAN

1. LAN:

LAN stands for Local Area Network. It is used for small area like a office, single building etc.

2. MAN:

It stands for Metropolitan Area Network.This network is used for connect two cities. It is larger than LAN.

3. WAN:

It stands for Wide Area Network. This network is used for wide area. It is used to connect different countries.

4. PAN:

It stands for Personal Area Network. It is used for small area like a single room or house.In this network we can connect our laptop with our mobile via hotspot or Bluetooth.

Need of Network:

1. Data and Information sharing: In a computer network, computer can access information that stored on the other computers in a network. For example, in a university students database is stored on a server. An authorized person can access this data by connecting to the network.

2. Hardware: In network environment, every computer in a network can use hardware that is providing for each user. For example, if we connect our personal computer and printer to network then other user can access our printer over the network.

3. Software Sharing: Recently used software is stored on the hard disk of server so that other users on the network can access the software.

4. Communication: By using network people can communicate efficiently and easily. It is a time and cost saving way to communicate with each other.

Distributed System:Distributed system consist of multiple computers that communicate via computer network. In computer network, computer interacts with each other to achieve a common goal.

Advantages of distributed system:

1. Modularity

2. Local control of local data

3. Better response time

4. Ability to share data

5. Direct user interaction

6. Greater reliability

Network Criteria:

1. Performance: The performance of a network can be measured in different ways, including response time, number of users, transmission medium and hardware.

2. Reliability: Reliability of network can be measured by frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to recover failure.

3. Security: Network security means protecting data from unauthorized access by unknown person.

Network Applications:

1.Electronic Mail: E-mail or electronic mail is used for sending and receiving mails. Email allows a person or group of persons to communicate via internet. It is simple and easy way to communicate.

2.Video Conferencing: It is a face-to-face communication system. Two persons at different places can communicate with each other using video conferencing using a network.

3.Electronic Data Interchange: EDI means transmission of information between companies. It is used to send document electronically from one computer to another computer.

4.Electronic Funds Transfer: EFT is used to fund transfer electronically. It is a safe and secure fund transfer.

5. Facsimile: It is also known as FAX. It is used to send a document.

Advantages of Networks:

1. Resource Sharing: The main aim of network is to make all data available to everyone on the network.

2. High Reliability: Computer network goal is to provide reliability. It provides safe and secure transactions.

3. Saving Money: It saves our money. Using network we can communicate with each other at different places. We can send a message to other person within a second.

4. Scalability: The network has the ability to increase the performance.

5. Communication Medium: It provides a powerful communication medium among users.

6. Increased productivity: It increase productivity as many people can enter data at the same time from different places.

'C' Programs related to String & Matrix:

2020-04-17T17:35:00.001+05:30

1. Write a C program to enter a string and print the same.
2. Write a C program to find out number of letters in a string.
3. Write a C program to check that you entered alphabet, digit or special character and print the same.
4. Write a C program to convert small letters into capital letters.
5. Write a C program to check that the given string is palindrome or not.
6. Write a C program for 3*3 matrix, enter the values into matrix and print the same.
7. Write a C program to enter values in a 4*4 matrix and print matrix that divisible by 2.
8. Write a C program to find out maximum and minimum matrix.

Program: Write a C program to enter a string and print the same.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=0;
char name[10];
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter name");
scanf("%s", &name);
while(name[i]!='\0')
{
printf("%c", name[i]);
i++;
}
getch();
}
Output:
Enter name FARAZ
FARAZ

Program: Write a C program to find out number of letters in a string.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=0, a=0;
char name[10];
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter name");
scanf("%s", &name);
while(name[i]!='\0')
{
a=a+1;
i++;
}
printf("No. of letters=%d", a);
getch();
}
Output:
Enter name
FARAZ
Result=5

Program: Write a C program to check that you entered alphabet, digit or special character and print the same.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int alpha=0, digit=0, sc=0, i=0;
char str[20];
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter string");
scanf("%s", &str[i]);
while(str[i]!='\0')
{
if(str[i]>='a' && str[i]<='z')
alpha++;
else
if(str[i]>='0' && str[i]<='9')
digit++;
else
sc++;
i++;
}
printf("\n Alphabet=%d", alpha);
printf("\n Digit=%d", digit);
printf("\n Special character=%d", sc);
getch();
}
Outptu:
Enter string
a
Alphabet=a
Enter string
5
Digit=5
Enter string
@
Special character=@

Program: Write a C program to convert small letters into capital letters.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=0;
char str[20];
clrscr();
printf('\n Enter string");
scanf("%s", &str[i]);
while(str[i]!='\0')
{
str[i]=str[i]-32;
i++;
}
printf("Converted String=%s", str);
getch();
}
Output:
Enter string faraz
Converted String=FARAZ

Program: Write a C program to check that the given string is palindrome or not.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=0, j=0;
char str[20];
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter string");
scanf("%s", &str[i]);
while(str[i]!='\0')
{
i++;
}
i--;
while(i>=0)
{
if(str[i]!=str[j])
break;
i--;
j++;
}
if(i>=0)
printf("Not Palindrome");
else
printf('Palindrome");
getch();
}
Output:
Enter string nitin
Palindrome

Program: Write a C program for 3*3 matrix, enter the values into matrix and print the same.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int mat[3][3], i,j;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
printf("\n enter values");
scanf("%d", &mat[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
printf("%d", mat[i][j]);
printf(" ");
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
Output:
Enter values 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

Program: Write a C program to enter values in a 4*4 matrix and print matrix that divisible by 2.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int mat[4][4], i,j;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<4; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<4; j++)
{
printf("\n enter values");
scanf("%d", &mat[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<4; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<4; j++)
{
if(mat[i][j]%2==0)
printf("%d", mat[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
Output:
Enter values 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4

Program: Write a C program to find out maximum and minimum matrix.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int mat[3][3], i,j,max,min;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
printf("\n enter values");
scanf("%d", &mat[i][j]);
}
}
max=min=mat[0][0];
for(i=0;i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
if(max<mat[i][j])
max=mat[i][j];
if(min>mat[i][j])
min=mat[i][j];
}
}
printf("%d", max);
printf("%d", min);
printf("\n");
getch();
}

'C' Programs Using While Loop & Array:

2020-04-14T18:02:00.003+05:30

C-Programs:
1.Write a C program to find maximum and minimum value using while loop.
2.Write a C program to perform mathematical operations using while loop and switch case.
3.Write a C program to enter values in an array and print the same values.
4.Write a C program to enter values in an array and find even numbers.
5.Write a C program to enter values in an array and find out odd numbers.
6.Write a C program to find out maximum and minimum value using for loop.
7.Write a C program to find a value in an array.
8.Write a C program to find the product of ten given numbers.

Write a C program to find maximum and minimum value using while loop.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n, max, min;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter number");
scanf("%d", &n);
min=n;
max=n;
while(n!=99)
{
printf("\n Enter no");
scanf("%d",&n);
if(min>n)
min=n;
if(max<n)
max=n;
}
printf("\n Max=%d", max);
printf("\n Min=%d", min);
getch();
}
Output:
Enter number 10
Enter no 15
Max=15
Min=10

Write a C program to perform mathematical operations using while loop and switch case.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n1, n2, n3;
char op;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter n1, n2");
scanf("%d%d", &n1,&n2);
while(op!='?')
{
printf("\n Enter operator");
op=getche();
switch(op)
{
case '+':
n3=n1+n2;
break;
case '-':
n3=n1-n2;
break;
case '/':
n3=n1/n2;
break;
case '*':
n3=n1*n2;
break;
}
printf("\n Result N3=%d",n3);
}
getch();
}
Output:
Enter n1, n2 10
15
Enter operator +
Result N3=25

Write a C program to enter values in an array and print the same values.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int value[3],;
clrscr();
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
printf("\n Enter value");
scanf("%d", &value[i]);
}
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
printf("\n Result=%d", value[i]);
}
getch();
}
Output:
Enter value 1
2
3
Result=1
2
3

Write a C program to enter values in an array and find even numbers.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int value[10]. i;
clrscr();
for(i=0; i<=9; i++)
{
printf("\n Enter value");
scanf("%d", &value[i]);
}
for(i=0; i<=9; i++)
{
if(value[i]%2==0)
printf("\n Even=%d", value[i]);
}
getch();
}
Output:
Enter value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Even=2
4
6
8
10

Write a C program to enter values in an array and find out odd numbers.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, c=0, value[10];
clrscr();
for(i=0; i<=9; i++)
{
printf("\n enter values");
scanf("\t %d", &value[i]);
}
for(i=0; i<=9; i++)
{
if(value[i]%2!=0)
c=c+1;
}
printf("Odd number=\t %d", c);
getch();
}
Output:
enter values 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Odd number= 1 3 5 7 9

Write a C program to find out maximum and minimum value using for loop.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, max, min, value[10];
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter value");
for(i=0; i<=9; i++)
{
scanf("\t %d", &value[i]);
}
for(i=0; i<=9; i++)
{
max=min=value[0];
}
for(i=0; i<=9; i++)
{
if(max<value[i])
max=value[i];
if(min>value[i])
min=value[i];
}
printf("\n Maximum=%d", max);
printf("\n Minimum=%d", min);
getch();
}
Output:
Enter value 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Maximum=10
Minimum=1

Write a C program to find a value in an array.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, n, value[10];
clrscr();
for(i=0; i<=9; i++)
{
printf("\n Enter value");
scanf("%d", &value[i]);
}
printf("\n Enter No. to be search");
scanf("%d", &n);
for(i=0; i<=9; i++)
{
if(value[i]==n)
break;
}
if(i==10)
printf(" not found");
else
printf("found");
getch();
}

Output:
Enter value 5
2
3
6
4
1
7
8
9
10
Enter No. to be search 5
found

Write a C program to find the product of ten given numbers.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, j, value[10], a=1;
clrscr();
for(i=0; i<=9; i++)
{
printf("\n Enter value");
scanf("%d", value[i]);
}
for(i=0; i<=9; i++)
{
a=1;
for(j=1; j<=value[i]; j++)
{
a=a*j;
}
printf("%d\n ", a);
}
getch();
}

Factorial, Even number, Print Triangle & Pyramid of numbers:

2020-04-07T18:06:00.000+05:30

Programs:

Write a C program to find the factorial of N numbers.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int i, f=1,n;

clrscr();

printf(“\n enter any number”);

scanf(“%d”, &n);

for(i=1; i<=n; i++)

{

f=f*i;

}

printf(“Factorial of given number is %d”,f);

getch();

}

Output:

enter any number
5

Factorial of given number is 120

Write a C program to print the following triangle of numbers.

123

1234

12345

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int i, j;

clrscr();

for(i=1; i<=5; i++)

{

for(j=1; j<=i; j++)

{

printf(“%d”, j);

}

printf(“\n”);

}

getch();

}

Output:

123

1234

12345

Write a C program to print the following triangle of numbers.

55555

4444

333

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int i, j;

clrscr();

for(i=5; i>=1; i--)

{

for(j=i; j>=1; j--)

{

printf(“%d”, i);
}

printf(“\n”);

}

getch();

}

Output:

55555

4444

333

Write a C program to print the following triangle.

* *

* * *

* * * *

* * * * *

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int i,j;

clrscr();

for(i=1; i<=5; i++)

{

for(j=1; j<=i; j++)

{

printf(“ * “, j);

}

printf(“\n”);

}

getch();

}

Output:

* *

* * *

* * * *

* * * * *

Write a C program to print the following triangle of numbers.

54321

4321

321

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int i,j;

clrscr();

for(i=5; i>=1; i--)

{

for(j=i; j>=1; j--)

{

printf(“%d”, j);

printf(“\n”);

}

getch();

}

Output:

54321

4321

321

Write a C program to print the following triangle of numbers.

333

4444

55555

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int i,j;

clrscr();

for(i=1; i<=5; i++)

{

for(j=1; j<=i; j++)

{

printf(“%d”, i);

}

printf(“\n”);

}

getch();

}

Output:

333

4444

55555

Write a C program to print the following triangle of numbers.

2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9 10

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int i,j, k=1;

clrscr();

for(i=1; i<=4; i++)

{

printf(“\n”);

for(j=1; j<=i; j++)

{

printf(“%d”, k);

k++;

}

getch();

}

Output:

2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9 10

Write a C program to print the following pyramid of numbers.

2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9 10

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int i,j, k=1, l;

clrscr();

for(i=1; i<=4; i++)

{

for(l=4; l>=i; l--)

{

printf(“ “);

for(j=1; j<=i; j++)

{

printf(“%d”, k);

k++;

}

printf(“\n”);

}

getch();

}

Output:

2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9 10

Write a C program to find even number using while loop.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int n, a=0;

clrscr();

while(n!=99)

{

printf(“\n enter number”);

scanf(“%d”, &n);

if(n%2==0)

a=a+1;

}

printf(“Even Number=%d”, a);

getch();

}

Output:

enter number 6

Even Number=6

Write a C program to input name and age and print the same.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int age;

char name[10], ch;

clrscr();

while(ch!=’n’)

{

printf(“\n enter name and age”);

scanf(“%s%d”, &name, &age);

printf(“\n Name=%s”, name);

printf(“\n Age=%d”, age);

printf(“\n do you want to continue”);

scanf(“%c”, ch);

}

getch();

}

Prime number,Fibonacci series,break & continue statement:

2020-04-04T18:36:00.000+05:30

‘C’ Programs:
1. Write a C program to find Prime or not prime number.
2. Write a C program to print a table of a given number.
3. C program to print Fibonacci series.
4. Write a C program to print number in reverse order.
5. C program for sorting an array.
6. Write a C program using break statement.
7. Write a C program using continue statement.

Prime Number:
Prime numbers are those numbers which can divide by one and itself without remainder. Prime numbers are always greater than one. For examples: number 5 is prime number because it is divisible by 1 and itself only.

Write a C program to find Prime or not prime number.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, no;
clrscr();
printf(“\n Enter a number ”);
scanf(“%d”, &no);
for(i=2; i<=no; i++)
{
if(no%i==0)
break;
}
if(i==no)
printf(“Prime number”);
else
printf(“Not Prime number”);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter a number 5
Prime number
Enter a number 6
Not Prime number

Write a C program to print a table of a given number.
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, a, no;
clrscr();
printf(“\n Enter number to print a table”);
scanf(“%d”, &no);
for(i=1; i<=10; i++)
{
a= no*i;
printf(“\n %d”,a);
}
getch();
}
Output:
Enter number to print a table 5
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50

Fibonacci Series:
Using Fibonacci series we can print various terms of the series. The some numbers of the series are 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13…… In Fibonacci series every term is the addition of the previous two terms of series.

C program to print Fibonacci series.
Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, n1=0, n2=1, n3;
clrscr();
printf(“%d%d”, n1, n2);
for(i=1;i<=10; i++)
{
n3=n1+n2;
printf(“%d”, n3);
n1=n2;
n2=n3;
}
getch();
}

Write a C program to print number in reverse order.
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
for(i=20; i>=1;i--)
{
printf(“%d”, i);
}
getch();
}

Output:
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

C program for sorting an array.
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int num[5], i, j, t;
clrscr();
for(i=0; i<=4; i++)
{
scanf(“%d”, &num[i]);
}
for(i=0; i<=4; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<=3; j++)
{
if(num[j]>num[j+1])
{
t=num[j];
num[j]=num[j+1];
num[j+1]=t;
}
}
}
printf(“\n”);
for(i=0; i<=4; i++)
{
printf(“%d \n”, num[i]);
}
getch();
}

Break Statement:
Break statement is used to terminate a loop immediately and program control the next statement. Break statement is also used to terminate a case statement.

Write a C program using break statement.
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1; i<=30;i++)
{
if(i*i*i==27)
break;
printf(“%d”, i);
}
getch();
}

Continue Statement:
Continue statement is used to continue the next iteration. Continue statement is also used to left some statement of code and continue with other statement.

Write a C program using continue statement.
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1; i<=30;i++)
{
if(i*i*i==27)
continue;
printf(“%d”, i);
}
getch();
}

Loops in C(for,while & do-while):

2020-03-06T16:42:00.000+05:30

C language has three loop:

1. for

2. while

3. do-while.

The first two are pre-test loop and do-while is a post-test loop. In the post-test circle, the code is constantly executed once.

1. For Loop:

Permit a lot of directions to be more than once executed until a specific condition came to. This condition might be foreordained or open finished.

Syntax:

for(initialization;condition;increment/decrement)

{

expression;

}

Program: For generation of multiplication tables.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int row,column;

printf("Multiplication Table");

for(row=1;row<=10;row++)

{

for(column=1;column<=10;column++)

printf("m",row*column);

putchar("\n");

}

getch();

}}

2. While:

While circle check the test condition at the highest point of the circle, which implies that the body of the circle won't execute if the condition is bogus in the first place. This component may dispense with the need to play out a different restrictive test before the circle.

Syntax:

while(condition)

{

expression;

}

3. Do while:

Not at all like for and keeping in mind that loop, which test the circle condition at the highest point of the circle, the do-while circle checks its condition at the base of the circle. This implies a do-while circle consistently executes atleast once. The general type of the do-while circle is given beneath:

Syntax:

{

expression

}

while(condition);

In spite of the fact that the wavy supports are a bit much when just a single articulation is available, they are typically used to keep away from disarray with the while. The do-while circle repeats until condition turns out to be bogus.

Program: C program to print 1 to 10 numbers using for loop.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
printf("\n %d", i);
}
getch();
}
Output:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Program: C program to print 20 to 30 numbers using for loop.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
for(i=20;i<=30;i++)
{
printf("\n %d", i);
}
getch();
}
Output:
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Program: C program to print even numbers among 1 to 50 using for loop.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a;
clrscr();
for(a=1;a<=50;a++)
{
if(a%2==0)
printf("\t %d",a);
}
getch();
}

Output:
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

Program: C program to print your name as many your age.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, age;
char name[10];
clrscr();
printf("\n enter name and age");
scanf("%s%d", &name, &age);
for(i=1;i<=age;i++)
{
printf("\n %s", name);
}
getch();
}

Output: enter name and age
Mona 5
Mona
Mona
Mona
Mona
Mona

Program: C program to print a number divided by 3 among 1 to 20.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=20;i++)
{
if(i%3==0)
printf("%d",i);
}
getch();
}

Output:
3
6
9
12
15
18

Switch-Case Statement in C programming:

2020-02-21T16:58:00.001+05:30

A switch case statement is allows a variable to be checked for equality against a list of values. Every value is called a case, and the variable being switched on is checked for each switch case.
Switch case statement can be used to solve more option type problems, like: Menu like program, where one value is associated with each option and you have to select only one at a time.
Switch case statement is a control statement that allows us to select only one case among the many given cases. The expression in switch process to return an integral value, which is then compared to the values present in different cases. If there is no case match, then default block is executed.

Syntax:

The syntax for a switch statement:

Switch (expression)
{
Case constant-expression:
Statement;
Break; /*optional*/
Case constant- expression:
Statement;
Break; /*optional*/
.
.
.
.default:
Statement;
}
The following points should apply to a switch statement −
• The expression used in a switch statement must have an integer type, or be of a class type in which the class has a single conversion function to an integral type.
• You can apply any number of case statements within a switch case. Each case is followed by the value.
• The expression for a case should be the same data type as the variable data type, and it should be a constant.
• When the variable being switched on is equal to a case, the statements following that case will execute until a break statement is meet.
• When break statement comes, the current case statement automatically terminate,and next statement will execute.
• There is no need to assign break statement after each case. If no break appears, the flow of control will fall through to subsequent cases until a break statement is meet.
• A switch case statement can have an optional default case statement, which should appear at the end of the switch statement. The default case can be used for performing a task when none of the cases is find true. There is no need of break in the default case.
Flow Diagram:

Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Char grade=’b’;
Switch (grade)
{
case ‘a’:
printf(“Very Good”);
Break;
case ‘b’:
case ‘c’:
printf(“Good”);
break;
case ‘d’:
printf(“fine”);
break;
default:
printf(“Wrong”);
}
Return 0;

}

Program: Program:Enter grade 'A' for Manager, 'B' for Assistant manager, 'C' for Accountant, 'D' for Clerk and print the same.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char grade;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter grade");
scanf("%c", &grade);
switch(grade)
{
case 'a':
printf(" Manager");
break;
case 'b':
printf(" Assistant manager");
break;
case 'c':
printf(" Accountant");
break;
default:
printf("clerk");
}
getch();
}

Output:
Enter grade a
Manager

Program: Find out vowel and consonant.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char grade;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter grade");
scanf("%c", &grade);
switch(grade)
{
case 'a':
printf("Vowel");
break;
case 'e':
printf("Vowel");
break;
case 'i':
printf("Vowel");
break;
case 'o':
printf(" Vowel");
break;
case 'u':
printf("Vowel");
break;
default:
printf("Consonant"):
}
getch();
}

Output:
Enter grade a
Vowel
Enter grade c
Consonant

Program: Perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division operation using switch case statement.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
char operation;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter operation");
scanf("%c", &operation);
printf("Enter any two number:");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
switch(operation)
{
case '+':
c=a+b;
printf("\n Addition=%d", c);
break;
case '-':
c=a-b;
printf("\n Subtraction=%d",c);
break;
case '*':
c=a*b;
printf("\n Multiplication=%d",c);
break;
case '/':
c=a/b;
printf("\n Division=%d",c);
break;
getch();
}

Output:
Enter operation +
Enter any two numbers: 5
6
Addition=11

'C' Programs-addition of two numbers,celsius to fahrenheit:

2020-01-12T18:06:00.003+05:30

Program: Addition of two given numbers.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int a,b,c;

clrscr();

a=10;

b=15;

c=a+b;

printf("\n Addition=%d", c);

getch();

}

Output:

Addition=25

Program: Addition of two given number.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int a,b,c;

printf(" Enter two numbers");

scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);

c=a+b;

printf("\n Addition=%d", c);

getch();

}

Output:

Enter two numbers 20

Addition=50

Program: Enter roll_no,fee and age and print the equivalent.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int roll_no,fee,age;

clrscr();

printf("Enter roll_no,fee and age");

scanf("%d%d%d",&roll_no,&fee,&age);

printf("\n Roll No.=%d",roll_no);

printf("\n Fee=%d", expense);

printf("\n Age=%d", age);

getch();

}

Output:

Enter roll_no,fee and age 1

500

Move No.=1

Fee=500

Age=15

Program: Change Celsius to Fahrenheit.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

float c,f;

clrscr();

printf("\n Enter temperature in Celsius ");

scanf("%f", &c);

f=32+(c*9)/5;

printf("\n Temperature in Fahrenheit=%f",f);

getch();

}

Output:

Enter temperature in Celsius 20

Temperature in Fahrenheit=68

Program: C Program to check greater than and less than number:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int no;

clrscr();

printf("\n Enter no.");

scanf("%d",&no);

if(no<100)

{

printf(" No. is less than 100");

}

else

{

printf((" No. is greater than 100");

}

getch();

}

Output:

Enter no. 50

No. is less than 100

Program: Enter name and salary, salary increase by 10% and print the same.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int salary;

char name[10];

clrscr();

printf("\n Enter name and salary");

scanf("%s%d", &name, &salary);

salary=salary+(salary*10)/100;

printf("\n Name=%s", name);

printf("\n Salary=%d", Salary);

getch();

}

Output:

Enter name and salary Mona

10,000

Name=Mona

Salary=11000

Program: Enter name and salary, if salary less than 1000 then increase by 200 else increase by 100.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int salary;

char name[10];

clrscr();

printf("\n Enter name and salary");

scanf("%s%d", &name, &salary);

if(salary<=1000)

{

salary=salary+100;

}

else

{

salary=salary+200;

printf("\n Name=%s", name);

printf("\n Salary=%d", salary);

}

getch();

}

Output:

Enter name and salary Mona

1200

Name=Mona

Salary=1400

Program: Find even and odd number.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int no;

clrscr();

printf("\n Enter no");

scanf("%d", &no);

if(no%2==0)

{

printf(" No is even");

}

else

{

printf(" No is odd");

}

getch();

}

Output:

Enter no 4

No is even

Program: Check which number is greater.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int a,b;

clrscr();

printf("\n Enter any two number");

scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);

if(a>b)

print("a is greater");

else

print("b is greater");

getch();

}

Output:

Enter any two number 5

b is greater.

Sorting Arrays(Bubble Sort and Quick Sort):

2020-01-09T18:48:00.001+05:30

BubbleSort:

Another notable arranging strategy is the Bubble Sort. The Bubblesort is the most seasoned and easiest sort being used. Right now, are all things considered n-1 passes required. In bubble sort, the record is gone through successively a few times. In each pass every component is contrasted and its successor. i.e (x[i] with x[i+1] and traded in the event that they are not in the best possible request.

Algorithm: Bubble Sort

Sorts an Array A with N components.

Bubble_Sort (A,N)

Stage 1: Initialization

Set I=0

Stage 2: Repeat stage 3 to 5 until I<N

Stage 3: Set J=0

Stage 4: Repeat stage 5 until J<N-I-1

Stage 5: If A[j]< A[j+1] at that point

Set temp=A[j]

Set A[j]

Set A[j]=A[j+1]

Set A[j+1]=Temp

End If

Stage 6: Exit

The Algorithm is direct. Prior to each pass, the exchange marker is introduced to zero. This marker is increased each time an exchange is made.

In the event that toward the finish of a pass, marker has an estimation of zero, the sort is finished.

Program: The Bubblesort.

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

int A[20], N, Temp, I, j;

clrscr();

printf("\n\n\t Enter the quantity of terms....");

scanf("%d", &N);

printf("\n\t Enter the components of the array....");

for(i=0;i<N;i++)

{

gotoxy(25, 11+i);

scanf("\n\t\t%d", &A[i]);

}

for(i=0;i<N-1; i++)

for(j=0;j<N-i;J++)

if(A[j]>A[j+1])

{

Temp=A[j];

A[j]=A[j+1];

A[j+1]=Temp;

}

printf("\n\t The Ascending request list is.....:\n");

for(i=0;i<N; i++)

printf("\n\t\t\t%d",A[i]);

getch();

}

Quick Sort:

Quick sort is otherwise called segment trade sort. A component (an) is looked over a particular situation inside the exhibit with the end goal that x is parceled and an is set at position j and the accompanying conditions hold:

1. Every one of the components in position 0 through j-1 is not exactly or equivalent to a.

2. Every one of the components in position j+1 through n-1 is more noteworthy than or equivalent to a.

The reason for the Quick Sort is to move an information thing in the right heading only enough for it to arrive at its last spot in the exhibit. The technique, in this manner diminishes superfluous swaps, and moves a thing a huge span in one move. A crucial thing close to the center of the cluster is picked, and afterward things on either side are moved with the goal that the information things on one side of the rotate are littler than the turn, while those on the opposite side are bigger. The center thing is in its right position. The technique is then applied recursively to the pieces of the exhibit, on either side of the turn, until the entire cluster is arranged.

Program: To perform speedy arranging.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void quicksort(int*, int, int);

int split(int*, int, int);

void main()

{

int arr[10]={11,2,9,13,57,25,17,1,90,3};

int i;

clrscr();

printf("quick sort\n");

for(i=0;i<=9;i++)

printf("%d\t",arr[i]);

quicksort(arr,0,9);

printf("\n cluster after sorting\n");

for(i=0;i<=9;i++)

printf("%d\t", arr[i]);

getch();

}

void quicksort(int a[], int lower, int upper)

{

int i;

if(upper>lower)

{

i=split(a,lower,upper);

quicksort(a,lower,i-1);

quicksort(a,i+1,upper);

}

int split(int a[], int lower, int upper)

{

int i,p,q,t;

p=lower+1;

q=upper;

i=a[lower];

while(q>=p)

{

while(a[p]<i)

p++;

while(a[q]>i)

q- - ;

if(q>p)

{

t=a[p];

a[p]=a[q];

a[q]=t;

}

t=a[lower];

a[lower]=a[q];

a[q]=t;

bring q back;

}

Output:

Quick sort

11 2 9 13 57 25 17 1 90 3

Array in the wake of arranging

1 2 3 9 11 13 17 25 57 90

Sorting Arrays (Insertion Sort):

2020-01-08T19:01:00.002+05:30

* Sorting is the process of arranging data in ascending or descending order. There are different types of sorting techniques to sort data like Bubble sort, quick sort, radix sort, insertion, selection and bucket sort.
Sorting is the way toward orchestrating the components in some legitimate request. This consistent request might be rising or sliding if there should be an occurrence of numeric qualities or lexicon request if there should be an occurrence of alphanumeric qualities.

* There can be three classes of calculations as indicated by the memory prerequisites:

I. Sort set up and utilize no additional memory aside from maybe for a little stack or table.

ii. Calculation that utilization a connected rundown portrayal thus use N additional expressions of memory for list pointers.

iii. Calculations that need enough additional memory space to hold another duplicate of the Array to be arranged.

* There are many arranging calculations like:

1. BubbleSort
2. Quick Sort
3. Radix Sort
4. Insertion Sort
5. Selection Sort
6. Bucket Sort

1. Insertion Sort:

The Insertion sort works simply like its name recommends it embeds every thing into its legitimate spot in the last rundown. The least difficult usage of this requires two rundown structures-the source list and the rundown into which arranged things are embedded. To spare memory, most usage utilize a set up sort that works by moving the present thing past the effectively arranged things and over and over swapping it with the first thing until it is set up.

It is an arranging method that sorts a lot of records by embeddings records into a current arranged document. Assume an exhibit A with n components A[1]. A[2],.....A[N] is in memory. The Insertion sort calculation filters A from A[1] to A[N], embeddings every component A[K} into its appropriate situation in the recently arranged sub exhibit A[1], A[2],......A[K-1].

Calculation: Insertion Sort

Sorts the Array A with N component

INSERT_SORT(A,N)

Stage 1: Set A[0]=-4. [Initializes sentinel element.]

Stage 2: Repeat Steps 3 to 5 for K=2,3, .......,N:

Stage 3: Set TEMP=A[K] and PTR=K-1.

Stage 4: Repeat while TEMP<A[>

#include<conio.h>
void insertion(int a[], int n)

{

int i,j, x,k;

for(i=1;i<=n-1;j++)

{

j=i;

x=a[i];

while(a[j-1]>x &&j>0)
{
a[j]=a[j-1];
j=j-1;
}
a[j]=x;
printf("\n\n The Array after pass no. %d: ",I);
for(k=0;k<=n-1;k++)
printf("M", a[k]);
}
/end for circle.

}//end work

void main()

{

int a[1000], n,i;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n Enter a whole number an incentive for complete no.s of components to be sorted:");
scanf("M", &a[i]);
}
insertion(a,n);
printf("\n\n\n Finally arranged Array is:");
for(i=0;i<=n-1;i++)
printf("M",a[i]);
}//end program

Output:

Enter a whole number an incentive for component no. 3: 80

Enter a number an incentive for component no. 4: 45

Enter a whole number an incentive for component no. 5: 35

Enter a number an incentive for component no. 6: 88

The Array after pass no. 1: 3 6 80 45 35 88

The Array after pass no. 2: 3 6 80 45 35 88

The Array after pass no. 3: 3 6 45 80 35 88

The Array after pass no. 4: 3 6 35 45 80 88

The Array after pass no. 5: 3 6 35 45 80 88

At last arranged Array is: 3 6 35 45 80 88

One-dimensional array-insertion,deletion,merging:

2020-01-05T15:44:00.001+05:30

An Array is a data structure that store collection of elements. These elements should be same data type such as integer. Elements can be inserted and remove from the array. Arrays can be merged i.e. two arrays can be add and form a single array.
Insertion into an Array:

An Array develops as elements are inserted into it. The Insertion procedure should take care that the allocated size of Array is kept up. At the point when the quantity of components in an array is equivalent to the underlying announcement, we ought not embed further elements into the Array. This may prompt run time blunders.

Elements could be inserted either at the end of the array or at any client defined position. Inserting the element toward the end of the current Array is basic however to embed a component at a client characterized position calls for minimal more endeavors. From the situation as far as possible; the element must be pushed-down while including a element toward the finish of array. The accompanying project shows Insertion into a Array.

Program: Insertion into an Array.
#include<stdio.h<
int array[15]={0;/Array is introduced to zeros.
int arraypos=0;
void insert_at_end(int component)
{
if(arraypos<=14)
{
array[arraypos]=element;
arraypos+=1;
}
else
printf("Array full!!!");
}
void insert_at(int component, int position)
int i;
if(arraypos<=position)
printf("Position invalid !!!");
/Array size isn't as large as the position.
else
{
if(arraypos<=14)
{
for(i=arraypos+1;i>position;i- - )
array[i]=array[i-1];
array[position]=element;
arraypos+=1;
}
else
printf("Array full !!!");
}}
void main(void)
{
int I, component, position;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("enter component to insert:");
scanf("%d", &element);
insert_at_end(element);
}
printf("enter position to embed at:");
scanf("%d", &position);
printf("enter the component to insert:");
scanf("%d", &element);
insert_at(element, position);
for(i=0;i<10; i++)
printf("%d\n", array[i]);
}
Remove from an Array:

An array is a storage of many elements.Elements may be erased from array. At the point when a component in a Array is erased, (if, it isn't being the last component) it is required to be revised so no gaps are available in it and array size must be stamped as needs be.

Program: The remove from an Array.
#include<stdio.h>
int array[15]={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
int array_size=10;//exhibit is instated to 0.
void remove_at (int position)
{
int i;
for(i=position; i<array_size-1;i++)
array[i]=array[i+1];//erases the component at that position
array[array_size-1]=0;
array_size=array_size-1;//diminishes the exhibit size by 1
}
void delete_first(int component)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<array_size;i++)
if(array[i]==element)
{
remove_at(i);
i=array_size;
}
}
void delete_all(int component)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<array_size;i++)
if(array[i]==element)
remove_at(i);/erases each event of the component
}
void main(void)
{
int component, i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the component to erase (just first occurrence):");
scanf("%d", &element);
delete_all(element);
for(i=0;i<15;i++)
printf("%d\n", exhibit [i]);
}
Merging of Two Arrays:

Merging means adding two different arrays into one single Array with the elements in an arranged request. The array to be arranged in rising request for comfort. On the off chance that the arrays are not in arranged request, it is require arranging the Arrays first before combining them.

Program: Program to converging of two arrays.
#include<stdio.h>
int array[5]={3,6,8,10,11};
int array2[5]={1,2,6,15,25};
int res_array[10]={0};
void main()
{
int al_size=0,a2_size=0, res_size=0;

while(a1_size<5 && a2_size<5)
{
if(array[a1_size]<array2[a2_size])
{
res_array[res_size]=array[a1_size];
a1_size+=1;
res_size+=1;
}
else if(array[a1_size]>array2[a2_size])
{
res_array[res_size]=array2[a2_size];
a2_size+=1;
res_size+=1;
}
else
res_array[res_size]=array2[a2_size];
a2_size+=1;
res_size+=1;
res_array[res_size]=array[a1_size];
a1_size+=1;
res_size+=1;
}}
while(a1_size<5)
{
res_array[res_size]=array[a1_size];
a1_size+=1;
res_size+=1;
}
while(a2_size<5)
{
res_array[res_size]=array2[a2_size];
a2_size+=1;
res_size+=1;
}
}
void main(void)
{
int i;
clrscr();
combine();
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
printf("\n%d", res_array[i]);
}

One-dimensional array-Traversal,Searching:

2020-01-02T16:24:00.000+05:30

There are primarily six basic operations that can be performed on an array.
1. Traversal: Accessing each and every element of an array.
2. Search: Finding the subscript of a given value in the array, if it exists.
3. Insertion: Adding a new element into the array.
4. Deletion: Removing an existing element from the array.
5. Merging: Combining two arrays into a single array.
6. Sorting Arrays: Sorting is used to arrange element in increasing and decreasing order.

1. Array Traversal:
It can be done both sequential and random manner. This is because of the linear storage of arrays in memory. The only constraint here is that the subscript of the array should be within bounds of the array size.

For example: a[10] when the size of the array is 5, can lead to undefined behavior of the program. The array subscripts should be between 0 and the size of array -1.

2. Searching in an Array:
The process of finding out the presence of a given key in an array is called searching. The search is successful if the key is found and the location of the key is returned back.

Searching methods are designed to optimize the search for a particular record or to establish its absence. The searching method chosen can make a substantial difference to an application's performance.

There are lots of searching techniques available and some frequently-used searches in algorithm are:
1. Linear Search/Sequential Search: In linear search, we access each element of an array one by one sequentially and see whether it is desired element or not. A search will be unsuccessful if all the elements are accessed and desired element is not found and successful if desired element is found.

Program: Program to search an element using sequential search.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int array[10], n, i, item, flag=-1;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the arrray element=");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
scanf("%d", &array[i]);
}
printf("\n Enter the searching element=");
scanf("%d", &item);
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
if(item==array[i])
{
flag=i;
break;
}
}
if(flag>=0)
printf("\n %d is found at the position %d", item, flag+1);
else
printf("\n item does not found");
getch();
}
Output:
Enter the array element =10
12
11
16
14
15
17
18
13
20
Enter the searching element =20
20 is found at the position 10

2. Binary Search: Another relatively simple method of accessing an array is the binary search method. The entries in the array are stored in alphabetically or numerically increasing order.
Binary search requires sorted data to operate on. In this method, search begins by examining the records in the middle of file rather than the one of the ends as in sequential search.

Program: To search an element using binary search.
#include<stdio.h>
#define TRUE 0
#define FALSE 1
int main(void)
{
int array[10]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};
int left=0;
int right=10;
int middle=0;
int number=0;
int bsearch=FALSE;
int i=0;
clrscr();
printf(" ARRAY:");
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
printf("[%d]", i);
printf("\n Search for number:");
scanf("%d",&number);
while(bsearch==FALSE && left<=right)
{
middle=(left+right)/2;
if(number==array[middle])
{
bsearch=TRUE;
printf("** Number Found**\n");
}
else
{
if(number<array[middle]) right=middle-1;
if(number>array[middle]) left=middle+1;
}
}
if(bsearch==FALSE)
printf("--Number not found---\n);
getch();
}
ARRAY: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
Search for number: 5
** Number Found**

Declaration & Initialization of One Dimensional Array:

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Array:

Consider the following code that instates while announcing exhibit:

1. int codes[10]= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};
2. int codes[10]={1,2};
3. int codes[10];

Explanation:

* In the principal explanation, codes Array is a whole number exhibit of ten components, which has 10 components instated with values running from 1 to 10.

* In the subsequent explanation, the initial two of the codes Array are set to 1 and 2, and the rest 8 qualities are left clear. The last proclamation doesn't introduce anything. On the off chance that you don't instate the exhibit, at that point it will be loaded with garbage/trash things.

* In the third explanation, all the estimations of the codes Array are instated to 0.

Rules for Declaring one dimensional array:
1. An array variable should be declared before being used in a program.
2. The declaration must have a data type like int, char, double, char etc.
3. The subscript represents the size of the array, if the size is declared as 20, programmers can store 20 elements.

4. An array index always starts with 0. Example: if an array variable is declared as a[20], then it ranges from 0 to 19.

Program: To proclaim a variety of characters.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
roast name[4];/* announce a variety of characters */

name[0]='D';
name[1]='a';
name[2]='v';
name[3]='e';
clrscr();
printf("The name is %s\n", name);
printf("Third letter is : %c \n", name[2]);
printf("Part of the name is %s\n", name[1]);
getch();
}

Explanation: The main thing new is the line that characterized a "scorch" kind of information element. The square sections characterize an exhibit subscript in C, and on account of the information definition articulation, the 4 in the sections characterizes 4 information fields of type "singe" all characterized as the variable "name".

In the C language, all subscripts start at 0 and increment by 1 each progression up to the most extreme which right now 3. We, subsequently, have 4 "burn" type factors named, "name[0]", "name[1]", "name[2]", and "name[3]". In C, the subscripts really go from 0 to one not exactly the number characterized in the definition articulation.

In-statement Using a Loop:

A circle can be utilized to instate when the Array pronounced is extremely long or when the exhibit components have a rationale related with the Array file.

For instance, assume we need to plot the slope work which is given by f(x)=x. Right now, will utilize a circle to instate the exhibit. The code piece tells the best way to instate an exhibit for the incline work.

int myRamp[100];
int i;
for(i=0; i<100; i++)
{
myRamp[i]=i;
}

Program: To introduce a Array.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i[4]={1,2,3,4},j;
clrscr();
printf("The components in Array after introduction");
for(j=0;j<=4;j++)
{
i[j]=j;
printf("\n i[%d]=%d",j,i[j]);
}
getch();
}
Output:
The components in Array after introduction

i[0]=0
i[1]=1
i[2]=2
i[3]=3
i[4]=4

Program: To take contribution from the client by utilizing Loop.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()

{

int i[4]; int j;
clrscr();
printf(" Press enter key after each number");
for(j=0; j<=4; j++)
{
scanf("%d", &i[j]);
}
printf("The components in Array after introduction");
for(j=0;j<=4;j++)
{
printf("\n i[%d]=%d",j,i[j]);
}
getch();
}

Output:

Press enter key after each number 1

2
3
4
5

The components in Array after introduction

i[0]=1
i[1]=2
i[2]=3
i[3]=4
i[4]=5

Constants and Keywords in C Language:

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Kinds of C Constants:

C constants can be isolated into two significant classes:

1. Primary Constants
2. Secondary Constants

These constants are additionally sorted as follows:

1. Primary Constants

i. Integer constants
ii. Real constants
iii. Character Constant

2. Secondary Constants

i. Array
ii. Pointer
iii. Structure
iv. Union
v. Enum. and so on.

Rules for Constructing Integer Constants:
a. A Integer steady should have in any event one digit.
b. It must not have a decimal point
c. It tends to be either positive or negative
d. On the off chance that no sign goes before a number Constant, it is thought to be sure.
e. No commas or spaces are permitted withing a Integer steady.
f. The suitable range for number constants is - 32768 to 32767.

Rules for Constructing Real Constants:
Real constants are regularly called Floating point constants. The Real constants could be written in two structures Fractional structure and Exponential structure.

Keeping rules must be watched while developing Real constants communicated in fragmentary structure:

a. A Real steady should have at any rate one digit.
b. It must have a decimal point.
c. It could be either positive or negative.
d. Default sign is sure.
e. No commas or spaces are permitted inside a Real Constant.

Rules for Constructing Character Constants:
a. A character Constant is a solitary letter set, a solitary digit or a solitary exceptional image encased inside single upset commas. Both the rearranged commas should highlight the left, For instance, 'A' will be a substantial character steady though 'An' isn't.

b. The greatest length of a character steady can be 1 character.
Model:

'A'
'I'
'5'
'='
C Keywords:

Keywords are the words whose importance has just been disclosed to the C compiler.

The Keywords can't be utilized as factor names supposing that we do as such, we are attempting to allot another significance to the catch phrase, which isn't permitted by the PC. Some C compilers permit you to build variable names that precisely look like the watchwords. Be that as it may, it would be more secure not to stir up the variable names and the keywords. The watchwords are likewise called 'Held words'.

There are just 32 Keywords accessible in C.

auto double int struct

break else long switch

case enum register typedef

char extern return union

const float short unsigned

continue for signed void

default goto sizeof volatile

do if static while

Program: C program for addition of two numbers.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a=25, b=15, c;
c=a+b;
printf("%d", c);
getch();
}
Output: 40.

Secondary Constant:

Array:
C language provides a ability that allow the user to design a group of similar data types called array. An array can hold many elements of similar data types. These elements may be ints, floats, chars etc. An array of many characters is also called a string. There may be an array of pointers like array of ints. Pointer variable contains address, array of pointers is a collection of addresses.

Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int marks[40]; /* array declaration*/
.
.
.
}
Structures:
A structure is a user defined data type. A structure is a combination of many different already defined data types.
A structure is a collection of variables. It is also known as group of related data.

Syntax:
struct structure_name
{
member1;
member2;

};

Array in C Programming:

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For storing a single data item programmers uses variables; but in many application, developers need to store a lot of information, hence for putting away enormous measure of information, so for putting away huge measure of information C gives the ideas of Array.

Array means collection, An array is utilized to store components of a similar sort. It is an extremely famous and valuable information structure and store information components in touching areas.

Definition:

* Array is a straight and homogeneous information structure. Homogeneous implies that similar kinds of components are put away in it.

Or on the other hand

A cluster is a homogeneous, fixed-size sequenced assortment of components of similar information type which are distributed adjoiningly in the memory.

* It can be joined with a non-homogeneous structure and a mind boggling information structure can be made.

* Array of any standard or custom information type can be pronounced. The variety of character type works to some degree uniquely in contrast to the variety of int, skim, and so forth.

For instance, when we proclaimed a variable,

int x;

The variable x is proclaimed and a memory area of two bytes is dispensed to it.

* It is just a gathering of comparative information type. In its most straightforward structure, a cluster can be utilized to speak to a rundown of numbers, or a rundown of names.

* A cluster is an assortment of same kind components that are alluded by a typical name. It is additionally called a subscripted variable as the components of an exhibit are utilized by the name of a cluster and a file or subscript.

* First component in exhibit is ordered as 0 and last component is one not exactly the size of cluster. For instance, on the off chance that size of cluster is 5, at that point the main record number will be 0 and the last file number will be (5-1)=4.

Program 1:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int num[4]={1,2,3,4};
clrscr();
printf("\n estimation of firstIndexnumberatnum[0]=% d and Address;% u", and num[0]);

printf("\n estimation of secondIndexnumberatnum[1]=% d and Address:%u", num[1], and num[1]);
getch();
}

Program 2: To show that the upper bound of a cluster can be extended.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int i[4]={1,2,3,4};
i[5]=5;
clrscr();
printf("Value of the extended list i[5]=%d", i[5]);
getch();
}

Output:

Estimation of the extended list i[5]=5

Clarification: In the above program cluster i[4] is announced with the exhibit size 4 and it is instated with 4 components and next component is likewise introduced and shown. Subsequently, we can say that the upper bound of an exhibit can be extended.

* Array name itself is a pointer.

* All the components of an exhibit share a similar name, and they are unique in relation to each other with the assistance of the component number.

* Amount of memory required for an exhibit relies on the information type and the quantity of components.

All out bytes=size of (information type)*size of cluster

* Once an exhibit is made, we can't expel or embed memory areas. A component can be erased or supplanted however the memory area stays all things considered.

* Once an exhibit is announced and not instated, it contains trash esteems.

* If we pronounced a cluster as a static (predefined watchword) at that point all the components are instated to zero.

Cluster Terminology:

1. Size: Number of components or the cluster's ability to store components signifies the size, which is constantly referenced in the square section ([]).

2. Type: It alludes to information type. It chooses which sort of component is put away in the cluster. It likewise trains the compiler to save memory as indicated by information type. It very well may be int, glide, twofold, roast and so on.

3. Base: The location of the main component (0th) component is a base location.

4. Record: The cluster name is utilized to allude to the exhibit component.

5. Range: The record of a cluster. i.e., the estimation of x changes from the lower bound to the upper bound while composing or perusing components from an exhibit.

6. Word: This demonstrates the space required for a component. In every memory area, a PC can store an information piece. The space involved fluctuates from machine to machine. In the event that the size of the component is more than memory area gave, at that point it possesses two progressive memory areas. The different information types, for example, whole number, glide, long, and so on., needs more than one byte in memory.

Statements (Return, Exit, Break,Continue,Jump):

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There are some control statements, which terminate either a loop or a function.

There are four such Statement,
1. Return Statement:
The statement is written as
return expression;
Where, the expression is optional.

The arrival makes a worth be come back from the present capacity to its guest. In the event that the articulation is missing, at that point an obscure worth is passed back to the guest this is more likely than not a mix-up except if the capacity brings void back.

For instance, think about the accompanying code:
int c;
while ((c=getchar() )=='\'||c=='\n'||c==' ')
;/*empty statement*/
return (c);
}

The above model uses a typical elaborate show and places the articulation into enclosures, which has no at all. On account of fundamental there was no sort characterized and thus the default return type is int.

2. Return Statement:
exit() is utilized to leave the program in general. At the end of the day it returns control to the working framework.
The general type of leave explanation is:
exit(int status)
After exit() all memory and brief stockpiling zones are totally flushed-out and control leaves program.
3. Break Statement:

This is a basic proclamation. It possibly bodes well in the event that it happens in the body of a switch, do, while or for explanation. At the point when it is executed the control of stream hops to the announcement promptly following the body of the announcement containing the break. Its utilization is across the board in switch proclamations, where it is pretty much fundamental to gain the power that the vast majority need.

Program: Break statement.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
printf("checking the working of break statement\n");
printf("if the break statement experienced");
for(i=0; i<100; i++)
{
if(getchar()=='s')
break;
printf("%d\n",i);
}
exit(0);
getch();
}

Clarification: It peruses a solitary character from the program's contribution before printing the following in a succession of numbers. On the off chance that a 's' is composed, the break causes and exit from the circle.

4. Proceed with Statement:

This announcement has just a predetermined number of employments. The principles for its utilization are equivalent to for break, with the special case that it doesn't have any significant bearing to switch proclamations.

On the off chance that the body of the for circle is enormous, at that point the proceed with explanation is utilized to prompt an additional degree of space and improve comprehensibility. In the code additionally proceed is utilized for a similar reason.

5. Hop Statement:
It is utilized to modify the ordinary grouping of program execution by moving control to some piece of the program. The general linguistic structure of the goto articulation is, goto L1;
/*whatever you like here*/ L1:/* anything else*/

A mark is an identifier followed by a colon. Names have their own name space so they can't conflict with the names of factors or capacities. The name space just exists for the capacity containing the name, so mark names can be re-utilized in various capacities. The mark can be utilized before it is proclaimed, as well, just by referencing it in a goto explanation.

Decision making statement(If and Switch statement):

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Program: Add two numbers, values enter at run time:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

/*main program began structure here*/
void main()

{

int n1, n2, sum;

clrscr();

printf("Enter the two numbers ");

scanf("%d %d", &n1, &n2);

sum=n1+n2;

printf("Addition of %d and %d is %d\n", n1,n2,sum);

getch();

}

Output:
Enter the two number qualities to be included 10

10
Expansion of 10 and 10 is 20.
Clarification:
Coming up next is the bit by bit program portrayal:

1. The lines between the/*.................*/are remarks which are composed for the software engineer they are not assembled.

2. C program begins with #include<stdio.h>: this line incorporates the "Standard I/O Library" into the program. The standard I/O library lets to peruse contribution from the console called "standard in", compose yield to the screen called "standard out", process content documents put away on the circle, etc. It is an incredibly valuable library. C has an enormous number of standard libraries like conio, string, time and math libraries.

3. The line void primary() pronounces the principle work. Each C program must have a capacity named primary some place in the code. At run time, program execution begins at the primary line of the principle work.

4. In C, the '{' and '}' images mark the start and end of a square of code.

5. The variable instatement is done in the configuration information type var_name like int n1 where int is information type and n1 is variable name.

6. 'scanf()' takes the contribution from the end client.

7. The printf() explanation in C permits to send output on the brief.

C has different types of statements that license the execution of a solitary articulation, or a square of explanations, in light of the assessment of a test articulation or grant the choice of the announcement to be executed among a few explanations dependent on the estimation of an articulation or a control variable.

Contingent stretching and determination articulations incorporate develops like:

1. If Statement
2. Switch

1. If Statement:
The general sentence structure of then if proclamation is given underneath.
Sentence structure:
on the off chance that (articulation)
{
Expression;
}

Program : To check the number as even or odd utilizing if-else proclamation.

#include<stdio.h>

void main()
{
int n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter any number");
scanf("%d"' &n);
if(n%2==0)
printf("%d number is even number",n);
else
printf("%d is an odd number",n);
getch();
}
Output:
Enter any number 10
10 number is much number

2. Switch Statement:

C has a built-in multiple-branch selection statement, called switch, which progressively tests the estimation of an articulation against a rundown of number or character constants. At the point when a match is discovered, the announcements related with that consistent are executed until break or end of switch is experienced.

Break proclamation interferes with the typical progression of control and afterward moves as far as possible of the code or continues to the ordinary execution. This is another type of the multi-way choice.

The default explanation is executed if no matches are found. The default is discretionary, and on the off chance that it not present, no activity happens if all matches come up short.

Syntax:
switch(expression)

{
case constant1:

statement sequence

break;

case constant2:

statement sequence

break;

case constant3:

statement sequence

break;

default

statement sequence

}

What is C Language?(elements of C, features, data types):

2019-11-25T19:37:00.000+05:30

* C language has been structured and created by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories in 1972.

* Why it was named C. The C language is so named on the grounds that its antecedent was called B. The B language was created by Ken Thomson of Bell Labs.
* C runs under various working frameworks including MS DOS. C programs are proficient, quick and profoundly compact, i.e., C programs composed on one PC can be run on another with next to zero change.
* It gives circle builds like while, do-while and for.

Essential Features of C:

1. Adaptability:
To offer access to any degree of the PC down to crude machine language, be that as it may, C was planned and along these lines, it is maybe the most adaptable elevated level language.

2. Intelligently composed Code:
To sort out projects in a reasonable, simple, legitimate way, C has highlights that permit the software engineer.
3. Comprehensibility and Simplicity:
It allows the formation of clean and minimal projects. C is additionally brief. This component can be a blended gift, in any case, and the C software engineer must adjust comprehensibility and straightforwardness.
4. Productive Resource Handling:
With C, software engineer can utilize each asset of the PC it offers. C attempts to interface intimately with the neighborhood condition, giving offices to accessing basic peripherals like printers and circle drives.
5. Significant Level Constructs:
C offered compact, productive and less grammatical develops.
6. Productive Programs:
The projects are productive and compact enough for even framework coding.
7. Convertibility:
Following are the steps used in C programming language.

1. Character set
2. C Tokens
3. Statement
4. Program

1. Character Set:
The C character incorporates letters in order of both upper and lower case letters. The C character set is given underneath:

Nature Symbols
Letters in order A-Z, a-z
Numbers 0-9
Number juggling +-*/%=?
Sensible !><| and
Enclosures ()[]{}
Accentuation :;.,
Uncommon +'"#\^~(blank)

2. C Tokens:
By and large content, a word and accentuation marks are called tokens. In C program, the littlest individual units are known as token.
1. Catchphrases: Following watchwords accessible in C:

auto break case singe

constant extern default do

typeof old else enum

glide for goto if

int long register return

short marked sizeof static

struct switch typeof association

unsigned void unstable while

2. Identifier: An identifier is an arrangement of characters that speaks to an element, for example, a capacity or an information object.
3. Constants: Constants is a worth that can be put away in the memory and can't be changed during execution of the program.

Kinds of constants:
Constants:
a. Numeric constants

I. Number constants
ii. Genuine constants

b. Character constants

I. Single character constants
ii. String constants

4. Strings: A string is a succession of characters. Strings are put away in memory as ASCII codes of characters that make-up the string annexed with '\0' (ASCII estimation of invalid). Ordinarily each character is put away in one byte, progressive characters are put away in progressive bytes.

5. Factors: Variable is a named area in memory, i.e., used to hold a worth that can be changed by the program. These factors can take various qualities however each in turn. The estimations of factors can be changed during execution. All the factors ought to be announced before they can be utilized.

Variable names might be comprises of capitalized character, lowercase character and underscore.
6. Administrator: An administrator is an image that advises the processor to play out certain numerical or consistent controls.

Administrators are utilized in projects to control information and factors. The information itself is called 'operand'.

Administrators subsequently work on operands. C is amazingly wealthy in administrators. It has around 45 distinct administrators. They as a rule structure a piece of numerical or coherent arrangement called articulations.

Kinds of administrators:
Contingent upon the capacities played out, the C administrators can be characterized into various classifications.

They include:
1. Number juggling administrators
2. Sensible administrators
3. Unary administrators
4. Social administrators
5. Task administrators
6. Restrictive administrators
7. Bitwise administrators.

1. Number juggling Operators: These administrators for the most part incorporate number-crunching operands.

expansion +
subtraction -
increase *
division/
modulus %

2. Social Operators: The operands for social administrators are factors, constants or articulations.

equivalent to =
not equivalent to !=
more prominent than >
not exactly <
not exactly equivalent to <=
more prominent than equivalent to >=

3. Intelligent Operators: By utilizing a sensible administrator an articulation assesses to either evident or bogus.

intelligent and &&
intelligent or ||
intelligent not !

4. Task Operators: Assignment administrator accepts the structure as, variable=expression.
The essential task administrator is =.

5. Unary Operator: An unary administrator is an administrator that requires just a single operand. For instance, ++, the augmentation administrator, - , the decrements administrator and '!' sensible negator.

6. Contingent Operator: A ternary administrator pair '?:' is accessible in C to build restrictive articulations of the structure
exp1?exp2:exp3.

7. Bitwise Operators: C has a qualification of supporting exceptional administrators known as bitwise administrators for control of information at bit level. These administrators are utilized for testing the bits, or moving them right or left.

bitwise and
bitwise OR |
bitwise elite OR ^
move left <<
shfit right >>

3. Information Types:
An information type is a translation applied to a series of bits.

Information type is characterized as a limited arrangement of qualities alongside very much characterized set of decides for activities that can be performed on these qualities.

Types of Data Types:
There are four crucial information types in C, which are as per the following:

1. int: It is utilized to store the whole number worth.
2. Char: It is utilized to store any single character
3. Float: It is utilized for putting away decimal numbers.
4. Double: It is utilized for putting away long scope of decimal numbers.

FORTRAN Language:

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FORTRAN: One of the oldest programming languages, the FORTRAN were created by a group of software engineers at IBM drove by John Backus, and was first distributed in 1957. The name FORTRAN is an abbreviation for Formula Translation, since it was intended to permit simple interpretation of math equations into code.

Frequently alluded to as a logical language, FORTRAN was the primary significant level language, utilizing the main compiler at any point created. Preceding the improvement of FORTRAN software engineers were required to program in machine/get together code, which was an incredibly troublesome and tedious assignment, also the appalling errand of investigating the code.

The goal during its plan was to make a programming language that would be: easy to learn, reasonable for a wide assortment of utilization, machine autonomous, and would permit complex scientific articulations to be expressed comparably to ordinary arithmetical documentation. While as yet being nearly as productive in execution as low level computing construct. Since FORTRAN was such a great amount of simpler to code, software engineers had the option to compose programs 500% quicker than previously, while execution effectiveness was just decreased by 20%, this permitted them to concentrate more on the critical thinking parts of an issue, and less on coding.

FORTRAN was so creative not just on the grounds that it was the main elevated level language, yet additionally due to it's compiler, which is attributed as offering ascend to the part of software engineering presently known as compiler hypothesis. Quite a while after it's discharge FORTRAN had created a wide range of lingos, (because of exceptional tweaking by developers attempting to improve it suit their own needs) making it extremely hard to move programs starting with one machine then onto the next.

These issues lead the American Standards Association (presently known as the American National Standards Association) to discharge it's first Standard for a Programming Language 1966. This originally institutionalized rendition has come to be known as FORTRAN '66 (otherwise known as.. FORTRAN IV).

FORTRAN, in full Formula Translation, PC programming language made in 1957 by John Backus that abbreviated the way toward programming and made PC programming progressively open.

The formation of FORTRAN, which appeared in 1957, denoted a critical stage in the improvement of PC programming languages. Past writing computer programs was written in machine (original) language or get together (second-age) language, which required the software engineer to compose directions in paired or hexadecimal math.

FORTRAN empowered the fast composition of PC programs that ran about as effectively as projects that had been difficultly hand coded in machine language. As PCs were uncommon and amazingly costly, wasteful projects were a more prominent monetary issue than the protracted and meticulous advancement of machine-language programs. With the formation of a proficient more elevated level (or regular) language, otherwise called a third-age language, PC programming moved past a little cadre to incorporate architects and researchers, who were instrumental in extending the utilization of PCs.

It was refreshed various occasions during the 1950s and 1960s so as to stay serious with increasingly contemporary programming languages. FORTRAN 77 was discharged in 1978, trailed by FORTRAN 90 out of 1991 and further updates in 1996 and 2004. Be that as it may, fourth-and fifth-age languages to a great extent displaced FORTRAN outside scholarly circles starting during the 1970s.