Sam Zone

Horse Power D 'Definition'

noreply@blogger.com (Samarendu Tiwari) — Mon, 11 Jul 2011 17:36:00 +0000

Horsepower is defined as work done over time. The exact definition of one horsepower is 33,000 lb.ft./minute. Put another way, if you were to lift 33,000 pounds one foot over a period of one minute, you would have been working at the rate of one horsepower. In this case, you'd have expended one horsepower-minute of energy.

Even more interesting is how the definition came to be. It was originated by James Watt, (1736-1819) the inventor of the steam engine and the man whose name has been immortalized by the definition of Watt as a unit of power. The next time you complain about the landlord using only 20 watt light bulbs in the hall, you are honoring the same man.To help sell his steam engines, Watt needed a way of rating their capabilities. The engines were replacing horses, the usual source of industrial power of the day. The typical horse, attached to a mill that grinded corn or cut wood, walked a 24 foot diameter (about 75.4 feet circumference) circle. Watt calculated that the horse pulled with a force of 180 pounds, although how he came up with the figure is not known. Watt observed that a horse typically made 144 trips around the circle in an hour, or about 2.4 per minute. This meant that the horse traveled at a speed of 180.96 feet per minute. Watt rounded off the speed to 181 feet per minute and multiplied that by the 180 pounds of force the horse pulled (181 x 180) and came up with 32,580 ft.-lbs./minute. That was rounded off to 33,000 ft.-lbs./minute, the figure we use today.
Put into perspective, a healthy human can sustain about 0.1 horsepower. Most observers familiar with horses and their capabilities estimate that Watt was a bit optimistic; few horses could maintain that effort for long.

Firefox Beta 4 comes with Panorama

noreply@blogger.com (Samarendu Tiwari) — Mon, 27 Sep 2010 08:27:00 +0000

As a matter of fact, the new version of Firefox beta is a great piece of work. It is due to the Panorama feature. One can say that it has become the top browser.It should be said that Panorama is considered to be one of the best features. With the help of it one can group tabs into various sets, also it is possible to use tabs in a specific set. As a result, it is easy enough to find the necessary tab and you will not have to hunt through 20 open ones. One should admit that it is the best enhancer in terms of productivity. Apart from Panorama one can name Firefox Sync that is considered to be useful. It is responsible for synchronizing all passwords, bookmarks. It is also possible to open tabs as well as browse history.

Moreover, Beta 4 comes with different features that were earlier introduced in Firefox 4, i.e. an improved add-ons manager, speedier browsing as well as Chrome-like interface. One can say that Firefox 4 is the best browser nowadays

Rotary Engine mechanism in simple animation

noreply@blogger.com (Samarendu Tiwari) — Thu, 02 Sep 2010 04:35:00 +0000

The rotary engine is very powerful for its size. It uses a rotor instead of pistons. It is an internal combustion engine so it uses the five events: Intake, Compression, Ignition,Power,Exhaust.

The rotary engine is composed of a cocoon-shaped housing and a triangular-shaped rotor inside of it. The space between the rotor and the housing wall provides the chamber for internal combustion and the pressure of expanding gases serves to turn the rotor.In order to make the rotary engine work as an internal combustion engine, the four processes of intake, compression, combustion and exhaust had to be performed in succession in the working chamber. Suppose that the triangular shaped rotor were concentrically placed inside a true circular housing. In this case, the working chamber would not vary in volume as the rotor turned inside the housing. Even if the fuel-air mixture were ignited there, the expansion pressure of combustion gas would merely work toward the center of the rotor and would not result in rotation. That was why the inner periphery of the housing was contoured as a trochoid-shape and assembled with the rotor installed on an eccentric shaft.

The working chamber changes in volume twice per revolution, thus the four processes of the internal combustion engine could be achieved. With the Wankel-type rotary engine, the rotor’s apices follow the oval contour of the inner periphery of the engine casing while remaining in contact with the gear on the output shaft which is also in eccentric orbit around the center point of the engine casing. A phase gear mechanism dictates the orbit of the triangular rotor. The phase gear consists of an inner-toothed gear ring fixed on the inside of the rotor and an outer-toothed gear fixed on an eccentric shaft. If the rotor gear were to have 30 teeth inside it, the shaft gear would have 20 teeth on its perimeter so the gear ratio is 3:2. Due to this gear ratio, the rate of turning speed between the rotor and the shaft is defined as 1:3. The rotor has a longer rotation period than the eccentric shaft. The rotor rotates one turn while the eccentric shaft rotates three turns. With the engine running at 3000rpm, the rotor will run at a mere 1000rpm.

Epic Browser(First browser from INDIA and first browser with Antivirus)

noreply@blogger.com (Samarendu Tiwari) — Thu, 15 Jul 2010 11:04:00 +0000

Epic browser has been developed by a Bangalore based firm named Hidden Reflex. Epic browser is based on Mozilla and it is free to download. The biggest advantage of this browser is that it supports twelve different Indian languages including Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Kannada, Telugu, Bengali, Tamil, Malayalam, Urdu and Punjabi.

The makers of browser claim that it is the first Internet browser with antivirus. It scans your downloads automatically. User can also manually scan his or her computer with the browser. It will provide warning if the user access any website containing malwares.
The browser has more than 1500 themes based on India and Indian wallpapers. It has faster download speed and browsing capability and does not store users’ browsing data that could be later accessed by others. It also provides anti-Phishing protection which means users can safely access their bank accounts sitting at their homes. It ensures one-click private data deletion. The browser also offers one-click private browsing.
Epic browser also has an integrated Flash cookie deletion system. It has a sidebar which user can edit according to his need. With the sidebar he can access news, videos and pictures.

Download Here-

Adventure in Shimla

noreply@blogger.com (Samarendu Tiwari) — Fri, 03 Apr 2009 08:19:00 +0000

Shimla is one of the most popular hill stations of India. It is located at an altitude of 2,159 m in the lower Himalayan range. It is nearly 104 kms away from Chandigarh. With its charm and beauty, Shimla has been casting spell on its visitors. Here, you can savor the cool breeze throughout the year. Its lush green forests of pine, cedar, and oak are very fascinating. Tourism in Shimla is on its peak. Every year, it has been drawing more and more crowds. There is a plethora of tourist attraction places in Shimla like Annandale playground, Chadwick Falls, Tara Devi Temple, Christ Church (St. Michael's Cathedral), Jakhu Temple, Mahatma Gandhi's Retreat & Shimla State Museum etc.

What You Should See In Shimla?

As a great tourist attraction Shimla has a lot to offer in terms f natural beauty and historic monuments. Some of the must-see in Shimla are briefly described below:

The Jaku Hill - this is situated just two kilometers outside Shimla. This is the highest peak in Shimla at 8000 feet. On the top you will find a beautiful Hanuman temple which hosts a great number of monkeys who are perpetually waiting to be fed.
The Annadale -this is one of the most favorite picnic spots in Shimla. Situated at an enviable height of 6117 feet above sea level, it offers a breathtaking panorama for those who dare to reach at the top.

Kufri - Just 16 kilometers from Shimla this is the best spot to learn skiing in winter (January and February). High above the sea leave at 8.600 km height, this place is an ideal picnic spot as well as sports hub.
The Mall - this is a must-stop for all those who want to take home some souvenirs for their friends and family at home. You will find here a kaleidoscope of shops, restaurants, bars, clubs, etc. There are two exclusive points for meetings i.e. where youngsters just hang out these two places are, The Ridge and The Scandal points.

The Christ Church - this is renowned as he second oldest Church in North India. The Church has stood stoically against the ravages of time and nature and still stands in it full majesty promoting the story of Christ and His eternal love through the exquisite glass paintings. This is definitely a must-see when in Shimla.
Museums - there is a distinguished museum â€“ the Shimla State Museum â€“ which have managed to show case the best possible face of this wonderful town. You will find a surprising number of miniature Pahari paintings, jewelry, bronze or wood carvings seem to come alive in this museum.

The Summer Hill - you will find this Summer Hill at a distance of about 5 km from the Ridge, at a height of 6,500 ft above the sea level, right on the Shimla-Kalka railway line. This is the place where Mahatma Gandhi took rest whenever he was this side. He always advised, eat for yourself, and dress for others.

Apart from a promenade along the Mall and the walk to Jakhu Temple, there are many pleasant walks around Shimla. Summer Hill (2,103 m), about 5km along the Shimla-Kalka railway line, makes a good walk. The Holme is the pretty villa of one of our most loved artists, Amrita Sher-Gil (1913-41). Gifted to her by her parents, the house is where Amrita painted her beautiful pictures when in the country. The Holme now serves as a cozy heritage hotel. Summer Hill is also famous because Mahatma Gandhi once stayed at the Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur mansion here. Chadwick Falls, which are about 67m high, are only worth visiting during or just after the monsoon between July and October. The falls are 7km from Shimla and can be reached via Summer Hill. Prospect Hill (2,176 m) is about 5km west of Shimla and a 15-minute climb from Boileauganj. The hill is a popular picnic spot with fine views over the surrounding country. The Kamna Devi Temple is nearby.
Tara Devi Temple, about 10km from Shimla, is dedicated to the Goddess of stars. Located atop a hill, it is near another temple which is dedicated to Lord Shiva. About 2km up a path from Tara Devi station on the Shimla-Kalka railway line, it offers fine views. Wildflower Hall, at Chharabra, is a 13km trek from Shimla. It used to be the residence of the British Commander-in-Chief Lord Kitchener. Later the HPTDC (Himachal Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation) turned it into a hotel, but the building was seriously damaged by a fire in 1994.

Kanya Kumari ("Youthful Virgin")

noreply@blogger.com (Samarendu Tiwari) — Mon, 16 Mar 2009 12:51:00 +0000

Situated on Cape Comorin, the southern tip of India, Kanyakumari is a tourist and pilgrimage centre named for the goddess Kanya Kumari ("Youthful Virgin"), whose love for Shiva was never consummated. The tsunami of Dec 2004 claimed over a thousand human lives in this district. On a rocky island just off the coast is a monument for Swami Vivekananda built in 1970. Another island has a giant statue of Thiruvalluvar, a Tamil poet-saint and author of the Tirukkural ("Sacred Couplets"), often compared to the Bible, John Milton's Paradise Lost, and the works of Plato. Little is known about his life except that he lived in Mylapore, India, no later than the 4th century CE. He was probably a Jain ascetic who worked as a weaver. Both Buddhists and Shaivites, however, claim him as their own; he is especially revered by those of low caste. Aphoristic in nature, many ideas in the Tirukkural were bold for his time. He dismissed the caste system: "One is not great because of one's birth in a noble family; one is not low because of one's low birth." Goodness is its own reward, not a mere means to a comfortable afterlife. Now the patron saint of Chennai bus drivers, his likeness appears above the windshields in the vehicles of the city's official Tiruvalluvar Bus Company.

Kanyakumari Temple
The temple overlooks the shoreline. It is dedicated to Parvati as Devi Kanya, the Virgin Goddess who did penance to obtain the hand of Lord Shiva. The deity, Devi Kanyakumari is' the protector of India's shores' has an exceptionally brilliant diamond on her nose ring which is supposed to shine out to sea. The temple opens from 0430 to 1130 and from 1730 to 2030. Non-Hindus are not allowed into the sanctuary.
Gandhi Mandapam
Not far from the Kumari Amman Temple is the Gandhi Mandapam, constructed at the spot where the urn containing the ashes of Mahatma Gandhi was kept for public view before a portion of its contents was immersed in the three seas. It resembles an Oriyan temple and was designed so that on Gandhiji's birthday (2nd October), the sun's rays fall on the place where his ashes were kept
Vivekananda Memorial
It is about 500 meters away from mainland. This memorial stands on one of two rocks separated by about 70 meters. It was built in 1970. This memorial is dedicated to Swami Vivekananda, the greatest social reformer. Swamy Vivekananda was supposed to have meditated on the rock where the memorial stands today. A meditation hall is also attached with the memorial. The design of the mandapa incorporates different styles of temple architecture from all over India. It houses a statue of Vivekananda. The divine foot print 'Pada Parai' of Devi is also seen here. Ferry service is available to reach the memorial. It opens from Wednesday to Monday. Tuesday is holiday. It opens from 0700 to 1100 and from 1400 to 1700.

Thiruvalluvar Statue
Located at the southern most tip of the Indian Peninsula where the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal meet, is Kanyakumari, the place famous for its spectacular sunrises and sunsets. Here out in the sea, about 400m from the shore, on the minor rock adjoining the Vivekananda rock memorial lies a Statue of Saint Thiruvalluvar, the author who gave us quintessential words of wisdom through his philosophical work 'Thirukkural', a treatise in Tamil on the Indian way of life. The statue, standing amid the dancing blue waves, creates a lasting impression as it rises high over the rock

Lady Of Ransom

More Pics from Kanya Kumari....

BigDog "The Mule"

noreply@blogger.com (Samarendu Tiwari) — Sat, 07 Mar 2009 11:56:00 +0000

Boston Dynamics has created BigDog the robotic pack mule which according to them is "the most advanced quadruped robot on Earth!" BigDog can carry four infantry backpacks while keeping its balance over different type of terrains. The Big dog can walk through mud, over slippery snow, over rocks, up a hill, and even keeps itself from toppling over when it's being kicked! BigDog stands about waist high, can carry 165 lbs (75 kg), can walk through most terrain and can always keep its balance. The on-board computer controls locomotion, monitors external & internal sensors and keeps itself balanced. A gasoline engine powers BigDog's hydraulic system for actuating the hydraulically controlled legs.

AIBO the Dog

noreply@blogger.com (Samarendu Tiwari) — Sun, 01 Mar 2009 13:43:00 +0000

The Sony Entertainment Robot Aibo (ERS-110), uses a combination of robotic and media technologies with machine intelligence to generates interaction with its operator. An examination of the Aibo hardware and software reveals how an inanimate object becomes a life-like companion. The Sony product name Aibo stands for Artificial Intelligence roBOt. It can respond to voice commands, detect obstacles, plays tricks, and more.
Aibo's personality develops by interacting with people. Each AIBO grows in a different way, based on its individual experiences. AIBO becomes customized based on feedback and the software being used.

Aibo's mood changes with its environment, and its mood affects its behavior. Aibo also has instincts to move around, to look for its toys, to satisfy its curiosity, to play and communicate with its owner, to recharge when its battery is low, and to wake up when its done sleeping. AIBO is capable of six feelings - happiness, sadness, fear, dislike, surprise, and anger. There are 28 LED lights on the Illume-Face display, and Aibo shows various expressions by changing the pattern of lights. Aibo uses its camera and microphone to remember your face and voice as its owner. The owner becomes special to Aibo, and it will respond to the owner.

Note: The heartless mosters at SONY have decided to stop the production of Aibo as of March 2006.

noreply@blogger.com (Samarendu Tiwari) — Wed, 25 Feb 2009 19:18:00 +0000

People today own and use an increasing number of portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, digital cameras, MP3 players or handheld computers. Each with its own battery and adaptor for recharging. How much more convenient would it be if you didn’t have to deal with all those different adaptors, connectors and cables? But instead have a single wireless charging unit that would keep all your portables powered up, so that you never miss an important call on your mobile phone or that perfect shot with your digital camera?
lot of companies like Philips, Intel, MWG are working on wireless charging system.
Inductive charger can deliver up to 850mA of current, at up to 8.5 Volts. It’s got capability to detect the legitimate devices to avoid misuse. And most importantly, it ain’t affect or erase any magnetic media, interfere with any equipments such as pacemakers. The inductive charger allows multiple devices to be charged on it at once and gives short charging period.

Robot presented by SONY

noreply@blogger.com (Samarendu Tiwari) — Fri, 06 Feb 2009 18:51:00 +0000

Sony Dream Robot SDR-4X is a humanoid robot that can walk, move, and even dance. It is only 23 inches tall and weighs 14 pounds.

Powered by a two of RISC processors, the SDR-4X is capable of 38 separate degrees of movement (older version SDR-3X had only 26). SDR-4X has a real-time adaptive motion control system and better communication technology including facial recognition and complex speech recognition.

Newer version SRD-4X-II has three RISC processors and has advanced motion control, illusion of higher intelligence (vocabulary of approximately 20,000 words), better safety and identification features. SDR-4X-II came in April 02, 2003, lets see when we will see the newer version.

What is Robot

noreply@blogger.com (Samarendu Tiwari) — Thu, 29 Jan 2009 15:13:00 +0000

एक रोबोट कि क्रिया या एक बुद्धिमान प्राणी के रूप-आमतौर पर एक मानव को लुभाती है| यह एक प्रोग्राम की मशीन है|
शब्द रोबोट को चेक शब्द robota से लिया गया है, जिसका मतलब है कठिन परिश्रम या दास, यह पहली निर्माण श्रमिकों का वर्णन करने के लिए चेक लेखक कैरेल Capek द्वारा एक काल्पनिक नाटिका "Rossum यूनिवर्सल रोबोट"में है| कहानी में एक वैज्ञानिक सरल, दोहरावदार कार्यों का प्रदर्शन कर लोगों की मदद करता है|

Robot is a programmable, automatic,multifunctional device, that is used to do the work, which is generally ascribed for human beings.
The word robot comes from the Czech word robota, meaning drudgery or slave-like labor. It was first used to describe fabricated workers in a fictional 1920s play by Czech author Karel Capek called Rossum’s Universal Robots. In the story, a scientist invents robots to help people by performing simple, repetitive tasks. However, once the robots are used to fight wars, they turn on their human owners and take over the world.

ASIMO Humanoid Robot

noreply@blogger.com (Samarendu Tiwari) — Sun, 18 Jan 2009 08:24:00 +0000

ASIMO (Advanced Step in Innovative MObility) is a bipadel humanoid robot from Honda . This robot has been evolving since its inception in 1986. Current version of ASIMO is 1.2 meter tall and weighs 43 Kg. This size enables ASIMO to actually perform tasks within the realm of a human living environment. It also walks in a smooth fashion which closely resembles that of a human being.

Advanced Walking Technology Predicted Movement Control (for predicting the next move and shifting the center of gravity accordingly) is combined with existing walking control know-how to create i-WALK (intelligent real-time flexible walking) technology, permitting smooth changes of direction. The latest updates on the ASIMO robot are available at Honda .
Following image gives the different version of this robot.

Hotel "TAJ MAHAL Palace"

noreply@blogger.com (Samarendu Tiwari) — Mon, 29 Dec 2008 14:09:00 +0000

The Taj Mahal Palace hotel resort was commissioned by Jamsetji Tata and first opened its doors to guests on December 16, 1903. Tata allegedly decided to build the luxurious hotel after he was refused entry to one of the city's grand hotels of the time, Watson's Hotel, as it was restricted to 'whites only'. The original Indian architects were Sitaram Khanderao Vaidya and D. N. Mirza, but the project was completed by an English engineer W. A. Chambers. The cost of construction was 421 million Rupees. During the World War I, the hotel was converted into a 600-bed hospital.

The side of the hotel seen from the harbor is actually its rear. The front faces away to the west. There is a widespread misconception that the architects' building plans were confused by the builder so that he built it facing away from the harbor. This is not true, as the hotel was deliberately built facing inland rather than to the harbor. This was probably a deliberate snub to the British king by Jamsedji Tata due to nationalist feelings. Some people believe that the front of the hotel had to face inland because the horse carriages, in which guests came to the hotel, could easily approach the hotel from the city. The carriages were then taken to Wellington Mews. Five decades ago, the old front was closed off, and access is since then through the harbour-side entrance.

There used to be a Green's Hotel at the Apollo Bunder, which was purchased by the Taj Mahal Hotel. It was at the Green's Hotel, that a small group of pro-Indian Goans (largely employees of the Indian state and communists) assembled and formed the Goan Liberation Council demanding that Portugal cede Goa to India, in the 1950s. This was done at the instigation of Jawaharlal Nehru, and funded by the Kamani Group of Companies. In 1973, Green's hotel was demolished and the present Tower wing was constructed in its place.

Bing Bang Experiment - Large Hadron Collider nearly ready

noreply@blogger.com (Samarendu Tiwari) — Wed, 26 Nov 2008 17:39:00 +0000

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a 27 kilometer (17 mile) long particle accelerator straddling the border of Switzerland and France, is nearly set to begin its first particle beam tests. The European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is preparing for its first small tests in early August, leading to a planned full-track test in September - and the first planned particle collisions before the end of the year. The final step before starting is the chilling of the entire collider to -271.25 C (-456.25 F). Here is a collection of photographs from CERN, showing various stages of completion of the LHC and several of its larger experiments (some over seven stories tall), over the past several years.
The Globe of Innovation in the morning. The wooden globe is a structure originally built for Switzerland's national exhibition, Expo'02, and is 40 meters wide, 27 meters tall.

World's most costly Commercial!!

noreply@blogger.com (Samarendu Tiwari) — Tue, 04 Nov 2008 14:14:00 +0000

This is the world's most costly Advertisement and the winner of this year's best Ad of the world.It took 606 takes and re-takes to make this commercial and the total cost was $ 6.2 million for this 90 second commercial. You could probably make a movie for that kind of money! Everything is real with no graphics used and still look at the precision. The team that made this commercial won many awards.

Apple's New MacBooks: What They Got Right and What Else We Want

noreply@blogger.com (Samarendu Tiwari) — Sun, 19 Oct 2008 17:21:00 +0000

Apple's new MacBooks are finally here, and the upgrades they feature are more than modest. The new Apple laptops sport slimmer designs, brighter and more power-efficient LED-backlit screens, new graphics systems, buttonless trackpads, and more. The updates have led some people to wonder whether now is the time to switch from a PC to a Mac.

But as cool as the updates are, Apple has not achieved MacBook perfection. Here's a look at what Apple got right and what I would have liked to see.

Simple, Quick Access

Apple has done a good job making the MacBook's components easy to access. Just pop off the battery cover to reach the hard drive. Remove a few screws, and boom, there are the memory, motherboard, and optical drive. Do-it-yourself upgraders will be happy with a new MacBook, although we would like to see Apple reduce the number of screws guarding the way to the innards.

New HTC 'T Mobile' "G1"

noreply@blogger.com (Samarendu Tiwari) — Wed, 15 Oct 2008 14:30:00 +0000

Specifications of "G1"

Processor

Qualcomm® MSM7201A™, 528 MHz

Operating System

Android™

Memory

ROM:	256 MB
RAM:	192 MB

Dimensions (LxWxT)

117.7 mm x 55.7 mm x 17.1 mm
(4.60 in x 2.16 in x 0.62 in)

Weight

158 grams (5.60 ounces) with battery

Display

3.2-inch TFT-LCD flat touch-sensitive screen with 320 x 480 (HVGA) resolution

Network

HSPA/WCDMA:

Europe: 2100 MHz
US:1700/2100 MHz
Up to 7.2 Mbps down-link (HSDPA) and 2 Mbps up-link (HSUPA) speeds

Quad-band GSM/GPRS/EDGE:

850/900/1800/1900 MHz

(Band frequency, HSUPA availability, and data speed are operator dependent.)

Device Control

Trackball with Enter button

Keyboard

Slide-out 5-row QWERTY keyboard

GPS

GPS navigation capability with Google Maps™

Connectivity

Bluetooth® 2.0 with Enhanced Data Rate
Wi-Fi®: IEEE 802.11b/g
HTC ExtUSB™ (11-pin mini-USB 2.0 and audio jack in one)

Camera

3.2 megapixel color camera with auto focus

Audio

Built-in microphone and speaker
Ring tone formats:

AAC, AAC+, AMR-NB, MIDI, MP3, WMA, WMV
40 polyphonic and standard MIDI format 0 and 1 (SMF)/SP MIDI

Battery

Rechargeable Lithium-ion battery
Capacity: 1150 mAh

Talk time:

Up to 350 minutes for WCDMA
Up to 406 minutes for GSM

Standby time:

Up to 402 hours for WCDMA
Up to 319 hours for GSM

(The above are subject to network and phone usage.)

Expansion Slot

microSD™ memory card (SD 2.0 compatible)

AC Adapter

Voltage range/frequency: 100 ~ 240V AC, 50/60 Hz
DC output: 5V and 1A

Special Features

Digital Compass, Motion Sensor

Wide-Angle LED Lamp provides bright and even illumination

noreply@blogger.com (Samarendu Tiwari) — Tue, 14 Oct 2008 19:22:00 +0000

PowerLine BA9-style T3-1/4 LED lamp is used for retrofitting and replacing incandescent bulbs that backlight annunciators in industrial plants and power utilities. Available in configurations that incorporate one or four 120° SMT LEDs, these wide-angle, bayonet-based LED retrofit lamps have average life span of 100,000 hr; come in red, amber, green, blue, and white; and are offered in variety of voltages from 12 Vdc to 120 Vac.