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Jobs in Public sector Organization

2012-02-18T01:36:00.001-08:00

Jobs in Public sector Organization. Deputy Director Information Technology is required. Qualification: Master in Information Technology/Bachelors in Computer Science/Bachelors in Software Engineering Experience:5 Years experience after study. Age:25 to 40 Pay Scale: BS-18 Posting: Can be posted anywhere in Pakistan. Only short-listed candidates will be called for test/interviews. Government Employees should apply through proper channel. If you meet the above criteria Send your documents/Testimonials with attested photocopy of CNIC on P.O Box 1653 Islamabad Before 6 March 2012.

Career Opportunities

2012-02-10T08:01:00.000-08:00

Joomla Developer Required for Joomla (PHP) Development.(Very Urgent Requirement).
If you have following Skills/Experience apply as soon as possible as it is Very Urgent requirement.
Candidates must have one of the following degree, BSCS,BSSE,MCS,BSIT,BBA (ITM).
1+ Year Experience in Joomla Development.
Candidate can work at home (as a Freelancer).
If you are good then Chances to getting more work..
Exceptional Fresh Candidates have good skill in Joomla Development will also be considered.
Must be very good learner.
Both Genders are encourage to apply at
Good opportunity for especially for females who want to work at home as a freelancer.
sir.jees@yahoo.com
Please send you CV/ Portfolio as soon as possible if you are eligible.
Wish you Best of Luck
Regards

Nadra Technologies jobs (HR Advisor for HR Policies)

2012-02-09T08:12:00.000-08:00

Nadra technologies recently announce jobs.
HR advisor is required. The applicant must have relevant experience in organizational designing and management, Conduct of job analysis , Development and implementation of HR policies and procedures.
If you fullfill the criteria,Feel free to contact at:
GM HR& Admin NADRA Technologies limited Provisional Headquarter NADRA, Plot No. 30 Mauve Area,Sector G-10/4 Islamabad.
tahir.maqsood@nadra.gov.pk(0519108146).
Stay connected for more jobs....
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Career Opportunities in FAST NU Islamabad Pakistan

2012-02-09T01:16:00.000-08:00

Latest jobs (Send CV with one Photograph to the address provided below)

Terms and Conditions :
Proficiency in Computer Applications like Word, Excel is mandatory for all Positions.
Applications along with CV and a passport size colour photograph should reach on the following address before 15 February 2012.

Address:
Directtor
National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences A.K Brohi Road
H-11 Islamababad
Phone No.111-128-128

or
visit
allpaperjobs.com for reference

Bank of America’s Master Net System

2012-02-07T03:24:00.000-08:00

Introduction:

The Bank of America is one of the highly reputed banks in America in 1970’s. There was a time for Bank of America that it has a business that served about two and a half million customers. The Bank was going upwards day by day. Due to some change in higher management and some wrong decisions the bank has a huge loss. To continue to the way of success the bank started a new system called Master Net system also called as Trust Plus .The system is for automation and having online system for customers. After having a huge loss in this system a rick assement is made to analyze the problems our mail focus is on the after failure matters and risk factors that are neglected during development of system.

History Of Master Net

Master Net system is developed for taking the lead in market after huge losses in the decade of 70’s these losses are named to the president of Bank Tom Clausen. The policies of Tom are far different from his preccders. He emphasizes on the big loans that are not for common man. The other mistake by him is that he orders his staff to make a progress of 10% every year. To fulfill his commands his staff make cheap loans plan that are not feasible in business point of view.

1981, Sam Armacost took over as president of Bank of America he wants to make his bank in the state of earning of good profit so he Armacost decided to make technological involment in bank sytem.In early step Armacost called Clyde R.Claus executive vice president in charge of the trust department to make a software system or close the trust business. So the internal staff tries to develop a system but they failed badly having wastage of both money and time they bare the loss of about 6 Million Dollars and One year. After such failure Claus do not depend on his staff and go for some vendor of software

At that time Claus know about Stephen Katz of. Premier Systems He is a very famous and young man and recently leaved the SEI corp. after developing software on its own MBA thesis to many banks. At some party Katz’s meet some bank of America officials. Katz’s got settlement for developing system for Bank of America

Development of Master Net:

After having the project Katz and Premiere started working on project .The proposed name as Master Net or Trust Plus. The system consist of one large system and 8 small systems .The main purpose of system after developing system is to provide services to small banks . The initial budget set for the system is of 420 Million Dollars and the end date is 31 December 1984.

The development of system started with rapidly and in well organized method. The meetings of stake holders are arranged at the start of each month to gather requirements and to know about the development of system. This system is well appreciated from all other banks and got a donation of 1.5 Million Dollars from California state.

When the initial date of 31 December passed the management and Katz are relaxed and confident about the development of system and they are not worried.

At the same time Armcost hired Ichak Adizes as a consultant. In the result of that a department is formed called BASE (Bank of America System Engineering) BASE was headed by Max Hopper from American Airlines.

From the formation of BASE Katz has lost his authority at the bank’s technological progress. Despite of that he keeps working and in May he thinks that the system is ready for the public and the transformation to the system

So the two day party is organized to demonstrate the system to the clients. The cost on that party exceeds 75 Thousand Dollars.

Transformation to Master Net

Katz’s and his workers think that it is the time for the transformation to Master Net and to make it functional. So the first step called for the movement of the $38 billion worth of. Institutional trust customers first. The department made several attempts to insert data but failed due to poor response time and very long system crashes. The system is so large that every single client asset had to be classified into128 asset types. At the same time the president Armocast was removed by his post

Failure Of Master Net:

After having the failure in data transformation Bank of America sold trust to Wells Fargo for 100 million Dollars the staff of the system is working continuously to restore the system in working condition. About half of the customer’s data are transferred to Master Net and problems are occurred about 21 of 25 prime disks are replaced to continue to system. T the result of that many key employees of bank quit their jobs . In result of that Bank was on Hold for three months. To gain the lost reputation the consultants are hired.

The master Net is having big problems with account status report to solve that Bank of America publicly announced that the problems would be solved. In October of 1987, both Claus and Mertes resigned due to problems. After that bank immediately formed a seven member committee to handle the Master Net problem. Michael Simmons, formerly in charge of computers and telecommunications was hired in July of 1988 to work as a head of BASE.

Risk Assesment of Master Net

This part of report will assess the risks that Bank of America was gets by MasterNet project in first part the work of Kemerer and Sosa's work will be reviewed then the MasterNet project will be analyzed using Clemons' five-point risk.

Review of the work of kemerer and Sosa Their thesis states that “Tthere exist significant systems development challenger, that present risks or even barriers to some org4nizations'attempts to use IT strategically, and that executives and systems developers who are considering an SIS development must plan carefully to avoid these. Pitfalls and increase the likelihood of a successful SIS”.

The Five-Risk Analysis

The following explains the Master Net Project by Clemons’ five-risk framework

1. Financial Risk

2. Technical Risk

3. Project Risk

4. Functional Risk

5. Systemic Risk

Now we will discuss each of them in detail

1. Financial Risk:

During the MasterNet project period, BofA’s finances can best be described as weak the main financial risk features of system are the following

Completion of Work

The system failure of Master Net pressurizes the bank to perform the intended services very fatly, usually via manual labor. For example, in 1983, BofA’s investment Securities Division (BISD) installed a new computer system to handle the volume of transactions flooding the operation. The new system was started up while the old system was shut down. Unfortunately, the new system worked improperly, misreporting thousands of transactions. Teams of auditors were brought in to sort through every transaction by hand. In this case, a $20 million reserve was set up to cover losses and audit expenses.

Inaccurate Transaction Recording

When bank cannot accurately record transactions, it must resort to "blind settling"-the practice of accepting-the transaction terms that the counter-party recorded. If the comparison of Banks record and the customer is changed then automatically paid and the- exception is verified manually.

Inaccurate Asset Tracking

The Master Net system was designed to track the asset of its accounts. Since-Bank of America managed $38 billion institutional dollars. The personal trust business was never transferred to the system, so it was not at risk.

Loss of Managed Assets

Before the selling of institutional trust the total managed assets had fallen down from $38 billion to $34 billion. This represents a 10% decrease and an approximate revenue loss of 10%.

Loss of Peripheral Business

The above things of the MasterNet project damaged Bank of America reputation. This event certainly had a negative effect.

2. Technical Risk

According to Clemons analysis the Master Net System is not feasible due to lack of technology unavailability. Most of this functionality was directed at the master trust and custodial trust business, both of which are significantly more complicated than the corporate trust business. In fact, six of the eight subsystems were successfully implemented and used within the bank. Initial designs called for the use of a single eight megabyte, one MIP Prime processor. As database and functionality requirements, grew through the development, the system grew to three sixteen megabyte, eight MIP Prime processors on the conversion date. This shows that the technical risk is not considered at development phase. The end result of the project was a system with 3.5 million lines of code, a Large amount by any standard.

3. Project Risk

According to Clemons, project risk is the possibility that the firm cannot execute the task. He cites such possibilities. as the project is too large or complex or the skills and expertise of the staff do not match the needs of the project. Project risk has the broadest reach and thus demands detail along many different dimensions. There- fore, this section will be broken into five subsections.

a. Management Philosophy and Vision

As Armacost was the president of Master Net he Makes the steps to hire the best staff but the staff hired is not of the field of banking and have no experience in banking so that step was wrong . The people hire should have the good knowledge of banking.

b. Consultants

Bank of America made significant use of consultants throughout the MasterNet project. In fact, the basic design of the system was given to Steven Katz of Premier Systems.

The selection of Katz was based mostly on his past accomplishments. As a partner with Alfred West, he successfully sold software systems to small banks through the 1970s. Premier was a young company that needed to establish some credible business. A contract with one of the largest banks in the country would give prestige to the Premier name as well as provide it with an infusion of money.

c. Management Capability and Continuity

In April of 1981, Sam Armacost became, at age forty-one, the youngest man to run the bank since A.P Giannini's early days. Armacost was considered charming and personable. Armacost had moved quickly through the bank's management hierarchy, never staying at a job for more than two years. He led a charmed career, having never been affected by an economic downturn, and was pushed to the top. Even he admitted in early 1981 that it might be too early for him to become president. Throughout the 1982-1988 periods, Armacost had faced some controversial events.

d. Organizational Factors

Bank of America’s staff thinks that it would be difficult to change a system that had been in place for twenty years. First, there are the problems associated with any move to a new system. Second, there are the problems related to the use of such drastically modern technology. The movement of the BASE employees also put stress on the employees working on MasterNet

e. Other System Projects

As a large bank, Bank of America participated in many systems development projects. Directly related to the trust business and previously mentioned, the bank attempted to develop a new trust System in 1981 only to lose $6 million and a year's time.

4. Functional Risk

Clemons defines functional risk as the possibility that the completed project either does not do what the user wants or users needs have changed enough to make the system useless. The administration and accounting of a trust business is a difficult business due to the wide variety of assets, client needs, and government regulations.

This competition has sliced into profits and made the margin of comfort slimmer. MasterNet's functionality was additionally complex because it had to satisfy so many different groups the trust accounting business is a complex, technology. . In an attempt to satisfy everyone, the project became bogged down in massive amounts of code that contributed to its downfall.

5. Systemic Risk

Systemic -risk is different in that it implies successful implementation. Clemons says that systemic risk is the possibility that the system has such a large impact that it alters the environment and all Assumptions about costs and benefits. By definition, this type of risk is entirely unpredictable. Therefore, very little can be done to com- bat it. As for Master Net's grand functionality, clients stress that accuracy and timeliness of reports are the most important factor

Secularism VS Islamic Society

2012-02-07T03:00:00.001-08:00

1-What Is Secularism?

Secularism means that Religion is personal affair of everyone and Government can not bound anyone to change religion. Government should make policies not related to the religion. Political point of view Secularism is Separation of Religion and government. It is also said that secularism is separation of church and state. The world largest Electronic encyclopedia (en.wikipedia.org) Defined secularism as

“Secularism is the assertion that governmental practice or institutions should exist separately from religion from/or religious beliefs”.

It means that governmental institutions are separate from religion and there is no religion announced by the government as state religion. All the Modern European counties are secular states. America is also a secular state.

In Europe it is considered that secularism is movement toward modernism. All the secular states of world have different opinion that why they are secular.

Secularists tend to prefer politicians to make decisions for secular rather than religious prospective. In this respect, policy decisions pertaining to topics like abortion, embryonic stem cell research, same-sex marriage and sex education are prominently focused upon by the American secularist organizations.
Some of the states that are "constitutionally secular" are , France, South Korea, India, and the United States,Turkey.

2-History of Secularism:

The term “Secularism” was first time introduced by a British writer George Holyoake in 1846.

Holyoake used this term to describe his views about promoting social values different from religion.

George Holyoake's 1896 publication defines secularism as:
“Secularism is a code of duty pertaining to this life, founded on considerations purely human, and intended mainly for those who find theology indefinite or inadequate, unreliable or unbelievable. Its essential principles are three:
1- The improvement of this life by material means.
2- That science is the available Providence of man.
3- That it is good to do well. Whether there is other good or not, the good of the present life is good, and it is good to seek that good.

Secularism is often associated with the Age of Enlightenment in Europe, and plays a major role in society of west. The principles, but not necessarily practices, of separation of church and state in the United States and in France draw heavily on secularism. The idea of separation of religion and government has also existed in India. The modern Indian society is based on these values and to a certain extent; this attempt has been successful as well. Secular states also existed in the Islamic world .

A lot of religions accept the primacy of the rules of secular, democratic society but may still seek to influence political decisions or achieve specific privileges or influence through church-state agreements .So many Christians support a secular state, and may acknowledge that the conception has support in biblical teachings, particularly Jesus' statement. However, some Christian fundamentalists (notably in the United States) oppose secularism, often claiming that there is a "radical secularism" ideology being adopted in current days and see secularism as a threat to "Christian rights” and national security. The most significant forces of religious fundamentalism in the contemporary world are Fundamentalist Christianity and fundamentalist Islam. At the same time, one significant stream of secularism has come from religious minorities who see governmental and political secularism as integral to preserving equal rights.
Some people think that in this century of mass politics, it is wiser to view our politics in terms of Democracy/Dictatorship rather than Islam/Secularism.

Historically, non-religious groups and activists have promoted secularism and separation in World.

3-Secular Organizations:

There are some organizations which morally support secularism and tell people about secularism. Groups such as the National Secular Society in United Kingdom and Americans United campaign for secularism and are often supported by Humanists. In 2005, the National Secular Society held the inaugural "Secularist of the Year" awards ceremony. Its first winner was Maryam Namazie, of the Worker-Communist Party of Iran.
Another secularist organization is the Secular Coalition for America, it is linked to many secular humanistic organizations and many secular humanists support it, as with the Secular Society, some non-humanists support it.
Local organizations such as Free thought Association of West Michigan work to raise the profile of secularism in their communities to include secularists, freethinkers, atheists, agnostics, and humanists under their organizational.
There are some student Organizations, such as the Toronto Secular Alliance, try to popularize secularism on campus. The Secular Student Alliance is an educational nonprofit that organizes and aids such high school and college secular student groups.
In Turkey, most prominent and active secularist organization is Atatürk's Thought Association (ADD), which is credited for organizing demonstrations in four largest cities in Turkey in 2007, where over 2 million people, mostly women, defended their concern in and support of secularist principles.
Leicester Secular Society founded in 1851 is the world's oldest secular society.

4-Secularism VS Islamic Society:

Secularism and Islam are two different thoughts. Islamism is an idea for restoring the political side of Islam in modern times. This movement has been identified as a new phenomenon emerging among Muslim societies as a result of the political and cultural domination of the West through colonization.
Islam provides governance wherein the subjects of an Islamic government can exist in harmony while the Islamic government remains under the obligation to provide protection to develop individual cultures. The Islamic government is, nevertheless, not simply guided by majority votes and individual or group whims and desires, but guidance from the Divine is at the core of its governing principles.
Islam is complete way of life. It provides the necessary guidelines and examples for an exemplary political system that respects human rights, upholds noble and moral social values and establishes justice by removal of injustices. Islam provides that framework within which all sacred imperatives of a healthy relationship between God-man, man-man and man-environment are enshrined. Freedom of speech is key element of Islamic societies that lead to magnificent discoveries, inventions and scientific advancements in the past.
The modern threats of injustice are proven drivers to generate not only the vigilance, but also positive activism for possible ratifications in the context of Islam/Secularism dichotomy. It is an absolute requirement to respond to injustice of any form or nature. The Quran is the testimony for that as well as the Prophet as the ultimate leader of the Ummah.
The challenge is however, and has remained as always: how do we as subscribers to the Islamic way of life ensure continuity and creativity in our response to ever changing current affairs while staying within the prescribed sacred imperatives of the Quran and the Sunnah? The Ummah, unlike ever before, is much larger and increasingly complex than any point of time in Islamic or human history. So how do we, as deputies of the Prophet Muhammad and vicegerents of Allah on Earth, serve the essence of the Ummah in an ever changing social, political and economical environment of our planet, that is Earth?
An alternative sense of Islamism is used, meaning Muslim individual and/or organizational efforts which have as their goal the establishment of Islamic law as background for a Muslim governmental system and to plead for the re-emergence of Ummah.
In Islam, there is no particular political solution. Religion is politics and politics is religion. The term democracy/dictatorship is irrelevant because Islam can flourish under both regimes. Mass injustice comes into being under democratic regimes (Egypt, India, US) as well as under dictatorial regimes (Saudi Arabia, Vatican and China). Justice is yet again a relative term as it depends on who defines it.
Islam Plays very important role in our life. Secularism says that religion should not interfere in state matters, but Islam offers the complete method of leading life. Islam gives us complete political system, like Ministries, deviation, union council, departments and other political entities.
Thus, the fight between Islamists and secularists has its basis in what Muslims consider as their Caliph system. Opposed to this is the idea of perpetuating the colonial legacy of separating religion from politics, which was introduced after the colonial occupation.

The tendency to limit secularism to the experiences of west European and North American countries with Christianity since the 18th century. Whether viewed as "separation of church and state" or "disestablishment of religion," such definitions are obviously specific to certain situations and do not address the continuing social and political role of religion in public life, even in those settings. For instance, efforts to sever institutional links between religion and the state cannot apply to the role of religion in politics, since there is no way of knowing the motives of people’s political action, let alone attempting to control that.

It is also problematic to equate secularism with disregard for religion, or a diminishing role for it in public life, as some scholars have argued in relation to Western societies. Since that could not possibly mean that religion has no influence whatsoever in the public life of any society, as that is obviously false, the question becomes what sort of influence, and how is it diminishing? From this perspective, secularism should be understood in terms of the type of relationship between religion and the state, rather than a specific way in which that relationship has evolved in one society or another.

The form that relationship should take in pluralistic societies has to be the product of organic development over time, and be accepted as legitimate by the population at large, instead of expecting it to drastically change immediately by constitutional enactment or political rhetoric.

As a matter of terminology that is relevant to this deeply contextual approach, it should be noted that the term "secularism" in its west European and North American sense has come to Africa and Asia in the suspect company of colonialism. For the Islamic societies in particular, this term is commonly associated with militantly anti-religious attitudes of the French Revolution, in relation to Christianity. Nevertheless, this term can be used in relation to experiences of African and Asian societies, provided it is understood and applied in the specific context of each society, rather than as a feature of liberal political or constitutional transplant. This view of secularism, I believe, will redress much of the apprehension about the concept as a tool of Western imperialism.

On the substantive side of the issue, the most compelling argument for an Islamic rationale for secularism is its necessity for pluralistic nation states that are able to safeguard the freedom of religion and belief of believers and non-believers alike. That is, the freedom of religion and belief of Muslims as well as non-Muslims is more likely to be violated by a state that seeks to promote a particular religious doctrine than one that is neutral on the matter.

Secularism may be accepted in a Christian society but it can never enjoy a general acceptance in an Islamic society. Christianity is devoid of a shari`ah or a comprehensive system of life to which its adherents should be committed. As such, a Christian could accept secularism without any qualms of conscience. Furthermore, Westerners, especially Christians, have good reasons to prefer a secular regime to a religious one. Their experience with "religious regimes" - as they knew them - meant the rule of the clergy, the despotic authority of the Church, and the resulting decrees of excommunication and the deeds of forgiveness, i.e. letters of indulgence.

Muslim societies, the acceptance of secularism means something totally different; i.e. as Islam is a comprehensive system of worship (`ibadah of ALLAH(s.w.t)) and legislation (Shari`ah), the acceptance of secularism means abandonment of Shari`ah, a denial of the divine guidance and a rejection of Allah’s injunctions; It is indeed a false claim that Shariah is not proper to the requirements of the present age. The acceptance of a legislation formulated by humans means a preference of the humans’ limited knowledge and experiences to the divine guidance: "Say! Do you know better than Allah?" (2:140).

For this reason, the call for secularism among Muslims is rejected by Islam. Its acceptance as a basis for rule in place of Shari`ah is downright riddah. The silence of the masses in the Muslim world about this deviation has been a major transgression and a clear-cut instance of disobedience which have produces a sense of guilt, remorse, and inward resentment, Secularism is compatible with the Western concept of God which maintains that after ALLAH had created the world, He left it to look after itself. In this sense, ALLAH’s relationship with the world is like that of a watchmaker with a watch, he makes it then leaves it to function without any need for him. This concept is inherited from Greek philosophy, especially that of Aristotle who argued that God neither controls nor knows anything about this world. This is a helpless God as described by Will Durant. There is no wonder that such a God leaves people to look after their own affairs. This concept is totally different from that of Muslims. We Muslims believe that Allah (SWT) is the sole Creator and Sustainer of the Worlds. One (Who takes account of every single thing)(72:28); that He is omnipotent and omniscient; that His mercy and bounties encompasses everyone and suffice for all. In that capacity, Allah (SWT) revealed His divine guidance to humanity, made certain things permissible and others prohibited, commanded people observe His injunctions and to judge according to them. If they do not do so, then they commit kufr, aggression, and transgression."

It is commonly claimed that Islam mandates the establishment of an "Islamic state" which will implement and enforce Shari’a (the normative system of Islam) as the law of the land. But in my view, the notion of an Islamic state is a contradiction in terms because whatever principles of Shari’a are enacted by the state as positive law cease to be the normative system of Islam by the very act of enacting it as the law to be enforced by the state. Since there is so much diversity of opinion among Islamic schools of thought and scholars, any enactment of Shari’a principles as law would have to select some opinions over others, thereby denying believers their freedom of choice among equally legitimate competing opinions.

Moreover, there is neither a historical precedent of an Islamic state to be followed, nor is such a state practically viable today. As the most avowed advocate of an Islamic state today would concede, there has never been such a state throughout Muslim history, since that of the Prophet in Medina, which was so exceptional as to be useful as a model to be applied today. Recent experience has also shown that the implementation of Shari’a as the official law of the state is untenable in economic and political terms in the modern nation state in its present global economic and political context because it conflicts with international law.

Many Middle Eastern nations have tried hard over the past few decades to secularize, but without much success. The backlash from Muslim traditionalists has been strong because Islam doesn’t have a tradition of separating church and state.

The cult of Mustfa Kamal Ataturk arose from his determination to make Turkey , a majority Muslim country, a secular state, one whose citizens would regard themselves primarily as Turks, not Muslims, and who would look toward Europe for cultural and political guidance.

To achieve this goal, Kamal abolished the Caliphate, which made the Ottoman sultan, as Caliph, not just the ruler of an empire but the protector of the entire Islamic community, or umma. He then exiled the last Caliph and replaced theocracy with his own charismatic brand of nationalism, telling the ethnically diverse groups of his fledgling country that only a modern, secular, democratic society could give them a viable state.

It is against the law, for instance, to wear a head- scarf in a government building or a public university. Provisions that have been used to shut down Islamist political parties.

Turkey still regards Europe, not the Middle East, as its natural ally, though it has never quite been accepted into that club. Oddly enough, its candidacy for membership in the European Union has been stalled by criticism over its restrictions on religion. And in the paradox that is Turkey, some of its Islamists have come to regard the West as the protector of their religious liberties, with one Islamist party supporting joining the European Union.

Naturally, many Turkish officials bristle at the European criticism of religious restriction. Howard Eisenstat, an instructor at Koc University in Istanbul, who is writing his doctoral dissertation on Turkish nationalism at the University of California at Los Angeles, describes

Turkey

's anxiety this way: "If you want us to democratize by giving rights to people who aren't truly democratic, what is the guarantee that these people are going to play by the rules? "

Turkey

is politically and strategically a European nation. But, geographically it's both a European and Asian nation. Some of its region falls into the Asian continent.

Turkey is Islamic as well as secular state. After the First World War turkeys General Mustafa kamal Pasha decided to separate the countries of Empire of Usmania. Then pasha’s secularize the country as well. He changed the whole scenario of the country. Wearing hijab was banned in colleges, Universities and other departments of the country.

In America, too, there are large institutions which for the backbone of secular, civil society. The Christian Right is working hard to co-opt them for their religious agenda. It’s not that the institutions have failed in their goals, but rather that they have done too well because they have made society safe for the irreligious.

Opponents argue that secular government creates more problems than it solves, and that a government with a religious is good. Some Christian opponents contend that a Christian state can give more freedom of religion than a secular one. For evidence, they give Norway, Iceland, Finland. All with constitutional links between church and state and yet also recognized as more progressive and liberal than some countries without such a link. For example, Iceland was among the first countries to legalise abortion, and the Finnish government provides funding for the construction of Mosques. Some cite the counter example of the Netherlands and, more recently,

Sweden

, it being a secular state.
Some modern commentators have criticized secularism by conflicting it with religious, atheistic belief systems. The word secularism itself is commonly used as a pejorative by religious conservatives in the United States.
The funny thing about this “secularism” is that the majority of the people who make up society aren’t secular. According to the CIA World Fact Book , 84% of the country is religious, and of that 84%, 78.5% is Christian.
Our neibour country India is also a secular state. Indian says that secularism is very important for India and India can not survive without secularism. They argue that Political and educational stability is only with the secularism in

India

.
In the present political circumstances the future of secularism does not seem to be bright. However, one should not take short-term view based only on given context. Human brings, have always struggled to transcend their given situation; A purely contextual view tends to be realistic but is also a restricted one.

World has very big challenges to meet due to its economic backwardness and unemployment, which sharpen communal struggle. Unemployed and frustrated youth can easily be induce to think and act communally as he thinks his unemployment is due more to his caste or community than economic backwardness. Secularism is not solution.

Reality Of Valentine Day

2012-02-06T07:28:00.000-08:00

(It is not an islamic Event,It is for christians) Saint Valentine's Day, commonly shortened to Valentine's Day,is a holiday observed on February 14 honoring one or more early Christian martyrs named Saint Valentine. It is traditionally a day on which lovers express their love for each other by presenting flowers, offering confectionery, and sending greeting cards (known as "valentines").

The day first became associated with romantic love in the circle of Geoffrey Chaucer in the High Middle Ages, when the tradition of courtly love flourished. It was first established by Pope Gelasius I in 496 AD, and was later deleted from the General Roman Calendar of saints in 1969 by Pope Paul VI. Modern Valentine's Day symbols include the heart-shaped outline, doves, and the figure of the winged Cupid. Since the 19th century, handwritten valentines have given way to mass-produced greeting cards.

History of Valantine Day Numerous early Christian martyrs were named Valentine. The Valentines honored on February 14 are Valentine of Rome (Valentinus presb. m. Romae) and Valentine of Terni (Valentinus ep. Interamnensis m. Romae).

Valentine of Rome was a priest in Rome who was martyred about AD 269 and was buried on the Via Flaminia. His relics are at the Church of Saint Praxed in Rome,and at Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland. Valentine of Terni became bishop of Interamna (modern Terni) about AD 197 and is said to have been martyred during the persecution under Emperor Aurelian.

He is also buried on the Via Flaminia, but in a different location than Valentine of Rome. His relics are at the Basilica of Saint Valentine in Terni (Basilica di San Valentino). The Catholic Encyclopedia also speaks of a third saint named Valentine who was mentioned in early martyrologies under date of February 14. He was martyred in Africa with a number of companions, but nothing more is known about him.

No romantic elements are present in the original early medieval biographies of either of these martyrs. By the time a Saint Valentine became linked to romance in the 14th century, distinctions between Valentine of Rome and Valentine of Terni were utterly lost. In the 1969 revision of the Roman Catholic Calendar of Saints, the feast day of Saint Valentine on February 14 was removed from the General Roman Calendar and relegated to particular (local or even national) calendars for the following reason:

"Though the memorial of Saint Valentine is ancient, it is left to particular calendars, since, apart from his name, nothing is known of Saint Valentine except that he was buried on the Via Flaminia on February 14.

" The feast day is still celebrated in Balzan (Malta) where relics of the saint are claimed to be found, and also throughout the world by Traditionalist Catholics who follow the older, pre-Second Vatican Council calendar. February 14 is also celebrated as St Valentine's Day in other Christian denominations; it has, for example, the rank of 'commemoration' in the calendar of the Church of England and other parts of the Anglican Communion.

Funny Computer Poetry

2012-02-06T07:18:00.001-08:00

Pyar Ka Computer Abhi abhi to pyaar ka computer kiya hai chaaloo Aab main dil ki hard disk pe aur kitni files daaloo ...Apne chehare se ruswaai ka error to hatao Ai jaaneman apne dil ka password to batao Woh to hum hain jo aap ki chahat dil main rakhte hain Warna aap jaise kitney hi softwares bazaar main bikte hain Roz raat ko aap mere sapne main aate ho Mere pyar ko mouse bana ke ungaliyon pe nachaate ho Tere pyar ka email mere dil ko Lubhataa hai Par beech main tere baap ka virus aataa hai Aur karvaaoge humse kitnaa intezaar Hamaare dil ki site pe kabhi enter to maro yaar Apni insult ka badalaa dekhna main kaise loonga Jaaneman tere baap ko Shift Delete kar doonga Aap jaiso ke liye dil ko cut ker diya karte hai Warna baaki cases main to copy paste kiya karte hai Aapka hasnaa aap ka chalnaa aap ki woh style Aapke adaaon ki hamne save hai kar li file

IT Articles: Social and Ethical Impacts of chatting

2012-02-04T04:55:00.000-08:00

IT Articles: Social and Ethical Impacts of chatting: Chatting: Background of Chatting: [1]In 1988 people first time chat on internet. The first chat server was tolsun.oulo.fi, which was ...

Interesting Facts

2012-02-04T04:19:00.000-08:00

You burn more calories sleeping than you do watching TV.

Apples, not caffeine, are more efficient at waking you up in the morning.

No piece of paper can be folded in half more than seven times.

Donkeys kill more people annually than plane crashes.

The first product to have a bar code was Wrigley's gum.

Oak trees do not produce acorns until they reach fifty years of age.

WITHOUT A Salad American Airlines saved $40,000 in 1987 by eliminating one olive from each salad served in first-class.

Turtles can breathe through their butts.

Venus is the only planet that rotates clockwise.

Most dust particles in your house are made from DEAD SKIN!

The first owner of the Marlboro Company died of lung cancer. So did the first 'Marlboro Man.'

Walt Disney was afraid OF MICE! PEARLS MELT IN VINEGAR!

The three most valuable brand names on earth: Marlboro, Coca Cola, and Budweiser, in that order.

It is possible to lead a cow upstairs... but, not downstairs. A duck's quack doesn't echo, and no one knows why.

Dentists have recommended that a toothbrush be kept at least six feet away from a toilet to avoid airborne particles resulting from the flush.

Social and Ethical Impacts of chatting

2012-02-03T07:53:00.001-08:00

Chatting:

Background of Chatting:

[1]In 1988 people first time chat on internet. The first chat server was tolsun.oulo.fi, which was developed in University of Oulu, Information Processing Science Department (Finland).

At that time people can only chat via text, people cannot share images and videos during chatting.

Social Implications of Chatting:

What are the social impacts of chatting on human life?

Can every one chat whether he/she is child, young, and old?

What to do when you are chatting online?

People are socially connected to their fellows and family member on internet whether they are anywhere in the world through chatting. If my friend goes to Australia after degree, then I can stay connected with him via chatting. There are different chat rooms on internet and we can get information and can also share our views on those topics. If I have a problem, then I can ask it from my friend which is online on internet.

There are some issues which are not good socially. Different people create dummy accounts for blackmailing people and they give wrong information. Some people create girl account and try to be friends of girls.

Some people say that people from any age can chat because if you are child then you can get different information with chat rooms and young people can also groom socially while chatting. Old people when they are alone can also chat for passing their time. One the other hand some people says that internet is not good for children’s and adults. There is pornographic material on chat rooms which is not good for children and adults as well. They say that only mature people should chat on intenet.

Some Precautionary measures:

1-For the first time children begin to chat, it's important for parents to be in very close with their children to see what their children’s are doing while chatting.

2-We should not respond to any messages while chatting that are mean or in any way make us feel uncomfortable. If we do, we will Log off and should not respond.

Ethical Implications of Chatting:

Hacking is Ethical?

Using others account after stealing password is ethical?

Privacy is the major feature which should be maintained by chatting software and sites.

People send you a link during chat and if you will open it, then your password will be sending to the person which sends you link. It is unethical approach.

Some people steal account information on internet and misuse your account. If someone steal my password and come online and send vulgar message to my colleague, then it will affect my relationship with my colleague. It is ethically wrong. (It is my personal experience that someone steals my password and send vulgar message to my friend.)

Some people develop virus, spywares, Trojan horse and spread it via chatting, New user cannot judge what is it and it will harm his/her computer.

Some Precautionary measures:

1-We should not give out our account password to anyone even they are our best friends (For avoiding password theft).

2-We will be a good online citizen and not do anything that hurts other people (Ethical Responsibility).

3- We should not give out personal information such as our address, telephone number, or the name and location of our Institute.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet for Childrens

2012-02-03T07:45:00.001-08:00

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Internet

What is Internet?

The Term internet is Acronym of International Network. It is a network of thousands of computer Networks around the world. Computers are connected using different environments (etc. Cables, Wireless).Internet is a big source of information’s. It can be used educational as well as research purposes. It is growing rapidly and is a fast spreading technology.

History of Internet:

The Internet was established in the early 1960s that saw great potential value in allowing computers to share information on research and development in scientific as well as military fields. J.C.R. Licklider of MIT, first established a global network of computers in 1962, and moved over to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Leonard Klein rock of MIT and later UCLA developed the theory of packet switching, which was to form the basis of Internet connections. Lawrence Roberts of MIT connected a Massachusetts computer with a California computer in 1965 over dial-up telephone lines. It showed the feasibility of wide area networking through out, but also showed that the telephone line's circuit switching was inadequate. Klein rock’s packet switching theory was confirmed. Roberts moved over to DARPA in 1966 and developed his plan for ARPANET.

A network later developed in American Defense institute PANTAGON.

Negative Effects of Internet:

Negative effects of Computers and the Internet on Society Nowadays, computer is praised as an incredible intellectual tool in our society. People get addicted when they use internet. Most of the people come online and waste their precious time. Internet usage effects youth as well as children life. Children waste their time by playing online games on internet. Youth generation waste their time by chatting and searching prohibited (pornographic) sites.
Why is the Internet so addicting? Two reasons: information and freedom. People go online to get information (music, news, stock prices, etc). Logging onto the Internet is like a kid going to a toy store; there is so much to do and explore that once you get in, you never want to leave it. Time will pass very fast. You cannot realize that time is passing very fastly when someone use internet.

Mostly students copy articles on the internet when teacher give them assignment.

Suppose that a student is given as assignment to write a ten-page research paper on a particular topic. The student finds numerous articles addressing the topic, downloads the articles, and cuts and pastes significant portions of several of these articles for inclusion in his or her research paper. If these "cut and pasted" portions are not properly referenced by the student, his or her conduct constitutes plagiarism, and if the plagiarism is discovered, the student should face some sort of sanctions for his or her inappropriate behavior in preparing the paper. Survey says that thirty-eight percent of the students surveyed admitted to performing just this sort of cut-and-paste plagiarism. Between 75 and 90 percent of teenagers in the United States use the Internet to email, instant message (IM), visit chat rooms and explore other sites on the World Wide Web. People also go online because the Internet offers freedom to do whatever they want, to say whatever they want and to be whoever they want. They use internet many time a day. Youth generation make friendships during chatting, they don’t know either boy or girl is talking to them. Some times people get serious about any one, after that he/she knows that there is no required person talking to him/her, just making him/her fool. They get confused when some one breaks their hart or play with their intentions. There is some Web browser (The program in which you can explore internet etc. Internet Explore, Opera, Mozilla, Flock) and software’s available that banned the prohibited and unfair sites. You can lock your computer for opening such a sites so that user can not access these types of sites. Such types of softwares are available that restrict pornographic websites on your computer.

This could have a negative effect since people will act in certain ways and say certain things that they otherwise wouldn’t do in real life. Furthermore, because the Internet offers so much freedom, you can find your ideal self much easier, but it’s not the same as your social self. The difference is due to you talking to a computer screen and you talking to a real person. Thus, the experiences we encounter on the Internet are not the same as the ones we encounter in real life.

There is another bad effect of internet. Cyber crimes are being increased.

Some people commit crimes and make fool to people. Hacking is also a big negative effect of internet. Hacking means misuse someone’s private or sensitive data without his permission. Hacker destroys very important data of companies.

There are some organizations which are acting against illegal access of data (Hacking).Hackers must be punished. There is also a terminology cracking. Cracking is to use software in illegal way. They access software’s which are not allowed to access publicly. Some companies buy their products, but some people (Cracker) use that type of software illegally, and after that the financial condition of company will be destabilized. They also change or update the software’s so it can not be accessed by the owner of software. Software engineering facing very serious issues likes hacking, cracking and piracy. It is a big cyber crime to access the data or programs illegally.

Virus destroys computer programs (Software’s) as well as computer hardware. Virus is a destructive program which destroys the data of computer.

Viruses are produced to back corrupt companies, to destabilize their economical position. Some companies develop Antivirus to overcome the situation created by viruses. Anti viruses locate and delete virus files. Some multinational organizations are working against virus’s production and spreading of viruses.

There are some sexual websites which are very dangerous especially for youth generation of this era. This increases bad intention among the youth people of society. People get infected in their sexual intentions. They commit different bad crimes (Such as adultery, Rape). It is also against the Islamic teachings. Many jobs permanently eliminated, millions of people become unemployed. Health risks increased as the overuse of computers. People get tired when they use internet.
More than 70% of Chinese children between ages 7 and 15 had
used the Internet at least once, according to a survey Sun's center
carried out last year. That was nearly half as many again as the 2005
figure, and the total rose to 87 percent when only urban youngsters
were polled. More than half of town-dwelling children today live in
homes with an Internet connection.

Employees use internet on their official time, this is not good for the company in which they work. It is wastage of their time.

Employees have been fired from their jobs after spending too much time on the Internet for non‑job‑related purposes; in at least one case, an employee was fired after approaching the Employee Assistance Program (EAP) for help with her Internet addiction.

There is also a copyright factor involves in that. International copyright policy says that the information’s can not be accessed without the permission of owner of information, and violating this rule will result in punishment. So many people violate copyright act, which is very dangerous for the owner of information. Illegal download of games, songs, articles are also very common. And now Torrent is becoming popular in illegal downloads of games, movies etc.

The Internet is perhaps the most significant creations of the 20th Century, offering unprecedented communication tool that link friends and families around the world. It provides users access to an incredible volume of information and is an invaluable tool of the academic and business world.
However, the Internet can also be dangerous place for people of all ages, especially children and teen aged peoples. Therefore it is vital that parents are aware if how to minimize the dangers to their children, and to be able to inform their children of what measures to take in order to keep their Internet time as secure as possible.
Children are often introduced to the Internet at an early age, at which time the parent has full control over their child's Internet use. As the child develops however, parents naturally have to gradually relinquish this control, whilst at the same time doing all they can to keep their children safe form the dangers that the Internet poses. So compare internet use of people having different ages.

Age 2 to 4
At this age children start interacting with the computer in the presence of their parents. There are numerous sites that are can be suitable for this age group but, in most cases, it makes sense for the parent and child explore together. This is not just because of safety, but also a way to assure that the child has a pleasant experience. It's probably best for parents to choose the Web sites they visit and not let them leave those sites on their own.
Age 4 to 8
For the first time children begin to explore on their own, but it's still important for parents to be in very close touch with their children to see what their children’s are doing on the Net. When your child's at this age it becomes important to restrict his or her access only to sites that you have visited and that you feel are appropriate for use. At this age it's important that kids experience positive results from sites that they come across. The issue here isn't so much about avoiding dangerous sites, but about making sure that they are visiting sites that don't frustrate them.
Age 8 to 11
During this period, for the first time children begin looking outside the family for new information, and peer pressure begins to become an issue for many kids. It's also a time when kids are looking for more independence from parents. During these years, children should be encouraged to explore more their own, but that doesn't mean that the parents shouldn't close by. For this age group, consider putting the computer in a kitchen area, or any other areas where the child has access to parents while using the internet. That way, they can be "independent" but not alone. Also, this is a prime age to start to make use of commercially available Internet filtering and monitoring software such as office monitoring software network version.
When your child is at this stage, you need to be concerned not so much about what he's doing online and with the PC as how long he's spending on the PC. Be sure that his time on the computer and the Internet doesn't take away from all his other activities. Children to need to spend there free time immersed in a variety of different activities,
Age 12 to 14
At this time children often become very social and consequently are most likely to be interested in online chat. Kids should understand basic privacy rules and should be aware that they can never give out information about themselves or to get together with anyone they meet online without first checking with their parents. Also, it should be emphasized that they should never exchange photographs with people they don't know. At this age they need to understand clearly the fact that people on the Internet may not be who they are made out to be.

This is also an age where many children start to become interested in sexual matters. During this early period of exploration, it is especially important for kids to know that their parents are around and know what they are doing. You may not need to be in the same room as your kids the entire time they're on the Net, but they do need to know that you and other family members can come in at any time, and can ask them about what they are doing online. If it is not possible for parents to be around all the time, then commercial Internet monitoring software is a vital tool for parents at this time.

A strong argument of get an Internet filter is thus; If kids search hard enough, they can probably find Web sites and newsgroups that explore sexual fantasies that they -- and even you -- might find disturbing or even frightening.

Children at this age are likely to be interested in games that they can download from the Internet to play either online or offline. Some of these games may have content that is highly violent, so it's important to be aware of what your kids are doing on the internet, even when they're not connected to the Internet.
When using filtering software, you may need to explain to them that you are doing it to protect them from material that you consider to be harmful. Just as you might not let them go to certain places in your home town, you have the right to keep them from surfing to certain types of places in cyberspace.
Age14 to 17
At this age a person is beginning to mature physically, emotionally, and intellectually. Consequently he or she desires to experience increasing independence from parents.
Youths are also more likely to risks both online and offline. While the likelihood of a teen being abducted by someone he meets in a chat room is relatively low, there is always they are made out to be online. Teens need to understand that to be in control of themselves means being vigilant, on the alert for people who might hurt them.
the possibility that he or she will meet someone who will want to have a personal relationship, and teens must be aware that these people might be very different of how

If a teen does want to meet someone he or she met online, it's important that the teen does not go alone and that the meeting takes place somewhere in public.
A teen should be given Internet privileges, that are subject to been taken away if the Internet is misused. However, remember that your teen will soon be an adult and needs

to know not just how to behave but how to make his or her own judgment, and so finding his or her own conclusions on how to explore the Net and life in general in a safe and productive manner.
The following list should be given to your children and referred back to often. They are standard rules that children should keep to in order to keep their online activity as safe as possible.
People should know that:
1) I will not give out personal information such as my address, telephone number, parents' work address/telephone number, or the name and location of my school without my parents' permission. I will not fill out questionnaires or any forms online. This includes chat rooms, instant messages, email, surfing the Net and event entering contests or registering for clubs online.

2) I will tell my parents right away if I come across any information that makes me feel uncomfortable.

3) I will never agree to get together with someone I "meet" online without first checking with my parents. If my parents agree to the meeting, I will be sure that it is in a public place and bring my mother or father along.

4) I will never send a person my picture or anything else without first checking with my parents.

5) I will not respond to any messages that are mean or in any way make me feel uncomfortable. If I do, I will Log off and tell my parents. If I get such a message, I will not respond. Instead, I will show it to my parents and let them deal with it.

6) I will talk with my parents so that we can set up rules for going online. We will decide upon the time of day that I can be online, the length of time I can be online and appropriate areas for me to visit. I will not access other areas or break these rules without their permission.

7) I will not give out my Internet password to anyone (even my best friends) other than my parents.

8) I will check with my parents before downloading or installing software or doing anything that could possibly hurt our computer or jeopardize my family's privacy

9) I will be a good online citizen and not do anything that hurts other people or is against the law.

10) I will help my parents understand how to have fun and learn things online and teach them things about the Internet, computers and other technology.

11) I will not enter a chat room without Mum and/or Dad's presence or supervision. Some "kids" in chat rooms may not really be kids; they may be adults with bad intentions.

12) I will never respond to or send an e-mail or instant message to a stranger, or accept e-mails, enclosures, links, URLs or other things online from people you I know. I will talk to my parents first so they can check it out.

13) I will not keep an online profile as this serves as a lightening rod for predators. If I do keep such a profile I am much more likely to be approached in chat rooms by dangerous people.

The first point referred to keeping information private. This is a vitally important point that children need to be reminded of again and again.

Children should know that if people get hold of private information through the Internet; they might want to use it so they can try to sell them things. They might send them unwanted and highly inappropriate e-mail (spam). They might actually sell or trade their information with another company. Or, they might have much more sinister and dangerous intentions, and use this information to try to make personal contact with the child, at first through the Internet, and then maybe face to face.

office monitoring software a filtering and monitoring software company, whose products were highly rated by PC Magazine, Tech TV, Lockergnome, Kim Komando Show and by others, is designed to enable children to use the Internet, whilst been shielded from its harmful and potentially dangerous effects. It is an essential tool for any parent who cannot be around to physically watch over their child's use of the Internet. In relation to the tips for children listed above, office monitoring software can help in the following ways;

You can use it to block any personal information from being sent over the Internet; from your credit card numbers to your address. It offers an advanced monitoring system that enables you to check on the activity of your child at a later time that is convenient to you. You can limit the times that your child can use the Internet (and the computer as a whole,) and the web sites that he or she has access to. You can block your child from entering chat rooms and instant messaging programs (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo, AOL messengers), and so lessening the dangers of predators being able to communicate with your child. You can restrict access to programs and sites that enable children to keep an on-line profile on the net.

These are just a few of the many benefits that office monitoring software network version can bring to you and your family. For more information please refer to the site at office monitoring software

Advantages of Internet:

There are some advantages of Internet. Students can get a lot of information to internet. Student can search information from any field on internet in just few minutes. Many multinational companies are doing their business by internet. They upload prices of products on the website. People open website and buy products through Credit Card. Companies deliver products via Courier Service.

This is very efficient and quick way of doing business. People get their required product in home on sitting internet. People can talk to their relatives and also can see video or hear sound of person by home he/she is talking. People can get online access of gaming and increase their IQ level. You can download your required software, songs, documentaries, video and news by just clicking on it. You can email your collogues to deliver very precious information by just clicking, and he/she will receive it just in a minute. By using internet you can share a lot of information anywhere in the world. Business mans calls a meeting in all the regional offices, their manager sitting at different places (Countries) can share their views as they are sitting in a room (But actually they are sitting at different places). People can research on internet. Research can be either for military purpose or educational research. Peoples can read daily newspapers, newels; articles make discussion to others by using internet.

Search engines make it convenient to search anything on internet.

You just enter your subject or pares in which information’s are required, Search engine will search it. There are so many internet search engines (etc.google.com, altavista.org, search.com, yahoo.com).

There is cost comes along with all these advantages. Although internet potential to enhance the equality of human life.

Internet has influenced every aspect of people's lives

Excited and emboldened by the wealth of information they find on the
Internet, China’s current high school generation is plugging itself directly into international culture.

And it's giving the kids ideas. Ideas that could one day transform the
way this country is governed. Many are using those wings to fly in the face of received wisdom about how and what they should learn, and about how much respect they owe to authority.
The reason is that they have the Internet as a way to learn
things, and because a lot more of them travel. They have more ways of
acquiring knowledge.
->137 Million Online in China
Internet use in world has exploded in recent years, and at the
forefront of that revolution have been young people, hungry for a
taste of life outside their country's borders.

In 1999, there were just four million Internet connections in China; by the end of last year there were 137 million.

That gives them opportunities to broaden their minds that teachers
often cannot match.
A lot of teachers over 40 feel uneasy and uncomfortable with the new
knowledge their students have, and their lack of control. A series of reforms since 1997 have edged the Chinese education system away from rote learning and towards a more Western emphasis on independent thought.

We are moving from a teacher-centered to a student-centered
approach, if we want to produce top talent we need millions of
inquisitive and critical-minded innovative talents. The new generation
will develop the ability to explore things.
Students are allowed to write history essays that disagree with the textbook's conclusion about the political significance, for example, of the Boxer Rebellion against colonial powers.

That exam is so critical for ambitious students desperate to get into World's top universities that fear acts as a brake on change. Which prides itself on the high proportion of its graduates who get into the best colleges?

Students that they are still scared to challenge their teachers or to spend much time exploring topics outside the prescribed curriculum. At more ordinary schools, too, teachers do not always encourage student-initiated digressions.

The Internet encompasses the World Wide Web (Web), file transfer protocol sites (FTPs), newsgroups (electronic bulletin boards) and gopher sites (often used for government sites and one of the first widely used ways of accessing the Internet). Taken as a whole, the "Internet" connotes the interconnectivity of computers, information services and electronic mail services. From a single computer terminal or personal computer, individuals on the information superhighway are able to connect to a variety of other electronic resources for entertainment, information or to conduct business; most of these connections take place over telephone lines. Today, most users do not consider connectivity costs which once prohibited heavy use of the Internet; such costs are typically borne by companies or subsidized by the government through educational institutions. Even in those situations where individuals pay for connecting to the Internet, there may be a flat-rate subsidized by advertising paid to the company providing the connection.

Blogging is a way in which people earn money. People post the host issues(Economical, Political, Environmental) on blogging site. Other people access this blog and pass their comments. The owner of blog will be paid as much as blog is accessed.

Conclusion:

The conclusion is that internet has its advantages and disadvantages. It depends upon user in which way he/she use the internet. Computer is a electronic device, and internet is its fastest growing technology. Computer or internet will not insist you to use it badly. Computer is not creative as human brain. So it depends upon person that he/she use it positively and get information or use it negatively.

If you use internet in positive way it is a very good approach for getting knowledge.

.NET History and its Improvements in new Versions

2012-02-03T06:55:00.000-08:00

What is .NET Framework?

.NET Framework is a technology (Framework)..NET Framework was introduced By Microsoft. It supports so many languages Like, C#, VB, ASP.

History of .NET Framework(Why it was developed)?

The Basic Reason of developing .NET was to compete with Java Language of sun Microsystems which was very popular language at that time. From 1990 Microsoft start working on .NET framework. Initially it was named NGWS (Next Generation Windows Services).After 2000, Microsoft launched initial version of .NET.

New Features of .NET Framework 2.0:

64-Bit Platform Support :

The new generation of 64-bit computers enables the creation of applications that can run faster and take advantage of more memory than is available to 32-bit applications. It was very important to give such support.

Access Control List Support:

An access control list (ACL) is used to grant permission to access a resource on a computer. It was a new classes that was added to the .NET Framework that allows managed code to create and modify an ACL(Access control list).

ADO.NET:

ADO stands for ActiveX Data Object. New features in ADO.NET include support for user-defined types (UDT), asynchronous database operations, XML data types, large value types, snapshot isolation, and new attributes that allow applications to support multiple active result sets (MARS) with SQL Server 2005.

ASP.NET:

New data controls make it possible to display and edit data on an ASP.NET Web page without writing code (Drag and drop). An improved code-behind model makes developing ASP.NET pages easier.

Console Class Additions:

New members of the Console class enable applications to manipulate the dimensions of the console window and screen buffer. To move a rectangular area of the screen buffer, which is useful for performing smooth, simple animation, and to wait while reading console input until a key is pressed.

Data Protection API:

The new Data Protection API includes four methods that allow applications to encrypt passwords, keys, connections strings, without calling platform invoke. You can also encrypt blocks of memory on computers running Windows Server 2003 or later operating systems.

Distributed Computing:

In the System.Net namespace, support has been added for FTP client requests, caching of HTTP resources, automatic proxy discovery, and obtaining network traffic and statistical information. The namespace now includes a Web server class (HttpListener) that you can use to create a simple Web server for responding to HTTP requests

Globalization:

5 new globalization features provide greater support for developing applications intended for different languages.

Serial I/O Device Support:

The new SerialPort class provides applications with the ability to access the serial ports on a computer and to communicate with serial I/O devices.

Threading Improvements:

You can now name cross-process communication events that are created purely in managed code.

Trace Data Filtering:

The .NET Framework 2.0 provides classes that trace and log system events related to I/O, application startup and shutdown. However, the enormous volume and diverse types of trace information make it difficult for users to analyze this data. New support for trace data filtering enables you to specify the type of information to log.

Web Services:

When consuming two or more Web services that define a shared type, the client proxies generated for those Web services share the corresponding type on the client. You can now invoke Web methods asynchronously using an event-based programming pattern.

New Features of .NET Framework 3.0:

The .NET 3.0 introducing four new foundation technologies:

1:Windows Workflow Foundation (WF):

Windows Workflow Foundation (WWF) is a Microsoft technology for defining, executing, and managing workflows. Workflow as it name implies. It shows the flow of work; mean how the work is going, how activities are performing. WF provides such a common workflow technology for Windows.

2: Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF):

The (WPF), is the graphical subsystem feature of the .NET Framework 3.0. WPF is a consistent programming model for building solutions, and enables the use of richer controls, design, and development in Windows programs.

3: Windows Communication Foundation (WCF):

WCF means programmers can communicate between each other either they are on same computer or in networking .Windows Communication Foundation is a communications infrastructure built around the Web services architecture. When the application becomes built then most of the application need to communication between each other. This was a big problem in last few years, so all vendors becomes agreed to support SOAP based web services, which make interoperability between application, either they are from same platforms or different platforms.

4:Windows CardSpace (WCS):

WCS is a Digital Identity to online services. Digital Identity means how user will electronically represent them. Like as a debit/credit card each card has digital identity and password. If any user go to use the site on internet then he enter their username and password, for identity, but this is not secure. To reduce these types of problems WCS works.

New Features in .NET Framework 3.5:

ASP.NET:

ASP.NET supports client-centric AJAX(Asynchoromous JavaScript and XML) development with a new client library called the Microsoft AJAX Library. The Microsoft AJAX Library supports client-centric, object-oriented development, which is browser-independent. By using the library classes in your ECMAScript (JavaScript) you can enable rich UI behaviors without roundtrips to the server.

Common Language Runtime:

Collections:

HashSet<(Of <(T>)>) provides high performance set operations to the .NET Framework. A set is a collection that contains no duplicate elements, and whose elements are in no particular order.

Diagnostics:

The EventSchemaTraceListener class provides tracing of end-to-end, schema-compliant events. You can use end-to-end tracing for a system that has heterogeneous components that cross thread, AppDomain, process, and computer boundaries.

Garbage Collection:

The GCSettings class has a new LatencyMode property that you can use to adjust the time that the garbage collector intrudes in your application. You set this property to one of the values of the new GCLatencyMode enumeration.

Better Reader/Writer Lock:

The new ReaderWriterLockSlim class provides performance that is significantly better than ReaderWriterLock, and comparable with the lock statement (SyncLock in Visual Basic). Transitions between lock states have been simplified to make programming easier and to reduce the chances of deadlocks. The new class supports recursion to simplify migration from lock and from ReaderWriterLock.

Time Zone Improvements:

Two new types, DateTimeOffset and TimeZoneInfo, improve support for time zones and make it easier to develop applications that work with dates and times in different time zones. For a discussion of which type to use in particular situations, see Choosing Between DateTime, DateTimeOffset, and TimeZoneInfo.

TimeZoneInfo:

The new TimeZoneInfo class largely supplants the existing TimeZone class. You can use TimeZoneInfo to retrieve any time zone defined in the registry, rather than just the local time zone and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

DateTimeOffset:

The new DateTimeOffset structure extends the DateTime structure to make working with times across time zones easier. The DateTimeOffset structure stores date and time information as a UTC date and time together with an offset value that indicates how much the time differs from UTC.

ClickOnce Manifests:

There are new cryptography classes for verifying and obtaining information about manifest signatures for ClickOnce applications. The ManifestSignatureInformation class obtains information about a manifest signature when you use its VerifySignature method overloads.

Collaboration Using Peer-to-Peer Networking:

The System.Net.PeerToPeer.Collaboration namespace provides a set of classes that support collaboration using the Peer-to-Peer networking infrastructure.
Socket Performance Enhancements:
The Socket class has been enhanced for use by applications that use asynchronous network I/O to achieve the highest performance. A series of new classes have been added as part of a set of enhancements to the Socket namespace. These classes provide an alternative asynchronous pattern that can be used by specialized high-performance socket applications. These enhancements were specifically designed for network server applications that require the high-performance.

WCF and WF Integration-Workflow Services:

The .NET Framework 3.5 unifies the Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) and Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) frameworks so that you can use WF as a way to author WCF services or expose your existing WF workflow as a service. This enables you to create services that can be persisted, can easily transfer data in and out of a workflow, and can enforce application-level protocols.

Web Services Interoperability:

In the .NET Framework 3.5, Microsoft maintains its commitment to interoperability and public standards and introduces support for the new secure, reliable, and transacted Web services standards:

Authentication, Roles, and Settings Services:

You can enable client application services by specifying and configuring client service providers in your application configuration file or in the Visual Studio Project Designer. These providers plug into the Web extensibility model and enable you to access the Web services through existing .NET Framework login, roles, and settings APIs.

Windows Vista Support:

Existing Windows Forms applications work seamlessly on Windows Vista, and they are upgraded to have the same appearance as applications written specifically for Windows Vista whenever possible. The .NET Framework 3.5 also supports the User Account Control Shield icon.

LINQ(Language-Integrated Query):

LINQ is a new feature which was introdused in Visual Studio 2008 and the .NET Framework 3.5. It is a very good feature for programmers. LINQ extends powerful query capabilities to the language syntax of C# and Visual Basic in the form of standard, easily-learned query patterns. The .NET Framework 3.5 includes LINQ provider assemblies that enable the use of LINQ for querying .NET Framework collections, SQL Server databases, ADO.NET Datasets, and XML documents.

Jobs Switching in IT Industry

2012-02-03T06:22:00.000-08:00

Introduction:

My topic of discussion is why Software Engineers/IT professionals switch their job early in the career. What are the circumstances of switching jobs? What are the reasons behind switching jobs? How organizations suffer when professional switch their jobs? How Software Engineers/IT professionals suffer when they switch their jobs? What is the impact on IT industry with that? What are the social impacts of switching jobs? What are the Ethical impacts of switching jobs?

There are different reasons of switching jobs of Software Engineers/IT professionals. Some people switch their jobs because of low salary package and less facilities of current organization; while on the other hand, some people switch their jobs because they want to learn some other technology and they are not willing to work in current technology. People do not feel job security and political involvement in organization which people normally do not like is also a very big reason of leaving an organization. Some IT individuals wants to work as a manager and that organization does not give him chance to work as a manager.

Sometimes people are committed to an organization. They don’t switch their jobs. They think that they are in the industry because of that organization and organization is also fair with that person. You should loyal to your organization and own your organization.

At that time, People are moving to computing era, even a small shop has an information system. Most of the students want to study IT in higher Education. So there are so much Software Engineers/IT professionals in Industry. Everyone wants good job and good environment for his/her job. Achieving good and better is also a factor of switching jobs of people. People do not satisfy from their jobs, people thinks that they should be paid more and organization is not serving them good facilities. They compare their organization with top level organizations and they conclude that their organization does not serving them.

Sometimes organizations want one person to work of two persons, for example an organization hires you as a developer, but they are required to you that first you design that product, and then develop and after that you test that. It is unfair, organization is paying you for development, then why they require that you design and test it.

Job switching turnover of male is higher than female. Mostly people switch or leave their jobs because of MS/M.PHIL. Low salary employee job switching turnover is high because they may have some financial problems.

Background of that issue

Before some decades, IT industry was not so established that it is now a days. There were very few people of IT and it was not a growing industry. Software Engineers/IT professionals were hired normally in banks for using and maintaining their working. So there was no competition as it is now. Jobs were rare, so when people was in a bank, they don’t think to change their bank because they feel that they will be unemployed if they leave that bank. At that time people were not switching their jobs. When IT industry has started growing, everyone wanted to become an IT professional, now there are so many IT professionals but job is announced, most of them are not eligible for that job.

How Organizations suffer:

In IT organizations, Software Engineers/IT professionals are very important and they are considered backbone because they are way of income for organization. An organization has recruiting the people, selecting them and training the people. Employees are considered the asset and precious resource of an organization. An organization is embarrassed when people switch their jobs. A person who is developing product of organizations for 5 years, when he/she goes from that organization, organization will have to hire a new person who will take same time to understand the environment and process of those products. Most of the times organizations suffers when its employees change jobs to other organization, they spent their money and resources to make a person good professional and when people leave that organization they have to hire someone else. They should train new person and it is wastage of time and resources of the organization. Organizations give different offers to the person who is leaving the organization. If that person have financial problems or there is a big offer then the person will reverse the switching job decision, Otherwise his decision will retain. Most of the times Organizations emotionally blackmail the person who is switching job like you are very dare to us please don’t go or you are very precious resource of our organization and our organization will suffer when you leave job. Sometimes managers says that we will not give you experience certificate when you leave organization. These are the tactics which IT organizations use to prevent people from switching their jobs. Some people do not have good relations with colleagues and they change their jobs because their colleagues are not cooperating. Software professionals may have some problems with management. Some managers oppress their subordinates and that makes a critical environment. A person switched from an organization to another may leak the organizational secret of previous organization. Even people copy code of products and then sell it to some other organization which is competitor of old organization. It is ethically and morally unfair.

Some people, they fed up with same work and same people working with them, so they change their jobs and organization. It is nature of man that he fed up doing same work for long time. IT professional will feel anxiety and find alternative jobs to some other organization. Organization will also suffer, if a person does not work with concentration then it will effect organization working environment and other people will also affect with that situation.

It is not negatively impacts all the times, sometimes when you switch job, you will feel happy. New organization may be more cooperative and helping for you. You will have more chances to enhance you skills and you are working in your desired technology.

How Software Engineers/IT professionals suffer:

Most of the times Software Engineers/IT professionals switch their jobs because of financial issues. The other organization offers them more salary and tries to hijack them from that organization; Person will switch his/her job because they are paying more. When that person switches job may be his/her new colleagues are not cooperative and helping then old was. He/she will be paid more but will not be satisfied. There may be chance that new manager is very strict in behavior and different restrictions are imposed to him/her. One thing is achieved but other factor are lacking like job satisfaction. When someone switches job, may be new organization is working in some other technology and it will be very difficult for him/her to switch that technology. So before switching jobs that factors should be checked and then job must be switched.

Social and Ethical impacts:

If an organization is fair with you then why are you leaving that organization just for money? Money does not matter all the times. Sometimes the technology in which you are working is very growing and you can grow in it but leaving that organization will negatively impact you. Normally in the industry it is considered that .NET and Java languages are growing technologies and people can grow rapidly when they start career with that organization and PHP is not growing technology.

Sometimes the organization you are leaving is socially rich. People are good and have good relationship with you. You are socially connected with people in the organization, there is home like environment in organization. But when you switch that organization, the new organization is boring and no one knows you and they are only machines and no one is socially improved. You will feel anxiety and fed up with that type of environment. Then maybe you realize that you did wrong to switch job.

I know a software house in Islamabad where specific time is allocated for gaming of employees, on that specific time they play games on their allocated PC’s on network. I think this is very productive approach by that organization; it is a research that gaming can make your brain more productive which is good for your organization as well. This will lead the people of organization loyal and honest to that organization and they will socially connect to each other which will less the job switching turnover.

Impacts on IT industry

IT industry will feel unsecure with the situation of switching jobs early in the career. They will not trust any new person. Switching jobs will affect their organizations.

With the situation of switching jobs early organizations will make a policy. They will sign from you a contract that you can’t switch your job before specific period or specific project; otherwise your decision may be challenged in court. Most of the times organizations ask you on interview that how many time will you work in our organization.

There will be a positive impact on the IT industry. When people switch their jobs, may be they will be working in the technology in which they want to work. It will increase their performance of work because they are working in the technology in which they want to work. It will increase the overall performance of IT industry; to some extend industry should encourage the jobs switching which are on logical basic.

Now people are coming towards IT field, they even don’t think that whether they should go to that field or not. It will negatively impact on the industry. People who are not interested, they will come to the industry and they become hurdles to IT professionals.

Job Satisfaction

Job satisfaction is another big issue of switching jobs of Software Engineers/Software Engineers/IT professionals. When a person will satisfy from his/her job he/she will work with concentration. An organization should create such an environment that satisfies its employees. There are three to achieve satisfaction from job.

Existence: everybody wants his/her existence on organization. If he does not have such salary that he/she can live comfortably then he/she will feel anxiety, he/she thinks that if that organization cannot govern me for my basic needs then why I am doing my job here. He/she does not trust on organization and switch job to someone other organization.

Relatedness: The relationship with colleagues. This is very key point; if relationship is not good then you cannot work smoothly in that organization. In IT industry work is breakdown into different modules and modules are assigned to different group of people. If someone does not have good relationship with other group members then how can he/she work smoothly with others?

The third point is growth of designation. If you does not promote to higher level then it will make you against the organization. If your organization does not provide you a chance to grow up professionally then you will be fed up from organization which leads to switch that organization to other.

There is another point which is 100% satisfaction can’t be achieved. You have to compromise some thinks. IT professional should balance the whole situation.

My Opinion

My opinion is that mostly people change their jobs because of money. When someone gets more money from other organization they will move to that organization. People suffer when they change organization. New organizations colleagues may not be so cooperative.

There are some people who switch their jobs because of technology, because they don’t want to work in that organization. I know one of my senior in the university to whom .NET job is offered with high salary package by an organization but he refused and argued that I am expert in Java and I don’t want to work in .NET technology because it is not my field.

I am sorry to say that our educational institutes does train student practically for professional. They only teach theories of courses. When student switch to industry, they don’t know new technologies and don’t know which technology is to adopt. They feel very anxiety and switch jobs.

Conclusion

The conclusion of that discussion is that job switching turnover is very high in IT industry but it has also a positive factor. When you go to the organization, you should decide in one or two months that whether you can work with that organization or not.

When people don’t want to work with an organization then they should switch. When they will not be satisfied with their jobs then how then can work with concentration, but when switching a job an IT professional should be aware of ethical and moral issues and they may not harm that organization.

IT industry should think about that issue. Organizations should take care of their employee, own their employee. Organizations should review the salaries of employee after 6 months or any other period of time. They should give bonus to their employees, give time to them for entertainment and become socially connected to other colleagues. Organizations should not be so strict to the employees because it will make employees against the organization.

IT professionals/Software Engineers should also act like a good professional. They should not leave the organization just for money. If organizations give them something, then they should return back. Organization is paying them, so they should work with loyalty and honesty.