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Determination of ESR( Erythrofcyte sedimentation rate) by wintrobe hematocrite tube

2022-02-05T21:09:00.001+06:00

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

The rate of which RBC is settle out from plasma is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The sedimentation rate is measured the suspension stability of erythrocyte. The cells are settle because of their greater density of compared on the plasma.

Required material

Ø Wintrobe hematocrite tube
Ø Special loading pipette
Ø Wooden rack
Ø Blood sample
Ø Cotton

Procedure

Ø Take anticogulated well mixed blood into the special loading pipette.
Ø Place the tip of the special loading pipette in bottom of the hematocrite tube.
Ø Expel the blood slowly by pressing the rubber bulb of pipette and draw up the pipette and fill the blood up to10 or 0 mark.
Ø Wipe out the blood above the 10 mark with cotton.
Ø The tube is placed in wooden rack and leave for 1 hour.
Ø After 1 hour record the ESR value form top of the tube.
Ø The result is expressed in mm in first hour.

Determination of packed cell volume by wintrobe hematocrite tube

2022-02-05T20:55:00.009+06:00

Packed cell volume (PCV) by wintrobe hematocrite tube

The hematocrite or PCV is the volume of erythrocytes expressed as percentage of the volume of whole blood. The hematocrite is estimated by centrifugation of anticoagulated whole blood. Erythrocytes are packed toward the bottom of the tube by the centrifugal force. Hematocrite represents the concentration of erythrocyte in the blood.

Required material

Ø Wintrobe hematocrite tube
Ø Special loading pipette
Ø Centrifuge machine
Ø Blood sample
Ø Cotton

Procedure

Take anticogulated well mixed blood into the special loading pipette.
Place the tip of the special loading pipette in bottom of the hematocrite tube.
Expel the blood slowly by pressing the rubber bulb of pipette and draw up the pipette and fill the blood up to10 or 0 mark.
Wipe out the blood above the 10 mark with cotton.
Place the tube in centrifuge machine and centrifuge at 3000 rpm for 30 minute.
After centrifuge take the tube from centrifuge and take reading from bottom of the scale.
The result is expressed in percentage by using the formula:
Pcv = Height of red cell (cm)* 100 / Height of whole blood

SPECIES	RANGE (%)
Cattle	35
Sheep	38
Goat	45
Dog	45
Cat	37
Horse	42
Pig	42
Chicken	35

Hemoglobin Estimation by Acid Hematin method

2022-02-05T20:51:00.004+06:00

Estimation of Hemoglobin by acid hematin method

The hydrochloric acid (HCL) cause the hemolysis of Red blood cells and releases the hemoglobin and released hemoglobin is converted into acid hematin which is brown in color and matched with color standard.

HCL + Hemoglobin (red) → Acid hematin (brown)

Requirements

Ø Hemometer
Ø Comparator
Ø Diluting tube
Ø Sahli pipette
Ø Dropper
Ø Cotton
Ø Stirrer
Ø 1% hcl solution
Ø Blood sample
Ø Distilled water

Procedure

Ø Take 1% HCL solution up to 2gm% mark perfectly into the clean and dry graduated diluting tube.
Ø Draw the well mixed anticoagulant blood in sahli pipette up to 20 mm mark.
Ø Wipe the side of the pipette by cotton to remove excessive blood.
Ø Then immediately transfer the blood into the graduated diluting tube and mix it well by gently shaking and keep it in comparator and leave it for 5 minute.
Ø After 5 minute add distilled water drop by drop and mix with stirrer.
Ø The mixing procedure is continued until the color of the comparator is matched with tube.
Ø After the matching the color of comparator removes it and takes result from tube.
Ø The result is express in gm%

SPECIES	RANGE(gm/dl)	AVERAGE(gm/dl)
Dog	12-18	15
Cat	8-15	12
Horse	8-15	12
Cattle	8-15	11
Sheep	9-12	11.5
Goat	5-15	10
Pig	10-16	13
Adult male	14-18
Adult female	12-16
Children	10-14

Differential Leukocyte count

2022-01-21T15:12:00.003+06:00

Differential leukocyte count

The blood cells have formed element and one of them is white blood cells and white blood cells are classified on garnulocytes and agranulocytes according to presence and absence of granules on cells.

Granulocyte include neutrophil, eusinophil and basophil and

Agranulocyte include lymphocyte and monocyte

To count these types of cells we should perform differential leukocyte count.

Material required

Blood sample
Microscope
Slides
Wright’s stain solution
Distilled water
Immersion oil
Standing rack
Pipette
Blow pipe
Glass rod
Cotton

Procedure

1. Preparation of blood smear
2. Staining of blood smear
3. Identification and counting of different types of leukocytes.

Preparation of blood smear

Ø Take two grease free, clean, dry with smooth edges slide and keep horizontally one slide on the table.
Ø Put One medium size of drop of blood on the left side of the slide(smearing slide)
Ø Placed another slide at middle of the horizontal slide at 45 degree and pull backward touching the blood.
Ø When the blood is spread in edges of spreader slide then push the slide toward forward at 45 angle degree with continuous pressure.
Ø Leave prepared slide for air dry.

Staining of blood smear

Ø Place the slide on the staining rack and put appropriate amount of wright’s stain solution and leave for 3-4 minute.
Ø Add equal amount of distilled amount of on the slide and blow with blow pipette.
Ø When bronze like scum is appeared wash it with running water and leave it for air dry.

Identification and counting of leukocyte

Ø Keep the slide under microscope and see the staining quality at 10X objective lens.
Ø Add immersion oil on the slide and placed on 100X objective lens and start counting of through parallel strip method.
Ø A total 100 leukocyte well be counted and number of different types of leukocytes will be expressed as percentage out of 100 cells.

Neutrophil	65%
Eusinophil	10%
Basophil	0%
Lymphocyte	15%
Monocyte	10%

Total White Blood Cell(Leukocyte) Count

2022-01-20T21:00:00.006+06:00

Total leukocyte count

Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs) form a part of the immune system of the body. There are five types of WBCs in blood. Total Leukocyte Count Test measures the total amount of all the leukocytes in blood.

Material required

Ø Compound microscope
Ø Hemocytometer
Ø white blood cell diluting pipette with rubber tube
Ø Counting chamber
Ø Glass cover
Ø Cotton
Ø Blood sample
Ø white blood cell diluting fluid ( 1% HCL solution)

Procedure

Ø Take blood in the pipette up to 0.5 marks and wipe the excess blood with cotton.
Ø The tip of the pipette is immediately dip into the diluting fluid and draw fluid into tube up to 11 mark.
Ø Keep the pipette horizontally by finger thumb and shake pipette gently.
Ø Place Hemocytometer under microscope and cover with cover slip over the chamber. Find the counting chamber with 10X objective. Discard 2, 3 drops of solution and put few drops of solution into counting chamber and start count the cells under 10X objective lens. 4 corner square to be count for total leukocyte count.
Ø The counted number of cell is multiplied by calculation factor 1/50 and result is expressed in thousand/cubic mm.

Calculation:

Area of chamber = 4mm square

Depth of chamber =0.1 mm = 1/10mm

Diluting factor= 1:20

Total area = 1/50 cubic mm.

WBC counting chamber

Total Red Blood Cell (Erythrocyte)Counting

2022-01-20T20:53:00.004+06:00

Total Erythrocytes count

This test measures the number of red blood cells, or erythrocytes, in your blood. Red blood cells play a critical role in moving oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body and returning carbon dioxide to your lungs to be exhaled.

A red blood cell (RBC) count is typically done as part of a complete blood count. This test is done to check for a variety of medical conditions.

Material required

Ø Compound microscope
Ø Hemocytometer
Ø Red blood cell diluting pipette with rubber tube
Ø Counting chamber
Ø Glass cover
Ø Cotton
Ø Blood sample
Ø Red blood cell diluting fluid ( Hayem’s solution)

Hayem’s diluting solution is prepared as follows:

Hgcl₂ 0.25gm
Na₂so₄ 0.5gm
Nacl 2.5gm
Distilled water 100ml

Procedure

Ø Take blood in the pipette up to 0.5 marks and wipe the excess blood with cotton.
Ø The tip of the pipette is immediately dip into the diluting fluid and draw fluid into tube up to 1o1 mark.
Ø Keep the pipette horizontally by finger thumb and shake pipette gently.
Ø Place Hemocytometer under microscope and cover with cover slip over the chamber. Find the counting chamber with 10X objective. Discard 2,3 drops of solution and put few drops of solution into counting chamber and start count the cells under 40X objective lens. 4 corner and 1 center square to be count for total erythrocyte count.
Ø The counted number of cell is multiplied by 10000 and result is expressed in million/cubic mm.

Calculation:

Area of chamber = 1/5mm square

Depth of chamber =0.1 mm = 1/10mm

Diluting factor= 1:200

Total area = 1/10000 cubic mm.

Counting chamber

SPICEIS	NO. OF BLOOD (million/cmm)
Cattle	6-8
Sheet	8-12
Goat	12-20
Dog	6-8
Cat	6-8
Chicken	2.5-3.3
Human (male)	5-6
Human (female)	4-5

Jamunapari Goat

2022-01-20T20:44:00.006+06:00

Jamunapari Breed Goat

Jamunapari is a dual purpose breed of goat they are mostly reared for their meat producing ability but nowadays this breed is also reared for milk purpose so they are known as dual breed of goat. The Jamunapari goat originated in Uttar Pradesh of India. The name of Jamunapari goat is derived from Yamuna River. Now this breed is distributed world widely. Jamunapari goats are large sized, tall, leggy with large folded pendulous ear and prominent Roman nose. There is a great variation in goat color but the typical coat is white with small tan patches on head and neck. Jamunapari goats carry long and thick hair on their hindquarters and have a glossy coat. The average body weight of male Jamunapari goat is 50-60 kg and female goat is 40-50 kg. They are 70-80 cm in height. Jamunapari goat can produce milk 1.5-2.5 kg per day and a total lactation yield of about 200kg. The healthy goat milk contains about 5-6% milk fat. And Jamunapari usually goats give birth to one kid in a year. The average age of first conception is 18 months.

Jamunapari Buck

Types of Antibiotics

2022-01-16T21:56:00.004+06:00

Antibiotic

Antibiotics are the antimicrobial agents that performs bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities. It is used in fighting against bacterial infection in animals and other living things. so antibiotics are widely used in medication of infection of disease. some of antibiotic have antiprotozoal effect also but antibiotic couldn't fight against virus.

Antibiotics are generally classified according to their mode of action.

Bactericidal

Bacteriostatic

Bactericidal Antibiotics

1. Beta- Lactams

This antibiotics are mostly used in NHS. It contains Beta- Lactams rings and it inhibits bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. e.g. Amoxicillin, flucoxacillin, Ampicillin, cephalosparin.

2. Aminoglycosides

This antibiotics are family of over 20 antibiotics which contains all amino sugar structure. Aminoglycosides inhibits synthesis of protein, leading to cell death. e.g. Streptomycin, Neomycin, Kenamycin, paramomycin

3. Glycopeptides

This antibiotics are common "Drugs of last resort". they are the carbohydrates linked with peptide bond which inhibit synthesis of bacterial cell wall. e.g. Vancomycin, Teicoplanin.

4. Quinolones

In this antibiotics resistance evolve rapidly. Quinolones contains fused aromatic ring with carboxylic acid group attached. they interfere bacteria DNA replication and transcription. e.g. ciprofloxacin, livofloxacin, trovafloxacin.

5. Ansamycins

This antibiotic can also demonstrate antiviral activities. it contains aromatic ring bridged by aliphatic chain. they inhibit the synthesis of RNA by bacteria , leading to cell death. e.g. Geldanamycin, Rifamycin, Naphthomycin.

6. Streptogramins

They are two groups of antibiotics that acts synergistically. It is a combination of two structural differing compounds. streptogramins inhibits the synthesis of protein by bacteria, leading cell death. e.g. Pristinamycin IIA, pristinamycin IA.

7. Lipopeptide

The instance of resistance of lipopeptides is rare. In lipopeptides lipid is bounded to a peptide. they disrupt multiple cell membrane function, leading cell death. e.g. Deaptomycin, Surfactin

Bacteriostatic Antibiotic

1. Chloramphenicol

This mostly used in low income country to treat conjunctivitis (primarily). they inhibits synthesis of protein which prevents bacterial cell growth.

2. Oxazolidinones

They are potent used as drugs of last resort which contain two oxazolidone. they inhibits synthesis of protein by bacteria preventing growth. e.g. Linezolid, posizolid, Tedizolid, cycloseine.

3. Sulfonamides

They are first commercially used antibiotic. It contains sulfonamides groups. It do not kill bacteria but prevent their growth and multiplication but this groups of antibiotic also have some allergic reaction. e.g. prontosil, sulfanilamide, sulfadiazine, sulfisoxazole.

4. Tetracycline

This groups of antibiotic is becoming less popular because of developing resistance. all tetracycline contains 4 adjacent cyclic hydrocarbon ring. they inhibits synthesis of bacteria. e.g. Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Doxycycline, Limecycline.

5. Macrolides

They are second most prescribed antibiotic in NHS which contain alpha -14,15,16 membered macrolide ring. they inhibit protein synthesis by bacteria leading to cell death. e.g. Erythromycin, Azithromycin, clarithromycin.

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Totapari

2022-01-15T21:17:00.001+06:00

Totapari

A fancy breed from north Indian origin. Totapari goats are extremely curious and intelligent. Among several breeds, the Bihari muslims tried in the last over 70 years, Totapuri have been found to be suitable and well adapted in urban settings. They are also very coordinated and widely known for their ability to climb and hold their balance in the most precarious places. This makes them only ruminant able to climb trees, although the tree generally has to be on somewhat of an angle. They are very quiet, even when they come to heat. They are very sensitive to stale food and water and always refuses any discarded food materials. Fresh water, wheat bran and chick pea bran plus are considered their main food. They also require green grasses, jackfruit leaves and warm rice water (the starchy water left over after rice is cooked). However, if it is cold, they will move their head and will go away. It is easy to be understandably frustrated, when newly arrived Totapuri goat refuses foods and will only eat a handful of bland foods. Thus, feeding becomes a battleground, and won’t eat a food because there’s something imperfect about it. They only want pure and it looks to owner as though, unlike Black Bengal goats, their brain is just dead set against eating certain foods, as if, if they eat that food, they will be harmed. They weight about 20-100kg. Face resembles with the parrot(“tota” in Hindi) ,so it is called Totapari.

This breeds of goat looks like Jamunapari but this breeds are differentiated by its unique characters like:

Large body weight than Jamunapari
Face resembles with Parrot(Tota)
This breed doesn't have Goatee beard below its chin which is present in Jamunapari
Totapari is much more docile compared to Jamunapari breed of goat

Arthritis in calf

2022-01-15T16:30:00.000+06:00

Arthritis

Arthritis is condition of inflammation of one or more joints which is caused by the bacterial infection , viral infection and trauma is also include.

Etiology

The most common bacteria is a staphylococcus aureus But also the virus and fungus infection can cause the arthritis. Trauma also cause the arthritis in animals.

Clinical sign and symptom

Pain and swelling around the joints.
Unable to move the joints.
In early stage the joint fluid is increased but later fluid is viscid and less than the normal.
The lining of the joint is velvet and red.
Lameness
In chronic lameness there is atrophy of associated muscles.

Diagnosis

Clinical sign and symptom

Laboratory test

Radiography can be done and arthroscopy also used to diagnose the arthritis

Treatment

In acute condition Antibiotic can be used like oxytetracycline , procaine penicillin or erythromycin .

corticosteroid can be given to control the inflammation of joints,

Prevention

Minimizing the risk of wounds and injuries and ensuring the optimal general hygiene in farm.

In case of sheep vaccination should be given.

To see the more about arthritis click here

https://youtu.be/acUCHxI72rc

Uterine infection in cattle.

2022-01-13T21:47:00.002+06:00

Endometritis

Endometritis is infection of inner layer of uterus in which there is inflammatory condition of lining of uterus due to an infection, it is very common with an incident of rate around 17% that prevent conception.

Etiology

1.Bacterial Infection ; Chlamydia, Candida, Gonorrhea, Tuberculosis
2. Allergies
3.Injury

Sign And Symptom

Swelling of uterine wall
Abnormal vaginal discharge
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Fever
Infertility

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of clinical endometritis is a presence of purulent vaginal discharge.
Vaginal examination :By using vaginal speculum it can be visualize and examine.
There are also 'white side test' which collecting mucous from cows of endometritis and heating it with a sodium hydroxide solution up to boiling point. if the reaction turns yellow it is positive for endometritis due to the presence of leukocyte.
Uterine biopsy

Treatment

In Uterine endometritis uterine flushing with antibiotic like procaine penicillin .

prostaglandin (PGFά2) administered for lysis of corpus luteum and return back to estrus to cattle.

Prevention

proper management of nutrition and hygiene.

To watch the complete video click HERE

Uterine Infection | Treatment of infected uterus | Video by PetVet - YouTube