environment

NASA's 'Hidden Figures' women awarded Congressional Gold Medals, by Robert Z. Pearlman, published September 18, 2024

2025-03-12T00:36:00.000+00:00

NASA "Hidden Figures" — Dorothy Vaughan, Katherine Johnson, Mary Jackson and Christine Darden — were each awarded Congressional Gold Medals for their service to the space program at the U.S. Capitol building on Wednesday, Sept. 18, 2024. (Image credit: NASA)

Five Congressional Gold Medals were bestowed to the women who worked as at NASA as mathematicians and engineers during the space race, including Katherine Johnson, Mary Jackson, Dorothy Vaughan and Christine Darden, as well as one medal for all of the unnamed hidden figures. (Image credit: NASA)

Although they may never completely shed the label, the women who worked for NASA as human computers during the space race are no longer "hidden figures," and they now have a medal to prove it.

On Wednesday (Sept. 18), the women as a group and four individuals who have come to represent their collective experiences were awarded the Congressional Gold Medal, one of the highest civilian honors in the United States. As authorized by Congress, the medals were bestowed to Christine Darden and posthumously to Katherine Johnson, Mary Jackson and Dorothy Vaughan.

A separate Hidden Figures Congressional Gold Medal was also dedicated to all of the women who worked as mathematicians and engineers at NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) and NASA between the 1930s and 1970s.

"These women didn't just crunch numbers and solve equations," said Rep. Mike Johnson, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. "They actually laid the very foundation upon which our rockets launched and our astronauts flew and our nation soared."

"So today, for all their contributions to the space program and to society, it is my great honor to award these women with a Congressional Gold Medal," Johnson said.

Hosted by the Speaker, the ceremony brought together other representatives and senators, NASA officials and the families of Johnson, Jackson, Vaughan and Darden in Emancipation Hall at the Capitol in Washington. (Darden watched live from her home in Connecticut.)

Related: Facts about NASA's real 'Hidden Figures'

"The remarkable things that NASA achieves and that America achieves build on the pioneers who came before us, people like the women of Mercury and Gemini and Apollo," said Bill Nelson, NASA Administrator. "The women we honor today made it possible for earthlings to lift beyond the bounds of Earth."

The honorees' contributions to the space program were first brought forward in the 2016 book "Hidden Figures" by Margot Lee Shetterly, which in turn inspired the feature film by the same title starring Taraji P. Henson, Janelle Monáe and Octavia Spencer as Johnson, Jackson and Vaughan.

In support of the work of the Space Task Group, Johnson calculated trajectories for NASA's early human spaceflights, including the suborbital launch of the first American in space, Alan Shepard, and the first flight of a U.S. astronaut into Earth orbit, John Glenn. Johnson, who died in 2020 at the age of 101, was the first woman in NASA's flight research division to be credited as an author of a research report.

In 2015, Johnson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. A year later, NASA named Langley's then-new Computational Research Facility in her honor.

Vaughan led the West Area Computing unit at what today is Langley Research Center in Virginia, becoming the first African American supervisor at NACA. She later became a leading computer programmer as a part of NASA's analysis and computation division. Vaughan died in 2008 at the age of 98.

Earlier this year, NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston marked the 55th anniversary of the first moon landing by dedicating one of its original buildings as the "Dorothy Vaughan Center in Honor of the Women of Apollo."

Jackson was the first African American woman engineer at NASA. Later in her career, she worked to improve the prospects of NASA's female mathematicians, engineers and scientists as Langley's Federal Women's Program manager. She died in 2005 at the age of 83.

In 2021, NASA honored Jackson with the naming of its headquarters building in Washington.

Darden, who today is 82, became an engineer at NASA 16 years after Jackson, wrote over 50 articles on aeronautics design and was the first African American of any gender to be promoted into the Senior Executive Service at Langley.

There were hundreds, if not thousands of other women, both caucasian and Black, who were stationed at NASA's facilities and centers, performing calculations before electronic computers were available. Many of their names have been lost to history, though their role is now widely known.

In recognition of them all, the stretch of E Street running in front of the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters building was named "Hidden Figures Way" in 2019.

"To all of the other women who served our country throughout NASA's history as computers, mathematicians, data analysts, engineers and scientists, women who are still largely hidden figures, women from all backgrounds and from all corners of our great nation, I am delighted that we are celebrating you today as well," said Shetterly.

"It is quite an honor and a privilege to be here, representing the many women of Apollo and the space program who dedicated their lives and talent to making sure the sky is never the limit," said Andrea Mosie, said senior Apollo sample processor and lab manager at Johnson Space Center. "Thank you for intentionally seeking diverse opinions for solutions to humanity's challenges of living off the planet."

The five Hidden Figures Congressional Gold Medals as presented to Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, Mary Jackson, Christine Darden and to the thousands of unnamed women who worked for NASA as computers, mathematicians and engineers. (Image credit: U.S. Mint/collectSPACE.com)

Environmental Issues

2024-09-16T17:41:00.000+01:00

D-Day - 80 years after - 6th June 1944

2024-06-06T23:06:00.000+01:00

GEORGE ORWELL BIOGRAPHY

2024-02-12T18:49:00.003+00:00

'Titanic' director James Cameron discusses 'catastrophic implosion' of T...

2023-06-23T00:49:00.000+01:00

111 years later Titanic makes five more victims!

2023-06-22T21:01:00.000+01:00

Let us rest in peace what in peace is!

OceanGate tourist expedition to the Titanic wreck suffers catastrophic implosion with five people inside Titan vessel submarine. Our thoughts are with the families!

Images from "Google Images" and "National Geographic"

School trip to Museu da Música Mecânica

2023-03-11T16:49:00.000+00:00

Texts written and illustrated by the students

During the visit to the museum, we had the opportunity to see the evolution of mechanical music throughout the centuries. It was interesting to learn how people used to listen to music since nowadays we can listen to whatever we want with just one click.

Above all the mechanical instruments, the Aeolian Orchestrelle was the one that stood out the most for me. It was built in England in 1900 and it was described to us as “a home orchestra” which is a very fascinating concept since an orchestra brings you a diversity of feelings that transport you to a different world where you just want to enjoy what you are listening to, whether it is the most peaceful waltz or the most powerful symphony. Everyone could hear the music by pedalling, it didn’t matter if they were music experts or pure enthusiasts.

by Margarida Nunes, 11º B

During our school trip to Museu da Música Mecânica, one of the instruments that caught my attention was the "Pathé Jour Et Nuit", a gramophone, whose sound could be more intense or less, according to the will of the owner.

This instrument was made in 1918 in France, potentially by Pathé Records, a French label producer of gramophones, active from the 1890s through the 1930s.

I think the main reason for me to find this instrument so much enjoyable, besides being one of the first reproducers of music, is the fact that it was designed to play not only during the day, with the sound coming out of the two horns of the instrument, but also during the night, with the sound coming out of just one horn, in order not to disturb the neighbours.

by Guilherme Duque, 11º B

My favourite instrument

The instrument I chose was the Phonopostal-Sonorine, manufactured in 1903 in France. It was used to record postcards that were mailed to the recipient who could hear them on his gramophone.

Although there were several incredibly beautiful, elaborate instruments with original sounds, the one that caught my attention the most was this device, as it was the first device that allowed people to communicate at a distance only through voice, so it was a very original idea.

It was also accessible to everyone because if people didn't have a gramophone at home to listen to the message, they would hear it at the post office, just as they could also record it there.

This instrument makes us wonder how easy it is now compared to how it used to be to communicate at a distance.

by Carolina Guimarães, 11º B

Seeing the Museu da Música Mecânica was such a pleasant experience. A variety of different instruments caught my eye, but for my text, I chose to talk about the Pathé Jour Et Nuit.

This big, beautiful, and elegant instrument is the junction of two gramophones to try to control, for the first time, the volume of the music emitted. It consists of the same record playing in the two gramophones at the same time - of course, with a delay which caused an echo - and when people wanted to hear the music lower, they would put the record playing only in one of the gramophones.

The Pathé Jour Et Nuit was manufactured in France in 1918.

While this piece was presented to us, I was fascinated by the thought of humans inventing this kind of mechanism, which made me wish to experience hearing this instrument playing in the past.

by Ásia Galante, 11ºB

The Regina Hexaphone (1910) was the first fully automated coin-operated jukebox, and it could play six-cylinder records instead of flat discs.

I chose this instrument because I thought, first, that it was an exceptionally beautiful and aesthetic piece, so it immediately caught my attention, and second, I also thought it marked the beginning of a new era in the history of mechanical music because it was the first machine that was powered by coins and not a lever or a different mechanism.

by Jacira Costa, 11ºB

The instrument I chose from the museum was the Polyphon.

The polyphon was invented in 1870 and it is a large disc-operated music box.

I chose this instrument because I am fond of vinyl discs and have always loved the sound that they produced so it was remarkably interesting to see this older version of them. The discs really impressed me, with how large they were and all the mechanisms of the little metallic parts that form such a piece of complex music. One other thing that made me choose the polyphon was the sound. I have studied music since I was little so the sound of things is important to me and has a profound impact. The greatness of the tone and how it was extraordinarily little off-key really impressed me. It's amazing how such an old instrument can still have that capacity to resound in the room.

by Ana Lima Pita, 11ºB

I choose the Organette Amorette, a mechanical instrument that is exhibited in the Mechanical Music Museum. This specific instrument was manufactured in Germany in about 1900, but the first Organettes started to be produced around 1870 and were discontinued around 1920. Organettes Amorette used metal discs. They were hand-cranked and designed for tabletop use in the home. Organettes were popular and had a wide selection of music produced for them, but as the phonograph became more affordable, they were replaced.

The reason I choose the Organette was that during the visit it caught my attention to the structure, the details behind it, the way it works, and the sound was very peculiar, and I really thought it was interesting the whole story behind it.

by Raquel Antunes, 11ºB

One of the instruments I liked the most when visiting the museum was the “Phrynis” Gramophone, one of the most recent pieces at the exhibition. It dates to 1920, and it is an example of beautiful vintage art. The reason this specific piece caught my eye was due to its vibrant pink and red colour and the shape of its horn, resembling many flowers we frequently spot in nature. Despite being a simple instrument, it was extremely aesthetically pleasing and displayed an enormous number of delicate details, such as the eagle at its base, which indicated the brand and country of manufacture (Switzerland). Whoever was the previous owner of this astonishing piece would proudly boast it on every occasion to delight all his guests.

by Maria Margarida Santos, 11ºB

Orchestral Music Box "Conchon"

While visiting the Museum of "Música Mecânica", I learned a lot about many instruments, which I did not know before.

The instrument I chose to talk about is an orchestral music box, whose name is "Conchon". It was manufactured in Switzerland in the late 19th century. The manufacturer, F. Conchon, created this machine with six cylinders that can play forty-eight melodies!

I chose this piece because it is really interesting the fact that people, since this creation, would listen to the sound of a whole orchestra (a lot of different instruments) in just one box. This work demonstrates an incredible richness and diversity of instruments, such as bells, stringed instruments, and percussions.

This is amazing and it shows a great ability in the manufacture of that time.

People would take a new concept of concerts to their houses. thus, revolutionizing the way music was heard.

by Lúcia Mendes, 11º B

Limonaire Fréres Organ

Limonaire Organ is a mechanical organ painted in bright colours in a firmly Art Nouveau style. It was founded in Paris in the first half of the 20th century (1909) by Limonaire Frére.

Limonaire is one of the names most associated with mechanical music in France. The box is composed of violin trebles and pipes for the melody, cellos and bourdons that are the basis for the accompaniment and the drums that give a sound that is different and that makes it recognizable among all.

The reason I chose this instrument is that it has colours that go well together. When I looked and listened to the music that the organ produced, I felt like a happy child, even because this instrument was an organ from an amusement park and carousels. It produces French music that uses books and cardboard folders where the music is inscribed.

by Letícia Silva, 11º B

2023-02-25T19:55:00.026+00:00

School trip to Museu da Música Mecânica

Some texts that were written by the students

The instrument that I chose is called "La Charmeuse" and was manufactured in 1902. The reason for my choice was that this instrument has a lot of functions in just one object, like piano and drum, making it a very versatile musical instrument, so you only need to buy one device even if you want to play many.

by Rita Sousa, 11º B

As we walked by the many fabulous instruments in the museum, there was one that amazed me. That instrument is a phonograph called "Pathé jour et nuit" and it was manufactured in 1918.

I chose this instrument because its French glamour was reflected in each golden line of construction; its acoustic was good, and the history of the musical instrument refers to the 19th century (a quality that makes it more vintage).

by Clara Antunes, 11º B

The invention of this musical instrument cannot be attributed to one person. In fact, numerous mechanisms have been invented over an extended period, during the second half of the 19th century. One of the first examples was the Pianist developed by Henry Fourneaux in 1863.

The mechanical piano is a piano from the family of mechanical musical instruments, usually old, which plays music automatically from punched cards, usually made of canvas or cylindrical roll.

I chose this one because it was from there that it was possible to emulate the execution of a human pianist and to record a human pianist in a perforated reel, being a great innovation at that time.

by Guilherme Neves, 11º B

The instrument I chose was the "Grand Roller Organ", which was built around 1900 in The United States of America, and played several types of music, such as waltzes, marches, polkas, mazurkas, sacred music, etc. I chose this instrument as I thought it wasn't very extravagant, as other pieces in the exhibition were, and therefore, it would be a great decoration.

by Manuel Ferreira, 11º B

Last Friday [Friday, 3rd February 2023] I had the opportunity to visit Museu da Música Mecânica and was captivated by the "Musical Cork" I saw. It was made at the beginning of the 20th century in Germany.

The acoustics of the "Musical Cork" is amazing, and the way it was designed to produce music from such a simple material is truly remarkable. I was amazed by the art and skill that were required to create this instrument, and I was incredibly happy to have had the chance to see and hear it.

The "Musical Cork" was one of the highlights of my visit to the museum.

by Duarte Bastos Pereira, 11º B

I chose to talk about the "Aeolian Orchestrelle – Model W".

It was made in 1908 in England by "The Orchestrelle Company". This piece is a self-playing organ that was designed to sound like an orchestra. This was achieved by including a wide variety of registers that go from Trombone to Aeolian Harp and Viola that can be activated by pushing buttons on top of the keyboard. It also has the functionality to be played as a normal organ making it enjoyable for people with and without musical background. This "Orchestrelle" can produce more interesting sounds from a musical standpoint than most of the other pieces in the museum, making it the most impressive piece in Museu da Música Mecânica.

by Francisco Sousa, 11º B

In Museu da Música Mecânica we could see various instruments. The instrument that caught my attention most was the Violano Virtuoso, manufactured in 1992 in the USA.

This piece, one of the most important of this collection, combines the sound of a violin and a piano, which I found fascinating. It already used electric current for its movement, and it was considered one of the wonders of modern technology.

Another reason for me to have chosen this instrument was the fact that a similar MODEL destined for the dance Hall of Titanic was waiting for the ship’s arrival in New York.

I really enjoyed this visit and I hope to return there soon!

by Madalena Bernardes, 11º B

School trip to Museu da Música Mecânica

2023-02-25T17:43:00.003+00:00

It took place on 3rd February 2023. English Teacher Vânia Duarte, Physical Education Teacher Helena Duque, and I took classes 11º A and 11º B to visit the Museum of Mechanical Music and the surrounding farm at Arraiados.

11ºB visiting the farm

11º B inside the Museum

Chocolate discs

The Museum Book of signatures signed by students of class 11º A

The visit went very well, and the students enjoyed it very much!

Rare Footage Documents Queen Elizabeth's Coming of Age During Second Wor...

2022-09-09T17:05:00.001+01:00

Children's Hour Broadcast

2022-09-09T16:54:00.001+01:00

Queen Elizabeth speaks of losing Prince Philip

2022-09-09T16:43:00.001+01:00

The 25th Anniversary of the Death of Diana, Princess of Wales

2022-09-09T12:46:00.002+01:00

Queen Elizabeth II 21 years old speech " I Declare Before you All " ORIG...

2022-09-09T12:41:00.001+01:00

Prince Philip funeral service: Full stream I NewsNOW from FOX

2022-09-09T01:48:00.001+01:00

Liz Truss Officially Appointed U.K .Prime Minister By Queen Elizabeth II...

2022-09-08T20:08:00.001+01:00

Breaking News: Queen Elizabeth II died "peacefully" at Balmoral, Bucking...

2022-09-08T20:04:00.000+01:00

Queen Makes Surprise Appearance as Jubilee Pageant Ends

2022-06-05T18:22:00.001+01:00

Royal family appear on Buckingham Palace balcony as jubilee celebrations...

2022-06-05T13:48:00.000+01:00

Prince William says the Platinum Jubilee was 'full of such optimism and ...

2022-06-05T13:42:00.001+01:00

Charles' Deeply Personal Tribute to 'Mummy' the Queen

2022-06-05T13:36:00.001+01:00

Platinum Jubilee LIVE: The Queen Lights Up the UK with Jubilee Beacons

2022-06-05T13:34:00.001+01:00

Queen steals the show at Platinum Jubilee concert with Paddington Bear |...

2022-06-05T13:27:00.001+01:00

DOES TECHNOLOGY MAKE OUR LIVES BETTER? (A FOR / AGAINST ESSAY)

2022-05-15T00:50:00.001+01:00

For the past centuries. technology has been evolving very quickly, changing our society into today's society. We can see technology everywhere, when we walk to school or work or when we go shopping, mobile phones spread in everybody's hands; we can see electric cars riding on the road, new buildings built with a brand new architectural technology and many more things.

Thanks to technology, diseases that were incurable five decades ago are now completely eradicated. Medicine has been improving a lot along with technology, which makes it super important to keep a healthy society.

Technology has also made it possible to store food using cold. If we hadn't discovered electricity, we would still be storing meat in containers full of salt. If it weren't for technology, we couldn't be using electricity to its full potential.

Besides these everyday improvements, entertainment has also gained a lot with new tech. For example, video games are now a fun way to spend our free time.

However, technology has also got its downsides. For instance, mobile phones and video games are turning people into extremely sedentary and unhealthy humans. People spend way too much time staring at screens, which is not only bad for their physical health, but also for their socializing skills. Members of the same family no longer talk with each other as often as they used to.

Technology has also started to substitute humans for their jobs, so some people started losing their jobs to machines.

All in all, I believe that technology has huge advantages, but we should be careful with what we can do to mankind in the long term.

by Salomé Melo, nº 22, 10º A

DOES TECHNOLOGY MAKE OUR LIVES BETTER? A CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE.....

2022-05-01T02:18:00.002+01:00

We should ask first what we think technology means. In this essay I will consider technology as something that was created by humans and wouldn't exist anywhere if we had never created it. A bow is technology, we put together wood, and mix some leaves to make a tool, then we created the arrows which before had just been a stick and a tooth or a rock and we bounded them together to make a letal weapon that could save us from any predator. If we hadn't advanced enough to make these weapons, we would probably be extinct.

Technology is advancing everyday and we can find it everywhere. In this moment, I'm using something that was only possible with technology. This pencil wasn't handmade and either was the paper I'm using to write this argument. Can you imagine the time and money that would cost to make pencils to a single class without technology?

Nowadays we can also mention 5G Internet. Why we would need a better connection if we already had 4G, you can ask. Well, there is a big difference between these two. With 5G we can literally download any programme or any other network app or file in seconds. Maybe, it doesn't look that much important, but people could be saved with it. Imagine an undercover agent that is trying to send a file with 240 gigabytes with proofs to send, for example, the North Korea's president to prison. With 4G it would take about 4 hours or more to send the file, which would be more than enough for the agent to be killed and the download stopped. With 5G we could send that 240 GB file in less than a minute. Furthermore, with the development of human enhancement we could send the same file to the FBI in milliseconds and we wouldn't need any device, we would just download it in our head and send it right away.

Technology can also make us safe everywhere. Imagine a world where everything and everybody is being watched, you may say the leaders are taking away our privacy. Why would anyone care if you are going to bed only at 6 a.m. or anything like that? Technology would then be used to make people safe, since you wouldn't be robbed or killed. Because, if people are worried about being watched, then it means they are doing things that they don't want others to see, like killing or robbing someone. There's is no reason to be worried about your "privacy" if you aren't doing anything illegal.

In conclusion, I believe that we should develop technology as much as we can, because only good things will happen.

by Guilherme Rodrigues, nº 12, 10º A

environment

NASA's 'Hidden Figures' women awarded Congressional Gold Medals, by Robert Z. Pearlman, published September 18, 2024

Environmental Issues

D-Day - 80 years after - 6th June 1944

GEORGE ORWELL BIOGRAPHY

'Titanic' director James Cameron discusses 'catastrophic implosion' of T...

111 years later Titanic makes five more victims!

School trip to Museu da Música Mecânica

School trip to Museu da Música Mecânica

Some texts that were written by the students

School trip to Museu da Música Mecânica

It took place on 3rd February 2023. English Teacher Vânia Duarte, Physical Education Teacher Helena Duque, and I took classes 11º A and 11º B to visit the Museum of Mechanical Music and the surrounding farm at Arraiados. 11ºB visiting the farm

Rare Footage Documents Queen Elizabeth's Coming of Age During Second Wor...

Children's Hour Broadcast

Queen Elizabeth speaks of losing Prince Philip

The 25th Anniversary of the Death of Diana, Princess of Wales

Queen Elizabeth II 21 years old speech " I Declare Before you All " ORIG...

Prince Philip funeral service: Full stream I NewsNOW from FOX

Liz Truss Officially Appointed U.K .Prime Minister By Queen Elizabeth II...

Breaking News: Queen Elizabeth II died "peacefully" at Balmoral, Bucking...

Queen Makes Surprise Appearance as Jubilee Pageant Ends

Royal family appear on Buckingham Palace balcony as jubilee celebrations...

Prince William says the Platinum Jubilee was 'full of such optimism and ...

Charles' Deeply Personal Tribute to 'Mummy' the Queen

Platinum Jubilee LIVE: The Queen Lights Up the UK with Jubilee Beacons

Queen steals the show at Platinum Jubilee concert with Paddington Bear |...

DOES TECHNOLOGY MAKE OUR LIVES BETTER? (A FOR / AGAINST ESSAY)

DOES TECHNOLOGY MAKE OUR LIVES BETTER? A CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE.....

It took place on 3rd February 2023. English Teacher Vânia Duarte, Physical Education Teacher Helena Duque, and I took classes 11º A and 11º B to visit the Museum of Mechanical Music and the surrounding farm at Arraiados.

11ºB visiting the farm