Medical Reference

First aid for asthma

2011-05-01T07:41:00.000-07:00

Bronchial asthma - a chronic respiratory disease, usually infectious-allergic nature, where there are attacks of breathlessness, often bear the painful nature. These attacks are caused by impaired patency of the bronchi due to muscle spasm of bronchial tubes (bronchioles), edema of the mucosa and occlusion of the lumen bronchial tubes viscous contents.

The cause of the disease include viruses, microbes, which interact with the body, causing his allergic restructuring. Most often, asthma develops in the presence of previous chronic respiratory diseases (particularly bronchitis and pneumonia), as well as the paranasal sinuses (eg, sinusitis). In bronchial asthma patient becomes sensitive to various stimuli allergic nature - pollen, chemicals, house dust, fungi and other agents of the environment. Exacerbation of the disease occurs more often in spring and autumn months, when the body is most prone to colds infections.

Asthmatoid syndrome that develops in asthma, is characterized by attacks of breathlessness, which often develop suddenly and at night. Patients may call the hour and minute of the beginning of the attack. The first harbingers of attack may be sore throat, cough, runny nose, itchy skin. After a short time the patient feels a lack of air. Breathing becomes increasingly difficult, while difficult to exhale, which is accompanied by loud wheezing. Soon (which happens quite frequently), and cough associated with a small amount allocated to viscous sputum.

Asthma attack lasts from several minutes to several hours and sometimes days. Patients usually take the forced position for asthma. They are sitting or standing position, lean your hands on the edge of a table, chairs, beds, what kind of ease his condition. Shorter breath exhalation more than doubled (in normal vice versa). Respiratory rate at 1 min increased to 50 or more.

On examination the patient is noteworthy pained expression on his face, somewhat stout, with a swollen, bluish neck veins, and the unnatural position. Noisy breathing, wheezing. Attack of asthma may result in a few minutes. But if it is painful and protracted nature, it is necessary to provide emergency first aid.

For mild attacks of asthma should be as soon as fresh air and calm the patient and help him take antasthmatic, including an inhaler, which he should have at home. You can also give ephedrine tablets (1 -2 pills to 0,025 g), or aminophylline (0,1-0,15 g), or their equivalents. Preferably from the medical ones that best help the patient (usually he says exactly what). There is a wide selection of medicines, with a bronchodilator effect. Such bronchodilatory drugs include: salbutamol (Vitalina, astalin, salben, saltos) and fenoterol (berotek). Found in inhalers, they have a pronounced effect antibronhospasticheskim, as well as anti-inflammatory. These aerosol cans should always have with you when leaving the house, because they urgently need. In more severe cases should be injected with aminophylline or adrenaline (1 ml of either) subcutaneously. It must ensure that the patient had taken these medications and tolerate them well. If an attack of asthma is not terminated and the patient feels worse and worse, it is necessary to seek medical help. In severe cases, call an ambulance.

From folk remedies for asthma are as follows:
Marshmallow drug. Prepare infusion: Take 6-8 g of crushed roots and cover with cold water for 1 hour. Strain through a cheesecloth, add to improve the taste of sugar or honey. Take 2-3 teaspoons every 2 hours;
Horseradish. 150 g of purified horseradish rinse in water and mince. In the resulting mass add the juice of 2 lemons and mix thoroughly (until smooth). Take 1 teaspoon 1 per day;

Honey (if he does not have an allergic reaction). Take an ordinary kettle with a tight-fitting lid. Pour it in 50 ml of water, put on fire and when the water boils, put in it 1 tbsp. a spoonful of honey. At the spout put a rubber tube, but on the other end attach a plastic funnel. Honey is added to water only after boiling (to avoid loss of volatile anti-microbial volatile production). Water should boil moderately, to regulate it, have at times shut down the fire. Through a plastic funnel patient inhales the vapors. Breathing should be uniform. Procedures usually do in the morning. Duration 15-20 min. After the procedure is complete once the street is not going out. You can do the procedure and 1 times the evening before bedtime;

Liquorice. Prepare infusion: 15-20 g of the root boiled in 200 ml of water for 10 minutes, push for 2 hours. Take 1 tbsp. spoon 4-5 times a day;
Cabbage. Of foreign scientists found that sauerkraut is consumed, softens the effect of asthma attacks. Particularly favorable results were obtained in cases where patients are heavily fed on a salad, made from fermented cabbage, onion and garlic;
Celandine. Prepare a tincture: 20 g grass to fill in 200 ml of vodka. Infuse 2 weeks. Strain and take 20 drops (for seizures);
Coltsfoot. Prepare infusion: 4 tsp crushed leaves make a glass of boiling water, 1 hour, drain. Take 1 / 4 cup 4 times a day.

Respiratory diseases

2011-01-01T07:39:00.000-08:00

Respiratory function as gas exchange between the internal environment (body) and externally. Lungs, providing organs and tissues of oxygen, both derive from them the exhaust gases as carbon dioxide and other unwanted impurities. Change of inhalation and exhalation is regulated by respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata. When a person performs relative rest 16 breaths per minute.

If in the space surrounding a person, there is little oxygen, the respiration rate increases reflexively. This is due to reduce the amount of oxygen in the blood and improve the content of carbon dioxide in it, which leads to more severe irritation of the respiratory center. The largest volume of air that a person can exhale after taking a deep breath, averaged 3,500 cm3. -

Respiratory system starts with the nose where air passes the first treatment. Through the nasopharynx air enters the larynx, then - in the trachea, and then sequentially in large, medium and small bronchi. Recent ends pulmonary alveoli, where gas exchange and implemented: the oxygen enters the blood and spreads throughout the body, and from the blood into the alveoli becomes carbon dioxide, which, after going through the respiratory tract, leaving the body.

Lungs - Body Doubles. The left lung has two lobes, right - of the three. Lungs are covered with pleura, consisting of two sheets - internal and external. Internal adjacent to lung tissue, and external - to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. In this light like a sack slide, carrying the respiratory movements. This process is painless. If as a result of a pathology (eg inflammation of the pleura - pleurisy) appears commissure between two sheets of pleura in any area, the breath becomes very painful, as the pleura abundantly supplied with sensitive nerve fibers.

Respiratory diseases (including nasopharynx, trachea, bronchi), there are more than a dozen. Some of them require the provision of the first, immediate, and sometimes an emergency, especially in severe trauma, respiratory system. Consider the most important of these diseases.

Watermelon Diet

2010-12-30T03:56:00.000-08:00

Watermelon diet, as most of the mono-diet is not recommended to continue for more than five days. During this time the body will get rid of toxins, excess water, as well as accumulated salts.

During the day you eat watermelon on the basis of pounds of pulp per 10 kg bodyweight. Closely monitor your condition on the first day of the diet. Unless there was no gravity in the abdomen or bloating or other unpleasant consequences, you can sit on the watermelon diet a few days. After graduating from the diet, for which usually throw up to three kilograms, if the desire is watermelon you have not lost, you can go on a special diet for the next 10 days.
Breakfast: oatmeal and a little savory cheese.

Lunch: slice of fish, meat or poultry and vegetable salad with no fat dressing.

Dinner: watermelon rate of 1 kg of pulp on 30 kg bodyweight.

For fifteen days, you can get rid of 8 extra pounds. Remember that you can not carry out watermelon diet for kidney stones, diabetes, severe diseases of the pancreas.

Adrenogenital syndrome

2010-12-28T03:41:00.000-08:00

Adrenogenital syndrome - a pathological condition caused by congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia, accompanied usually lack in the body gluco-corticoid and androgen excess.

Patients with adrenogenital syndrome at birth are usually characterized by large mass and body length, but in the 11 - 12 years of bone growth zones in these children are closed, and patients remain stunted with exaggerated masculine type figure: shoulders much wider pelvis, a large body, the limbs are short. Early, sometimes even in the period from 3 to 7 years, girls show signs virilization: lowered his voice, facial and body hair appear, growing male pattern; boys with adrenogenital syndrome in this age group say the so-called false early puberty. Sometimes patients have periods of sharp increase in body temperature, which explains the release into the blood excess of one of the adrenal androgens - etioholanolona.

The most frequently develops virilnaya form adrenogenital syndrome (90% of patients), in which the adrenal glands produce excessive amounts of androgens and the production of glucocorticoids and mineral ralokortikoidov corresponds to the lower limit of normal. In severe forms of embodiment virilnoy syndrome in a fetus with a genetic female sex under the influence of adrenal androgens incorrectly formed external genitalia, acquire resemblance to the male. Error in determining the sex of children entails serious health and social consequences. In the case of lung flow virilnoy forms syndrome girl born with a well-formed external genitalia, and virilization symptoms occur at puberty.

When solteryayuschey form adrenogenital syndrome produced by excess adrenal androgens combined with significantly reduced formation of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Clinically solteryayuschaya form syndrome, signs of virilization, as well as symptoms of adrenal insufficiency - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, decreased blood pressure. In the absence of proper treatment of these children die within the first months of life, with symptoms of adrenal insufficiency are often mistakenly regarded as a manifestation of dyspepsia or pilorospazme.

In hypertensive form of adrenogenital syndrome in an excess of adrenal androgens and synthesize, and mineralocorticoids. This form of syndrome is characterized by a combination of symptoms of virilization with early emerging resistant hypertension, resulting in the absence of proper treatment of cerebrovascular accidents and renal failure.

All forms of adrenogenital syndrome can develop in a child with a male genetic sex. The diagnosis in this case is very complicated. Clinically the disease is characterized by symptoms of premature puberty false: the penis increases in size, appears early in the pubic and body hair in the armpits, but the testicles remain small. Growth of patients remains low. Depending on the shape syndrome clinical picture supplemented or symptoms of adrenal insufficiency, or hypertension, or periodic increase in body temperature.

The diagnosis was based on the results of clinical examination and radiographic examination, determination of sex chromatin, the detection of increased urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids. All infants with an incorrect structure external genitalia should be shown endocrinologist, if the external genitals resemble the male, but the testes are not detected on 5-8-th day after the birth of the child should be examined by sex chromatin and, if possible, urinary excretion of 17 -ketosteroids. Compliance with these requirements will ensure early treatment of patients with adrenogenital syndrome, which will make possible a harmonious physical and sexual development of the child.

Treatment of all forms syndrome is replacement therapy with glucocorticoids, in the form of additional solteryayuschey appoint mineralocorticoids and sodium chloride in hypertensive form of sodium chloride in the diet restricted. In some cases, produce plastic operations on the external genitals.

When virilnoy form syndrome on the background of hormone replacement therapy is the feminization of the child with a genetic female sex, so if birth sex was defined incorrectly, and restore the true sex, but if due to late treatment to the doctor reconstruction of the true sex is no longer possible, after castration and surgical correction was added to the male sex hormones - androgens.

Forecast solteryayuschey forms of adrenogenital syndrome without treatment is poor hypertensive shape - very serious. With proper treatment, which should be conducted under the supervision of an endocrinologist, patients with adrenogenital syndrome retain ability to work.

British diet

2010-12-23T07:54:00.000-08:00

British diet for those who can not do without dinner, but few can have for breakfast: a minimum of calories in the morning peak - in the evening (until 19.00). British diet is designed for a week, weight loss can make 2-3 kg. During the week, choose one (in any combination) version for each meal.

Breakfast (200 kcal)

Option 1: one boiled egg or eggs out of it, a slice of dried bread wholemeal, 100 g of fresh juice.

Option 2: 1 / 3 cup of oatmeal with a glass of skim milk, a tablespoon of raisins, 150 grams of fruit juice.

Option 3: 2 tablespoons whole-grain cereal with a glass of skim milk, an apple.

Option 4: 200 g fruit salad, 150 g of kefir or yogurt from skim milk.

Lunch (300 kcal)

Option 1: potato, baked in their skins, stuffed with 100 grams of cottage cheese with sweet fruit (or steamed dried fruit), vegetable salad with a spoon of sunflower oil, orange, apple or pear.

Option 2: vegetarian broth, 25 g of grated cheese, whole-wheat bun (50 g), a pear or apple.

Option 3: 2 slices of dried bread, 50 g baked beans (beans), 100 g of fresh fruit.

Option 4: scrambled eggs, vegetables, cheese and two eggs with tomato, green pepper and mushrooms, apple.

Dinner (500 calories)

Option 1: A hot dish of beans (beans), 100 g of fresh fruit.

Option 2: polumolochny soup made from vegetables, 25 g fat grated cheese (white cheese), bun (dried) whole grain, 50 g dried apricots, soaked with cheese.

Option 3: a large potato, baked in their skins, 60 g baked beans (beans), carrots, cabbage, 2 cups of yogurt, which added a few pieces of chopped dried apricots.

Acromegaly

2010-12-21T06:47:00.000-08:00

Acromegaly - neuroendocrine disease caused by a lesion of the hypothalamus and (or) pituitary and manifesting a pathological increase in the hands, feet, facial bones, the growth of soft tissues, increasing the internal organs, thickening of the skin, and metabolic disorders.

The emergence of acromegaly due to excessive release of blood somatotropin (growth hormone) in hormone-active tumor (pituitary adenoma) or increase the secretion of releasing factor growth hormone somatoliberina hypothalamus after traumatic brain injury, acute or chronic neuroinfections, trauma, etc. In some patients with acromegaly also note the increased blood levels of prolactin. The disease develops with equal frequency in men and women aged 20 to 50 years.

Clinical picture. Acromegaly is characterized by a combination of symptoms caused by excess growth hormone (sometimes, and prolactin) and the lack of other pituitary hormones, and symptoms of elevated intracranial pressure and compression of the optic nerves of the growing tumor. The disease develops gradually. A change in the appearance of patients. Features of their faces become rough, grow eyebrows, nose, jaw, enlarged interdental spaces, disturbed bite. The progressive increase in foot and hand, particularly in width, forcing patients to use the boots and gloves large size. Patients with acromegaly note curvature of the spine, increasing the size of the chest in the anteroposterior direction (barrel chest). Often develop arthritis, there gruboe body hair, the skin thickens and forms a fold characteristic of excessive sweating. The increase in the larynx, tongue (macroglossia) and vocal folds results in a change to vote: it becomes hoarse and low. Increasing the size and weight of internal organs (visceromegaly) is accompanied by a violation of their functions - developing heart failure, increased blood pressure, there are clinical signs of degeneration of the liver and emphysema. For an initial period of the disease characterized by hyperthyroidism and the appearance of nodes in the thyroid gland. Later, when large scale development of the pituitary tumor mark hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency, which manifests an increasing muscle weakness, edema. Half of the patients is disturbed glucose tolerance, show signs of diabetes. Almost all women under the influence of an excess of prolactin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency disrupted menstrual cycle, is often observed in lactating mammary glands, not associated with pregnancy and childbirth - galactorrhea. One-third of men decreased sexual potency. Sometimes reduced secretion of antidiuretic hormone that causes the symptoms of diabetes insipidus. With the growth of pituitary tumors and elevated intracranial pressure appear constant headache, vomiting, dizziness, blurred vision.

When a characteristic change of appearance, which gives reason to suspect in patients with acromegaly, it should be immediately sent to the doctor. Further examination is carried out in specialized clinics.

The diagnosis was based on the characteristic appearance of the patients. He confirmed a high concentration of growth hormone in the blood and the results of X-ray examination of skull and skeleton. About the size of pituitary adenoma (if it serves the cause of higher education growth hormone) and the nature of its increase is judged according to X-ray of the skull in the dynamics, computed tomography of the head, as well as on the basis of the fundus picture and determining the status of the visual fields.

The differential diagnosis is carried out with Paget's disease, accompanied by a specific strain of long bones and calvaria.

Treatment of diagnosed pituitary adenoma is surgical removal of tumors or cross radiosurgical destruction. When it is impossible operation or failure of radiation therapy long-term use Parlodel - a drug that can suppress the secretion of growth hormone. Symptomatic treatment is directed at reducing intracranial pressure, etc.

The prognosis for life expectancy at time diagnosis and proper treatment, favorable, there may be some improvement in appearance by reducing the amount of soft tissue, although all cosmetic defects are not corrected. For large, fast-growing inoperable tumors and severe disorders of function of cardiovascular disease prognosis is bad. Patients with acromegaly should always be supervised by an endocrinologist, an ophthalmologist and a neurosurgeon.

Diagnosis of pregnancy: insight into the history of

2010-12-19T04:04:00.000-08:00

Inquisitive mind of man for centuries struggled to solve this problem. For example, the ancient iudeek, ask the eternal question, forced to walk on the soft grass, and then studied the depth of their trail. Women of the tribe of Mao forced to chew rice with bamboo, then priests, and midwives carefully studied chewed mix, focusing especially on its smell.

Egyptian and does baited infusion of herbs and milk bududuka gave birth to a boy a woman, and if the body rejects the cocktail - the pregnancy was considered proven.

Observation of the ancient Greeks, in particular, the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates, allowed to establish more reliable signs - stop menstruation, breast tenderness and some discoloration of the skin. Just something worth to talk to women and science has discovered hitherto unknown truths that pregnant women begin vomiting, they have altered taste preferences, down to the rejection of certain foods, mostly meat. There is an overwhelming desire to eat something like lime or chalk. The fairer sex become irritable and aggressive. Alas, but the aggregate of all these signs was often not enough.

ACCOMMODATION

2010-12-17T03:46:00.000-08:00

ACCOMMODATION - to change the refractive power eye, ensuring its ability to clearly see objects at different distances. Physiological mechanism of accommodation lies in the fact that the reduction of eye ciliary muscle fibers are relaxed ciliary girdle with which the lens is attached to the ciliary body. This decreases the tension of the bag the lens, and it is thanks to its elastic properties becomes more convex.

Relaxation of ciliary muscle leads to a thickening of the lens. Innervation of the ciliary muscle by oculomotor and sympathetic nerves. Accommodation of the eye is possible within the limited and the nearest future (most distant) point of clear vision. First determined by the smallest distance at which you can read the fine print, the second - the greatest distance at which clearly visible object in the absence of accommodation. The increase in refractive power of the optical system of an eye, achieved a maximum voltage of accommodation, call it a volume or force. The volume of accommodation decreases with age due to reduced elasticity of the lens.

Under the spasm of accommodation to understand it more or less long-term stress, continued and after your eyes have stopped to fix a close thing. Thus, the spasm manifested increased refraction of the eye and usually occurs in young people with high visual load, eye trauma, disruption of innervation of ciliary muscle, under the influence of certain drugs (eg, pilocarpine).

Central paralysis of accommodation due to the defeat of the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve due to various intoxications and infections (syphilis, encephalitis, influenza, etc.) or the oculomotor nerve trauma, tumors, meningitis, etc., flaccid paralysis of accommodation occur when bruised eyes, ingestion or instillation in the conjunctival sac of drugs atropine. Paralysis and paresis of accommodation are characterized by inability to distinguish the fine print at close range. Paresis of accommodation is sometimes observed distortion of the shape and size of visible objects.

For the treatment of spastic paralysis of accommodation and eye refer patients to an ophthalmologist.

Acclimatization

2010-12-16T18:00:00.000-08:00

Acclimatization - the process of adaptation of the human body to new climatic conditions (mountainous terrain, a hot or cold climate, etc.). Acclimatization in mountain terrain. The main factors that negatively affect the body in the mountainous terrain, is to reduce the concentration of oxygen in the air and low barometric pressure, and high intensity of ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

In the process of adaptation to these conditions marked compensatory increase in hemoglobin and the number of red blood cells and blood, increased pulmonary ventilation and increased cardiac output, slowing blood flow, reduced basal metabolic rate, more efficient use of energy resources.

Acclimatization to hot climates. The main factors affecting the human body, finds himself in hot climates, are high temperature, approaching the body temperature, a significant intensity of solar radiation, high humidity air (tropics and subtropics), sharp fluctuations in ambient temperature during the day (or desert semi-desert). The process of acclimatization to hot climate accompanied by increases in heat transfer due to vasodilatation and sweating. At high temperature and high humidity evaporation from the surface of the body is difficult, in this connection is disturbed thermoregulation. There may be fever, rapid breathing and pulse, flushing of the skin with a relative decrease in blood supply to internal organs. These phenomena are enhanced when the muscle load. There is also a thickening of the blood decreases the content in it of chlorine ions, potassium and sodium. People feel an unquenchable thirst and a sense of constant moisture of the body. Much dust levels, usually found in arid areas leads to the formation of cracks on the lips, conjunctivitis and upper respiratory tract infection. Gradually, the sensitivity to dust is somewhat reduced.

As the acclimation processes of thermoregulation stabilized in accordance with temperature conditions return to normal, tan reduces the effect of excessive ultraviolet radiation from the sun. However, in some cases (especially in individuals with impaired function of the cardiovascular system), acclimatization can not attack for many years.

Of the pathological conditions that develop in hot climates are most common heat stroke, heat exhaustion with symptoms of collapse and a slight increase in body temperature, heat cramps (with considerable loss of mineral salts). To prevent these violations and to accelerate acclimatization is very important fixture of work and rest to local conditions. Thus, a working day in hot climates usually starts very early and is divided into two halves with a long break during the hottest midday hours. Food intake is transferred to the morning and evening hours. Great hygienic importance landscaping and moistening, the latitudinal orientation of buildings under construction, the use of these shutters and blinds on the windows, air conditioners, etc.

Acclimatization in the North. The main factors of climate in the north, which adversely affects the body, are low ambient temperatures (in winter down to -60 ° C), violation of light regime (polar night and polar day), ultraviolet deficiency. In the initial period of acclimatization in the north there is an abrupt change in reactivity. Thermoregulation in these conditions is carried out mainly by chemical means: increased heat production by accelerating the exchange reactions, "shaken" inherent in this body accustomed level of equilibrium with the environment. Then there is a gradual alteration of adaptive mechanisms. This process, especially in debilitated, sensitive to fluctuations in meteorological factors (atmospheric pressure, air temperature, etc.) of persons, as well as in children is complicated dysadaptation meteonevrozami, manifested in excessive fatigue, irresistible sleepiness during the day, reduced appetite, and sometimes wheezing. Violation of the usual light conditions (day-night) can lead to insomnia and neurotic states.

As acclimation increases the importance of physical thermoregulation: increased blood volume, increasing the peripheral vascular bed, increases the amount of blood flow to the extremities.

Akklimatizirovavshiesya people in the North, as well as local residents, the longer tolerate cool, they have quickly restored a normal skin temperature after cooling. Accelerate the acclimation contribute regular meals, provision of appropriate clothing, observance of hygienic norms of residential and public buildings, light. Caloric value of daily food ration in the North should not exceed caloric intake for the residents of a temperate climate for 15 - 20%, with about half the diet should be protein and animal fats. Foodstuffs intended for the population of northern regions (especially children, adolescents, pregnant and nursing mothers) should be fortified, especially vitamins C, B1, A and D.. Clothing for residents of Se-belief must have a wind-and waterproof coating. The temperature of air in homes and public buildings should be maintained at 2 -3 ° C higher than in the middle lane. The intensity of artificial light during the polar night to increase. Of great importance are the regular alternation of work and recreation, physical culture and sports.

Azotemia

2010-12-15T03:43:00.000-08:00

Azotemia - excessive blood levels of certain products of nitrogen metabolism: urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, etc. azotemia often caused by failure of renal excretory function, but may also depend on extrarenal factors - increased protein breakdown (burns), difficulty of urination ( with adenoma of the prostate gland, compression of the ureters).

Treatment is directed at the underlying disease. Symptomatic treatment includes dietary restriction of foods containing protein, especially meat, the appointment of anabolic hormones (to reduce protein breakdown), and activities designed to increase urine output, including the use of diuretics. In a hospital if needed hemodialysis.

Determination of the alleged date of birth

2010-12-11T07:44:00.000-08:00

Normal full pregnancy can last from 38 to 42 weeks. According to studies, only four women out of a hundred give birth in the corresponding period. Most give birth within 2 weeks before or after the expected date. Date of birth determines what you like your doctor, only approximate.

Estimated date of birth (AKP) is calculated as follows: to the date of the first day of your last period add 7 days. From that date, Count back 3 months and add 1 year. For example, your last period started on May 10. Add 7 to 10 and now the Count back 3 months. So, your expected term birth - 17 February.

There is the following dependence of SEP on your cycle:

You give birth closer to your SEP if you have your period come regularly every 28 days.

You parents after the expected date, if your cycles are longer than 28 days.

Births may occur earlier than you expect if your cycle is shorter than 28 days.

In determining the duration of pregnancy and childbirth account for the first fetal movements that felt nulliparous 20-week, ie from mid-pregnancy, multiparous - about 2 weeks earlier. However, this feature is subjective and far less important than the date of last menstrual period. The woman often forgets the dates for the first fetal movements or wrongly identifies this date, taking the movement of fetal intestinal peristalsis.

Time of fetal movements is considered only as a secondary symptom.

Of great importance are the data of objective inquiry: the determination of the uterus, stomach volume and height of uterus, fetal length and head size.

The magnitude of the uterus and the height of its state at different periods of pregnancy:

At the end of the first month of pregnancy, obstetric (4 weeks), the uterus is approximately the size of chicken eggs.

At the end of the second Midwifery months (8 weeks), the uterus corresponds to approximately the size of a goose egg.

At the end of the third midwifery months (12 weeks), the size of the uterus reaches head of the newborn.

Starting from the fourth month of pregnancy, uterine fundus is felt through the anterior abdominal wall, and the pregnancy is judged by the height of standing uterus. At the end of the fourth month (16 weeks), the bottom of the uterus is located midway between the pubis and the navel.

At the end of the fifth month of Midwifery (20 weeks) uterine fundus on two cross fingers below the navel, visibly bulging of the abdominal wall.

At the end of the sixth month of Midwifery (24 weeks) uterine fundus at the level of the navel.

At the end of the seventh month of Midwifery (28 weeks), the bottom of the uterus is determined by 2-3 fingers above the navel.

At the end of the eighth month of Midwifery (32 weeks) uterine fundus is halfway between the umbilicus and xiphoid process of sternum. Navel starts to flatten. The circumference of the abdomen at the navel 80-85 cm

At the end of the ninth month of Midwifery (36 weeks) uterine fundus rises to the xiphoid process and costal arches. This is the highest level of state DNA pregnant uterus, abdominal circumference of 90 cm Navel flattened.

At the end of the tenth month of Midwifery (40 weeks), the bottom of the uterus descends to the level at which it was at the end of the 8 th month, ie until the middle of the distance between the umbilicus and xiphoid process. Umbilicus protrudes. Abdominal circumference 95-98 cm

First aid at ARI

2010-12-11T07:43:00.001-08:00

The list of acute respiratory disease is fairly wide. Here an ordinary catarrh of the upper respiratory tract (laryngitis, tracheitis), and bronchitis, and influenza, and, finally, pneumonia, which often end with the above infections. Many of these diseases often occur, so to speak, classically, that is, within a few days come to an end in recovery without the use of potent medications.

But in some cases, these respiratory diseases are complicated, which is fraught with the development of collapse (vascular insufficiency), pulmonary edema, larynx (especially in children), an infectious-toxic shock. Here, in these cases must be made before the arrival of a physician to facilitate the patient's condition by providing him the first way we can.

Patient should be in a well ventilated area. But he should not be exposed to drafts, which is enough by opening the window, to cover his head a light blanket, and the body - more warm clothes.

In severe shortness of breath, especially with asthmatic component, you must use an inhaler with a bronchodilator medicine. When pain in the chest should be given analgesics (analgin, Amidopyrine or the like). You can also use diversionary therapy - for example, put the mustard. The sudden and rapid fall in blood pressure that is accompanied by a blanching of the skin, profuse cold sweating, and clouding of consciousness, we need to introduce an intramuscularly ampule of caffeine, and in more severe cases - 1 vial of adrenaline (we here do not indicate the percentage composition of the drugs, so as he is, first, shown on the ampoules themselves, and secondly, always is the standard).

Successful treatment of bronchial asthma and prevent attacks and used a popular method. In the pot with a tight-fitting lid pour 50 ml of water, put on a plate. When water boils, put it in 1 tbsp. a spoonful of honey. At the spout put a rubber tube, and at its opposite end to attach a plastic funnel. Honey is added after boiling water to avoid loss of volatile antimicrobial substances.

Water should boil moderately. Through a plastic funnel patient inhales the vapors. Breathing should be uniform. Procedure can be done in the morning and evening. The duration of one session - 15-20 minutes. After the procedure is not recommended immediately to go out, especially in cold weather. You can do the procedure for 1 time a day - the evening before bedtime.

With the deterioration of (the progression of shortness of breath, blue face and neck skin, the appearance of suffocation, sudden chest pain, etc.) should call an ambulance. And in general, along with first aid is to invite a local physician clinics, if the patient's condition does not inspire fear, otherwise, should seek emergency help.

Sequence of first-aid measures

2010-12-11T07:39:00.001-08:00

While rendering the first emergency and first aid must adhere to a particular sequence. Incidentally, the term "first aid" here and below is meant not only the first-aid measures. For example, in grudnichkovogo child suffered constipation (which often occurs in this age group). Naturally, the question about the rapid (within minutes) assistance is not either. But first aid should be given to putting the baby cleansing enema. Or, say, a man crawled into his ear ant.

Here, too, it goes to emergency, and probably the first, sometimes, the truth, and emergency assistance. If a person is stuck in the throat bone of the fish are urgently needed - an ambulance or emergency - care. The task of man, assisting sick and injured, is primarily to assess the degree of urgency. This is especially important if you are a witness to mass trauma.

The first thing to establish the circumstances under which people were exposed, time of occurrence of injury or impairment of the patient, the scene. When viewed from the patient or the patient should understand what is the severity of his condition, the sequence of first-aid measures to consider how to handle sick or injured, make sure there is appropriate medical supplies or instruments, including the first available means, to solve the problem of transporting the victim to the nearest medical institution.

In severe cases (for example, with profuse bleeding, choking, shock with the threat of death ambulance) emergency (emergency) assistance should have immediately. If the hand is not necessary funds should be held by any of the others, passing, passing.

Large, and often crucial in providing immediate, and even more urgent help has ability to handle sick or injured, without causing it unnecessary suffering, not worsening his condition.

First of all, we must be able to properly release the victim from the clothes. This is particularly important in fractures, heavy bleeding from the clothing, chemical and thermal burns, and suffocation. In addition, the victim often has to raise or lift. It is also necessary to carry out competently. Especially when it is transferred to another location. Often, this has attracted one or two people. If the patient or the person is conscious, he should hug the neck of a Saviour.

We have not yet come back to these issues, but now consider it necessary to give some advice.

If those or other injuries should first take your clothes off with a healthy limb. Then, with damaged limbs blown down the sleeve or pant leg. If you remove them is difficult, it is necessary to undo the seam. To take off your shoes (and clothes) often requires the participation of two people: one fixes the damaged part of the body - an arm or leg.

If bleeding should be cut clothing above the bleeding. Burns, when the clothes stick to your body, it must be cut around the site of the burn - in any case not to interrupt her.

Signs of life and death

2010-12-11T07:38:00.000-08:00

If life - one of the highest forms of movement and the organization of matter, then death - irreversible cessation of vital activity, the inevitable natural end to the existence of any living creature. But death, especially in our time, quite often the result of murder, suicide, injuries incompatible with life. Having the appropriate skills to provide urgent and emergency care, we are unable to return "from the other world" of many people.

There are two main stages of death - the so-called near-death experience and following a biological or real death. Clinical death - a reversible stage of dying, flowing for several minutes after cessation of circulatory and respiratory systems. Reversibility it mainly depends on the degree of hypoxia (hypoxia - oxygen starvation) changes in cells of the central nervous system, and above all the important parts of the brain. Length of stay human in a state of clinical death at normal ambient conditions is less than 8 minutes in the same low temperature, it increases.

Onset of clinical death precedes predagonalnoe state (a gradual reduction in blood pressure, respiratory depression, consciousness and the brain's electrical activity, tachycardia, bradycardia, and replaced by others). Our task - to help ensure that clinical death is not transferred to the biological, when all the vital processes of irreversibly terminated.

Since the victim was alive or dead, sick? This issue is very important in severe injuries, drowning, frostbite, when a person shows no signs of life. Having found at least minimal signs of life, it is necessary to proceed immediately to revive the victim.

Clinical death occurs, for example, a fall from a tree, cliff, with traffic accidents, falls, drowning, when a man plunges into deep unconsciousness. More often it is observed in the skull injuries, and tightness in the chest or abdomen, with severe cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, komah different origin). The victim lies motionless, sometimes without giving any signs of life. Let's try to distinguish life from death.

Must first determine whether there is a heartbeat - with your hand or ear. Puts his ear below the nipple, and if tapped, even rare and deaf heart sounds, this is the first sign that a person is alive. You should check the pulse of, especially on the neck, where the largest artery - the carotid, or on the inside of the forearm.

You must verify if the victim is breathing. This is indicated by the movement of the chest, wetting the mirror attached to the nose of the victim, or the movement of fleece, presentation to the nostrils.

Pay attention to the state of the eyes. If the highlight of their lantern, pupils suzyatsya and the same happens when the victim opened his eyes to obscure the hand and then quickly withdraw his hand away. But remember: if a deep unconscious reaction to light might not be.

If at least one of the above symptoms you will notice a positive result, meaning that immediate assistance can still be successful. In this case should take active steps to revitalize what we say in detail in the description of the nature of an injury or illness.

If our efforts to revive the man will be in vain and we will see that he is dead, do not waste your time - better to go to the next victim.

What signs indicate that the person is dead? Death occurs when the work stoppage of the heart and respiratory arrest. The body lacks oxygen, the lack of which causes death of brain cells. That is why during resuscitation main focus should be on the activity of the heart and lungs in order to make them work, meaning that they provide the brain with oxygen. Only this can bring a person from a state of clinical death.

Setting, the victim was alive or dead, come from the manifestations of clinical and biological death, the so-called questionable and obvious signs of cadaver.

Questionable signs of death. The victim is not breathing, heartbeat not detected, there is no reaction to the needle stick, the pupils do not react to bright light. While there is no certainty that the victim died, we are obliged to undertake all efforts to revive him.

Obvious signs of death. These are signs of rigor mortis. One of the first and main features - clouding of the cornea and its drying. While squeezing his eyes from the sides with your fingers pupil narrows and resembles cat's eye.

Rigor mortis starts to head in 2-4 hours after death. Cooling of the body occurs gradually: corpse appear bluish spots, arising from the flowing blood in the appropriate parts of the body. The corpse, lying on his back, corpse spots observed on the lower back, buttocks and shoulder. At the position on the abdomen spots appear on the face, chest and on the relevant parts of the limbs.

If you see this, you have no reason to do anything, you only need to notify the appropriate authorities.

Rules tablets

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If necessary, emergency medicine taken at any time of day. Most of the ingested drugs act in an adult person on average about 4-6 hours, and antidiabetics - 10-12 hours. And only the oppression of liver function (eg, cirrhosis, especially alcoholic origin) or kidney duration of medication increases to 8-12 hours after administration.

To maintain the therapeutic effect of the drug during the day, the medication must be taken repeatedly. At the same time interval between individual methods should match the duration of drug action. Otherwise, it may or poisoning, or a reduction in therapeutic effect.

If the ingestible drug is not harmful to the gastric wall and you want to achieve rapid therapeutic effect, can take it before meals. If you are not soon, faster and stronger drug to exert its effect, but not for long. And vice versa.

During the meal you need to take those drugs that are not designed for immediate and strong impact on the body, or those that are unstable in the gastric juice or aggressive toward the stomach.

The drug, taken after a meal, the least exposed to gastric juice, quickly turns into the intestine, fewer acts on the stomach wall. Therefore, after a meal (usually in half an hour) to take drugs, the least resistant to the rapid evacuation of the bowels.

Usually about how the medication is written in the instructions for its use. In cases where there is no indication of this, use the following rule. If the pill is oval shape and coated pills or tablets and coated with a special protective coating, do not chew them. So do with powder in capsules. The remaining pills and powders, preferably before taking into better chew (or grind the other way) and drink water or other liquid.

Ampicillin

2010-12-11T07:35:00.000-08:00

Pharmacological effect. Mechanism of action similar to amoxicillin.Indications for use. For the treatment of patients with pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, with lung abscess, tonsillitis, peritonitis, cholecystitis, sepsis, intestinal infections, and postoperative infections, soft tissue and other infections caused by organisms sensitive to it.

The drug is highly effective in urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli, Proteus, enterococci, or mixed infection. Effective in the treatment of gonorrhea.

Dosage and administration. Single dose for adults - 0.5 grams daily - 2-3 years Children prescribe a rate of 100 mg / kg. The daily dose divided into 4-6 receptions. Duration of treatment depends on the severity of the disease and the effectiveness of therapy (5 - 10 days to 2-3 weeks. And more).

Side effects. In the treatment of ampicillin may experience allergic reactions such as skin rashes, urticaria, angioedema, and others, in rare cases - anaphylaxis (mainly the introduction of the sodium salt of ampicillin). In the case of allergic reactions to stop the introduction of the drug and to desensitizing therapy. Long-term treatment with ampicillin debilitated patients may develop superinfections caused by resistant to the drug by microorganisms (yeast-like fungi, gram-negative microorganisms).

Contraindications. The drug is contraindicated in hypersensitivity to penicillin. In hepatic failure is used under the control of liver function, bronchial asthma, hay fever and other allergic diseases only when absolutely necessary. At the same time appoint antisensitizer. The drug should be prescribed with care to patients with an indication of the allergic reaction in history.

Release form. Tab. and caps. po0, 1925 Powder for suspension of banks to 60 grams (5 g active in the islands).

Storage conditions. List B.

How to use a syringe

2010-12-11T04:26:00.000-08:00

Should master the rules of thumb to use a syringe and learn how to do injections (intramuscular and subcutaneous). Before you pick up a syringe and a medicine for injection (vial, bottle), you should wash your hands thoroughly, preferably with a brush and soap and then rub the cotton swab with alcohol.

The neck of an ampoule (or vial) should be treated with medicine before opening the cotton swab with alcohol. After opening the vial or bottle of medicine it is desirable to recruit in one syringe with a needle and to inject - another. But before - to remove air bubbles from the syringe. To do this, lift up the needle and syringe to release part of the contents, moving the piston inside the syringe.

Subcutaneous (or intramuscular) medication is recommended to introduce into the region of the outer surface of the hip, shoulder or in the area of the abdominal wall. Intramuscular injections should enter into verhnenaruzhny square buttock or hip muscle or shoulder. In these places there are no major blood vessels and nerves, which prevents damage. Injections are contraindicated in areas of the body with pustular, inflammatory or other lesions (burns, frostbite, psoriasis, etc.).

With subcutaneous injection of the skin at the injection site wiped with a cotton swab with alcohol and grab fingers of his left hand to the fold. Right hand safely produce an injection needle at 0,5-1,0 cm base folds, then release the crease and slowly injected the contents of the syringe, hold the needle with your finger and making sure that the medication remains in the syringe (with a bad leak medication can penetrate the gap between the piston and syringe) and poured onto the skin (this happens when bad connection with a syringe needle). Then the needle is extracted, and the injection site with alcohol impose fleece.

Insert the needle, do not rush with the injection. Check to see whether the end of the needle hit a blood vessel (they may be deep in the muscle). To do this, pull the plunger of the syringe (produce a drain effect). When you see a trickle of blood in the syringe vkolite syringe to another location. Control again, and only in the absence of blood in the syringe inject the medication into the muscle.

How to measure body temperature

2010-12-11T04:19:00.001-08:00

An important indicator of health - the body temperature. Usually measured the temperature of the skin, for measuring it in other places (for example, in the rectum) may give biased parameters in the diagnosis of certain diseases.

But the temperature of the skin in different areas varies: it is higher in the armpits and the skin below the torso, neck and limbs. By rule, you should focus on the temperature in the armpits. Normally it varies between 36-36,8 °. True, some people it may be somewhat lower than 36 °, or slightly above 37 °. During intensive muscular work the skin temperature increases. If the temperature exceeds the above numbers for a long time, you should consult your doctor for clarification. We must bear in mind that the body temperature fluctuates throughout the day: the difference between morning and evening temperatures range from an average of 0,3 to 0,5 °. Body temperature should be measured at rest at 7-8 am and 6-7 pm.

The temperature rises, as a rule, many infectious diseases. Lowering it is observed in case of poisoning by various toxins, as well as coma and for some debilitating diseases.

How to determine the nature of respiration and pulse

2010-12-11T04:18:00.001-08:00

Important is the pulse rate and its features. Pulse - jerky vibrations of the walls of blood vessels arising from the heart and depend on the completeness of ejection of blood from the heart into the vascular system.

Arterial pulses are usually palpable in the radial artery. To define it, brush the patient's arm span of the wrist joint so that the thumb is placed on the back of the forearm, and the other fingers pressed against the skin on the front of its surface, where it is felt a pulsing artery.

In healthy subjects the pulse rate corresponds to heart rate and is 60-80 beats per 1 minute. Increased heart rate (and thus heart rate) over 90 in 1 minute is called tachycardia, and curtailment (less than 60 to 1 min) - bradycardia. Usually at night the pulse slows down somewhat, and during the day - some released. In a healthy person and a good rhythmic pulse of the filling, which depends on the power of the discharge capacity of the heart.

With some diseases or injuries pulse can either thicken or slowed. In severe trauma, accompanied by massive bleeding, heart rate sometimes disappears, that is not detectable. It also drops and blood pressure, sometimes to zero. Heart rate may be due to arrhythmic heart rhythm disorders, such as atrial fibrillation or paroxysmal tachycardia.

Under various disease states is necessary to determine certain characteristics of breath. In a normal cycle of respiratory movements, consisting of inhalation and exhalation, repeated rhythmically at rest in healthy people 16-18 times per minute. Night (during sleep) some breathing slowed, and by day, during working hours - some released. Under certain pathological conditions (diseases, severe trauma), the frequency and depth of breathing are violated. It becomes either superficial (in this case is sometimes difficult to determine a person breathes or not), or a deep, noisy, arrhythmic. To determine the disease is characterized by its rhythm, depth and rate of respiration. For example, in certain comatose states violations may take place according to the type of breathing Cheyne-Stokes or Kussmaul breathing. Often the process of respiration is impaired by lesions of certain areas of the central nervous system, more precisely in the brain.

How to measure blood pressure

2010-12-11T04:17:00.001-08:00

Each of us must possess the necessary minimum of medical intervention. Should I run a clinic, to spend the nerves, and sometimes money, to invite the doctor to measure blood pressure, an injection or, say, the vapor supply pipe? Certainly not worth it. These and most easily master.

So, proceed to the measurement of blood pressure (BP). It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg. Art.). BP includes the top, or the maximum (systolic) and lower, or the minimum (diastolic). It is believed that in the normal systolic blood pressure in adults ranges from 100 to 140 mm Hg. Art. and diastolic blood - from 60 to 90 mm Hg. Art. If blood pressure is high (ie above the upper limit of the maximum or minimum), then we can talk about high blood pressure, and if dropped - on the hypotension. Of course, in each case the presence of hypertension or hypotension, to judge a doctor, but for the everyday practice of these figures is enough to make himself the necessary conclusions, especially in extreme conditions - say, in severe bleeding, collapse or shock - the figures are quite BP informative.

Blood pressure - an important indicator of the body. BP was measured using a special device - the tonometer (a device sold in pharmacies or stores medproma). The principle of its operation is based on listening to the so-called Korotkoff sounds - their appearance is related to the pulsation of the artery.

Sit on a chair, revealing a left hand. Put it on the table. On the forearm (in the biceps), put a rubber sleeve so that the tube connected to a blower and a pressure gauge went to the upper surface of the forearm near the elbow. With a stethoscope to the projection of the brachial artery (at the bend of the elbow), pumped air into the cuff of a pear to figures in excess of the upper blood pressure. At the same artery under the cuff is flattened, as determined by lack of pulse waves in the listening. Then slowly release the air from the cuff, and as soon as the pressure in it equals the upper blood pressure, artery cotton short shrift. Artery wall lead into the swing of the surrounding tissue on the surface of your hands at this moment you hear the sound, with fixed numbers of maximum (systolic) pressure. With a further reduction in pressure in the cuff whenever it coincides with the blood, hear the sounds in the stethoscope. But here is the air pressure has reached the lower blood pressure - artery finally cracked down, and the sounds disappear. This, we register the value of the lower (diastolic) blood pressure. Thus, the Korotkoff sounds (Korotkov NS - Russian doctor who first made a presentation on a new and very simple method of measuring blood pressure) tapped only when the air pressure in the cuff is changed from upper to lower blood pressure.

Allapininum

2010-12-11T04:06:00.001-08:00

Pharmacological effect. 1C antiarrhythmic drug class.

Indications for use. Supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and flutter, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, including Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia.

Dosage and administration. Tablets, pre-chop, taken orally 30 minutes before the meal with warm water. Initially assigned to 0,025 g every 8 h. In the absence of effective dose increased by assigning to 0,025 g every 6 hours may further increase the dose up to 0,05 g per reception every 6-8 hours, duration of treatment depends on the patient and the nature of cardiac arrhythmias can take up to several months. Higher doses inside: single - 0.05 grams daily - 0,3 g. / m VFS is administered at a dose of 0.4 mg / kg every 6 hours, V / injected at a dose of 0,3-0,4 mg / kg. Before applying the product is diluted to 20 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution, administered slowly over 5 minutes. If necessary, after 6 h of infusion at a dose of 0.3 mg / kg repeated.

Side effects. Possible dizziness, feeling of heaviness in the head, diplopia. When expression of these phenomena should reduce the dose of the drug. With prolonged use can sinus tachycardia. In this case, prescribe small doses of beta-blockers.

Contraindications. Atrioventricular block II degrees and higher degrees, severe liver and kidney failure. When I degree atrioventricular block, intraventricular conduction disorders, sinus syndrome, as well as with severe circulatory failure, VFS should be administered under the more rigorous medical supervision, starting treatment in hospital, often performing electrocardiographic monitoring. Pregnant VFS appointed only for health reasons.

Release form. Tab. at 0,025 g.

Storage conditions. List B.

Signs of Pregnancy

2010-12-11T04:01:00.000-08:00

The most typical signs of pregnancy may be most important for diagnosis are divided into three groups: questionable, probable and credible. ALLEGED (doubtful) SIGNS OF PREGNANCYThese characteristics include various kinds of subjective experiences:

Nausea, vomiting, especially in the mornings. These symptoms usually appear 2-8 weeks after fertilization. But they can also cause: food poisoning, infection and many other diseases.

During pregnancy a woman is a perversion of appetite. She may refuse to eat chicken Kiev, julienne of chicken with mushrooms and fried potatoes. While clearly a weakness for spicy dishes of Korean cuisine, pickles, as well as clay and chalk.

Change the olfactory senses. Women are some unpleasant odors. For example, she may throw in a slop bucket favorite perfume bottle and a hundred times a day to open the window to completely erode the smell of tobacco smoke.

Dysfunction of the nervous system. Have discomfort, sleepiness, irritability, mood instability, dizziness. Woman becomes somewhat inadequate: it fun laughs, then gets irritated by little things or crying. She always wants to sleep.

The woman has dark spots appear on the face, darker nipples, areola (areola) and the line on the abdomen from the navel to groin. But it could happen due to lack of hormonal balance, or be the result of a previous pregnancy.

There is frequent urination. Usually it is observed from 6 to 8 weeks after fertilization. This phenomenon can also be caused by inflammation of the urinary tract, diuretic, diabetes.

There is an increase volume of the stomach.

There is a feeling of breast engorgement.

PROBABLE SIGNS OF PREGNANCY

This group includes objective criteria defined in the genitals, breasts, and positive immunological tests for pregnancy.

Cessation of menstruation (amenorrhea) in women of reproductive age. The absence of menstruation is noted during pregnancy from its beginning to its completion. However, there are many other reasons for the absence of menstruation: a long journey, fatigue, panic and fear of pregnancy, hormonal disorders or serious illness, extreme fullness or thinness, and breastfeeding.

Breast enlargement, their intensity, the appearance of colostrum from opening on the nipple breast stroke with pressure on the mammary gland (pregnant for the first).

Cyanosis (cyanosis) of the mucous membrane of vagina and cervix.

Change the size, shape and consistency of the uterus. Another reason for this phenomenon is the occurrence of fibroids.

Probable signs of pregnancy reveals the following:

by examination of the breast and squeezing colostrum;

when viewed from the external genitalia and the mucous membrane of the vagina;

in the study with the help of mirrors;

by vaginal and two-hand research.

Reliable sign of pregnancy

Reliable, or unmistakable signs of pregnancy - these are signs that appear in the second half of pregnancy and evidence of the presence of the fetus in the uterus.

The examination can determine the part of the fetus. In the second half of pregnancy is determined by the head, back and small parts (limbs) of the fetus. The longer the pregnancy, the better to feel your part of the fetus.

Different fetal heartbeat, listen to heart tones. This may be determined by obstetric stethoscope or by echocardiography. When the survey of fetal heart rate are determined in a fairly early - within 48 days after the first day of last menstrual period.

For reliable signs of pregnancy include fetal movement experienced by the physician survey. Fetal movements are usually defined in the second half of pregnancy. Pregnant women themselves feel fetal movement - primipara with 20 weeks, and multiparous 18-week, but these symptoms to reliable signs of pregnancy are not relevant, since they may be erroneous - a woman can take for the movement of fetal intestinal peristalsis.

By ultrasound in utero fertilized egg revealed. Ultrasound can detect pregnancy by about 5 - to 6-day delay period. When viewed from a special sensor that is inserted into the vagina, this can be done for 1-3 days before. In addition, ultrasound not only establishes the fact of pregnancy, but also allows us to define her life, helps to distinguish uterine pregnancy from an ectopic and identify many types of pathology.

The first three features listed above are manifested only by 5-6-month pregnancy, the latter is now determined by 2-3-week delay period.

Despite the fact that the court of XXI century, the causes of pregnancy are the same as in the Stone Age. To a woman becomes pregnant, it is necessary that there was a process of fertilization: the egg is fused with sperm. Remember that in itself delay menstruation - not a sign of pregnancy. Sometimes, after a week after a delay, they still occur. However, if your period has not come on time, right on the next morning you can start measuring the temperature of the morning. The thermometer must be entered into the rectum to a depth of 2 cm for 5-7 minutes. If the temperature for several days over 37 ° C, most often it is evidence in favor of a possible pregnancy.

Fortunately, humanity is on the level of development, when a woman has a right to know whether she was pregnant, before it becomes noticeable look.

Diagnosis of pregnancy

2010-12-11T03:59:00.001-08:00

The first question of the future mother, she asks herself, as soon as the first sign of pregnancy: Pregnant Am I really? "None of the early signs of pregnancy are not a hundred percent confirmation of pregnancy. Various signs and symptoms of pregnancy - it just pointers, which need to pay attention. You can show all the signs of pregnancy, but you can not be pregnant. Conversely, you may have only a few of the signs and you'll pregnant.

If a person is ill, the idea about this very quickly. He starts something hurt, swell, or at least a fever. Guess the pregnancy is more difficult. However, the pregnancy, as well as about the disease, it is desirable to learn early to have time to take appropriate measures: to get rid of junk, but with desirable - to register at the antenatal clinic, where specialists will be engaged in maintaining pregnancy.

The establishment of pregnancy is extremely important because it determines adequate, timely tactics for patients. Definition of pregnancy is of great importance not only for women of reproductive age, but patients menopause, the girls prior to the establishment of the menstrual cycle, when irregular menstruation or in their absence does not exclude the possibility of establishing pregnancy.

Early diagnosis of pregnancy is very important not only for obstetricians but also for physicians of various specialties, because the hormonal, physiological and anatomical changes that accompany pregnancy can substantially influence the course of existing comorbidities.

Diagnosis of pregnancy, especially in the early stages, sometimes presents certain difficulties. Several endocrine diseases, stress, and reception of pharmacological agents can mimic the condition of pregnancy, misleading both a woman and a doctor.

In connection with the pregnancy there is a reorganization of functions of all organs and systems of women, which affects its well-being (subjective) and is accompanied by objectively determinable changes.

Pregnancy and childbirth

2010-12-11T03:58:00.000-08:00

Pregnancy - is one of the most important moments in the lives of women. It was during pregnancy, she feels her mission, aware of its role in the lives of all mankind. Whatever happens in the lives of women during pregnancy - all loses its seemingly great importance, when she reminisces about his unusual condition. At this time, it becomes more responsive to your body, pay attention to every change in even the most unobtrusive.

We recommend that the expectant mother to enjoy this unforgettable state to communicate with the unborn baby and be happy to wait for his birth.

"I've never felt so good!" - So many women cry after learning about the upcoming birth of a child. The fact of the upcoming motherhood gives strength and a wonderful sense of invulnerability, especially if it's long-awaited child.

Pregnancy - a great time of union. Talk with your baby, sing lullabies to him, listen to music together. What you feel, feels he is! Enjoy your state! However, happiness - does not mean complacency. Therefore, many pregnant women want to know more about his new condition, occurring in their body changes, how to grow and develop their child and how to help him prepare to enter into a huge new world. It is for them and written this section of the encyclopedia. Here you will find everything - and a complete description of the child in the womb, and methods of diagnosing pregnancy and advice on proper diet, a regime of work and leisure lifestyle. Special attention is paid to various diseases during pregnancy, taking medications, and discusses pathology, and algorithms for action in case of their occurrence. Also covered issues of planning pregnancy, for advice on preparation for childbirth.

This handbook will be useful not only for expectant mothers and their families, but also doctors, midwives, antenatal clinic workers. For them, the book provides recommendations on the organization of work with pregnant women, in their observation and assistance.

"Angel"

2010-12-11T03:53:00.001-08:00

Diet Angel aims to alter your metabolism. On this diet you can lose up to 7 kg. True, it was quite hungry, and to sustain it for two weeks, we must have patience of job. Drinks in addition to the above - only water (plain or mineral). Carrots can be replaced with a tomato and vice versa.

During the diet must do exercises and massage. After you try a diet in moderation.

1 day

Breakfast: Black coffee without sugar.

Lunch: 2 eggs, 1 tomato and green salad.

Dinner: a big steak, fried under pressure in a small amount of vegetable oil.

Day 2

Breakfast: Black coffee without sugar toast.

Lunch: a big steak, grilled in a press with a green salad and tomato.

Dinner: a portion of a soup.

Day 3

Breakfast: Black coffee without sugar toast.

Lunch: a big steak, grilled in a press with a green salad.

Dinner: 2 eggs with two slices of lean ham.

Day 4

Breakfast: Black coffee without sugar toast.

Lunch: 1 egg, 1 carrot, cheese.

Dinner: fruit salad, a cup of yogurt.

Day 5

Breakfast: shredded carrots with lemon.

Lunch: piece of fish, fried under pressure, and tomato.

Dinner: a big steak, fried under pressure, with a green salad.

Day 6

Breakfast: Black coffee without sugar toast.

Lunch: piece of chicken, fried without fat, green salad.

Dinner: a big steak, green salad.

Day 7

Breakfast: tea without sugar.

Lunch: beef or other meat on a skewer, green salad.

Dinner: any meals, only in moderation.

The second repeats the first week.