tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12070869775075000762026-10-13T19:35:19.228-07:00My Point of Viewnazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.comBlogger169125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-28813203950837350202026-10-11T17:23:59.175-07:002026-10-11T17:23:59.176-07:00<p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Serangan Denial Of Service (atau serangan DOS) ialah satu serangan siber yang mana penyerang cuba buat sumber jaringan atau peranti tidak dapat beroperasi. Denial Of Service biasanya terjadi bila sasaran peranti penuh dengan cubaan permintaan untuk gunakan sistem atau perisian.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Pasukan Siapsiaga Kecemasan komputer Amerika (US-CERT) sudah kenalpasti tanda serangan denial-of-service:</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">J</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">aringan internet perlahan luarbiasa (lambat nak akses internet)</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">S</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">esetengah laman web tidak dapat diakses</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">S</span></u><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ejarah serangan</span></u><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;6 September 1996 - &nbsp;Panix, penyedia internet ketiag tertua di dunia mengalami serangan Denial Of Service. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">S</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">erangan membuatkan perkhidmatan tergendala selama beberapa hari.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Febuari 2021, Ukraine mendapat serangam yang sangat besar, menutup aplikasi kerajaan dan kewangan, Penganalisa kewangan dari UK melihat keadaan ini sebagai serangan dari musuh Ukraine untuk melumpuhkan aktiviti pihak lawan.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Febuari 2023, Cloudfare berdepan dengan seranganpermintaan dalam talian sebanyak 71 juta sesaat, serangan terbesar mereka hadapi. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">T</span></u><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">eknik serangan</span></u><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enggunakan perisian khas</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">S</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">erangan berlapis - menghantar soalan/permintaan demi soalan/permintaan ke servery hingga memory atau jaringan sesak</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">S</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">erangan serentak - beberapa pengguna menyerang dengan soalan/permintaan serentak</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Denial-of-service telefon - serangan melalui telefon bertali arus (tanpa henti). jika ada urusan mustahak, mangsa tidak dapat dihubungi kerana talian mangsa terlalu banyak mendapat panggilan masuk dan dilabel di luar kawasan, talian sibuk atau tak dapat dihubungi.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">I</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ndustri yang kerap alami serangan Denial of Service</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ermainan dan judi dalam talian</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enyedia perkhidmatan dalam talian</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">erkhidmatan perkomputeran awan (cloud computing)</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">J</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">abatan kerajaan</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">5. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">erkhidmatan kewangan</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span></b><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">autan</span></b><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/09/keselamatan-siber.html"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">J</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enayah siber</span></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/09/undang-undang-keselamatan-siber.html">undang-undang jenayah siber</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/09/penggodam-hacker.html">penggodam</a></span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">R</span></b><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ujukan </span></b><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">W</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">iki</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Denial of Service. </span><a href="https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/glossary/denial-of-service/"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/glossary/denial-of-service/</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.2500pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">W</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">hat is DDOS? </span><a href="https://www.cisco.com/site/us/en/learn/topics/security/what-is-a-ddos-attack.html"><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://www.cisco.com/site/us/en/learn/topics/security/what-is-a-ddos-attack.html</span></u></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #07182d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-56552870222530700682026-10-07T18:06:37.255-07:002026-10-07T18:06:37.256-07:00<p>&nbsp;Ingat tak dulu, saya pernah cerita pasal emas dan perak? Saya tak suka pakai barang kemas sebenarnya, tapi suka simpan emas. Setakat ni, ada koleksi jongkong emas (goldbar), syiling emas (gold coin), dirham dan biasa lah, cincin.</p><p><br /></p><p>Tahun 2014 -2018 dulu, saya suka beli brand BC Gold. tapi, brand ni dah tak ada. lama juga saya cari brand lain. ada la beli campur campur brand tapi bukan ahli. tapi sejak 2024, saya jadi ahli dan buka akaun smartsaver Meem Gold. lama juga menyepi, tahun ni baru saya aktif balik</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqpRwTPFU8_CHol9eIWuD-hvIHlR8-zGaD7gKMr6YzF3yd9a3BP8B6qJ5aWi7gpo97ZhCu1a_HSMVUslRTe6MRCn3yyEjnbvV8gtcV8isZH4tf3CBB3dGdh2BX94WtZWZ-R8SoCRwxvYyRGUkp9pCjVIdnbPFi3gQ4leNy2o4ZTYa4zijAYTYuHrEYzi8/s1080/5%20tips%20simpan%20emas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqpRwTPFU8_CHol9eIWuD-hvIHlR8-zGaD7gKMr6YzF3yd9a3BP8B6qJ5aWi7gpo97ZhCu1a_HSMVUslRTe6MRCn3yyEjnbvV8gtcV8isZH4tf3CBB3dGdh2BX94WtZWZ-R8SoCRwxvYyRGUkp9pCjVIdnbPFi3gQ4leNy2o4ZTYa4zijAYTYuHrEYzi8/s320/5%20tips%20simpan%20emas.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p>sejak sejak harga emas tinggi ni, saya rasa ramai macam saya.nak beli besar terus, duit tak berapa ada. 5g emas tu,sebulan gaji kot.</p><p>jadi, ada pilihan beli saiz yang lagi kecik. 1g, 0.5g dan 0.25g. alternatif lain, buka akaun gold smart saver. cukup RM50 je sebagai permulaan. jumlah emas, belum 1g lagi. ha... nanti dah cukup 1 gram, kita boleh withdraw dan ambil. sama ada walk in ke kedai atau pos.</p><p>&nbsp;kawan kawan yang nak survey dulu atau nak mula menyimpan, boleh jenguk ya</p><p><a class="clipboardjs-trigger" data-clipboard-text="https://meem.com.my/introducer/MEEM18361" style="background-color: white; border: 0px solid; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.3s;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://meem.com.my/introducer/MEEM18361</span></a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><b>Pautan</b></p><p><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2014/07/lagi-entri-pasal-emas-dalam-blog-ni.html">rantai</a></p><p><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2014/06/rasukan-emas-dan-perak.html">emas dan perak</a></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-8882743873111153002026-09-18T17:51:55.801-07:002026-10-13T19:32:07.369-07:00<p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Kontrovesi juga tajuk. Penggodam, biasa kita faham orang yang agak jahat sebab pecah masuk peranti/komputer orang tanpa izin. Tapi mereka pun ada etika sendiri. Penggodam beretika juga dipanggil penggodam topi putih (white hat hacker). menurut laman web CISCO, penggodam beretika ini ialah tenaga mahir yang dibenarkan menceroboh satu-satu sistem untuk mencari kelemahan, untuk dibaiki</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">E</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">tika penggodam boleh dimaksudkan dengan gaya hidup dan prinsip yang dikongsi bersama di kalangan penggodam. M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enurut Richard Stailman, etika penggodam merujuk kepada perasaan betul dan salah yang komuniti berkenaan ada - dan pengetahuan yang dikongsi supaya ramai orang dapat manfaat.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">E</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">tika penggodam ditulis kali pertama oleh Steven Levy dalam bukunya Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">B</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">eliau mengunakan perkataan godam untuk menerangkan usikan di makmal komputer</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">A</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ntara yang beliau gariskan:</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">A</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">kses komputer -apa yang mengajar anda apa yang berjaya - sepatutnya tidak terbatas.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">S</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">emua maklumat sepatutnya bebas</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">K</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">urang percaya autoriti - mempromosi pengasingan</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enggodam sepatutnya dinilai sebab perbuatan. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">B</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ukan kriteria bogus seperti ijazah, umur, bangsa atau kedudukan</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">5. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enggodam boleh membuat seni melalui komputer</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">6. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">K</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">omputer boleh ubah hidup kita untuk jadi lagi baik</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">7. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">J</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">angan buang data orang lain</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">8. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">B</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">iarkan data umum dapat dicapai dan lindungi data peribadi</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Menurut Paschal Ogana, peranan penggodam beretika ialah</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">U</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">jian tembusan - penggodam cuba membuat serangan ke peranti untuk cari kelemahan keselamatan peranti</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">U</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">jian pepijat - mencari kelemahan untuk dapat ganjaran, supaya isu keselamatan dapat dibaiki</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">K</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ajian keselamatan siber - mengjaki ancaman untuk pastikan ekosistem digital lebih selamat.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 9.85pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #242424; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">K</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #242424; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">umpulan yang kerap kita tengok ialah ‘kawasan kelabu’. mereka terdedah kepada isu keselamatan, tetapi mereka tiada niat jahat. </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #242424; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">C</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #242424; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ontohnya, penggodam dalam kawasan kelabu ni, jumpa kelemahan laman web jabatan kerajaan. </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #242424; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">M</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #242424; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ereka hebahkan kepada orang awam dan tidak terus kepada pihak berkuasa. </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #242424; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">N</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #242424; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">iat mereka cuma amaran. </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #242424; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">T</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #242424; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">api isu etika, ada - keselamatan siber.</span><span style="color: #242424; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">K</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enapa etika penggodam ni penting? </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #242424; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">D</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #242424; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">alam dunia digital, kepercayaan nombor 1. Tanpa panduan etika, godaman boleh jadi kekacauan - keselamatan sistem dan maklumat.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">embina budaya penggodam profesional</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">G</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">alakkan ketelusan danntanggungjawab</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">endidikan godaman- didik pelajar keselamatan siber, bukan sekadar kemahiran teknikal, tapi juga etika dan tanggungjawab</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">S</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">okongan kerjaya beretika -sediakan laluan sah untuk penggodam menggunakan kemahiran mereka, mengurangkan peluang dari cara yang salah</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">K</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">uatkan kerjasama global - disebabkan jenayah siber tidak kenal sempadan, etika godaman perlu tiada sempadan juga.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span></b><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">autan</span></b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/03/internet.html"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">I</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">nternet</span></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/09/penggodam-hacker.html"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enggodam</span></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/09/keselamatan-siber.html"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">K</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">eselamatan siber</span></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/09/undang-undang-keselamatan-siber.html"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">U</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ndang undang keselamatan siber</span></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/10/serangan-denial-of-service.html">&nbsp;Denial of Service</a></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">R</span></b><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ujukan</span></b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Hacker Ethics</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.ccc.de/en/hackerethics"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.ccc.de/en/hackerethics</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt;">W</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt;">iki</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><a href="https://medium.com/@Ogana-Paschal?source=post_page---byline--e559a3e5595d-----------------------------------------"><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Paschal Ogana</span></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">·Aug 31, 2025. </span></span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">The Ethics of Hacking: Good Hackers vs. Bad Hackers</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">. </span><a href="https://medium.com/@Ogana-Paschal/the-ethics-of-hacking-good-hackers-vs-bad-hackers-e559a3e5595d"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://medium.com/@Ogana-Paschal/the-ethics-of-hacking-good-hackers-vs-bad-hackers-e559a3e5595d</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">CISCO, What is Hacker? </span><a href="https://www.cisco.com/site/us/en/learn/topics/security/what-is-a-hacker.html"><u><span class="15" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.cisco.com/site/us/en/learn/topics/security/what-is-a-hacker.html</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">5. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Beth Robinson, 8 Mei 2025. What is Hacker? </span><a href="https://www.huntress.com/cybersecurity-101/topic/hackers-defined"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.huntress.com/cybersecurity-101/topic/hackers-defined</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-58477762218176069032026-09-14T17:49:30.992-07:002026-10-13T19:32:40.734-07:00<p><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enggodam, biasanya orang yang mencari akses ke sistem komputer tanpa kebenaran. &nbsp;</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">K</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ebanyakan ialah pengaturcara yang mahir. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">D</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">alam dunia keselamatan peranti, penggodam boleh jadi tenaga pakar yang menguji keselamatan sistem dan akan laporkan kekurangan yang ada.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Melalui </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">laman web </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">CISCO</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">, penggodam ialah seseorang yang mahir menerjah masuk sistem komputer. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">uncanya pelbagai - masukkan perisian berbahaya, mencuri atau musnahkan data, mengganggu perkhidmatan komputer dan lain lain.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Di MIT dulu, menggodam menjadi satu keseronokan untuk mengusik pengguna komputer. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">A</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">wal 1970an, penyedia jaringan komputer mengambil budaya godam ke dalam makmal ujian. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">S</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ejak itu isu godaman dilibatkan dalam undang-undang keselamatan komputer dan jenayah. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">S</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ejak itu juga penggodam menjadi satu kerjaya professional untuk menguji keselamatan jaringan komputer.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Komuniti penggodam mempunyai tujuan dan status perundangan yang pelbagai. Akses godaman mereka bergantung kepada kemahiran, kepercayaan dan kebiasaan dalam norma kumpulan. Undang undang hakcipta dan lesen perisian meletakkan syarat belajar, mengubah dan mengedar perisian, dan ada undang-undang mengehadkan pintasan perlindungan teknikal.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">B</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">agaimana godaman berfungsi?</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enggodam menceroboh untuk mendapat akses tanpa kebenaran ke dalam peranti. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ereka mengambil kesempatan keselamatan jaringan untuk ceroboh.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">K</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">elemahan teknikal - penggodam manipulasi kelemahan perisian atau amalan keselamatan yang lemah untuk masuk</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">K</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">elemahan sosial - penggodam boleh guna kejuruteraan sosial untuk yakinkan pengguna sistem yang disasarkan untuk klik link berbahaya, buka fail yang dijangkiti virus atau dedahkan maklumat peribadi. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">J</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">adi, penggodam dapat akses ke infrastuktur yang sudah agak kebal.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">B</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">agaimana nak lindungi dari digodam?</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 21.2500pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">anusia - pastikan pekerja institusi tahu teknik godaman am, dan bangunkan polisi apa yang perlu dibuat jika terjadinya kes keselamatan siber. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">astikan pekerja sedar tentang kepentingan kata laluan yang selamat dan selesa.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 21.2500pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">roses - bangunkan polisi dan keselamatan berkenaan tabiat penggunaan peranti. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">T</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ermasuk, siapa yang patut gunakan, dan peranti yang digunakan.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 21.2500pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">T</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">eknologi - pastikan teknologi keselamatan merangkumi semua poin akses peranti dan boleh kesan banyak jenis serangan.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 21.2500pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">W</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">aspada berterusan - tak ada ‘kalau’ bila sistem sudah diceroboh, pastikan semua data disalin sekerapnya. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">astikan keselamatan perisian dikemaskini</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">J</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enis penggodam</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enjenayah siber = </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enggodam yang kerap gunakan bahan seperti perisian jahat, phishing dan ugutan untuk kepentingan kewangan atau tujuan lain. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ereka mencuri maklumat kata laluan dan kad kredit untuk dapatkan wang. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ereka juga dipanggil penggodam topi hitam</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">H</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">acktivist = </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">H</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">acktivist gunakan teknik godaman sebagai permainan. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ereka pecah masuk sistem organisasi sebagai gurauan.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enggodam beretika = </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">engodam beretika dibenarkan untuk ceroboh masuk ke sistem komputer untuk mencari kelemahan. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Entiti </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">kerajaan dan perniagaan kerap mengupdah penggodam ini untuk mencari kelemahan keselamatan dan perisian sebelum dilancarkan atau terdedah kepada ancaman penggodam jahat. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">erekan juga dipanggil penggodam topi putih.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">S</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">cript kiddies = penggodam yang baru belajar dan masih menggunakan skrip asas untuk menggodam peranti atau perisian.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span></b><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">autan</span></b><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/09/keselamatan-siber.html"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">K</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">eselamatan siber</span></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/09/undang-undang-keselamatan-siber.html">Undang-undang keselamatan siber</a></span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/03/internet.html"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">I</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">nternet</span></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/09/etika-penggodam.html">Etika penggodam&nbsp;</a></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/10/serangan-denial-of-service.html">Denial of Service</a></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><br /></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">R</span></b><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ujukan</span></b><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">W</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">iki</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">What is a hacker?</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> </span><a href="https://www.cisco.com/site/us/en/learn/topics/security/what-is-a-hacker.html"><u><span class="15" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.cisco.com/site/us/en/learn/topics/security/what-is-a-hacker.html</span></u></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Beth Robinson, 8 Mei 2025. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">What is a hacker?</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> </span><a href="https://www.huntress.com/cybersecurity-101/topic/hackers-defined"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.huntress.com/cybersecurity-101/topic/hackers-defined</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><h1 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 9.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 9pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 10.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 17.3000pt; margin: 17.3pt 0pt 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-14797469801116051212026-09-11T18:15:41.405-07:002026-10-13T19:34:42.530-07:00<p><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Di Malaysia, tiada undang-undang tunggal berkaitan keselamatan siber. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">A</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">da bebera[a akta dan undang undang berkaitan. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">A</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">ntaranya:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; mso-fareast-font-family: sans-serif; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255);">1. </span><!--[endif]--><i><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">A</span></i><i><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">kta Jen</span></i><i><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">ayah Kom</span></i><i><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">puter 1997 </span></i><i><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">&nbsp;(</span></i><i><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">sama dengan Akta Salahguna Kompuer 1990) </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><i><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Akta Komunikasi dan Multimedia 1998 </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><i><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Penal Code</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><i><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Akta Hakcipta 1987 </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">5. </span><!--[endif]--><i><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Akta Pelindungan Data Peribadi 2010 </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">6. </span><!--[endif]--><i><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Akta Tandatangan Digital 1997 </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">7. </span><!--[endif]--><i><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Akra Dagangan Strategik 2010 </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">8. </span><!--[endif]--><i><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Akta hasutan 1948 </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">9. </span><!--[endif]--><i><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Perundangan mengikut kes </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">10. </span><!--[endif]--><i><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Akta Keselamatan Siber 2024</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">#1 penyalahgunaan komputer</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Akta Jenayah Komputer 997 ialah undang-undang pertama di Malaysia melibatkan salahguna dan jenayah komputer.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Kes menggodam, akses tanpa kebenaran ke peranti, walau tanpa niat jahat. </span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">C</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">ontoh kes, </span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">&nbsp;Basheer Ahmad Maula Sahul Hameed v PP (2016) </span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">yang melilbatkan penggunaan debit kad mangsa MH 370 tanpa makluman/izin. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">M</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">enyebarkan virus komputer </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">K</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">omunikasi tanpa izin untuk menggunakan peranti oleh orang yang tidak berkenaan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">#2 kesalahan melibatkan komunikasi dan multimedia</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Akta Komunikasi dan Multimedia 1998 bertujuan untuk mengawal lesen penyedia jaringan (seperti Maxis dan Digi) dan aplikasi lain seperti whatsapp dan Astro.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 15pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 15.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">dalam Seksyen 233, membuat kenyataan salah dan berniat mengganggu dan menggertak ialah satu kesalahan.</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 15pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 15.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Seksyen 231, 232, 234 dan 235 pula menghalang godaman dan pintasan komunikasi berkaitan fasiliti jaringan.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 15pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 15.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">seksyen 236 menghalang pemilikan peranti dan perisian yang diguna untuk jenayah siber.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">#3 phishing</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Phishing ialah satu bentuk curi identiti. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">S</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">elalu jadi melalui email menyerupai ejensi kerajaan atau syarikat besar untuk curi maklumat peribadi. Di Malaysia, tiada akta khas tapi dalam Seksyen 416 Penal Code ada untuk melawan penipuan identiti.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">#4 gangguan dalam talian</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Gangguan dalam talian ( buli siber, intai dalam talian atau gangguan seksual online) ada dalam Seksyen 509 Penal Code. Dalam</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Akta Komunikasi dan Multimedia, Seksyen 2</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">33 juga ada bahagian menyekat gangguan dalam talian. </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="p" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">#5 kegagalan melindungi data peribadi</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Dalam Akta Pelindungan Data Peribadi (seksyen 9) meletakkan tanggungan kepada pengguna untuk melindungi maklumat peribadi. Kegagalan pengguna yang mendedahkan maklumat peribadi sendiri atau orang lain boleh dikenakan penalti hingga RM500,000 atau 3 tahun penjara.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">#6 fitnah dalam talian</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Menghebabkan fitnah, cerita tidak betul dan hantaran berbahaya di media sosial juga bolehkan pelaku dikenakan tindakan undang-undang. Banyak kes dilaporkan sejak 2016. antara kes contoh, kes Foo Hiap Siong lawan Chong Chin Hsiang (sumber: chialee.com.my)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">#7 Keselamatan Siber</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">26 Ogos 2024, Akta Keselamatan Siber dimulakan. &nbsp;Akta ini untuk regulasi perundangan melibatkan infrastruktur IT di Malaysia. Akta yang dibuat ialah kerangka bersepadu oleh Infrastruktur Maklumat Kritikal Kebangsaan Malaysia (NCII). ia menfokuskan 4 lapangan: mengkelaskan entiti yang meliputi 11 sektor, menjelaskan tugasan ketua NCII, menggariskan tanggungjawab entiti NCII dan mensyaratkan lesen untuk penyedia servis keselamatan siber. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Apa yang boleh dibuat?</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Bagi kebanyakan pengguna, lebih selamat menggunakan peranti sendiri. Dalam bahasa Inggeris, Bring Your Own Device. Di Malaysia, ada garispanduan yang dikeluarkan oleh Bank Negara Malaysia dan Suruhanjaya Sekuriti iaitu Garis Panduan Pengurusan Risiko Siber dan aris Panduan Pengurusan IT</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Pautan</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/09/keselamatan-siber.html">Keselamatan siber</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/01/kepintaran-buatan.html">Kepintaran Buatan</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/02/kepintaran-buatan-di-malaysia.html">Kepintaran Buatan di Malaysia</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/03/internet.html">Internet&nbsp;</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/10/serangan-denial-of-service.html">Denial of Service</a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/09/penggodam-hacker.html">Penggodam</a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Rujukan</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: 0pt;"><span class="15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Chia Swee Yik</span><b><i><span class="15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">. </span></i></b><span style="background: rgb(252, 248, 247); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Basics</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(252, 248, 247); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> </span><span style="background: rgb(252, 248, 247); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">of</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(252, 248, 247); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> </span><span style="background: rgb(252, 248, 247); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Cyber</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(252, 248, 247); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> </span><span style="background: rgb(252, 248, 247); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Security</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(252, 248, 247); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> </span><span style="background: rgb(252, 248, 247); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Law</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(252, 248, 247); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> </span><span style="background: rgb(252, 248, 247); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">in</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(252, 248, 247); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> </span><span style="background: rgb(252, 248, 247); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Malaysia</span><span style="background: rgb(252, 248, 247); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://chialee.com.my/basics-of-cyber-security-law-in-malaysia/"><span class="16" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">https://chialee.com.my/basics-of-cyber-security-law-in-malaysia/</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(252, 248, 247); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">Eric Leong, 7 April 2025. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">Cyber Security </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">Act</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">&nbsp;Malaysia : What </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">Businesses </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">Need </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">To </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">Know</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span><span style="background: rgb(252, 248, 247); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://www.simplydata.com.my/cyber-security-act-malaysia-what-businesses-need-to-know/</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-63683515755846690272026-09-06T17:55:46.651-07:002026-10-13T19:35:19.228-07:00<p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Keselamatan siber ialah praktis untuk melindungi pengguna, sistem dan data dari serangan siber menggunakan teknologi, proses dan polisi berkaitan.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Pada peringkat perniagaan, keselamatan siber ialah kunci kepada strategi pengurusan risiko. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">A</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ncaman siber yang biasa ialah perisian jahat, kecurian data dan terkini ialah serangan menggunakan kepintaran buatan (AI - Artificial Intelligence).</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Serangan dan jenayah siber boleh mengganggu dan mematikan perniagaan dan kehidupan harian. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">G</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">angguan keselamatan boleh jadi kecurian identiti, ugutan dan kehilangan maklumat sensitif. Semu gangguan ini memberi kesan nyata kepada perniagaan dan ekonomi. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">D</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">alam satu anggaran, jenayah siber merugikan ekonomi dunia sebanyak 10.5 trilion USD setahun pada 2025. IBM melaporkan, kos purata pecah masuk data meningkat 10% &nbsp;dari 4.45 million USD pada tahun 2023. kerugian perniagaan juga meingkat 11% berbanding tahun sebelumnya angkara kecurian data. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">S</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ekarang, jenayah siber ambil peluang dengan teknologi baru. &nbsp;Perniagaan sudah banyak guna storan dalam talian, dan terdedah kepada serangan dan salahguna teknologi.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">T</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ren dalam jenayah siber</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">S</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">toran dalam talian/ perkomputeran awan (</span><i><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">cloudcomputing</span></i><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">). storan banyak disimpan dalam talian mendedahkan maklumat peribadi dan perniagaan.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">J</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">aringan kerja jarak jauh.jenis pekerjaan yang boleh dibuat dari jauh atau dari rumah. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">K</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">eadaan ini mendedahkan peranti dan talian kepada serangan.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Janaan Kepintaraan Buatan.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">C</span></u><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">abaran keselamatan siber</span></u><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Malware</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> - &nbsp;singkatan dari malicious software. </span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">erisian jahat yang dicipta untuk merosakkan peranti.</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Ransomware</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> - sejenis malware atau perisian jahat yang mencuri data pengguna dan mengancam pengguna untuk dapat pampasan. </span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">K</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">es ransomware berkurang sejak 2023 kerana pengguna mula tidak mahu membayar apa-apa kepada pengugut dan tindakan kerajaan dalam kes ini.</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Phishing attacks</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> - </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">S</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ejenis kejuruteraan sosial yang menggunakan emel atau mesej untuk menjerat pengguna supaya muat turun malware atau hantar maklumat kepada orang yang salah. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">K</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ecurian atau salahguna maklumat peribadi - penggodam (hacker) biasa mengguna kemahiran untuk mencuri dan salahguna maklumat peribadi. </span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enggunakan malware, maklumat dalam peranti boleh diambil dan disalahguna</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Serangan dalaman - asalnya disasarkan kepada organisasi, dari dalam. Boleh jadi dari staff atau rakanniaga.</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">AI attacks</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> - serangan menggunakan janaan Kepintaran Buatan.</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Cryptojacking</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> - terjadi ketika penggodam mendapat akses kepada peranti untuk melombong kripto seperti BitCoin. </span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS)</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> - </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">S</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">erangan untuk menghancurkan sumber dalam talian, seperti laman web. Tindakan ni biasanya menggunakan botnet. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Mitos berkaitan serangan siber</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kata kunci (password) kuat sudah cukup- kata kunci yang pantang susah di ceroboh, tapi masih boleh dipecahkan kodnya.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kebanyakan risiko keselamatan siber sudah diketahui - keadaan ancaman siber berubah mengikut zaman. Kecuian pengguna boleh menyebabkan jenayah terjadi.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Sesetengah industri masih selamat dari risiko - semua industri masih ada risko, besar atau kecil</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Jenayah siber tidak serang perniagaan kecil. Menurut laporan di US, 41% serangan disasarkan kepada perniagaan kecil</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Apa yang boleh dibuat?</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Latihan kesedaran jenayah siber - </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">D</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">engan polisi keselamatan datam latihan kesedaran keselamatan boleh membantu staf melindungi data peribadi dan institusi. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">C</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ontohnya, ia membantu engguna memahami tindakan biasa - berkongsi di media sosial dan mengabaikan kemaskini sistem operasi komputer - boleh naikkan risiko serangan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Alatan keselamatan data -</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">A</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">latan keselamatan data membantu hentikan ancaman keselamatan siber dari terus menyerang peranti. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">C</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ontohnya, perisian pencegahan kehilangan data boleh mengesan dan hentikan kecurian data.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pengurusan akses dan identiti - </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">S</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">trategi dan alatan yang mengawal cara pengguna mengakses sumber digital.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pengurusan serangan - </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">pengurusan serangan ialah analisis dan pantauan keselamatan siber dan potensi serangan,</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pengesan dan maklumbalas serangan - </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">T</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">eknologi membantu mengesan dan beri tindakbalas kepada serangan, biasanya organisasi menggunakan teknologi ini dalam plan tindakbalas kecemasan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pemulihan dari serangan - </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">keupayaan pemulihan bencana mainkan peranan dalam mengekalkan perniagaan jika diserang. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;<b>Pautan&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/09/undang-undang-keselamatan-siber.html">&nbsp;Keselamatan siber di Malaysia</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;<a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/01/kepintaran-buatan.html">Kepintaran Buatan</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;<a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/02/kepintaran-buatan-di-malaysia.html">Kepintaran Buatan di Malaysia</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/03/internet.html">&nbsp;internet</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/09/penggodam-hacker.html">Penggodam</a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/10/serangan-denial-of-service.html">Denial of service</a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Rujukan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0062fe; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><a href="https://www.ibm.com/think/author/gregg-lindemulder.html"><span class="16" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0062fe; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Gregg Lindemulder</span></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> , Matt Kosinski , </span><a href="https://www.ibm.com/think/author/alexandra-jonkeribm-com"><span class="16" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0062fe; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Alexandra Jonker</span></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0062fe; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">What is cybersecurity?</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> </span><a href="https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/cybersecurity"><u><span class="16" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/cybersecurity</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); color: #111111; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); color: #111111; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Gabriella Gadung, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">7 Januari 2022.</span><span style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); color: #111111; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">5 Common Cyber Security Threats And How To Prevent Them</span><span style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); color: #111111; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">https://www.shinjiru.com.my/blog/5-common-cyber-security-threats-and-how-to-prevent-them/?gad_source=1&amp;gad_campaignid=21335985338&amp;gbraid=0AAAAADfd8X3bB_h-ZU-x7gS0-kN0Avpjf&amp;gclid=CjwKCAjwhNbTBhB4EiwAsFSg-lflOt7bY95LEUBp_cL3RuJ-fcwf-AjEPMpIs1ZLKU-psTd3m1XiTRoCrhoQAvD_BwE</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #07182d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #07182d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">What is cybersecurity?</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #07182d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #07182d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://www.cisco.com/site/us/en/learn/topics/security/what-is-cybersecurity.html</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #07182d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="margin-bottom: 9.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 9pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-20915253430185650612026-09-01T17:30:56.042-07:002026-09-01T17:30:56.042-07:00<p><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">emimpin perubahan memberi inspirasi perubahan positif kepada pengikutnya. Pemimpin ini selalu bertenaga, bersemangat dan sukakan kejayaan setiap ahli kumpulan atau pengikutnya. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ereka sangat suka terlibat dalam proses kejayaan setiap orang. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Mereka membina kepercayaan dan semangat, membantu pengikut capai lebih dari jangkaan dan berubah bersama-sama.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Pada tahun 1973, Downton guna istilah pemimpin perubahan dalam kajiannya. James </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">MacGregor </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Burns pula bawa idea ini ke media perdana pada tahun 1978</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Menurut James MacGregor Burns, pemimpin perubahan wujud bila pemimpin dan pengikut bekerja sama untuk menaikkan motivasi dan moral. Bernard M. Bass pula berpendapat pemimpin perubahan memberi kesan kepada pengikutnya; biasanya kepercayaan, hormat dan meminati pemimpin ini.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">emimpin perubahan mengawal keadaan dengan cara meletakkan sasaran jelas. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ereka letakkan semangat kerja dan mampu buat ahli kumpulan rasa bertenaga dan berupaya.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Bass mencadangkan empat komponen utama pemimpin perubahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Stimulasi intelek - pemimpin ini bukan saja mencabar status quo tetapi menggalakkan kreativiti. Merekamemberi inspirasi kepada pengikut untuk meneroka kaedah baru dan peluang belajar.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pertimbangan peribadi - &nbsp;pemimpin perubahan menyokong dan meggalakkan setiap individu. Mereka kekalkan komunikasi terbuka, benarkan pengikut berkongsi idea secara bebas dan menerima penghargaan untuk setiap penglibatan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Inspirasi motivasi - pemimpin ini jelas dengan matlamat mereka, membantu pengikut berkongsi motivasi untuk mencapai tujuan masing-masing.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pengaruh ideal - &nbsp;sebagai model panduan, pemimpin perubahan menerima kepercayaan dan hormat dari pengikut.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Menurut laman web SimplyPsychology, pemimpin perubahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">ü<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Model kepimpinan yang bersandarkan sokongan kumpulan untuk mencapai kejayaan umum. Moral dan keyakinan diri membantu kumpulan untuk mencapai sasaran yang sama.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">ü<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tujuan awal semasa tugasan mahu dimulakan. Pemimpin perubahan boleh menukar pasukan yang bergelut masak kepada pasukan yang produktif dan berdaya saing.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">ü<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Bermula dengan individu. Pemimpin sendiri perlu kenalpasti kekuatan dan cabaran ahli, kemudian kenalpasti sasaran dan bimbing pasukan ke arah sasaran tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">ü<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Satu unit, bukan berasingan. Praktikalnya, pemimpin perubahan memberi semangat kepada ahli pasukan untuk bekerja bersama sebagai satu unit berbanding dengan kerja berasingan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ciri - ciri pemimpin perubahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0000pt; margin-bottom: 5.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-top: 5.0000pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enggalakkan komunikasi dan penglibatan </span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0000pt; margin-bottom: 5.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-top: 5.0000pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ahir dan aktif mendengar </span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0000pt; margin-bottom: 5.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-top: 5.0000pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">udah diterima dan tulen (tidak dibuat buat) </span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0000pt; margin-bottom: 5.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-top: 5.0000pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enunjukkan kreativiti dan pintar emosi </span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0000pt; margin-bottom: 5.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-top: 5.0000pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">T</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">erbuka dan memberi inspirasi </span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0000pt; margin-bottom: 5.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-top: 5.0000pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">C</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ergas menyelesaikan masalah</span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0000pt; margin-bottom: 5.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-top: 5.0000pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enawarkan sokongan </span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0000pt; margin-bottom: 5.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-top: 5.0000pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">engambil tanggungjawab </span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0000pt; margin-bottom: 5.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-top: 5.0000pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">B</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">erani ambil risiko </span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Kelebihan pemimpin perubahan</span></u><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Perkembangan kumpulan lebih baik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kesejahteraan kumpulan lebih baik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ahli kumpulan atau pengikut berasa bersemangat dan terinspirasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Contoh pemimpin perubahan: Barack Obama, Oprah Winfrey, Nelson Mandela, Steve Jobs.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Pautan </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/teori-kemimpinan.html">Teori Kepimpinan</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/gaya-kepimpinan.html">Gaya Kepimpinan</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/kualiti-pemimpin.html">Kualiti Pemimpin</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/pengurusan-lawan-kepimpinan.html">Pemimpin vs Pengurus</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepimpinan-autokratik.html">Pemimpin Autokratik</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/pemimpin-demokratik.html">Pemimpin Demokratik</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/pemimpin-gaya-laissez-faire.html">Pemimpin Laissez-Faire</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/pemimpin-transaksional.html">Pemimpin Transaksional</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/04/model-kepimpinan-fiedler.html"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Model Kepimpinan Fiedler</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/04/model-kepimpinan-fiedler.html">Model Kepimpinan Berfungs</a><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/model-kepimpinan-berfungsi-funcitional.html">i</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Rujukan</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; text-decoration: underline;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Kendra Cherry</span></u><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">, 11 Julai 2026. </span></u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">How Transformational Leadership Can Inspire Others</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-transformational-leadership-2795313"><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-transformational-leadership-2795313</span></u></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><a href="https://www.simplypsychology.org/author/chioma-ugochukwu"><span class="15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Chioma Ugochukwu</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">, 27 Ogos 2026. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">T</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ransformational leadership Style. </span><a href="https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-is-transformational-leadership.html"><u><span class="15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-is-transformational-leadership.html</span></u></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style="background: rgb(255,255,255); margin-left: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-indent: 0.0000pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-50526460620749471702026-08-31T23:07:49.599-07:002026-09-06T17:25:48.097-07:00<p><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">T</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">eori pemimpin berfungsi ialah teori yang memfokuskan tabiat pemimpin yang menyumbang kepada keberkesanan organisasi. Ia dicadangkan oleh Hackman &amp; Walton (1986) dan McGrath (1962). Teori ini juga dipanggil kepimpinan berasaskan tindakan.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">B</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">erbeza dengan pendekatan lain, model ini tidak mencadangkan cara atau tindakan ideal seperti Teori Pemimpin Situasi atau Pemimpin Kontigensi, Teori ini fokus kepada tindakan pemimpin yang berkesan.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Teori ini dikembangkan dengan mengkaji kejayaan pemimpin dan mengenalpasti tindakan dan tabiat yang mereka lakukan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;Pada tahun 1970, John Adair mencadangkan model Pemimpin Berpusatkan Tindakan, yang mempunyai 3 komponen utama: Tugasan, Pasukan dan Individu. Model Adair ini mencabar teori trait yang berfokus kepada pemimpin saja. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Model dari Adair</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Tugasan - selesaikan tugasan atau cabaran yang kumpulan hadapi,</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">asukan - cipta akan kekalkan kesatuan kumpulan dan tanggungjawab bersama, di mana ahli menyokong satu sama lain untuk mencapai tujuan dan pemimpin letakkan tujuan kumpulan lebih dari keperluan sendiri.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Individu - pastikan setiap individu dalam kumpulan dapat mencapai keperluan psikologi dan fizikal. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">W</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">alaupun pemimpin pastikan kumpulan ada identiti bersama, mereka pastikan ahli cukup keperluan individu juga.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">W</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">alaupun mendapat kritikan, Angkatan Tentera British masih menggunakan model ini.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">8 fungsi pemimpin Adair</span></u><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0500pt; margin-left: 33.6000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 12.0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span></i><i><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">erincikan tugasan.</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0500pt; margin-left: 33.6000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 12.0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Merancang tugasan </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0500pt; margin-left: 33.6000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 12.0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Memberi penjelasan kepada ahli kumpulan.</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0500pt; margin-left: 33.6000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 12.0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0pt;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Mengawal apa yang berlaku </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0500pt; margin-left: 33.6000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 12.0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0pt;">5. </span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Menyelia hasil. </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0500pt; margin-left: 33.6000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 12.0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0pt;">6. </span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Memotivasikan ahli </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0500pt; margin-left: 33.6000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 12.0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0pt;">7. </span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Mengurus ahli </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0500pt; margin-left: 33.6000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 12.0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0pt;">8. </span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Menunjukkan contoh yang baik. </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">8 fungsi dari Adair, ditambah baik oleh James Kouzes dan Barry Posner selepas meninjau pengalaman orang ramai berkenaan pemimpin.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Antaranya, mencabar proses. Pemimpin boleh menhadi ejen perubahan dan mencipta peluang</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Kedua, memberi inspirasi misi bersama.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Ketiga, benarkan ahli bertindak untuk berkongsi maklumat dan kolaborasi.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Keempat, menunjuk cara.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Kelima, menggalakkan ahli dari hati, bukan hanya di kertas.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Pautan </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/teori-kemimpinan.html">Teori Kepimpinan</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/gaya-kepimpinan.html">Gaya Kepimpinan</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/kualiti-pemimpin.html">Kualiti Pemimpin</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/pengurusan-lawan-kepimpinan.html">Pemimpin vs Pengurus</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepimpinan-autokratik.html">Pemimpin Autokratik</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/pemimpin-demokratik.html">Pemimpin Demokratik</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/pemimpin-gaya-laissez-faire.html">Pemimpin Laissez-Faire</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/pemimpin-transaksional.html">Pemimpin Transaksional</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Pemimpin Perubahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/04/model-kepimpinan-fiedler.html">Model Kepimpinan Fiedler</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Rujukan</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Functional Leadership Model. Wiki.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Functional Leadership. </span><a href="https://www.aicura.com/eleadership/leadership-fundamentals/functional-leadership"><u><span class="15" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.aicura.com/eleadership/leadership-fundamentals/functional-leadership</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-82046693308209021682026-08-27T17:37:17.968-07:002026-08-27T17:37:17.968-07:00<p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Kepimpinan transaksional ialah gaya pengurusan yang berfokus struktur, ganjaran dan tugasan. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">I</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">stilah kepimpinan transaksional mula diguna oleh James MacGregor Burns &nbsp;dan James Downton pada tahun 1978. Dalam bukunya, Burns menerangkan berkenaan teori organisasi antara ketua dan anak buah.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Pemimpin yang guna gaya ini akanada sasaran dan harapan jelas kepada kumpulannya. Hasilnya, pemimpin ini akan menawarkan ganjaran jika tercapai.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;Gaya ini berkesan dalam proses yang telus dan hasil yang senang diukur.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Siapa yang sesua guna gaya pemimpin ini?</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="line-height: 20.25pt; margin: 0pt;"><span class="16" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">a) </span><span class="16" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Pengurusan atasan organisasi.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="line-height: 20.25pt; margin: 0pt;"><span class="16" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">b) </span><span class="16" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Syarikat yang berstruktur jelas. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="line-height: 20.25pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 10.5pt;"><span class="16" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">c) </span><span class="16" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Kumpulan jualan. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Ciri ciri pemimpin transaksional</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Pengurusan mikro. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Pemimpin akan pantau tugasan harian dan pastikan peraturan diikut. Mereka akan meneliti semua supaya terkawal</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Pendekatan pasif. Pemimpin biasanya akan terlibat jika ada kesilapan atau prestasi kerja kurang bagus. Selagi kerja berjalan, pemimpin akan biarkan operasi seperti biasa. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Tidak mencegah. Pemimpin begini suka bertindakbalas dengan masalah berbanding mencegah masalah.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Penyelesaian praktikal. Pemimpin begini fokus kepada penyelesaian jelas dan nyata untuk capai sasaran. Mereka akan pilih kaedah yang terbukti berbandin ambil risiko idea baru.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">5. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Struktur hierarki. Struktur pemimpin, arahan dari atas ke bawah.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Kelebihan pemimpin transaksional</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Keberkesanan. Ketua akan pastikan semua ahli akan capai matlamat.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Motivasi. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Habuan akan membuatkan ahli bekerja bersungguh sungguh.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Pencapaian sasaran. Sasaran besar yang dipecahkan kepada beberapa arahan, senang diikuti ahli.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Matriks kejayaan jelas.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">5. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Struktur dan peranan, jelas.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Cabaran</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Moral jatuh. Moral jatuh jika hasil tak bagus.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kos kesalahan. Bila ketua tunggu untuk baiki kesalahan berbanding mencegah, akan menambah kos.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tak sesuai untuk sasaran jangka panjang.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Bergantung kepada arahan ketua.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">5. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Konflik dalaman. Habuan akan menjadi perlumbaan antara ahli kumpulan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">6. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kurang kerjasama. Apabila masing-masing mahu habuan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">7. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Inovasi terhad kerana menunggu arahan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Perbezaan pemimpin transaksional, pemimpin perubahan dan pemimpin autokratik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Pemimpin transaksional.</span></u><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">n<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tugasan dan sasaran jangka pendek.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">n<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Motivasi dari denda dan habuan. (Carrot and Stick)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">n<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Arahan dari pemimpin.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">n<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Hampir tiada perubahan dibuat.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Pemimpin perubahan</span></u><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">n<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Sasaran jangka panjang </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">n<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Motivasi dari dalam dan karisma.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">n<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Keputusan bersama.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">n<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Perubahan disebabkan cabaran dan keadaan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Pemimpin autokratik </span></u><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">n<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kawalan penuh dari pemimpin</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">n<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Motivasi ahli kumpulan ialah takut kepada pemimpin.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">n<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Arahan dari pemimpin, tanpa atau sangat sedikit maklumat dari ahli kumpulan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">n<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tiada habuan kepada ahli kumpulan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Pautan</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/kualiti-pemimpin.html">Kualiti pemimpin</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/gaya-kepimpinan.html">Gaya kepimpinan</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/pengurusan-lawan-kepimpinan.html">Pemimpin Vs Pengurus</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/pemimpin-demokratik.html">Kempimpinan Demokratik</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepimpinan-autokratik.html">Kepimpinan Autokratik</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/pemimpin-gaya-laissez-faire.html">Kepimpinan Laissez-Faire</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/04/model-kepimpinan-fiedler.html">Model Kepemimpinan Fiedler</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/teori-kemimpinan.html">Teori Kepimpinan</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Rujukan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #201747; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">What is Transactional Leadership: Key Traits, Pros and Cons</span><span style="color: #201747; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.oakwoodinternational.com/blog/what-is-transactional-leadership"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.oakwoodinternational.com/blog/what-is-transactional-leadership</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt;"><span style="color: #201747; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #201747; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Kendra Cherry, 2 Julai 2026.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">How a Transactional Leadership Style Works</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-transactional-leadership-2795317"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-transactional-leadership-2795317</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Julia &nbsp;Martins, 31 Julai 2026. Transactional Leadership: Pros, cons,, examples &nbsp;&amp; use. </span><a href="https://asana.com/resources/transactional-leadership"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://asana.com/resources/transactional-leadership</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><h1 style="margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="color: #201747; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-55765685492295825072026-08-26T17:20:08.243-07:002026-08-26T17:20:08.243-07:00<p><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Pemimpin Laissez Faire ialah pemimpin jenis praktikal, maknanya beliau membenarkan ahli kumpulan membuat keputusan sendiri. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">erkataan Laissez-Faire, datang dari Perancis. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">a membawa makna biarkan orang buat seperti mereka pilih. Pemimpin gaya ini, berlawanan dengan pengurusan mikro.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">emimpin Laissez-Faire memberi autonomi kepada ahli kumpulan. Beliau memberi sokongan, panduan dan latihan bila diperlukan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Cara ini berkesan kepada ahli yang mahir dan bermotivasi tinggi. Bagaimanapun, cara ini tidak berkesan jika ahli kumpulan ramai yang tidak mahir dan sangat bergantung harap kepada orang lain.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">C</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">iri ciri pemimpin Laissez-Faire</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">raktikal</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">emimpin memberi panduan dan latihan untuk ahli buat sendiri</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">emimpin beri kepercayaan kepada ahli kumpulan</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">A</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">hli kumpulan membuat keputusan untuk kumpulan</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Kelebihan pemimpin gaya Laissez Faire</span></u><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Menggalakkan perkembangan individu. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Ahli kumpulan dibenarkan bebas berkarya dan peluang memiliki hak dalam masa dan idea.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Menggalakkan inovasi dalam kumpulan . </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Membolehkan ahli membuat keputusan dengan cepat. </span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">T</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">erutamanya jika ketua ada kecemasan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Tetapi, untuk dapat kelebihan ini, ketua perlu pastikan ahli kumpulan memang mahir dan berpengalaman dalam tugasan mereka. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">K</span></u><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ekurangan pemimpin gaya Laissez Faire</span></u><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Kurang penjelasan peranan. Bila ketua tidak banyak beri maklumat, ahli perlu bergerak sendiri dan alami kekurangan maklumat. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Kurang keterlibatan dalam kumpulan. Ketua seolah olah tidak terlibat. </span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">N</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ampak seperti bukan satu pasukan. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Akauntabiliti rendah. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Pasif. </span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">K</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">etua terlihat pasif </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Bila sesuai guna </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Dalam dunia kreatif. Seperti bidang fesyen dan pengiklanan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Jika ahli kumpulan boleh bergerak sendiri (autopilot)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Semasa permulaan gerak kerja.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Bila tak sesuai guna kaedah Laissez Faire</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">J</span><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ika keutamaan kepada keberkesanan dan produktiviti perlu tinggi. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Jika perhatian dan ketepatan keputusan diperlukan. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -18.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Ketika ahli belum cukup mahir atau belum berpengalaman.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">C</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ontoh pemimpin Laissez-Faire, Warren Buffet dan Steve Job</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Pautan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/kualiti-pemimpin.html">Kualiti pemimpin</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/gaya-kepimpinan.html">Gaya kepimpinan</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/pengurusan-lawan-kepimpinan.html">Pemimpin Vs Pengurus</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/pemimpin-demokratik.html">Kempimpinan Demokratik</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepimpinan-autokratik.html">Kepimpinan Autokratik</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/04/model-kepimpinan-fiedler.html">Model Kepemimpinan Fiedler</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/teori-kemimpinan.html">Teori Kepimpinan</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Rujukan </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span class="16" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Kendra Cherry</span></u><u><span class="16" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">, 30 April 2026. </span></u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">The Pros and Cons Laissez-Faire Leadership?</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> </span><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-laissez-faire-leadership-2795316"><u><span class="16" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-laissez-faire-leadership-2795316</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="p" style="margin-left: 0.0000pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: 0.0000pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">13 Julai 2022. What is Laissez-Faire Leadership? </span><a href="https://www.nsls.org/blog/what-is-lassiez-faire-leadership"><u><span class="16" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://www.nsls.org/blog/what-is-lassiez-faire-leadership</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.simplypsychology.org/author/eleanor-myers"><span class="16" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Eleanor Myers</span></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">, 29 Januari 2024. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Laissez-Faire Leadership Style</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.simplypsychology.org/characteristics-of-laissez-faire-leadership.html"><u><span class="16" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">https://www.simplypsychology.org/characteristics-of-laissez-faire-leadership.html</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-88695114380354717992026-08-26T05:44:10.053-07:002026-08-26T17:20:39.792-07:00<p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">K</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">epimpinan autokratik atau autotitarian berfokus kepada ketua yang membuat keputusan sepenuhnya dengan sedikit maklumat, dan senario yang bertekanan tinggi. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">emimpin autokratik selalu mengambil keputusan bersadarkan pandangan sendiri, jarang mengambil pendapat ahli lain. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">G</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">aya pemimpin jenis ini, mengawal kumpulan hampir sepenuhnya. Menurut Flynn (2019), pemimpin autokratik terhasil dari ancaman, dendaan, arahan dan peraturan .</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Dalam kes tertentu, seperti dalam operasi keselamatan (polis, tentera), gaya autokratik memang diperlukan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="p" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">C</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">iri ciri utama pemimpin autokratik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Memberi peluang sedikit atau tiada langsung ahli memberi pendapat.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Perlukan ketua membuat hampir semua keputusan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ketua berupaya memutuskan kaedah dan proses kerja</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">membuatkan ahli kumpulan rasa tidak dipercayai untuk membuat keputusan atau urusan penting</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">suasana akan menjadi sangat berstruktur dan kaku</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">menghalang kreativiti dan pemikiran luar kotak.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">peraturan jelas dimaklumkan dan diberitahu</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">endengar yang lemah</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 18.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Ada tiga jenis pemimpin autokratik: mengarah (sangat kaku), permisif (agak anjal/fleksibel) dan paternalistik ( tegas tetapi seimbang dengan sifat ambil berat)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Autokratik mengarah</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">: </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">G</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">abungan buat keputusan sehala dan pengurusan mikro. &nbsp;</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">K</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">etua membuat pilihan, dan memberi arahan satu per satu dan sangat ketat</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Autokratik permisif</span></b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">: </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">asih ketua membuat semua keputusan tetapi cara melaksanakan ada sedikit kelonggaran.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Autokratik paternalistik</span></b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">: Gabungan kaedah kepimpinan kuasa mutlak dan melindungi seperti ayah melindungi anak.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Kelebihan pemimpin autokratik</span></u><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="p" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">cepat membuat keputusan terutamanya dalam keadaan genting</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">arahan atau pandangan jelas dari satu arah</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">berkesan bila perlukan pemimpin yang tegas dan berwibawa</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 36.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">B</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">erkesan jika pemimpin berpengetahuan </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Kekurangan pemimpin autokratik</span></u><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tak menggalakkan ahli berkongsi maklumat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Mengganggu moral dan membuatkan ada ahli terguris hati.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Mengabaikan penyelesaian kreative dan kepakaran ahli kumpulan atau orang bawahan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 36.0000pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">·<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ahli kumpulan dang orang bawahan akan kelam kabut jika ketua tiada (tak hadir atau kecemasan)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Contoh pemimpin autokratik: Stalin, Hitlet, Pol Pot</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Pautan</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/kualiti-pemimpin.html">Kualiti pemimpin</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/gaya-kepimpinan.html">Gaya kepimpinan</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/pengurusan-lawan-kepimpinan.html">Pemimpin Vs Pengurus</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/pemimpin-demokratik.html">Kempimpinan Demokratik</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/pemimpin-gaya-laissez-faire.html">Kepimpinan Laissez Faire</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/teori-kemimpinan.html">Teori Kepimpinan</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/04/model-kepimpinan-fiedler.html">Model Kepemimpinan Fiedler</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Rujukan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="15" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Kendra Cherry</span><span class="15" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">, 18 </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">June 2026. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">What Is Autocratic Leadership?</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-autocratic-leadership-2795314"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-autocratic-leadership-2795314</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 15.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 15pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.simplypsychology.org/author/charlottenickerson"><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Charlotte Nickerson</span></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">, 13 Mac 2026.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Autocratic Leadership Style</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.simplypsychology.org/autocratic-leadership.html"><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://www.simplypsychology.org/autocratic-leadership.html</span></u></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-left: 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 0pt;"><span class="16" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Laura Corddry</span><span class="16" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">, 30 Disember 2021. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">W</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">h</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">at Is Autocratic Leadership</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.nsls.org/blog/what-is-autocratic-leadership"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://www.nsls.org/blog/what-is-autocratic-leadership</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style="margin: 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; text-transform: uppercase;">&nbsp;</span></b></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><h1 style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-12706872299121902022026-08-19T06:35:20.505-07:002026-08-26T17:21:30.744-07:00<p>&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">D</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">alam kepimpinan demokratik, semua ahli pasukan boleh terlibat, memberi pandangan dan berbincang. Teknik ini menggalakkan kesamaan ahli. Pemimpin demokratik, meraikan pendapat dan menghargai keterlibatan ahli kumpulan. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">K</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ajian yang dibuat, mencadangkan kepimpinan ini lebih berkesan untuk hasil yang lebih baik dan menaikkan moral ahli. Bila semua ahli berasa mereka boleh menyumbang ilham dan pendapat, mereka berasa bersemangat untuk terlibat. Ini meningkatkan produktiviti kumpulan. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Antara ciri-ciri pemimin demokratik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Kerjasama. Pemimpin demokratik menggalakkan ahli kumpulan memberi pendapat. Walaupun pemimpin yang akan memberi kata putus, mereka masih pertimbangkan pendapat ahli.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Hubungan. Pemimpin jenis ini membantu ahli untuk berasa terhubung dengan proses dan aktiviti dalaman.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Kreativiti. Ketua jenis ini menggalakkan dan suka memberi anugerah kepada ahli yang kreatif dan inovatif.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Maklumbalas. Pemimpin demokratik suka maklumbalas ahli kumpulan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">5. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Anjal (fleksibel). pemimpin demokratik agak anjal dengan memberi peluang ahli kumpulan mengetuai sesuatu projek dan membenarkan ahli bekerja dengan cara masing-masing</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kelebihan pemimpin demokratik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Lebih banyak ilham dan penyelesaian kreatif</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Komitmen ahli kumpulan </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Produktiviti tinggi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Moral dah etika ahli tinggi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kekurangan pemimpin demokratik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kegagalan komunikasi jika tidak diselia.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kata putus kurang berkesan jika diberi sama rata semua ahli. Terutamanya jika ada ahli kurang cekap.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pendapat minoriti mungkin terlepas pandang</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ada isu keselamatan jika tidak dipantau</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Di mana nak gunakan kaedah pemimpin demokratik?</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Jika anda ada cukup masa untuk terlibat dan ahli boleh berkongsi maklumat berguna, ia adalah peluang menggunakah kaedah ini. Jika keputusan anda tidak mendedahkan maklumat sulit dan persendirian kepada umum, juga sesuai.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Bagaimana nak guna kaedah demokratik?</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pastikan ahli ada kemahiran untuk maju. Pemimpin menggalakkan ahli jadi mahir dan berkongsi ilmu </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pastikan ada masa yang cukup dan sesuai. Ahli perlu masa untuk berkongsi ilmu.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Beri semua orang peluang untuk menyumbang.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pastikan sasaran dan harapan anda jelas dan diketahui.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Perbezaan antara pemimpin demokratik dengan pemimpin lain</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 13.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 13.5pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Demokratik </span></u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">- </span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Pemimpin D</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">emokratik menggalakkan keterlibatan ahli kumpulan dan pengurusan. Gaya demokratik diperincikan dengan kerjasama, hormat dan kurang autonomi.</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 13.5000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 13.5pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Autokratik </span></u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">- </span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">B</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ercanggah engan pemimpin demokratik. </span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">emimpin autokratik membuat semua keputusan tanpa maklumat atau cadangan dari ahli. Semua kuasa, tanggungjawab dan autonomi, berada di bawahnya</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Birokrasi </span></u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">- </span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Pemimpin birokrasi fokus kepada peraturan, hirarki dan ‘buat dengan betul’. ia berkesan untuk organisasi berskala besar, Bagi pemimpin yang suka maklumat dari orang bawahan, teknik ini terlalu ketat.</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">C</span></u><u><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">oaching </span></u><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">- </span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">emimpin jenis coaching suka fokus kepada laporan terus berkenaan kekuatan dan kelemahan. </span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">emimpin jenis ini bekerja dengan ahli kumpulan dengan cara membimbing untuk mencapai sasaran profesional dan organisasi.</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">L</span></u><u><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">aissez fare</span></u><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> -</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> </span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">emimpin jenis ini, juga dikenali sebagai pemimpin bebas. Ia fokus kepada autonomi ahli dan pembahagian tugas. </span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">emimpin jenis ini, perlu pastikan adanya laporan dan alatan untuk menggerakkan ahli menjayakan aktiviti. </span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">T</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ransaksional - </span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">emimpin transaksional berpegang kepada kaedah rotan dan habuan untuk motivasikan ahli. </span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">T</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ransformasi - </span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">P</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">emimpin transformasi suka memberi inspirasi kepada ahli kumpulan. </span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">A</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ntara caranya, mendengar dan &nbsp;pimpin melalui teladan.</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(249, 248, 242); color: #272727; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Pautan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/teori-kemimpinan.html">Teori kepimpinan</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/kualiti-pemimpin.html">Kualiti Pemimpin</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/gaya-kepimpinan.html"><span style="font-size: medium;">Gaya Pemimpin</span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/05/pengurusan-lawan-kepimpinan.html">Pengurus Vs Pemimpin</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pemimpin Autokratik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/pemimpin-gaya-laissez-faire.html">Pemimpin laisez Fare</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;Teori Kepimpinan Fiedler</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Rujukan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/kendra-cherry-2794702"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Kendra Cherry, MSEd</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">, May 29, 2026.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Is Democratic Leadership the Best Style of Leadership?</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> </span><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-democratic-leadership-2795315"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-democratic-leadership-2795315</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #335f83; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">June 15, 2022. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Key characteristics of democratic leadership</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.nsls.org/blog/key-characteristics-of-democratic-leadership"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.nsls.org/blog/key-characteristics-of-democratic-leadership</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Jen Hubley Luckwaldt, 20 June 2025. Democratic Leadership style: When, Why and How to Lead This Way. </span><a href="https://chronus.com/blog/democratic-leadership-style"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://chronus.com/blog/democratic-leadership-style</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style="margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-27263530599521450062026-08-14T16:58:20.822-07:002026-08-14T16:58:20.822-07:00<p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Kepintaran intrapersonal ialah keupayaan mengenalpasti pemikiran, emosi dan motivasi diris endiri. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">a melibatkan kesedaran diri melalui refleksi dan kendali diri. Menurut Courtney Morgan, kepintaran intrapersonal menerangkan bagaimana kita memahami diri sendiri dan menggunakan kesedaran diri untuk mengawal hidup. Ia termasuklah emosi, sistem kepercayaan, nilai teras dan motivasi di sebalik tindakan kita.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ndividu yang ada kepintaran intrapersonal akan rasa terikat dengan emosi sendiri &nbsp;dan lebih tahu apa yang dikehendaki. Antara </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">orang terkenal dengan Kepintaran Intrapersonal ialah V</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">irginia Woolf </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">dan </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Albert Einstein</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ciri orang yang ada kepintaran intrapersonal</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tinggi kesedaran tinggi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Mahir dalam refleksi dalaman</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tinggi kesedaran emosi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Berpengetahuan kendali diri</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">5. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Intuitif</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">6. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Berdikari</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">7. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Senang bekerja sendiri</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">8. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Introvert</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kepintaran Intrapersonal agak berbeza berbanding dengan kepintaran interpersonal</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kepintaran intrapersonal lebih kepada mengenali diri sendiri, manakala interpersonal pula berintaraksi dengan orang lain.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kepintaran Intrapersonal lebih introvert berbanding Interpersonal lebih ekstrovert.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Maklumbalas emosi dan kendali diri individu pinta intrapersonal dari dalam diri. Manakala individu interpersonal, maklumbalas emosi dan kendali diri datang dari orang lain.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Pautan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/01/kepintaran-pelbagai.html">Kepintaran Pelbagai</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/06/kepintaran-bahasa.html">Kepintaran Bahasa</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-muzik.html">Kepintaran muzik</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/07/kepintaran-kinestetik.html">Kepintaran kinestetik</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-visual-spatial.html">Kepintaran visual</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-logik-matematik.html">Kepintaran logik</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/06/kepintaran-alam-pintar-alam.html">Kepintaran Alam</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-interpersonal.html">Kepintaran Interpersonal</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Rujukan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/kendra-cherry-2794702"><u><span class="15" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Kendra Cherry, MSEd</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">, March 27, 2026. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Intrapersonal Intelligence: A Comprehensive Guide</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/intrapersonal-intelligence-8610181"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.verywellmind.com/intrapersonal-intelligence-8610181</span></u></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/melissa-kelly-6107"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Melissa Kelly</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">, &nbsp;April 30, 2025. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">The Best Examples of Intrapersonal Intelligence</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/intrapersonal-intelligence-profile-8092"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.thoughtco.com/intrapersonal-intelligence-profile-8092</span></u></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><a href="https://www.dianawaring.com/author/diana-waring-2/" title="Posts by Diana Waring"><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Diana Waring</span></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Self Smart — Intrapersonal Intelligence</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.dianawaring.com/self-smart-intrapersonal-intelligence/"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.dianawaring.com/self-smart-intrapersonal-intelligence/</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style="line-height: 114%; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 114%; mso-fareast-font-family: helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 22.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-68877751171660823272026-08-09T17:26:11.802-07:002026-08-14T16:59:00.174-07:00<p><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Kepintaran muzik, salah satu dari senarai kepintaran pelbagai cadangan Howard Gardner. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;Kepintaran muzik melibatkan bunyi, irama dan nada suara.</span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><br /></span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Menurut SW Mills (2001), kepintaran muzik ialah keupayaan menghasilkan ritma, bunyi dan ekspresi irama. Namun begitu, penyelidik lain memberi fokus kepada pembangunan keupayaan seni muzik dan manipulasi irama.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 5.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 5.0000pt; margin: 5pt 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Berbeza pula dengan Jennifer Townsend, ahli terapi di Houston Methodist. </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enurut beliau, kepintaran muzik ialah bagaimana seseorang berfikir atau berhubung dengan bunyi. Bunyi, sentiasa ada dengan kita. </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">T</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ownsend bekerja dalam suasana kesihatan, di mana beliau melihat kaitan bunyi dengan pesakit. </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">C</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ontohnya, pesakit yang baru boleh bergerak, memerlukan bunyi sebagai bantuan untuk mencari arah.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Antara individu pintar muzik popular :</span><span class="16" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Ludwig van Beethoven</span><span class="16" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;dan </span><span class="16" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Michael Jackson</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span class="16" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Orang pintar muzik biasanya</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">:</span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 20.9000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 20.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -20.9pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">encari pola dari sekeliling.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 20.9000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 20.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -20.9pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">S</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ukakan bunyi </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 20.9000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 20.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -20.9pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">C</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">epat menghafal frasa dan perkataan dalam bahasa asing </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 20.9000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 20.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -20.9pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">S</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">eronik menyanyi dan menari </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 20.9000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 20.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -20.9pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">F</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">aham struktur nota muzik dan irama </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 20.9000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 20.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -20.9pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">engecap pola irama untuk mengingat benda</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 20.9000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 20.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -20.9pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Mahir bermain alat muzik </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kerjaya yang sesuai untuk rang pintar muzik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Guru muzik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Komposer</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Penyanyi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Produser muzik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">5. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Audiologist</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">6. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Editor bunyi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">7. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ahli patologi bunyi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Pautan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/01/kepintaran-pelbagai.html">Kepintaran pelbagai</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/06/kepintaran-bahasa.html">Kepintaran bahasa</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-interpersonal.html">Kepintaran interpersonal</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-visual-spatial.html">Kepintaran visual</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/06/kepintaran-alam-pintar-alam.html">Kepintaran alam</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/07/kepintaran-kinestetik.html">Kepintaran kinestetik</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-logik-matematik.html">Kepintaran Logik-matematik</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-intrapersonal.html">&nbsp;Kepintaran Intrapersonal</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Rujukan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/john-loeppky-5221985"><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">John Loeppky</span></u></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">, December 10, 2025. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">What to Know About Musical Intelligence</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/what-to-know-about-musical-intelligence-8636494"><u><span class="15" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.verywellmind.com/what-to-know-about-musical-intelligence-8636494</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><a href="https://www.simplypsychology.org/author/mia-belle-frothingham"><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Mia Belle Frothingham</span></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">, </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">February 2, 2024. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Musical Intelligence: Definition, Examples &amp; Characteristics</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.simplypsychology.org/musical-intelligence.html"><u><span class="15" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.simplypsychology.org/musical-intelligence.html</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Jan, 13 2026. Musical Intelligence: Definition, Examples &amp; How to Improve it. </span><a href="https://www.sixiemeson.com/blog/whats-musical-intelligence-and-how-you-can-develop-your-own/"><u><span class="15" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.sixiemeson.com/blog/whats-musical-intelligence-and-how-you-can-develop-your-own/</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><h1 style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><h1 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-left: 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-87714511878263225742026-08-08T16:33:54.561-07:002026-08-14T16:59:29.533-07:00<p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Howard Gardner mencadangkan orang pintar logik matematik dalam Teori Kepintaran Pelbagai pada tahun 1983. Ia menerangkn keupayaan mengecam nombir, pola, punca dan menyelesaikan masalah secara bersistem. Orang jenis ni, senang dalam menganalisa dan banyak ekerja dengan nombor dan fakta secara tersusun. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Bagi psikologis Piaget pula, kepintaran logik matematik ialah kemahiran individu megurus objek, menyusun mengikut aturan dan hubungkait</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Antara orang popular pintar logik matematik seperti Alan Turing dan Marie Curie.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kekuatan orang yang pintar logik-matematik, bagus dalam mencari punca, mengecam corak dan menganalisa masalah secara logik. Mereka cenderung berfikir konsep nombor, dan pola hubungan.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Orang jenis ni, cenderung bekerja sebagai saintis, ahli matematik, pengaturcara, jurutera dan akauntan. Penulis buku juga, menggunakan kemahiran logik matematik untuk menyusun plot cerita, untuk menarik perhatian pembaca.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Kelebihan individu ada kepintaran logik matematik</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Penyiasat yang berkesan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Perancang yang bagus.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Penasihat yang dipercayai.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Kekurangan individu yang ada kepintaran logik matematik</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kurang empati dan emosi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Berfikir berlebihan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kurang kesabaran</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Pautan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/01/kepintaran-pelbagai.html">Kepintaran pelbagai</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/06/kepintaran-bahasa.html">Kepintaran bahasa</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-interpersonal.html">Kepintaran interpersonal</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-visual-spatial.html">Kepintaran visual</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/06/kepintaran-alam-pintar-alam.html">Kepintaran alam</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/07/kepintaran-kinestetik.html">Kepintaran kinestetik</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-muzik.html">Kepintaran muzik</a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-intrapersonal.html">Kepintaran intrapersonal</a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Rujukan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/kendra-cherry-2794702"><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Kendra Cherry, MSEd</span></u></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">, July 5, 2026. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/gardners-theory-of-multiple-intelligences-2795161"><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://www.verywellmind.com/gardners-theory-of-multiple-intelligences-2795161</span></u></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Logical - Mathematical Intelligence. </span><a href="https://jobcannon.io/tests/multiple-intelligences/results/logical"><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://jobcannon.io/tests/multiple-intelligences/results/logical</span></u></a></p><h1 style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt;"><span style="color: #101418; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-font-kerning: 22.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Educational Technology Innovation and Impact/Why use Technology in Education/Logical-Mathematical Intelligence</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Wiki.</span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Educational_Technology_Innovation_and_Impact/Why_use_Technology_in_Education/Logical-Mathematical_Intelligence"><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Educational_Technology_Innovation_and_Impact/Why_use_Technology_in_Education/Logical-Mathematical_Intelligence</span></u></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">6 Ogos 2024.Logical Mathematical Intelligence: The Secret to Finding Solutions Faster and Better. </span><a href="https://okr.business/blog/logical-mathematical-intelligence-why-people-find-solutions-faster-better/"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://okr.business/blog/logical-mathematical-intelligence-why-people-find-solutions-faster-better/</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-36991718956738558602026-08-07T22:26:16.721-07:002026-08-14T16:59:59.477-07:00<p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Kepintaran interpersonal ialah kepintaran seseorang untuk berhubung dengan orang lain. Individu jenis ini senang berinteraksi dengan orang sekeliling dan mempengaruhi orang lain. Senang cerita, orang yang pintar interpersonal ni, orang yang agak ekstrovert.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Howard Gardner memberi contoh Anne Sullivan , guru yang mengajar Helen Keller, seorang yang pekak dan buta berusia 7 tahun.Sullivan seorang yang separuh buta dan mendapat pendidikan asas mengajar pendidikan khas. &nbsp;Sullivan menunjukkan kemahiran interpersonal yang tinggi ketika berurusan dengan Keller. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">D</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">engan bantuannya, Keller menjadi seorang penulis dan pensyarah yang dikenali pada abad ke 20.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">A</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ntara individu popular yang mahir kepintaran interpersonal ialah</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ahatma Gandhi</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Mother Teresa </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Oprah Winfrey</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Bill Clinton</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Antara ciri orang yang mahir interpersonal.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Empati.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kesedaran sosial tinggi.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kemahiran komunikasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kemahiran mengadaptasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Boleh bekerja dalam kumpulan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Bakat kepemimpinan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Mahir mengurus konflik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kelebihan orang yang ada kemahiran interpersonal</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Hubungan rapat dengan individu lain</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kurang ketakutan sosial</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Lebih minda terbuka</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Lebih senang berurusan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">5. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kerjaya lebih berkembang</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ada perbezaan, antara kemahiran interpersonal dan intrapersonal.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><b>Kemahiran Interpersonal</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Fokus kepada interaksi dengan individu lain. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enekankan bina hubungan sosial </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">T</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ermasuk kemahiran seperti empati, mendengar dengan aktif dan komunikasi </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Ketua dan ahli kumpulan yang bagus </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 21.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt; tab-stops: left blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">M</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">enyumbang kepada permbangunan sosial </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><b>Kemahiran intrapersonal</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Fokus kepada memahami diri sendiri</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Menekankan penerokaan dan refleksi diri</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Penekanan kepada motivasi diri dan berdikari</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Termasuk kemahiran mengawal emosi dan membuat keputusan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Melibatkan pembangunan diri</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pautan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/01/kepintaran-pelbagai.html">Kepintaran Pelbagai</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/06/kepintaran-alam-pintar-alam.html">Kepintaran Alam</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/06/kepintaran-bahasa.html">Kepintaran Bahasa</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/07/kepintaran-kinestetik.html">Kepintaran kinestetik</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-visual-spatial.html">Kepintaran Visual</a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-logik-matematik.html">Kepintaran Logik-matematik</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-muzik.html">Kepintaran Muzik</a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-intrapersonal.html">Kepintaran intrapersonal&nbsp;</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Rujukan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/about-cfi/"><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">CFI Team</span></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">, 12 November 2018. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Interpersonal Intelligence</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/management/interpersonal-intelligence/"><span class="15" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/management/interpersonal-intelligence/</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/sanjana-gupta-5188040"><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Sanjana Gupta</span></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">, 1 Julai 2026. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">How to Develop Interpersonal Intelligence</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/interpersonal-intelligence-8640261"><span class="15" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">https://www.verywellmind.com/interpersonal-intelligence-8640261</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-left: 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 13.65pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><h1 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 12.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt 0pt 12pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-19054331502248541232026-08-02T17:44:33.349-07:002026-08-14T17:00:37.220-07:00<p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kepintaran visual spatial ialah keupayaan seseorang untuk melihat dan menganalisa ruang visual di sekeliling. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #202122; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Kepintaran Visual Spatial ialah salah satu kepintaran dalam teori kepintaran pelbagai. Howard Gardner menggariskan kepintaran visual cekap dala menunjuk arah, melihat sesuatu dalam banyak sudut dan berpaksikan benda.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Menurut Dr Richard Kraft, pensyarah Otterbein University, Kepintaran Visual ialah keupayaan berfikir dalam bentuk 3 sudut pandang (3 Dimensi). &nbsp;Orang yang pintar visual mahir dalam menunjuk arah dan pandai membaiki atau memasang alatan. Berbeza dengan orang yang kurang kemahiran ini, yang mudah sesat. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Ciri-ciri kepintaran visual</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Berfikir dalam bentuk objek</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Melihat corak yang mungkin orang tak nampak atau tak sedar</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Memproses maklumat secara visual</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Suka menggunakan bentuk atau objek untuk mengingat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">5. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Memori gambar sangat tinggi berbanding ayat.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Orang yang pintar visual</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Menyelesaikan teka teki atau puzzle dengan bimbingan minimum.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Melukis dengan daya ingatan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Membaca peta dengan senang.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Membina struktur blok (seperti LEGO) dengan senang.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Menurut beberapa pakar dalam dunia pendidikan, pelajar yang kuat kepintaran visual sangat bagus untuk terlibat dalam kursus STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math) atau Sains Gunaan seperti Kejuruteraan dan Perancangan Bandar.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pautan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/01/kepintaran-pelbagai.html">Kepintaran Pelbagai</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/06/kepintaran-alam-pintar-alam.html">Kepintaran Alam</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/06/kepintaran-bahasa.html">Kepintaran Bahasa</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/07/kepintaran-kinestetik.html">Kepintaran Kinestetik</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-interpersonal.html">&nbsp;Kepintaran Interpersonal</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-logik-matematik.html">&nbsp;Kepintaran Logik</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-muzik.html">Kepintaran muzik</a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-intrapersonal.html">Kepintaran intrapersonal</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Rujukan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">28 Julai 2025. Apakah Kecerdasan Ruang Visual dan Cara Memperbaikinya pada Kanak-kanak. </span><a href="https://xiairworld.com/ms/kecerdasan-spatial-visual/"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">https://xiairworld.com/ms/kecerdasan-spatial-visual/</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Amy Marschall 21 Disember 2025. Understanding and Developing Visual-Spatial Intelligence.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/visual-spatial-intelligence-8628123"><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://www.verywellmind.com/visual-spatial-intelligence-8628123</span></u></a><span class="16" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #141a1a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #141a1a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span class="16" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #141a1a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Spatial Intelligence (Psychology), Wiki. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_intelligence_(psychology)"><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_intelligence_(psychology)</span></u></a><span class="16" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #141a1a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="16" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #141a1a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-70437262167880513242026-07-30T22:48:36.121-07:002026-08-09T17:28:29.538-07:00<p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kepintaran kinestetik, atau pintar gerakan badan ialah kemahiran seseorang memahami dan mengendalikan gerak badan. Kepintaran ini, salah satu dari kepintaran pelbagai yang dicadangkan oleh Howard Gardner. Kepintaran jenis ini, agak peting kepada orang yang keupayaan terhad, pesakit strok contohnya, dan orang yang mahu mengekalkan kualiti hidup</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Menurut Howard Gardner, kepintaran kinestetik ialah keupayaan mengawal geraka badan dan mengendalikan barangan dengan mahir. Contohnya atlit, penari dan doktor bedah. Adam King, seorang psikologis juga sependapat. Katanya, ia adalah keupayaan kita memahami dang menunjukkan kemahiran fizikal, dalam keadaan tertentu.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;Pengkaji menguji beberapa indikator seperti kawalan badan, ritma, dan keupayaan badan menggunakan badan dalam mengkaji kepintaran kinestetik. Menurut Adam King, memahami pkepintaran kinestetik membantu pegawai kesihatan untuk menyokong orang menjaga fungsi motor asas seperti keseimbangan badan. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">B</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">eliau memberi contoh petugas kesihatan yang membantu proses rehabilitasi pesakit dalam kes ini. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ciri-ciri orang yang mempunyai kepintaran kinestetik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Cepat dapat ilham ketika bersenam/bergerak</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Suka aktiviti yang perlukan pergerajan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ada hobi dan kerja yang melibatkan pergerakan seperti seni kraf dan sukan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pautan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/01/kepintaran-pelbagai.html">Kepintaran pelbagai</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/06/kepintaran-bahasa.html">Kepintaran bahasa</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/06/kepintaran-alam-pintar-alam.html">Kepintaran alami</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-visual-spatial.html">Kepintaran visual&nbsp;</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-interpersonal.html">Kepintaran Interpersonal</a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-logik-matematik.html">Kepintaran logik</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-muzik.html">Kepintaran muzik</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Rujukan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/john-loeppky-5221985"><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">John Loeppky</span></u></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> 24 February 2026. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">What To Know About Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence and How It Shows Up in Daily Life</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/bodily-kinesthetic-intelligence-11911864"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.verywellmind.com/bodily-kinesthetic-intelligence-11911864</span></u></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">19 Mei 2022. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #030303; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence: Definition, Characteristics, and Activities for its Development</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #030303; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.learningbp.com/bodily-kinesthetic-intelligence-definition-characteristics-activities-development/"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;">https://www.learningbp.com/bodily-kinesthetic-intelligence-definition-characteristics-activities-development/</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0pt 0pt 9.75pt; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="color: #030303; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><h1 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-left: 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-68176606272356931322026-06-28T22:31:47.583-07:002026-08-14T17:01:04.302-07:00<p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Kepintaran Alam atau Pintar Alam ialah keupayaan untuk memerhati, mengenalpasti, memahami dan menggunakan alam semulajadi. Ia melibatkan haiwan, pokok dan alam sekitar. Orang yang Pandai Alam berminat dengan meneroka dan memahami alam sekitar. Mereka juga sensitif kepada perubahan dan mencari pola dan hubungkait dengan alam semulajadi.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ciri-ciri yang individu ini ada</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Sukakan alam semulajadi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tinggi kemahiran memerhati</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Bermotivasi untuk memahami bagaimana sesuatu bertindak</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tidak suka pencemaran</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">5. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Berkesan dalam menyusun maklumat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">6. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Sayangkan haiwan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">7. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Sukakan kerjaya saintifik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">8. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Mampu secara praktikal untuk kerja melibatkan alam: bertani, menternak haiwan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kelebihan orang Pandai Alam</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">sifat empat dan bagus dalam hubungan sosial. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Fungsi kognitif baik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tekanan darah stabil</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kurang penyakit kronik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">5. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tidur yang baik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">6. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tekanan mental kurang</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><b>Pautan</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/01/kepintaran-pelbagai.html">Kepintaran Pelbagai</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/06/kepintaran-bahasa.html">Kepintaran Bahasa</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/07/kepintaran-kinestetik.html">&nbsp;Kepintaran Kinestetik</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-visual-spatial.html">Kepintaran Visual&nbsp;</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-interpersonal.html">Kepintaran Interpersonal</a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-logik-matematik.html">Kepintaran logik</a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-muzik.html">Kepintaran Muzik</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-intrapersonal.html">Kepintaran Intrapersonal</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><b>Rujukan</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">19 Mac 2025. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Introduction to Naturalistic Intelligence</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://mybrightwheel.com/blog/naturalistic-intelligence"><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://mybrightwheel.com/blog/naturalistic-intelligence</span></u></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/kendra-cherry-2794702"><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Kendra Cherry, MSEd</span></u></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"> 14 Mac 2024. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Naturalistic Intelligence and the Power of Environmental Awareness</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/naturalistic-intelligence-8608334"><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://www.verywellmind.com/naturalistic-intelligence-8608334</span></u></a><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><h1 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-left: 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-90363393542592102712026-06-25T22:17:17.497-07:002026-08-14T17:04:29.228-07:00<p>&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">PINTAR BAHASA ( LINGUISTIC INTELLIGENCE)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kepintaran Linguistik atau pintar bahasa ialah salah sau kepintaran dalam teori <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/01/kepintaran-pelbagai.html">Kepintaran Pelbagai </a>(teori oleh Howard Gardner). &nbsp;Ia mewakili kepintaran menguasai bahasa: menulis dan berbual. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Orang pintar bahasa bagus dalam bercerita, berpidato dan memujuk. Senang cerita, mulut manis. Mereka pandai menerangkan sesuatu perkara menggunakan ayat dengan senang dan selesa.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ciri - ciri orang pintar bahasa</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">1. Kaya Kosa Kata dan suka perkataan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">2. Suka membaca dan menulis</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Memori kuat untuk perkataan dan idea</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Mahir berkomunikasi dan petah bercaka[</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">5. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Mahir memujuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">6. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Cepat belajar bahasa baru</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">7. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Suka permainan perkataan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Untuk mahir bahasa, selain hadir ke kelas, boleh lakukan aktiviti berikut</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Membaca dengan konsisten</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Permainan bahasa (Scrabble, Teka Silang Kata, Cari Perkataan Tersembunyi)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Sertai pertandingan atau aktiviti bercerita, berbahas atau berpidato</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Orang yang pandai bahasa, sesuai berada di ‘kaunter hadapan’ menjadi pencerita, juruacara majlis, jurujual, penulis skrip, peguam, wartawan dan guru. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Orang pandai bahasa juga, senang menerokai aspek sejarah, undang-undang dan politik. Walaupun ketiga-tiga aspek ini berdasarkan fakta, mereka mampu menguasai dengan baik kerana kebanyakan masa, bidang ini banyak bermain dengan perkataan. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><b>Pautan</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/06/kepintaran-alam-pintar-alam.html">Kepintaran Alam</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/07/kepintaran-kinestetik.html">Kepintaran Kinestetik</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-visual-spatial.html">Kepintaran Visual</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-muzik.html">Kepintaran Muzik</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-intrapersonal.html">Kepintaran intrapersonal</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-interpersonal.html">kepintaran interpersonal</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/08/kepintaran-logik-matematik.html">Kepintaran logik</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Rujukan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p align="justify" class="p" style="line-height: 114%; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 7.5000pt; margin: 7.5pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: sans-serif; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Saul McLeon, 6 Mac 2025. </span><a href="https://www.simplypsychology.org/linguistic-intelligence.html"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">https://www.simplypsychology.org/linguistic-intelligence.html</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: sans-serif; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="line-height: 114%; margin: 7.5pt 0pt 0pt; padding: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: sans-serif; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kendra Cherry, 17 Mac 2026. &nbsp;</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #212121; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">A Comprehensive Guide to Verbal Linguistic Intelligence</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #212121; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/verbal-linguistic-intelligence-8643191"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">https://www.verywellmind.com/verbal-linguistic-intelligence-8643191</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: sans-serif; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: sans-serif; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Alyssa Austin, 14 Mac 2023. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">“Word Smarts”: Understanding Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence in Students</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">. </span><a href="https://www.connectionsacademy.com/support/resources/article/word-smarts-why-students-need-verbal-linguistic-intelligence-and-more/"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">https://www.connectionsacademy.com/support/resources/article/word-smarts-why-students-need-verbal-linguistic-intelligence-and-more/</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="p" style="line-height: 114%; margin: 7.5pt 0pt 0pt; padding: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: sans-serif; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p align="justify" class="p" style="line-height: 114%; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 7.5000pt; margin: 7.5pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #212121; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-48745716823213475762026-05-25T22:25:05.073-07:002026-06-08T21:32:32.958-07:00<p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori motivasi Alderfer terbentuk dari Teori Keperluan Maslow. Ia dikembangkan oleh Clayton Alderfer pada 1969, dengan 3 elemen utama. Elemen tersebut ialah Existence (kewujudan), Relatedness (hubungkait) dan Growth (perkembangan).</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Bagi Alderfer, manusia bermotivasi dengan 3 elemen ini. Motivasi kewujudan berkaitan dengan kelangsungan psikologi dan fizikal. Seterusnya, motivasi hubungkait, melibatkan hubungan dalam komuniti. Paling akhir, tapi masih penting ialah motivasi perkembangan, yang melibatkan perkembangan diri. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Dalam Teori Maslow, seseorang perlu lengkap satu aras keperluan sebelum ke aras seterusnya. Alderfer tidak bersetuju, kerana baginya, seseorang boleh mempunyai motivasi hubungkait walaupun keperluan asas belum cukup. Bagi Alderfer, setiap orang mungkin mempunyai keutamaan yang berbeza berdasarkan pandangan masing-masing. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Alderfer juga menyebut, pentingnya seseorang itu melihat hubungkait antara satu aras keperluan dengan aras keperluan lain. Jika seseorang berasa termotivasi dalam hubungan, dia mungkin akan boleh masuk ke aras berkembang, walaupun aras hubungkait belum sepenuhnya tercapai.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidwipvv52Ti1UTfRqS2OhGIiw8nAjiEcC3QsLBjRECby9-bgrFh0Pit9CK4Rj-9j_n-j29PYFQ5Gp8L8DsKXJz3Un5kWT_T6KWXoC-ADjs0HLlePlpvX7pWToIGeDKBUh-ythFZKJUR2Vj7Cyt7njgh2h3TDwow11iQjO10mMf8bxD-Pt-tjh6_X_ztdE/s553/adelfer.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="553" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidwipvv52Ti1UTfRqS2OhGIiw8nAjiEcC3QsLBjRECby9-bgrFh0Pit9CK4Rj-9j_n-j29PYFQ5Gp8L8DsKXJz3Un5kWT_T6KWXoC-ADjs0HLlePlpvX7pWToIGeDKBUh-ythFZKJUR2Vj7Cyt7njgh2h3TDwow11iQjO10mMf8bxD-Pt-tjh6_X_ztdE/s320/adelfer.png" width="320" /></a></div><br />&nbsp;<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Gambar: piramid keperluan Maslow (background biru) dan aras teori Alderfer (tulisan hijau)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Aras 1: Kewujudan. Keperluan asas hidup. Sama seperti teori Maslow (2 aras bawah); makan, minum, tempat tinggal, kasihsayang.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Aras 2: Hubungkait. Mengikit Teori Maslow, aras 3 dan 4. Melibatkan hubungan sosial dengan keluarga dan masyarakat. Rasa mahu diterima dan menerima.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Aras 3: Perkembangan. Melibatkan hati kecil dan emosi dalaman.Ia termasuk kehendak untuk menjadi lebih baik dan lebih kreatif.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Menggunakan teori Alderfer, kita boleh termotivasi melalui pelbagai aras serentak. Keutamaan motivasi kita, juga boleh berubah mengikut keadaan kita. Jadi, kita tidak perlu menunggu 1 aras selesai untuk ke aras yang seterusnya. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Hubungan dalam teori Alderfer</span></u><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Hubungan berkembang - kepuasan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Bahagian penting dalam teori Maslow. Bagi Alderfer pula, tak semestikan kita perlu ‘memanjat’ tahap keperluan dari bawah ke atas. Berada di atas tidak menunjukkan kita sudh puas hati dengan keperluan asas yang di bawah.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Hubungan kemerosotan - kekecewaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kes ini terjadi, bila ada peringkat yang kita belum capai. Jadi kekecewaan itu ada kerana belum capai perkembangan yang kita mahu. Contohnya kita sudah lengkap keperluan kewujudan dan mahu ke peringkat perkembangan, tapi peringkat hubungkait masih bermasalah. Peringkat yang bermasalah ini, kita perlu murnikan untuk cepat berkembang dan kurang kecewa.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Hubungan Kepuasan - kekuatan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Hubungan ini terjad bila banyak keperluan kita sudah tercapai, mahu dikekalkan dan mahu kukuhkan bahagian yang masih lemah.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Perkembangan</span></u><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori ERG Alderfer berkembang bermula 1961 - 1978. Dari sudut ketenteraan, Wilcove (1978) menyatakan teori ERG ada 2 kekurangan.a) hormar kepada organisasi &nbsp;b) hormat kepada penyelia/ketua. Untuk teori ini, Wilcove mencadangkan kajian lanjur berkaitan perkembangan dan hubungkait dalam hubungan keluarha dan kesan organisasi dalam hak individu.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Alderfer dan Guzzo pula mempertimbangkan kelebihan keinginan. Dalam perspektif budaya pula, Song, Wang dan Wei (2007) membuat kajian empirikal, melibatkan 150 peserta di Jiangsu, timur China. Mereka mendapati ada perbezaan antara jantina dan jenis personaliti.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Dalam dunia kerja, banyak kajian dilakukan berdasarkan teori ini. Pada tahun 1990an, kajian mendapati kebanyakan pekerja termotivasi dengan gaji yang bagus, jaminan kerja, kenaikan pangkat dan kerja yang menarik. Kajian di Malaysia (2008) melibatkan 550 pekerja dari 96 syarikat &nbsp;dan kajian di China dan Afrika Selatan(2006) mendapati hasil yang hampir sama.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;pautan: <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/06/motivasi.html">motivasi</a>, <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/04/teori-motivasi.html">teori motivasi</a>, <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/07/teori-keperluan-maslow-dan-mcclelland.html">teori keperluan</a>, <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/06/estim-diri.html">self esteem</a>, <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/04/teori-motivasi-herzberg.html">teori Herzberg</a>, <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/04/teori-motivasi-mcgregor.html">teori McGregor</a>,<a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/05/teori-motivasi-self-determination.html"> teori Self Determination&nbsp;</a>,<a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/05/teori-motivasi-harapan-vroom.html"> teori Vroom</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Sumber:</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">18 Febuari 2019. Alderfer’s ERG Theory of Motivation: A simple Summary. </span><a href="https://people-shift.com/articles/alderfers-erg-theory-of-motivation/"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://people-shift.com/articles/alderfers-erg-theory-of-motivation/</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="p" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); margin-left: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Employee Motivation Theories, ERG Theory Alderfer. </span><a href="https://www.yourcoach.be/en/employee-motivation-theories/erg-motivation-theory-alderfer/"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://www.yourcoach.be/en/employee-motivation-theories/erg-motivation-theory-alderfer/</span></u></a><span style="color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="p" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); margin-left: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Jane R. Caulton, 2012. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">The Development and Use of the Theory of ERG: A Literature Review</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">. </span><span style="color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://www.regent.edu/journal/emerging-leadership-journeys/alderfers-erg-theory-of-motivation/</span><span style="color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0pt 0pt 30pt; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-82377633417409108712026-05-13T18:26:44.537-07:002026-06-08T21:32:21.477-07:00<p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori Self Determination (teori penentuan diri) dicadangkan oleh Richard Ryan dan Edward Deci ( University of Rochester) pada tahun 1985. Teori ini mengambil jalan yang agak berlainan dengan teori motivasi yang ada pada masa itu. Teori self determination dicadangkan bersama beberapa subteori yang dikembangkan oleh Ryan dan Deci.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori ini menerangkan punca yang menghalang motivasi kita, sama ada dari motivasi dalaman atau punca luaran. Asasnya, teori cadangan Ryan dan Deci ini menekankan keperluan autonomi, kompetensi dan hubungkait.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Autonomi</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">:</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">perasaan kita memilih kebiasaan melawan perasaan dikawal oleh orang lain.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kita perlu mengawal tindakan dan sasaran sendiri, dalam kawalan sendiri.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Autonomi memberi kesan dalam perubahan diri dan membantu kita ada perasaan memunyai peranan dalam hidup sendiri.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Kompetensi</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">:</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">perasaan bahawa kita dapat buat sesuatu dengan berkesan dan bagus.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kita perlu belajar dan mahir beberapa kemahiran untuk mencapai sasaran sendiri.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Hubungkait</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">perasaan bahawa kita ada hubungkait dan berasa sebahagian dari komuniti. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Terdapat 2 jangkaan penting dalam teori ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tabiat untuk berkembang. Kita secara aktif menyasarkan perkembangan, dapat mencabar diri dan pengalaman baru.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pentingnya motivasi autonomi. Biasanya kita termotivasi secara luaran seperti gaji dan pangkat. Tapi teori ini berfokus kepada motivasi dalaman seperti rasa ingin tahu dan ingin bebas.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Punca lain yang membantu elemen autonomi, kompetensi dan hubungkait ialah</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Motivasi luaran. Deci menyatakan habuan luaran boleh menenggelamkan kuasa autonomi. Ia dipanggil kesan overjustification. Hal ini disebabkan keputusan kita dipengaruhi faktor luaran.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Maklumbalas postif. Deci mencadangkan, maklumbalas positif secara spontan boleh membantu motivasi dalaman. Kesannya, rasa yakin diri boleh meningkat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori Self Determination, mempunyai 6 teori mini, yang dikembangkan kemudian:</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori Evaluasi Kognitif: perincian kesan konteks sosial dan faktor seperti penghargaan, kawalan interpersonal dan ego dalam motivasi dalaman</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori Integrasi Organisma: perincian pelbagai bentuk motivasi luaran.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori Orientasi Kasual : perincian kepelbagaian individu terhadap persekitaran dan regulasi tabiat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori Keperluan Psikologi adas</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">5. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori Sasaran Bahan : perkembangan kaitan sasaran dalaman dan luaran serta kesannya</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">6. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori Motivasi kaitan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Dalam dunia pendidikan, beberapa kajian dibuat menggunakan teori self determination ini. Chantal Levesque Bristol, pensyarah Purdue Universitu menguji ke atas pelajar kolejnya. Tahun 2011, beliau buat ujian ini, dan 580 kursus di Purdue University disusun semula. Hasilnya, kadar pelajar gagal menurun. Antara yang boleh dibuat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Sediakan maklumbalas positif ketika pelajar buat dengan baik.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Elakkan anugerah luaran yang berlebihan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Berikan autonomi, seperti biarkan pelajar memilih cara nak siapkan tugasan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tawarkan sumber untuk bantu pelajar berjaya siapkan tugasan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Dalam dunia kerjaya, jika kita berpuas hati dengan tugas, kita akan bekerja dengan lebih bersungguh-sungguh dan bersemangat. Nak naikkan semangat ahli pasukan?</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Benarkan ahli membuat keputusan dalam sesetengah perkara</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Hadkan penggunaan anugerah luaran seperti bonus</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Lebihkan kata semangat dan pujian</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Berikan maklumbalas yang membantu ahli pasukan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Dalam kes pertandingan, teori ini boleh memberi motivasi kepada peserta, sekurang-kurangnya menguatkan ketahanan mental. Kajian sokongan juga mendapati teori ini membantu dalam proses diet dan senaman. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Dalam perhubungan sosial pula, jika ahli kumpulan berasa disokong, mereka akan membina identiti sosial yang baik dalam kumpulan. Dengan kata lain, kebersamaan menyokong penentuan diri dan menaikkan peluang orang menyumbang sesuatu kepada masyarakat. &nbsp;Untuk mencapai tujuan ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Cari hubungan positif yang menyokong sasaran anda.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tawarkan sokongan dan maklumbalas kepada ahli kumpulan anda.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Jadi pendengar yang baik.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Sahkan perasaan orang lain dan tunjuk sokongan kepada mereka.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ciri-ciri orang yang ada penentuan diri</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Mereka percaya, mereka boleh mengawal keadaan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Mereka bermotivasi tinggi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tindakan mereka, mengikut sasaran yang mereka ada.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0.0000pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Mereka bertanggungjawab atas tindakan mereka.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Cara nak tingkatkan penentuan diri</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Baiki celik diri.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Mahir dalam regulasi diri dan aktiviti kendiri</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Cari sokongan teman dan keluarga.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4. </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Cari dan kukuhkan kemahiran diri.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;Pautan:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/06/motivasi.html">Motivasi&nbsp;</a>, <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/04/teori-motivasi-mcgregor.html">Teori McGregor</a>, <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/04/teori-motivasi-herzberg.html">Teori Herzberg</a>, <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/07/teori-keperluan-maslow-dan-mcclelland.html">Teori McClelland dan Maslow</a>, <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/04/teori-motivasi.html">Teori Motivasi</a>, <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/05/teori-motivasi-harapan-vroom.html">Teori Vroom</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Sumber:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Kirsten Weir, 2 Mac 2025. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Self-determination theory: A quarter century of human motivation research</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.apa.org/research-practice/conduct-research/self-determination-theory.html"><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://www.apa.org/research-practice/conduct-research/self-determination-theory.html</span></u></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Kendra Cherry, 29 October 2025. How Self Determination Theory Explains Motivation. </span><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-self-determination-theory-2795387"><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-self-determination-theory-2795387</span></u></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Courtney E. Ackerman, 21 Jun 2018. Self Determination Theory and How it Explains Motivation. </span><a href="https://positivepsychology.com/self-determination-theory/"><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://positivepsychology.com/self-determination-theory/</span></u></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://www.ukcoaching.org/ukc-club/resources/self-determination-theory/"><u><span class="15" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://www.ukcoaching.org/ukc-club/resources/self-determination-theory/</span></u></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-82356889210316213302026-04-28T18:33:00.000-07:002026-06-09T21:53:34.336-07:00<p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori Motivasi McGregor diasaskan oleh Douglas McGregor, antara1950an hingga 1960an. Ketika itu, beliau ialah tenaga pengajar di Massachusset Institute of Technology. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Beliau cadangkan 2 teori (Teori X dan Teori Y). Teori ini, memberi kesan panjang dalam amalan pengurusan. McGregor menekankan kepentingan memahami keperluan pekerja dan menyokong suasana kerja.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori X dan Teori Y, McGregor ada perincian dalam bukunya, The Human Side of Enterprise, diterbitkan pada 1960. Teori X agak pemisif berbanding Teori Y ayang agak optimis.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Teori X</span></u><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Menurut McGregor, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">a.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pekerjaan biasanya tidak diminati dan bakal ditinggalkan jika diberi pilihan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">b.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kebanyakan pekerja kurang mempunyai impian, kurang semangat tanggungjawab dan lebih selesa menerima arahan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">c.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kebanyakan pekerja kurang keupayaan menyelesaikan masalah dengan kreatif.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">d.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Motivasi pekerja banyak disebabkan oleh keperluan asas (baca:<a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/07/teori-keperluan-maslow-dan-mcclelland.html"> teori keperluan Maslow)</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">e.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kebanyakan pekerja bersifat penting diri dan susah menerima perubahan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Secara asas, teori X menganggap sumber utama motivasi pekerja ialah kewangan dan jaminan kedudukan sebagai sumber kedua.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">McGregor juga mengkritik Teori Keperluan Maslow. Baginya, selepas dipenuhi, keperluan asas bukan lag sumber motivasi bekerja. Majikan menggunakan sistem gaji dan manfaat untuk mengikat pekerja. Jika sudah mecukupi, ia bukan lai punca motivasi untuk kekal. Pengurus yang menggunakan Teori X biasanya mengelak keperluan peringkat atasan Maslow ( kepuasan dan<a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/06/estim-diri.html"> </a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/06/estim-diri.html">estim diri</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) kerana nampak seolah-olah tiada kaitan dengan kerja. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pengurus yang menggunakan Teori X lebih bersifat pengurusan-mikro. Mahu mengurus sekecil-kecil perkara, dan bersifat komunikasi atas-bawah. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pada zaman awal revolusi industri, banyak sektor perkilangan menggunakan kaedah ini. Zaman sekarang, kaedah ini lebih terhad kepada sektor keselamatan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Teori Y</span></u><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori Y pula, bagi McGregor</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">a.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Bekerja boleh menjadi menyeronokkan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">b.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pekerja mencari arah sendiri untuk mencapai objektif organisasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">c.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pekerja memberi komitmen kepada hasil jika habuannya mencapai kepuasan diri.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">d.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Keupayaan kreatif setiap individu merentasi organisasi.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">e.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ramai pekerja boleh bertanggungjawab kerana mereka diterima dalam kumpulan kerja. Dalam kes ini, mereka yang mencari tanggungjawab itu.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Jika teori Y boleh diguna, organisasi boleh mengikut teori ini dengan cara:</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">a.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pengagihan tugas: pengurus akan mempunyai beberapa pembantu pengurus mengikut bidang tugas masing-masing.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">b.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Perluasan bidang tugas: skop kerja pekerja akan pelbagai.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">c.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Libaturus pengurusan: pekerja terlibat dalam rancangan pengurusan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">d.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Penghargaan: pekerja berpeluang mendapat penghargaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori Y, kerap diguna oleh pengurus yang melihat dalam bentuk ‘gambar besar’ (</span><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">big picture</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) dan menyokong perkembangan kerjaya pekerja.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Perbezaan Teori X dan Teori Y</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori X menfokuskan pekerja sebagai malas dan tiada motivasi berbanding teori Y.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori X menggunakan kaedan pengurusan mikro (urus sekecil-kecil isu) berbanding Teori Y yang menfokuskan hasil</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori X menghasilkan pekerja yang ‘asal siap’ berbanding Teori Y yang memberi peluang pekerja buat lebih dari yang diminta.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori X sesuai untuk sektor keselamatan manakala Teori Y sesuai untuk industri kreatif.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Bagaimana nak gunakan Teori X dan Teori Y?</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Lihat jenis dan struktur organisasi kita.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ubahsuai jenis pengurusan mengikut kesesuaian (sama ada Teori X atau Teori Y lebih sesuai)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Sediakan latihan dan pembangunan kepada pengurus</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kritikan terhadap teori McGregor</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kritikan akademik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 42.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">a)&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori McGregor terlalu memudahkan motivasi manusia. Ia tidak ambilkira keperluan dan tabiat manusia</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 42.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">b)&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pandangan 2 sisi. Pandangan 2 sisi macam syiling agak terhad untuk kenalpasti kaedah pengurusan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 42.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">c)&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Budaya berat sebelah. Teori McGregor agak berat sebelah dan bergantung kepada budaya barat, dan mungkin hadkan keupayaan budaya lain.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;&nbsp;Kritikan budaya moden</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 42.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">a)&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Dalam masa sekarang, teori McGregor terlihat macam tidak sesuai.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: blank 42.0000pt; text-indent: -21pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">b)&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">William Ouchi, pensyarah keturunan Amerika-Jepun mencadangkan Teori Z. Teori ini, menggabungkan budaya pengurusan barat dan timur. Teori ini, mencadangkan keseimbangan kerja-hidup dan disiplin.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Perkembangan Teori motivasi McGregor</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pada masa depan, teori motivasi dan pengurusan akan berkembang, dan berinteraksi antara teori-teori yang ada.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Menggabungkan Teori McGregor dengan kaedah terkini seperti kaedah pengurusan Agile, boleh menjana kerangka yang lebih komprehensif. Gabungan ini membenarkan pengurus untuk mengurus kekuatan teori-teori yang ada dan mengawal kekurangan yang timbul.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pautan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/06/motivasi.html">Motivasi,</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/05/teori-motivasi-harapan-vroom.html">teori Vroom</a>, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/07/teori-keperluan-maslow-dan-mcclelland.html">Teori Maslow dan McClelland</a>, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/06/estim-diri.html">estim diri</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/04/teori-motivasi-herzberg.html">Teori Herzberg</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/04/teori-motivasi.html">&nbsp;Teori motivasi</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Sumber:</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Reading: McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y. </span><a href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmintrobusiness/chapter/reading-douglas-mcgregors-theory-x-and-theory-y-2/"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmintrobusiness/chapter/reading-douglas-mcgregors-theory-x-and-theory-y-2/</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Sean McPheat, 14 August 2009. </span><a href="https://www.mtdtraining.com/blog/mcgregor-theory-x-theory-y.htm"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.mtdtraining.com/blog/mcgregor-theory-x-theory-y.htm</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">3.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Jonathan Hancock</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. </span><a href="https://www.mindtools.com/adi3nc1/theory-x-and-theory-y/"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://www.mindtools.com/adi3nc1/theory-x-and-theory-y/</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">4.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><a href="https://theenterpriseworld.com/mcgregors-theory-of-motivation/"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">https://theenterpriseworld.com/mcgregors-theory-of-motivation/</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-57018679885398442992026-04-22T05:40:00.000-07:002026-04-28T00:24:16.786-07:00<p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0500pt; margin-top: 1.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0000gd; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori Herzberg, ialah salah satu teori motivasi. Ia menerangkan punca individu bermotivasi melalui keperluan, minat dan sasaran untuk memenuhi minatnya. Hezberg pecahkan teorinya kepada 2 : faktor kemurnian dan faktor motivasi. Beliau cadangkan 2 faktor ini untuk mengelakkan rasa tidak selesa. Teori ini, dikembangkan oleh Frederick Herzberg dan rakannya, </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Mausner </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">dan </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Snyderman</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">. Mereka mengambil inspirasi dari Teori Keperluan Maslow, dengan menemubual dan memerhati kumpulan pekerja dari beberapa industri dan situasi.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0500pt; margin-top: 1.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0000gd; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Sumber motivasi, berkaitan dengan kepuasan bekerja.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0500pt; margin-left: 21.2500pt; margin-top: 1.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0000gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">1.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pencapaian dalam bekerja</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0500pt; margin-left: 21.2500pt; margin-top: 1.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0000gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">2.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tahap pengiktirafan dari rakan sekerja dan pengurusan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0500pt; margin-left: 21.2500pt; margin-top: 1.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0000gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">3.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tahap tanggungjawab</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0500pt; margin-left: 21.2500pt; margin-top: 1.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0000gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">4.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Peluang berkembang</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0500pt; margin-left: 21.2500pt; margin-top: 1.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0000gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">5.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Status yang diberi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0500pt; margin-top: 1.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0000gd; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kurang sumber motivasi akan membuatkan kita ‘terganggu’. Ini yang dipanggil sebagai faktor kemurnian (hygiene factor); punca kita rasa tidak puas hati.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0500pt; margin-top: 1.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0000gd; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Faktor kemurnian selalu juga dirujuk sebagai ‘ketidakpuasan’. Perasaan ini dianggap punca yang berkaitan dengan pekerjaan itu sendiri, walau tidak secara langsung. Biasanya, gaji. Selainnya, jaminan kerja, keadaan kerja, kualiti pengurusan, polisi organisasi, perhubungan antara individu.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0500pt; margin-top: 1.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0000gd; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0500pt; margin-top: 1.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0000gd; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0500pt; margin-top: 1.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0000gd; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0500pt; margin-top: 1.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0000gd; text-align: center; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiiMGXRsF8y3l3mj1_ErcyfxHMT2Kqpdg9f_H-XYLPLRMIvLA9pGK-jKFGKgrVDtkL9Ft-1H38b0BI-rKujhdqMnzMrg7UaaIxk-DwpsKedhJvd3h6T-Myc9i7eSJk5rArsjovNH-ha6X6kUSnJHAM1k6-Nk78YqliBY3GcaP92kskmqywVgJf_wFCXrRw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="485" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiiMGXRsF8y3l3mj1_ErcyfxHMT2Kqpdg9f_H-XYLPLRMIvLA9pGK-jKFGKgrVDtkL9Ft-1H38b0BI-rKujhdqMnzMrg7UaaIxk-DwpsKedhJvd3h6T-Myc9i7eSJk5rArsjovNH-ha6X6kUSnJHAM1k6-Nk78YqliBY3GcaP92kskmqywVgJf_wFCXrRw" width="313" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 1: faktor kemurnian dan faktor motivasi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">&nbsp;</span></p><h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Dalam gambar di atas, faktor kemurnian menunjukkan punca kita kurang bersemangat dan motivation faktor menjadi punca kita teruja.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1><p class="p" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjmBGEKN__Rj8m1IarhwbSMrGXO5mqNOHFYGZe3GBoe5vHp1yxTUVsMSh8BNUF-F93NFnVDnkJXy8uanA9ZbCByDG2bykR0PeSysLg7vHKHf-iA53skgecYoR40cJWXsZtr1VwD4w48gAgsz2FB4C4fEWlq_1h6FT4G93Mv-tnsxGGc7GIYMO5-bL4oLhU" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="571" data-original-width="554" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjmBGEKN__Rj8m1IarhwbSMrGXO5mqNOHFYGZe3GBoe5vHp1yxTUVsMSh8BNUF-F93NFnVDnkJXy8uanA9ZbCByDG2bykR0PeSysLg7vHKHf-iA53skgecYoR40cJWXsZtr1VwD4w48gAgsz2FB4C4fEWlq_1h6FT4G93Mv-tnsxGGc7GIYMO5-bL4oLhU" width="233" /></a></div><br />&nbsp;<p></p><h3 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 15.7500pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><b><span class="16" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #282828; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; line-height: 150%;">G</span></b><b><span class="16" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #282828; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; line-height: 150%;">ambar 2: matrix faktor motivasi dan faktor kemurnian</span></b><b><span class="16" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #282828; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h3><p class="p" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 36.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="background: rgb(245, 248, 254); font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 36.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="background: rgb(245, 248, 254); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; line-height: 150%;">G</span><span style="background: rgb(245, 248, 254); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; line-height: 150%;">ambar 2 menunjukkan matrix faktor motivasi dan faktor kemurnian. Setiap kuadran (kotak) &nbsp;menunjukkan keadaan tempat kerja.</span><span style="background: rgb(245, 248, 254); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 36.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="background: rgb(245, 248, 254); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 36.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="background: rgb(245, 248, 254); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; line-height: 150%;">K</span><span style="background: rgb(245, 248, 254); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; line-height: 150%;">uadran 1 (atas, kiri)</span><span style="background: rgb(245, 248, 254); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.1000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Selesa, kerana keadaan kerja dan gaji ok. Bagaimanapun, faktor motivasi tidak cukup kuat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.1000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.1000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kuadran 2 (atas, kanan)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.1000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pekerja mempunyai keadaan kerja yang bagus, kombinasi ideal yang kurang rasa tidak puas hati</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.1000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.1000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kuadran 3 (bawah, kiri)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.1000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Suasana kerja yang kurang memuaskan dan terlalu kurang motivasi bekerja. Kuadran yang paling kurang motivasi dan kemurnian hati bekerja</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.1000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.1000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.1000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kuandran 4 (bawah, kanan)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.1000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pekerja berhadapan dengan keadaan yang agak sukar ( kerja susah dan gaji kurang berbaloi).tetapi, kerja memberi makna kepada pekerja dan mash bermotivasi bekerja.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 11.5500pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nak gunakan teori Herzberg?</span></b><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">1.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Buat penilaian di tempat kerja. Kumpul maklumat keadaan kerja, kenalpasti pola kerja dan susun keutamaan kerja</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">2.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Murnikan isu penting. Kekurangan asas seperti pampasan, suasana selamat perlu mencapai piawaian yang ditetapkan. Jika ada polisi tak jelas, boleh betulkan. Perkembangan prestasi dipantau</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">3.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Punca motivasi diteguhkan. Beri peluang pekerja untuk berkembang seperti perkembangan kemahiran, tugas kepimpinan dan kemahiran selesaikan masalah. Jika perlu, letakkan autonomi.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 11.5500pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelebihan teori Herzberg</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">1.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Berasaskan tugasan dan kerja</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;Teori ini menggalakkan pengurus untuk menyusun semula peranan penting. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">2.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Perincian jelas antara mengelakkan rasa tak puas hati dan menggalakkan rasa puas hati</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Sebelum ni, pemimpin hanya menutup aduan pekerja dengan naikkan gaji semata-mata tanpa melihat masalah lain. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">3.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Asas empirikal</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Teori Herzberg menggabungkan tinjauan dan temubual memberi gambaran jelas berbanding dengan hanya teori</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">4.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Kebolehgunaan dan pengaruh berterusan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Model Herzberg kekal terkenal sebagai rujukan untuk memahami moral &nbsp;dan hubungkait tempat kerja </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-top: 15.7500pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: Arial;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14.6667px;">pautan</span></span></h3><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/04/teori-motivasi.html">Teori motivasi</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/07/teori-keperluan-maslow-dan-mcclelland.html">Teori Keperluan</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/05/teori-motivasi-harapan-vroom.html">Teori Vroom</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Sumber:</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0500pt; margin-left: 21.2500pt; margin-top: 1.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0000gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">1.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><a href="https://www.betterup.com/blog/motivational-theories"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.betterup.com/blog/motivational-theories</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0500pt; margin-left: 21.2500pt; margin-top: 1.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0000gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">2.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Charlote Nickerson. 18 April 2025. Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory of Motivation.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 1pt -11.5pt 18.05pt 21.25pt; padding: 0pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">3.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">October 20, 2025. </span><span style="color: #01256e; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">The psychology of motivation: what drives us to succeed?</span><span style="color: #01256e; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://lpsonline.sas.upenn.edu/features/psychology-motivation-what-drives-us-succeed"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://lpsonline.sas.upenn.edu/features/psychology-motivation-what-drives-us-succeed</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0500pt; margin-left: 21.2500pt; margin-top: 1.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0000gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">4.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><a href="https://www.accaglobal.com/gb/en/student/exam-support-resources/fundamentals-exams-study-resources/f1/technical-articles/herzbergs-motivation.html"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.accaglobal.com/gb/en/student/exam-support-resources/fundamentals-exams-study-resources/f1/technical-articles/herzbergs-motivation.html</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.2500pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -21.2500pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">5.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">What is Herzberg two factor theory? </span><a href="https://www.simplypsychology.org/herzbergs-two-factor-theory.html"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.simplypsychology.org/herzbergs-two-factor-theory.html</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 1pt -11.5pt 18.05pt 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0500pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: -11.5000pt; margin-top: 1.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0000gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: 0.0000pt;"><span style="color: #01256e; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0000pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: serif; mso-font-kerning: 22.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0500pt; margin-top: 1.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0000gd; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1207086977507500076.post-61493212136072002802026-04-16T17:40:00.000-07:002026-05-25T22:25:54.383-07:00<p>&nbsp;<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Teori Motivasi</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Konsep motivasi kerap kita guna tapi kita tak fahami ia sepenuhnya. Sebenarnya ada teori psikologi yang cuba menerangkan apa terjadi dalam otak ketika kita berasa bersemangat untuk keinginan kita. Dengan memahami psikologi motivasi, kita dapat mengubah tabiat dan kekal fokus untuk hasil yang baik.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;Teori motivasi ialah teori yang melibatkan motivasi. Ia berfokus kepada apa yang memberi semangat kepada seseorang untuk mencapai keinginan. Teori-teori ini datang dari disiplin kemanusiaan seperti psikologi dan sains sosial. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kebanyakan teori motivasi akan berfokus kepada dua faktor: luaran dan dalaman.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Luaran: seseorang yang mencari motiasi luar dari dirinya. Seperti bonus, untuk terus bekerja.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Dalaman: seseorang yang mencari motivasi untuk kepuasan dalaman. Contohnya keyakinan dan kebanggaan diri.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Kepentingan motivasi</span></u><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Di tempat kerja, motivasi penting untuk mengurangkan </span><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">burn out. </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Kekangan keadaan seperti tidak dihargai, tiada matlamat jelas dan peluang perkembangan diri menjadi punca sesetengah pekerja memilih untuk berundur.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Menurut </span><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">American Psychological Association</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;(APA), motivasi ialah keadaan yang memberi tujuan kepada tindakan kita</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Dalam artikel ni, saya senaraikan dan ceritakan secara ringkas 8 (lapan) teori motivasi. Nak beritahu juga, motivasi ni, adalah alat, bukan penyelesaian. Dengan teori motivasi yang saintifik, mungkin membantu kita memenuhi keperluan setiap orang dan boleh bekerjasama dalam satu pasukan untuk mencapai matlamat. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">TEORI 1: TEORI SELF DETERMINATION</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Penulis buku </span><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Intrinsic Motivation and Self Determination in Human Behavior , </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Richard Ryan</span><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">mencadangkan teori ini. Beliau nyatakan, individu pilih tabiat berdasarkan hasil luaran yang mereka dapat dari persekitaran.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Self determination ialah batu aras motivasi dalaman, yang kita dapat dari dalam apabila tindakan membantu penuhi sasaran peribadi.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tapi, keadaan motivasi ni takkan terjadi jika tidak ada 3 (tiga) faktor ini:</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">1.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Autonomi - keupayaan mengawal tindakan dan tabiat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">2.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kompetensi -keupayaan membuat kerja atau tindakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">3.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kaitan - mempunyai kaitan atau hubungan dengan orang( atau entiti) lain </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Jika kita mahu ahli kumpulan kita berkembang menggunakan teori self-determination ni, kita perlu beri ahli pasukan keanjalan (fleksibiliti) yang sesuai. Contohnya di mana nak buat kerja pada hari tertentu. Juga ideal untuk tawarkan peluang kembangkan diri secara profesional dan masa untuk eratkan silaturrahim.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Baca: <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/05/teori-motivasi-self-determination.html">teori self determination&nbsp;&nbsp;</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/05/teori-motivasi-self-determination.html">&nbsp;</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">TEORI 2: TEORI MASLOW</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori yang dipopularkan oleh Abraham Maslow. Teori ni, berdasarkan teori keperluan. Asas utama macam piramid, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">1.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Keperluan fisiologi - paling asas, untuk terus hidup</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">2.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Keperluan keselamatan </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">3.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Keperluan emosi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">4.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Keperluan estim diri</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">5.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Keperluan aktualisasi diri</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori ini mengikut keperluan orang, untuk terus hidup hingga ke kepuasan peribadi. Di tempat kerja, semua peringkat keperluan ini membantu ketua memahami keperluan anak buah untuk mencapai matlamat masing-masing. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Untuk gunapakai teori ini dalam tempat kerja, ada beberapa soalan perlu ditanya. Adakah ahli pasukan rasa selamat di tempat kerja? Adakah mereka risau jamina kerja? Atau mereka sudah ada jaringan yang baik dengan rakan sekerja?</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Baca : <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/07/teori-keperluan-maslow-dan-mcclelland.html">Teori Keperluan Maslow&nbsp;</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">TEORI 3 : TEORI HERZBERG</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Juga dipanggil teori ganda dua, teori dari Frederick Herzberg ini berpaksi 2 benda : motivasi dan kemurnian. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kemurnian- ‘asas’ untuk keadaan bekerja, bersara dang mengurus.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Motivasi -punca tambahan seperti peluang kerjaya berkembang dan insentif.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori ini mencadangkan ketiadaan punca kemurnian dalam suasana kerja menghasilkan isu seperti kepuasan bekerja dan kehadiran motivasi boleh baiki keadaan tersebut. Dan, ahli motivasi hanya boleh berjaya jika punca kemurnian tempat kerja itu cukup baik.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Sama macam teori Maslow, teori dua-punca Herzberg ingatkan kita untuk gunakan teori peringkay di tempat kerja dan pastikan kemurnian bekerja dipenuhi untuk semua ahli pasukan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Baca: <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/04/teori-motivasi-herzberg.html">Teori Herzberg&nbsp;&nbsp;</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">TEORI 4 : TEORI McCLELLAND</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori McClelland pula cadangkan 3 motivasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">1.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Pencapaian</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">2.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Afiliasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">3.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kuasa</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ketiga -tiga jenis ni bergantung kepada yang mana lebih dominan dalam hidup kita. &nbsp;Kepada pengurus, mengetahui secara dekat ahli pasukan kita akan membantu kita kenalpasti yang mana satu keperluan mereka. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Baca: <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/07/teori-keperluan-maslow-dan-mcclelland.html">Teori Keperluan</a>&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">TEORI 5: TEORI VROOM</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori vroom mencadangkan keputusan yang dibuat individu bergantung kepada apa yang mereka harapkan. Contohnya, orang yang tidak suka kecewa tidak akan mengambil risiko tinggi dan mengambil jalan atau kerja yang agak senang dibuat.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Kajian Vroom mengiktiraf nilai dan tahap setiap orang - motivasi ke arah menghasilkan sesuatu. Beliau mencadangkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">a.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Instrmentaliti - percaya hasil dari menyiapkan tindakan bersama dengan usaha</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">b.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Tanggapan / harapan - percaya hasil akan jadi lebih baik jika usaha lebih</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; tab-stops: left blank 21.2500pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线;">c.&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Penyatu (valens) - emosi yang berkaitan dengan hasil</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori ini mencadangkan kita mencari motivasi yang lebih bila kita dapat mengagak dan mempengaruhi hasi dari tindakan kita.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Baca:<a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/05/teori-motivasi-harapan-vroom.html"> teori tanggapan Vroom&nbsp;</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">TEORI 6: TEORI McGREGOR</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori McGregor berfokus kepada pengurusan tindakan dan bagaimana ia memberi kesan kepada ahli pasukan. Ia mencadangkan 2 gaya pemimpin: autokratik dan partisipatif. Ada 2 teori yang terlibat, X dan Y.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori X - pengurus yang percaya ahli pasukan tidak suka keraj mereka dan mengelak dari tanggungjawab ada kemungkinan mempunyai pengurusan autokratik/</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori Y - pengurus yang percaya ahli paukannya berbangga dengan kerja mereka dan sanggup memberi lebih tanpa pantauan lebih cenderung mengadi pemimpin partisipatif.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Baca;: <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/04/teori-motivasi-mcgregor.html">teori McGregor&nbsp;</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">TEORI 7 : TEORI ALDERFER</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori Alderfer menggunakan asas teori Maslow. Bezanya, Alderfer mencadangkan individu boleh ‘berpatah balik’ jika mereka kecewa untuk mendaki ke puncak hierarki keperluan. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Baca:<a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2026/05/teori-motivasi-alderfer.html"> Teori Alderfer&nbsp;</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">TEORI 8: TEORI SKINNER</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Teori yang diasaskan oleh B. F Skinner menggunakan konsep prinip operan, tabiat seseorang berdasarkan kesan yang bakal dihadapi.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Jika tabiat akan menghasilkan hasil positif atau mengelakkan hasil negatif, kita akan suka lakukan berulang kali.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Baca: <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2025/01/apa-itu-pembelajaran-operan-operant.html">prinsip operan</a>&nbsp;,&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;pautan: <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/06/motivasi.html">motivasi&nbsp;</a>&nbsp;, <a href="https://nazihahview.blogspot.com/2010/06/estim-diri.html">estim diri</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Sumber:</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.betterup.com/blog/motivational-theories"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.betterup.com/blog/motivational-theories</span></u></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: -11.5pt; padding: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">October 20, 2025. </span><span style="color: #01256e; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">The psychology of motivation: what drives us to succeed?</span><span style="color: #01256e; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://lpsonline.sas.upenn.edu/features/psychology-motivation-what-drives-us-succeed"><u><span class="15" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">https://lpsonline.sas.upenn.edu/features/psychology-motivation-what-drives-us-succeed</span></u></a><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; margin-left: 0.0000pt; margin-right: -11.5000pt; margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin: 0pt -11.5pt 0pt 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: 0pt;"><span style="color: #01256e; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: serif; mso-font-kerning: 22.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">&nbsp;</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp;</span></p>nazihahwanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15216488508447671471noreply@blogger.com0