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Critical questions with answers on Great Expectations (Charles Dickens)

2025-03-28T02:10:00.001+02:00

GREAT

EXPECTATIONS

CHARLES DICKENS

Questions and answers

Chapter 1

1. Do you think that Pip's being an orphan affected his life? Why? Give your answer in

three sentences at most.

- Yes, he led a miserable life. He had no one to look after him but his sister who treated him

badly.

2. If you were in Pip‟s place, would you bring the file and food to the stranger? Why?

- Yes, because I would be afraid of the stranger.

- No, I would tell my sister and Joe what happened at the marches and ask for their help.

3. Do you think that Pip‟s older sister led a happy life with her husband? Why?

- No, because she thought it was bad enough being a blacksmith‟s wife

4. What do you think would have happened if Pip had told his sister about his behaviour

with the convict?

- She would have punished him for stealing the food and the file.

5. "Suddenly, we heard angry shouts nearby. I was afraid of what was about to happen."

What do you think was about to happen?

- Everyone would know that Pip had helped the convict.

6. Should Pip have told the soldiers about the convict? Why?

- Yes, because he was a criminal. He should be punished for escaping from prison.

- No, he shouldn't. because he felt that it was his duty not to tell anyone where he was.

Chapter 2

1. What do you think might have happened if Joe had gone to school?

- He wouldn't have worked as a blacksmith.

- He might have become a gentleman.

- He wouldn't have married Pip's sister.

2. If you were in Pip's place, would you make friends with Joe? Why?

- Yes, because he treats me well and I trust him.

3. "Then she jumped on me like an eagle on a lamb," said Pip. What did these words reflect

about the relationship between Pip and his sister?

- She doesn't treat her brother well. She had never wished to look after him. Pip probably

doesn't like her.

4. The house looked unused and most of the doors were closed. Everything was dark

inside. Do you think this atmosphere reflected the circumstances Mrs Havisham had

lived in? Why?

- Yes, as she herself was depressed and never wanted to deal with others after her fiancé had

left her on her wedding day.

5. “As I stood before her, I noticed that the clock had stopped at nine.” What do you think

the stoppage of the clock indicates?

- It indicates the stoppage of her life itself as she was shocked to discover that her fiancé had

left her on her wedding day.

6. Do you think Miss Havisham was right to let Estella break Pip‟s heart? Why?

- Yes, she wanted to take revenge of all men and break their hearts.

- No, Pip wasn't the one that wronged her. She should have taken revenge of her fiancé who

had tricked her into giving him most of her money.

7. Why do you think Estella didn't hand Pip the food but instead put it on the ground?

- She wasn't a kind-hearted girl. She wanted to break his heart. She thought that his hands

were dirty.

8. If you were Pip, would you feel ashamed of being poor or common? Why?

- Yes, as I love Estella and I think that she treats me badly just because I'm poor.

9. Would you try to get a better education if you were Pip, just to make Estella change her

attitude towards you? Why?

- Yes, Getting a better education would change my social status. This would make Estella

change her attitude towards me.

10. Should Pip have been on good terms with Mrs. Joe? Why?

- No, because she isn't kind to him. She always punishes him whenever he makes mistakes.

She wished she hadn't looked after him after their parent's had died.

Chapter 3

1. Should Pip have taken Joe away from the mysterious man in the inn? Why?

- Yes, he didn't want the mysterious man to tell Joe that Pip helped the convict by giving him

the file and the food.

2. Why do you think the mysterious man in the inn gave Pip a coin wrapped in a banknote?

- It was a reward from the convict who Pip had helped at the marches.

3. Why do you think Pip felt frightened when the mysterious man in the inn gave him a coin?

- Yes, he thought that Joe might know that he had stolen a file and food to give to the convict.

4. If you were Estella, would you try to break Pip's heart? Why?

- Yes, I would feel that it's my duty to break men's hearts to please Miss Havisham.

5. Do you think that Miss Havisham really wanted Pip to come and play with Estella? Why?

- No, she just hoped that Pip would be attracted to Stella, and then it would be Estella's role to

break his heart.

6. Is it psychologically accepted that Miss Havisham wanted Estella to break Pip‟s heart? Why?

- Yes, The trauma Miss Havisham went through made her aspire to take revenge on men.

- No, Miss Havisham could have overcome her trauma and lived normally. She should have

taken revenge on those who caused her suffering.

7. If you were in Miss Havisham's place, would you continue wearing the wedding dress for

such a long time? Why?

- No, I would try to overcome my suffering to live normally?

- Yes, because what I had suffered on my wedding day was too much for anyone to bear.

8. Do you pity Pip for his situation with Miss Havisham and Estella? Why?

- Yes, he csed them no harm. They shouldn't have tried break his heart or treat him badly.

Pip was a victim of Miss Havisham psychological complex.

9. If you were Pip, would you be on good terms with Orlick? Why?

- No, because he often tried to make my life difficult at work. I suspect that he was the one that

attacked my sister.

10. Should Estella have been cruel to Pip? Why?

- No, because Pip's being common or his humble position in life is no excuse for her to treat

him in such a cruel way

Chapter 4

1. Why do you think Orlick mentioned that more convicts had escaped from the prison ship?

- To give the others the idea that it was a convict who had hit Mrs. Joe.

- He wanted Pip and Mr. Wopsle to believe that one of the convicts hit Mrs. Joe

- So that no one would suspect that Orlick had hit Mrs. Joe.

2. Should Pip have pitied Mrs. Joe although she was cruel to him? Why?

- No, I think he felt that his life would improve as she wouldn't be able to hurt him again.

3. ‘I will never be happy unless I can lead a different life to the one I live now.‟

Do you think Pipwas right to feel that way? Why?

- Yes, as he had a miserable life. He wanted his life to change so that he could be a gentleman

and achieve his expectations in life.

4. Pip said to Biddy, “I knew that I was making a mistake, but I could not change my feelings”.

If you were Pip, would you change your feelings towards Estella? Why?

- No, because I was in love with her. Her beauty was matchless.

- No, I think Pip's heart was set on Estella and he could do nothing about it.

- Yes, Because Estella had a heart of stone. She didn't love Pip. She probably wouldn't worth

the effort Pip would exert for her.

5. Do you agree that Joe had better morals than Pip? Why?

- Yes, he agreed to end Pip's apprenticeship immediately to enable him to lead a happy life

and refused to take any money for losing Pip, while Pip turned to be ashamed of him after being a gentleman

6. Would Pip have paid more attention to Biddy if he hadn't known Estella? Why?

- Yes, because he trusted her and told her his secrets. She was also so helpful.

- No, he wouldn't. Pip was looking for a type of girls like Estella to be just a motive for him to be

a different person.

7. "I have to tell you that Pip has great expectations. He will receive a large amount of property

in future," said Mr. Jaggers. If you were in Pip's place, would this large amount of property in

future be your great expectation? Why?

- Yes, because it would help me get a good education, be a gentleman, and marry Estella.

8. Shouldn't Pip have asked who that benefactor was? Why?

- No, he shouldn't. Getting that wealth was much more important than knowing who the

benefactor was.

- Yes, he should. because of he must have been curious to know who the benefactor was.

9. Was Pip right not to want all the poor people in this village to see him in his fine clothes?

Why?

- Yes, because he was afraid that they would envy him.

10. In your opinion, did Pip want to have a better life just because he was ambitious? Why?

- No, he wanted a better life to attract Estella's attention so that he could marry her.

- Yes, because he went through several hardships in his life. He was keen to change his life for

the better.

11. Do you think that Pip's education alone could change his life? Why?

- No, the money he would have from his benefactor would surely change his change everything

in his life.

- Yes, because education is an important way for the poor to change their position in life.

12. If you were Pip, would you leave your friends and family behind to move to a big city to get

a better education? Why?

- Yes, because it would be my best chance to live well and achieve my expectation in life.

Chapter 5

1. If you were Pip, would you be pleased to have money or know your real benefactor? Why?

- I would be pleased to have money because it would help me be a gentleman and achieve my

expectations.

2. Why do you think that Pip felt sure that Miss Havisham was his secret benefactor?

- Because she had helped him before to getting his apprenticeship with Joe. She was the only

rich person that he knew.

3. Should Pip have continued staying at the blacksmith's instead of going for his new life in

London? Why?

- No, he had the right to dream of changing his life, having a good education and becoming a

gentleman.

- Yes, Going for his new life in London might cause him lots of trouble as it isn't the kind of life

he is used to and he would leave the people who love and cared for him.

4. “After a quick goodbye to Joe, my sister and Biddy, I felt as though the whole world was

waiting for me.” What do you think Pip meant by these words?

- He meant that with the money he would get from his benefactor, all his expectations of

changing his life, becoming a gentleman, and getting married to Estella would come true.

5. If you were Estella, would you agree to be a tool to harm others? Why?

- Yes, because the way Miss Havisham brought me up would make me cold, cruel and enjoy

breaking people's hearts.

6. Do you think that Miss Havisham had an influential personality? Why?

- Yes, because she affected Pip's life when she invited him to her house to cause Estella to

break his heart. She also affected Estella badly because the way she brought her up

prevented her from leading a normal life.

7. Do you think that Herbert Pocket would have been happier if Mrs Havisham had adopted

him? Why?

- Yes, because it would be a good chance for him to be rich.

- No, because she wanted to take revenge on all men. She might have treated him badly if she

had adopted him.

8. If Miss Havisham had helped her brother financially , do you think that he wouldn't have

plotted with her fiancé against her? Why?

- Yes, because he wouldn't have felt envious of her having taken the money he wanted from

her.

- No, he would have wasted the money he would have taken from her and would have asked

her for more and more money.

9. Which character do you pity more: Miss Havisham or Pip? Why?

- I pity Pip more because he wanted to change his life to get married to a girl who didn't share

him any feelings.

Chapter 6

1. Do you like Mr. Jagger's character? Why?

- Yes, he was generous as he invited Pip, Herbert Pocket, Startop and Bentley Drummle to

dinner.

2. Is it natural to boast about your own skills in front of others? Why?

- No, one should be modest and not boast one's skills in front of others

- Yes, sometimes one has to boast one's skills when they see others do.

3. Do you think that Mr Jaggers is someone that Pip can trust? Why?

- Yes, as he was an experienced lawyer who was very keen to keep the secrets of his clients.

4. If you were Pip, would you be ashamed of your friend Joe? Why?

- Yes, because Pockets, Startop and Bentley Drummle (my friends) would know that my brother-in-law was just a blacksmith.

- No, because he was the only one that treated me well when I was young and did his best to

protect me from my sister. I would feel indebted to him all my life.

5. Why do you think that Miss Havisham wanted Pip to know that Estella had returned home?

- She wanted Pip to get attracted to Estella so that she would break his heart.

6. What might have happened if one of the convicts had recognised Pip in London?

- Now that Pip was a gentleman, he would have felt more ashamed of himself if people had

known he was related to criminals.

7. Why do you think Pip hoped that Joe could not see how he felt when he knew that Estella

had come home?

- Pip was deep in love with Estella, so he didn't want Joe to know that he wanted to return to

his hometown just to see his lover "Estella".

8. Do you think that Pip was right not to like Drummle? Why?

- Yes, because Drummle used to boast too much.

9. Why do you think Miss Havisham was right to try to adopt some children?

- She might have wanted to adopt children as she suffered from loneliness.

Chapter 7

1. Do you agree with Pip's decision not to see Joe again? Why?

- No, because Joe was his best friend. Having too much money and having much money

shouldn't be an excuse to lose touch with our best friends.

- Yes, because he was now a gentleman. Estella could convince him that it was better for him

to have new friends.

2. She will make you unhappy,‟ he replied. „You should try to forget her!” Do you agree with

Herbert's opinion? Why?

- Yes, because Estella had lots of defects in her personality: She was cold, conceited and

cruel, so Pip wouldn't be happy if he married her.

3. If you were Pip, would you agree to make new friends and forget the old ones, according to

Estella's advice? Why?

- Yes, I should search for new friends that suit my new style of life.

- No, My real friends are real treasure I mustn't lose even if I'm a gentleman.

4. If you were Miss Havisham, would you be cautious about dealing with people or

spending her money? Why?

- Yes, because I went through a bad experience when my fiancé deceived me and took much

of my money. I would trust no one.

5. Do you think that Pip had a weak personality? Why?

- Yes, as he was deep in love with Estella, he obeyed her when she suggested that he should

have new friends now that he was a gentleman.

6. Do you like Estella's character? Why?

- No, She didn't have a normal childhood. Miss Havisham had used her to break men's hearts,

so she was cold, conceited and cruel despite her matchless beauty.

7. If you were Miss Havisham, would you take your revenge on men or try to do good and

forget the past? Why?

- I'd try to overcome this bad experience to move on, but I won't forget it as it taught me a

lesson: not to blindly trust others.

8. "But, you know, I have no heart; I am neither kind nor good!” said Estella. Do you think Pip

was right to insist on loving Estella despite her bad qualities? Why?

- No, he should have taken Herbert Pocket's advice and stopped thinking of her.

9. “I'll tell you what real love is! It is giving your heart to someone completely – just as I did!” Do

you think Miss Havisham's opinion was right? Why?

- No, too much love and trust in someone may lead to being deceived. Real love is based on

mutual مشتركunderstanding not just giving your heart to someone completely.

Chapter 8

1You should know,‟ replied Estella, „because I am what you made me!‟

Do you think Estella was satisfied with the role she played with Miss Havisham? Why?

- No, she warned Pip that she wanted to trick all of my admirers and seemed to urge him as

strongly as she can to find happiness by leaving her behind.

- Yes, because the way she was brought up made her eager to break men's heart.

2. Do you sympathize with Magwitch as a result of his assistance to Pip? Why?

- Yes, Although he is a criminal, Magwitch helped those who helped him and tried to avoid

getting innocent people into trouble.

- Yes, because Magwitch loved Pip as his own son and tried to help him to become a

gentleman later in life.

3. „I still hoped that she would fall in love with me, but I usually felt unhappy when we were

together.‟ Why do you think Pip felt unhappy when they were together?

- Because of Estella's nature and cold character. She always treated him as one of the

commons and never seemed to share his love.

4. „ You know that I want to trick all of my admirers,‟ she replied. „All of them, apart

from you!‟ What do you think these words show about Estella’s character?

- Estella was brought up to despise يحتقرmen but to use her beauty to attract them and then

break their hearts. She was heartless towards men.

5. If you were Pip, would you accept the assistance even if it were from a convict? Why?

- Yes, because money would help me fulfill my expectations in life.

- No, I would feel that it was my duty to report him to the police, not to take money from him.

6. Do you think Magwitch"s character had any bright sides? If yes, what are they?

- Magwitch was noble: Although it was Pip who did the stealing, Magwitch didn't not want the

boy who has helped him getting into trouble. So he nobly takes the blame upon himself.

- Magwitch proved that he could be a productive and useful member of society if he had been

given the right opportunities in life.

7. Why do you think Pip didn't understand how he felt about Estella?

- Pip felt deep in love with Estella and looked forward to marrying her despite his being

unhappy when they were together.

8. What might have happened if Pip hadn't helped Magwitch?

- He might have been arrested earlier by the police or he could have been killed by

Compeyson.

9. If you were Estella, who would you prefer: Pip or Bentley Drummle? Why?

- I would prefer Bentley Drummle as he belonged to the upper class and he was wealthy.

10. Do you think Pip was completely ungrateful to others? Why?

- Yes, having been a gentleman, he was ashamed of his best friend Joe.

- No, Because he had to give a hand to Provis, who had helped Pip to become a gentleman.

11. Do you think Estella was right to be a tool in Miss Havisham's hands? Why?

- Yes, Miss Havisham spoiled Estella and lavished أغدقت عليهاher with money and jewellery. so,

she couldn't have disobeyed Miss Havisham.

Chapter 9

1. If you were Pip, would you be ashamed to know that Magwitch was your benefactor?

- Yes, because he was a criminal. The money he gave me must be illegal.

- No, Magwitch had to steal just to survive. When he had the chance to live normally, he

proved that he was a productive citizen.

- No, what matters is that he gave me the money that helped me achieve my expectations.

2. Should Pip have told the police that the convict had returned from Australia? Why?

- No, because that convict had helped him to be a gentleman. Pip felt indebted to him.

3. Do you think that the convict sympathised with Pip because of his poor childhood? Why?

- Yes, Magwitch gave all this money to Pip as Pip was an orphan like him. He wanted Pip to

live the kind of life that Magwitch had dreamed of when he was Pip's age.

4. “ As he had been so good to me, I felt it was my duty to help him escape,” said Pip. Do you

agree with Pip's opinion? Why?

- Yes, Pip owed Magwitch a favour: He have Pip the chance to be a gentleman, be educated

well and aspire to get married to Estella.

5. “As a child, he was always hungry, so he stole and begged to survive.” Do you agree that

Provis (Magwitch) was a victim of his poor childhood? Why?

- Yes, as he was an orphan, he had no one to look after him. Had he had a family, he wouldn't

have resorted to theft.

- No, instead of stealing or begging, he could have searched for a job to earn a living.

6. Would Pip have been happier if Miss Havisham had been his benefactor? Why?

- Yes, because this meant that he would marry Estella one day.

7. In your opinion, was Pip a young man of principles ? Why do you think so?

- Yes, as he refused to take any more money from Magwitch when he learned that his

benefactor was a criminal.

8. Was Provis right to boast about his money? Why?

- Yes, since he was born, he has been a gentleman who belonged to the upper class.

- No, he should have boasted about his good manners not money. Boasting made the others

like Pip hate him.

Chapter 10

1. Are you surprised that Miss Havisham seemed to feel sorry for Pip? Why?

- Yes, She always used Estella to break his heart.

- No, because she regretted hurting his feeling just to take revenge on the person who had

deceived her.

2. „I saw Bentley Drummle just now,‟ I told her. "Surely you don‟t love him?‟ What do you think

the question reflects about Pip‟s character?

- It reflects his jealousy غيرةof Bentley Drummle . Pip still has a beam of hope that Estalla

loves him although she warned him before that she has no heart.

3. Was it surprising for Pip to know that Estella wanted to marry Bentley Drummle? Why?

- No, because Bentley Pip knew that she had many admirers and Drummle told him before that

he was having dinner with a young lady: Estella.

4. Do you think that Pip should have been away from Provis when he knew they had been

watched? Why?

- No, he should have kept Provis's side and thought of a way to help him escape from London.

5. If you were Pip, would you agree to escape with Provis? Why?

- No, I would just help him escape. I would stay in London to achieve my expectations.

- Yes, because I feel indebted to Provis: He is the one that helped me with his money to be a

gentleman.

6. „Yes,‟ she said. „Forgive me, Pip! I used her to break your heart. But if you knew my story,

you would pity me!‟ If you were Pip, would you pity Miss Havisham? Why?

- Yes, because the bad experience she went through made her psychologically wrecked

and she was kind to me as a child when she paid for my apprenticeship with Joe.

7. Do you think that Estella was badly affected by her mother? Why?

- No, she spent most of her childhood with Miss Havisham who had adopted her.

- Yes, If her mother hadn't agreed to leave her with Miss Havisham, Estella would have lived a

normal childhood.

8. Miss Havisham asked if I was very unhappy. Why do you think Miss Havisham asked Pip

that question?

- Because Estella was no longer at Miss Havisham's house as she got married to Bentley Drummle.

9. „ Yes,‟ I said, „for many reasons, which I cannot discuss‟. What do you think the reasons for

Pip's being unhappy were?

- He knew for sure that Estella didn't love him as she got married to Bentley Drummle. Miss

Havisham wasn't his benefactor. He also knew who Estella's parents were.

10. „Oh, what have I done?‟ she cried, over and over again. Her eyes were full of tears. What

do you think the cause of Miss Havisham‟s tears was?

- She regretted using Estella to break men's heart especially Pip to take revenge on men.

Chapter 11

1. If you were Pip, would you take off your coat and try to save Miss Havisham and put out the

flames although she used Estella to take revenge on you?

- Yes, despite her cruelty, She was kind to me and I forgave her.

- Yes, even if she used Estella to break my heart, it's my duty to save her.

2. Do you think that Pip wouldn‟t have loved Estella if he had known that Molly and Provis were

her parents? Why?

- No, Thanks to her matchless beauty, he would fall in love with her. He himself was socially no

better than her as both were orphans.

3. What might have happened if anyone had known that Orlick had attacked Pip‟s sister?

- There would have been enough proof for Pip to report Orlick to the police.

4. Do you think it was right for Pip to go to an old house, on the marshes near his village at

night alone? Why?

- No, it was foolish of him to go there. He should have understood that it was a trick.

- Yes, because he wanted to find out more about Provis.

5. Why do you think Pip wanted to know more about Provis?

- He wanted to know if Provis knew that his daughter was still alive.

6. “ I thought of all the people who would suffer if I died now”. What do you think this revealed

about Pip‟s character?

- It revealed it he cared at last for the people who really loved him: Joe and Biddy.

7. Should Pip have planned to make Provis escape alone? Why?

- No, He accompanied Provis because he felt that he was indebted to him.

Yes, lest Pip should be caught by the police or be attacked by Compeyson.

8. If you were Pip, would you forgive Miss Havisham? Why?

- Yes, as she treated me kindly when I was young. I would appreciate the real motives behind

her cruelty towards me.

- No, she was too cruel to me to forgive her.

9. What might have happened if Miss Havisham‟s fiancée hadn‟t left her?

- She would have lived a normal life. She wouldn't have thought of adopting children like

Estella or Herbert.

10. Do you like Pip‟s character? Why?

- No, He forgot the people who loved him once he had wealth. He was deep in love with a girl

who shared him no feelings. He thought that happiness and being a wealthy gentleman are

twin brothers.

11. “I knew that I would always love Estella, even if she was cruel to me.” If you were Pip,

would you continue loving Estella, even if she was cruel to you?

- No, It would be foolish of me to think of loving such a cold girl with no heart who doesn't share

me any feelings.

Chapter 12

1. Do you agree that Provis deserved his end with a life sentence? Why?

- Yes, as he escaped from the Prison ship and he committed lots of crimes.

- No, he was a victim of his bad circumstances. He proved that he could be a good productive

citizen when he escaped from prison as he worked hard and never thought of crime.

2. Shouldn't Pip have told Provis that his daughter was still alive? Why?

- No, if he had, he would have caused Estella lots of problems with her husband.

3. Which character do you like most in “Great Expectations”? Why?

- I liked Joe so much, as he offered to take Pip into his home rather than see him be an

orphan. Despite being cut off by Pip for quite some time, Joe looked after Pip when everyone

else has left him. He also forgave Magwitch when he confessed to stealing the Gargery's

meat pie.

4. Was Miss Havisham right to leave some of her money to Mr Matthew Pocket? Why?

- Yes, he was the only one of her family that cared for her and gave her good advice when

necessary. He never felt jealous of Pip like the rest of her family.

5. Do you think Estella deserved to own most of Miss Havisham's money? Why?

- Yes, because Miss Havisham had adopted her.

- No. Miss Havisham should have left this money to her real relatives.

6. Should Miss Havisham have left Pip some of her money? Why?

- Yes, because he had rescued her when her dress caught fire.

7. If you were Joe, would you pay off Pip's debts? Why?

- Yes, because Pip is my best friend and I must be by his side when he is in trouble.

8. In your opinion. What was the greatest expectation for Pip? Why do you think so?

- The greatest expectation for Pip was leaving the life of poverty and living as a gentleman.

9. „ It‟s my wedding day, Pip!‟ Biddy said, happily. „Joe and I have just got married!‟ Would Joe

have married Biddy if he had known that Pip had wanted to marry her? Why?

- Yes, because he needed Biddy to look after him after his wife had passed away.

- No, he would have allowed to marry Biddy as he loved Pip so much.

10. „ You have the best husband in the world, Biddy!‟ I said. „And Joe, you have the best wife"

Do you think these words reflected Pip‟s real feelings? Why?

- Yes, because they proved that they really love Pip and he realized that he had been wrong

when he was ashamed of them.

11. What is the worst character in “Great Expectations”? Why do you think so?

- Compeyson was the worst character as he deceived Miss Havisham out of most of her

money and deserted her on her wedding day. He also betrayed his friend Magwitch when he

told the court that Magwitch was responsible for all the crimes leaving him to face life sentence.

12. In your opinion, what is the moral lesson of “Great Expectations"?

- Becoming a gentleman does not make you a better person. Once Pip becomes part of high

society he thinks that the way he now dresses and his style of living now make him a better

person but actually they don't.

سلسلة الاختبارات العامة لكتاب بروفيشنال Year

General Critical Questions on "Great Expectations"

1- Do you think the title" Great Expectations" is appropriate to the incidents of the?novel

Yes, the events of the novel centre around the main character in the novel Pip and his

expectations and aspirations to be a gentleman and marry Estella.

2- What do you think the moral of " Great Expectations" is?؟

Social class and position are not as important as kindness, loyalty and true affection.

3- What were Pip's expectations at the beginning of the novel?

His ambitions were to become a gentleman to improve his social position and win the

heart of Estella.

4- What did Pip try to do to achieve his ambitions?

He asked Biddy to teach him everything she knew. He went to London to learn as

much as he could about manners from his friend Herbert.

5- Do you think Pip achieved his goals? Why?

No, he didn't. Though he became a gentleman for a time, he ended up with no money and did not marry Estella.

6- Do you think that Pip's kindness made a deep impression on the convict Mgwitch?

Yes, he escaped and could make a fortune. He decided to use this fortune to make a

gentleman of Pip. He was Pip's secret benefactor.

7- Do you agree that Magwitch was a grateful honourable person?

Yes, he had never forgotten that Pip had helped him. He helped Pip to be a rich

gentleman.

8- Do you think wealth can corrupt people. ? Give two examples from the novel..

When Pip became rich, he spent money foolishly and fell into debts. Miss Havisham's

tragedy was owing to her fiancé's desire for money/

8- Do you think that Joe's character was in contrast with Mrs. Joe's?

Yes, Mrs. Joe was cruel to her husband and Pip but Joe was kind and faithful to her

and Pip.

9- Miss Havisham was determined never to overcome her tragedy. Illustrate..

Time stopped for her since her fiancé left her. She never went out of her house. Even

she stopped the clocks. She used Estella to revenge on men.

10- How do you think Estella was the victim of Miss Havisham?

How do you think Miss Havisham trained Estella to be her own person.?

She adopted her and raised her to break men's heart. So Estella was rude and cruel to

others.

11- Was Estella right to be a tool for Miss Havisham's revenge? Why? Year

No, she wasn't right. She shouldn't have obeyed her. She shouldn't have broken

people's heart.

12- Do you think that Pip was a sympathetic character? Give examples..

Yes, he helped the convict Magwitch and helped Herbert secretly.

13- After meeting Miss Havisham and Estella Pip developed a sense of inferiorty.

Discuss.

He became ashamed of his simple life and social position. So, he decided to improve

himself educationally, morally and socially.

14- Do you agree that Pip's behavior as a gentleman caused to hurt the people who

cared for him.?

When he became a gentleman, he treated Joe and Biddy proudly. He avoided

meeting them and other poor people.

15- Do you think that Estella deceived Pip? How?

No, she was honest with him. Though he loved her, she was cruel and uninterested in

him. She warned him and told him that she had no heart.

16- Do you agree to Pip's real motive for education? Why?

No, Pip's real motive for education was to attract Estella's attention and marry her.

The real motive for education must be for its importance.

17- Both Miss Havisham and Provis were victims of Compeyson. Illustrate.

Compeyson deceived Miss Havisham and left her on the wedding day. He made

Provis steal.

18- How do you think Miss Havisham changed at the end of the story?

She asked Pip to forgive her and helped Herbert.

19- Do you think that Joe's gentility and kindness was rewarded in the end?

Yes, he married Biddy and had two children.

20 - How far was Joe faithful and loving to Pip?

He treated him kindly since his childhood. He paid off his debts and looked after him

when he was ill.

21- Do you think that throughout most of the novel, Biddy represents the opposite of

Estella? How?

Biddy was always kind and helpful. She treated Pip with respect. Estella was always

cruel and rude to Pip.

22- In" Great Expectations" How did Pip try to reinvent himself?

Pip tried to become a gentleman to improve his social position. So he asked Biddy to

teach him everything she knew. He went to London to learn as much as he could about

manners from his friend Herbert.

23- Do you think that Pip's meeting the convict Magwitch determined the course of his?life? How

Yes, because Pip helped Magwitch and when the latter became rich, he decided to

help Pip and made a gentleman of him.

24- How do you think that Pip's feelings towards Estella contrast with hers?

Though she treated him rudely and was cruel to him, he always thought of her and was

attracted by her beauty.

25- Do you think Miss Havisham's experience with her fiancé was the cause of her

suffering throughout all her life?

She had never changed anything in her house since her fiancé left her.Time stopped

for her . She never went out of her house. Even she stopped the clocks. She used

Estella to revenge on men.

26- Pip was unrealistic in his relation with Estella? Do you agree? Why?

He thought that when he changed his position in society, Estella would love him. He

didn't realize that Estella was brought up to be cruel and break men's heart.

27- Do you think that Pip was similar with the convict Magwitch in some aspects?

Yes, The convict had a miserable life like Pip. Both involved themselves in some illegal

acts. Pip tried to improve himself but failed. Magwitch tried to improve himself but he

was finally given a life sentence. Magwitch could not see his daughter Estella. Pip

could not marry his beloved Estella.

28- Do you think that Pip was a real critic of himself? How?

Yes, throughout the novel, he always criticized himself. He stated that he had changed

but for not the best. He always felt guilty for the wrong things he did. In the end, he

tried to reform himself.

29- Do you admire Joe's character? Why?

Yes, Joe always appeared in the novel as a loyal and forgiving character even with

those who abused him.

30- How do you think that Herbert proved to be friendly and optimistic character?

Herbert was a true friend and looked after Pip when he came to London. He was

always cheerful and positive. Pip described him as having a" cheerful face".

31- In view of Pip's hopes and expectations at the beginning of the novel, Pip seemed

to end the novel as a failure. Do you support this opinion? Why?

Yes, I support this opinion. Though he became a gentleman for a time, he ended up

with no money and did not marry Estella.

32- How do you think Miss Havisham affected Estella and Pip passively?

She brought up Estella to be a cruel woman. This led to breaking's Pip's heart.

33- Choose a character in the novel that you like most giving your reasons.

Joe was a loyal and kind character. He was humble, honorable with a good nature.

34- Choose a character in the novel that you dislike most giving your reasons..

- Compeyson was a bad character . He was the main reason for Miss Havisham's

tragedy. He took her money and deserted her on her wedding day. He also betrayed

his friend Magwitch and caused Magwitch to face life sentence.

- Orlick was a bad character. He did not like Pip. He attacked Mrs Joe and planned to

get rid of Pip.

35- Though Magwitch was a convict, he had good qualities. Illustrate.

Magwich was kind somehow and grateful. He had human feelings. Because Pip helped

him, he decided to help Pip to be a gentleman and provided him with a lot of money.

36- How do you think that the theme of guilt is represented in the character of Miss

Havisham and Pip.?

Miss Havisham felt guilty for her bad upbringing of Estella which resulted in breaking's

Pip's heart.

Pip felt guilty when he stole the file and the food to help Magwitch. Also, he felt guilty

when he treated arrogantly those who helped and were kind to him.

37- How do you think the theme of revenge is represented in the character of Miss

?؟ Havisham

As her fiancé took her money and departed her on the day of their wedding, she

decided to avenge on men by breaking their heart.

38- Do you think that Pip was a realistic character or not? Give your reasons.

No, he believed that when he became a gentleman and well educated, Estella would

love him.

39 - Do you think that good people were rewarded in the novel?

Yes, Joe and Biddy are an example of good people. They got married and became a

happy couple.

40- Do you think that bad people were punished in the novel?

Yes, Orilck and Compeyson were an example of bad people.They received their

punishment in the novel. Orlick went to prison. Compeyson was drowned in his fight

with Magwitch in the river.

Best of Luck

Great Expectations chapter 5 (Audio)

2025-03-23T04:34:00.006+02:00

Great Expectations- Audio chapter 4

2025-03-23T04:32:00.009+02:00

Great Expectations (chapter 3) summary

2025-03-23T04:30:00.003+02:00

Great Epectations Chapter 2

2025-03-23T04:29:00.002+02:00

Great Expectations chapter 1

2025-03-23T04:28:00.003+02:00

The Reported speech

2025-03-23T04:27:00.003+02:00

Stonehenge For Kids | What Is It?

2025-02-05T07:56:00.000+02:00

Why " I enjoy to play football " wrong !? ( gerund )

2025-01-08T11:53:00.004+02:00

How to Make New Friends - 3 Tips on Finding Real Friends (animated)

2024-11-05T13:42:00.001+02:00

Practice English Speaking || Learn English Through Story || simple spoke...

2024-09-23T23:18:00.000+03:00

Distrbutives in English تلثة ثانوى Distributive

2024-06-04T21:57:00.004+03:00

What the countable and the uncountable nouns are

2024-06-04T21:23:00.001+03:00

ن All these words,structures and religious idioms in English - a debate

2024-05-19T13:54:00.003+03:00

ABBA - The Day Before You Came (Lyrics) Grammar - Deduction in the past

2024-04-17T22:49:00.001+02:00

كلمات لها معانى متناقضة Antagonism

2024-04-16T23:45:00.004+02:00

كلمات لها معانى متناقضة

Antagonism

Ana basis: A military advance vs. A military retreat (3) {C}

Anon : Immediately [Archaic] or soon vs. Later (3) {M}

Anxious: Full of mental distress because of apprehension of danger or misfortune [in effect, seeking to avoid] (We were anxious about the nearby gunshots.) vs. Eager or looking forward to (Until you returned, I was anxious to see you.) (1)

Apparent: Not clear or certain (For now, he is the apparent winner of the contest.) vs. Obvious (The solution to the problem was apparent to all.) (1) {I}

Assume: To actually have (To assume office) vs. To hope to have ("He assumed he would be elected.") (3) {M}

Avocation: A hobby vs. a regular occupation [and one could say it's a triple antagonym if you agree that the archaic meaning of "a distraction" is the opposite of working (even at a hobby) and if you agree that the obsolete meaning of "a calling away" takes you away from (the opposite of participating in) your hobbies, work, and even your distractions!] (1)

Awful: Extremely unpleasant, ugly vs. Awe-inspiring [typically, a feeling of admiration] (1)

Bad: See above

Bound: Moving ("I was bound for Chicago") vs. Unable to move ("I was bound to a post", or less literally, "I was bound to my desk") (3) {S}

Buckle: to hold together (e.g. buckle your belt) vs. to fall apart (e.g., buckle under pressure) {AQ}

Bull: A solemn edict or mandate vs. Nonsense or worthless information (3) {M}

Chuff: Elated vs. Unhappy (hinted at in 1) {M}

Cite, Citation: For doing good (such as military gallantry) vs. for doing bad (such as from a traffic policeman) (1)

Cleave: To adhere tightly vs. To cut apart (1) {A}

Clip: to attach vs. to cut off (1) {AH}{AS}

Cool: positive sense (cool web-sites) vs. negative sense(cool reception). {AA}

Comprise: To contain entirely vs. To be included in ("The United States comprises 50 states"; "The 50 states comprise the United States") [Some will argue with both uses, including me; however, both uses have become commonplace and some sources list both without comment.] (1) {U}

Counterfeit: [Archaic] a legitimate copy vs. a copy meant to deceive{Y}

Cut: get in (as in line or queue) vs. get out (as in a school class) {T}

Dust: To remove dust vs. To apply dust (as in fingerprinting) {H}

Effectively: in effect (doing the equivalent of the action but not the real thing) vs. with effect (doing the action and doing it well) [Contrast "he is effectively lying" (colloquial?) with "he is lying effectively"] {AD}

Enjoin: To order someone to do something vs. To stop someone from doing something [such as in law by an injunction] (1) {D}

Fast: Moving rapidly vs. Unable to move ("I was held fast to my bed.") (3) {S}

Fix: to restore to function (fixing the refrigerator) vs. to make non-functional (fixing the dog) {AZ}

Fearful: Causing fear vs. Being afraid (1) {A}

Goods: [Slang] good things vs. bad things ("I have the goods from the warehouse robbery, but I'm worried the police have the goods on me.") {T}

Hysterical: Being overwhelmed with fear [in some cases] vs. Being funny (1)

Incorporate: When a village is incorporated, it is formed, but when it is incorporated into a city, the village is destroyed {O}

Inflammable [a pseudo-antagonym!]: Burns easily vs. [the incorrect assumption by many that the prefix in- makes it mean:] Does not burn [Only the first definition is correct; the risk of confusion has removed this word from gasoline trucks!] (4) {J}

Last: Just prior vs. final (My last book will be my last publication) {Y}

Lease, Let, Rent: [in essence] To loan out for money vs. To "borrow" for money (1) {K}

Left: To remain vs. to have gone (Of all who came, only Fred's left. [Does it mean he's the only one who still remains or that he's the first to depart?]) {AB}

Let: [Archaic] To hinder vs. To allow (1) {K}

License: Liberty or permission to do something vs. Undue or excessive freedom or liberty (1) {K}

Literally: Precisely vs. often corruptly used to mean "figuratively" (As in: "There were literally millions of people at that party."). Our correspondent writes: Many people think this is an error, albeit a common one; but I think "Literally millions of people" isn't so much error as a form of hyperbole; the trouble is that the literal meaning of "literally" is, among other things, "not hyperbolically." {AF}

Livid: Pale, ashen vs. dark gray-blue (and sometimes corrupted to mean bright red!) (1) {AW}

Mad: carried away by enthusiasm or desire vs. carried away by hatred or anger (3) {AK}

Moot: [a slight stretch here] A moot point is one that is debatable, yet is also of no significance or has been previously decided, so why debate it? (1) {K}

Overlook: to pay attention to, to inspect ("We had time to overlook the contract.") vs. to ignore (1) {AN}

Oversight: Watchful and responsible care vs. An omission or error due to carelessness (1) {E}

Peruse: Read in a casual way, skim (To peruse the Sunday paper) vs. to read with great attention to detail or to study carefully (To peruse a report on financial conditions). {AR}

Policy: Required activity without exception (University policy) vs. An optional course of action (our government's policy regarding the economy) {K}

Populate: To decimate the population (obsolete use) vs. to increase the population {AP}

Practiced: Experienced, expert (I am practiced in my work) vs. Inexperienced effort (The child practiced coloring.) (1)

Prescribe: To lay down a rule vs. To become unenforceable (3) {D}

Presently: Now vs. after some time {BB}

Quite: Completely vs. Not completely (e.g., quite empty [totally empty]; quite full [not completely full, just nearly so]) (3) {M}

Ravel: to disentangle or unravel vs. to tangle or entangle (1) {X}

Recover: hide away (cover again) vs. bring out [hyphenated] (The dinosaur bones were exposed by the flood but then re-covered with dirt, hiding them again; centuries later, the paleontologists recovered them by removing the dirt.) {T}

Refrain: In song, meaning to repeat a certain part vs. To stop (Please refrain from using bad language) {AO}

Release: let go vs. hold on (lease the property again) [hyphenated as re-lease] {T}

Replace: Take away (replace the worn carpet) vs. Put back (replace the papers in the file) {T}

Repress: hold back vs. put forth (press again) [hyphenated] {T}

Reprove: rebuke (reprove a colleague's work) vs. support (re-prove a scientist's theory) {T}

Reservation: what you make when you know where you want to go vs. what you have when you're not sure if you want to go

Reside: to stay put vs. [Slang] to change places (change teams) [hyphenated as re-side] [N.B.: This is also a heteronym!] {T}

Resign: to quit a contract vs. to sign the contract again [hyphenated as re-sign] {T} [N.B.: This is also a heteronym!]

Restive: refusing to move (forward) (a restive horse) vs. Restless (moving around) (1) {M}

Restore [in the following use]: The painting was said to be a fake, so the museum re-stored it in the warehouse. When it was later found to be real, the museum restored it to its place in the gallery. {T}

Riot: Violent disorder vs. Revelry {Consider what is meant when one says, "It was a riot!") (1)

Rival: An opponent vs. (Archaic) A companion or associate (3) {O}

Rocky: Firm, steadfast vs. tending to sway (e.g., a rocky shelf) {S}

Root: To establish (The seed took root.) vs. To remove entirely (usually used with "out", e.g., to root out dissenters) {AG}

Sanction: Support for an action (They sanctioned our efforts.) vs. A penalty for an action (The Congressman was sanctioned for inappropriate behavior.) (1) {D} {O}

Sanguine: (Now poetic) Causing or delighting in bloodshed [according to contributor, also describes a person worked up into a bloody rage] vs. A person hopeful or confident of success [essentially someone calm about something] (2) {B}

Scan: to examine closely vs. to look over hastily (1) {S} {AI}

Screwed: [Slang, vulgar] Had a good experience (We screwed around all night.) vs. To have a bad experience (I was screwed by that cheater.) {T}

Secreted: Having put out, released vs. Placed out of sight (1) [N.B.: This word is also a heteronym!]

Shank: (Informal) The early part of a period of time (It was just the shank of the evening when the party began.) vs. (Informal) The latter part of a period of time (It was the shank of the evening when the party ended.) (1)

Shop: To search with the intent to buy ("I shopped for a book at several stores.") vs. To search with the intent to sell ("I shopped my manuscript to several publishers.") {R}

Sick: unpleasant (A sick joke) vs. wonderful (Slang: That sportscar is really sick!) {AE}

Skin: to cover with a skin vs. to remove outer covering or skin (1) {I} {P}

Strike out: An ending, as in "The batter struck out." vs. A beginning, as in "I thought it was time to strike out on my own." (1) {L} Also, a strike in bowling occurs when there is complete contact between ball and wood (of the pins), whereas a strike in baseball occurs when there is complete absence of contact between ball and wood (of the bat). {W} Also, to strike causes stoppage of work whereas in the theater to strike is to work on the set, lighting, etc. {AX}

Terrific: (Informal) Extra ordinarily good vs. Causing terror (1)

Transparent: Easily seen ("His motives were transparent.") invisible {AL}

Trim: To add things to (trim a Christmas tree) vs. or take pieces off (trim hair) {AT}{AU}

Antagonistic phrases, usually informal

These are phrases that (probably through corruption) have come to mean the opposite of what they should mean if taken literally.

All downhill from here: Things are going to get better vs. things are going to get worse {AU}{AV}

Could care less: (Used as if it were synonymous with "could not care less.") One has no interest at all {G}

Fought with: Fought on the same or opposite sides (The Finns fought with the Germans in WW II.) {AW}

Like never before: totally amateurish vs. with great skill (She's dancing like she's never danced before.) {F}

Look out for: see Watch out for

Take care of: Look out for and nurture vs. get rid of or kill (As heard on NPR by commentator Diane Roberts discussing the meaning of saying "we're going to take care of Timothy McVeigh [convicted bomber]) {contributed by A}

Near miss: A hit close enough to achieve the effect vs. narrowly falling short of the objective {X}

Restrict access to: ("To restrict access to adult movies, please contact the front desk.") To allow access only to vs.

to disallow access to {AM}

Steep learning curve: To most, this means "difficult to learn" or "taking a long time to learn," but can also mean "easy to learn, taking a short time." (I think some workers mean the former when they refer to a process that has a steep learning curve, and to the latter when referring to a person who masters the process with a steep learning curve. This antagonym may be controversial.) {AP}

Tell me about it: I want to know more vs. I already know. {AY}

Watch out for: A positive statement meaning try to find or partake of vs. A negative statement meaning avoid (Watch out for this movie.)

Here's an interesting phrasing: Football coach Lloyd Carr of the #1-ranked University of Michigan Wolverines, after finishing undefeated (11-0) with a victory over Ohio State, explaining his preseason view of the team's schedule: "There wasn't one game that we knew we couldn't win, but we also realized there wasn't one we couldn't lose." [The Ann Arbor News, November 23, 1997, p. D1.] [In the Detroit Free Press the next day (p. D4), the last phrase is quoted as "…there wasn't one we could lose."] Coach, don't think we don't know what you mean (!), and your multiple double-negatives rate a place on our webpage!

Opposonyms? Pseudopposites? Pairs of phrases, usually informal, -- how can they mean the same?

Burned up, Burned down: (Both mean destroyed.) {BA}

Fat chance; slim chance: (Both mean "not too likely") {N}

Cool; hot: (Both mean wonderful [Slang], e.g., when applied to a car)

Confusing words (should we call them "confusonyms"?)

Biweekly (Bimonthly, Biyearly): twice a week (month, year) vs. every two weeks (month, years) (According to reference 1, the former is used "loosely") {Y} {AJ}

Daily: 5 days a week vs. 6 days a week vs. 7 days a week (for example, the "daily" newspaper) {Q}

Every day: As in "daily" above, one often hears on the radio "Listen to our morning show every day" to mean Monday through Friday

To have or to have not

These terms are confusing and have opposite meanings depending on usage.

Seeded: Clouds are seeded (something is added) to produce rain vs. grapes which are seeded (the seeds are removed). {AA}. Also, if one removes the seeds from cherries they are pitted but if one sows grass seed in the yard, the yard is seeded. {AC}

Shelled: Having the shell removed (shelled pecans) vs. Enclosed in a shell (tiny, shelled marine animals) (1) {V}

Skinned: See skin, above.

Pitted? Pitted olives are olives with the pits taken out, but pitted skin is skin with pits in it! {BC}

copied from E.C site

Reported Verbs

2024-04-16T23:35:00.000+02:00

Reporting verbs

Verb + to + infinitive

( agree/claim/decide /refuse /offer/promise )

-"Yes, I'll help you," he said. He agreed to help us.

-'I'm good at helping people,' he said He claimed to be good at helping people.

- I think I'll help you," He said. He decided to help us.

-'I won't help you, he said. He refused to help us

-'Shall I help you?" he said He offered to help us

- Don't worry, I'll help you," he said. He promised to help us

verb + object + to + infinitive

( advice/encourage / order/ persuade/ remind / warn

-If I were you, I'd study hard," he said. He advised me to study hard

-Go on, study hard and you'll get good marks, he said. He encouraged me to study hard

-"Study !" he said . He ordered me to study

-"You should watch this new TV show", he said He persuaded me to watch that new TV show

-"Don't forget to study hard," he said. He reminded me to study hard

-"Study! Don't waste your time,' he said. He warned me not to waste my time

verb + -ing form

( admit/deny/recommend/suggest

I took your dictionary He admitted taking my dictionary

I didn't take your dictionary, he said. He denied taking my dictionary

You should buy this dictionary he said He recommended buying that dictionary

Let's get a dictionary, he said He suggested getting a dictionary

verb + preposition + -ing form

( apologise for / complain of / insist on

' I'm sorry I lost your pen, he said He apologised for losing my pen

My back hurts, he said complain of insist on He complained of having a bad back

'Don't be silly I will buy a new pan for you, he said He insisted on buying a new pen for me

verb + object + preposition + -ing form

(accuse someone of / congratulate someone on

You cheated in the test," he said. He accused me of cheating in the test

"You passed the test! Well done! he said He congratulated me on passing the test.

verb+ that clause

(announce / complain / demand

-"I'm going to send my college applications, he said

He announced that he was going to send his college applications

-I don't have time to send my college applications, he said

He complained that he didn't have time to send his college applications

-Tell me what happened to my college applications he said

He demanded that I tell him what had happened to his college applications

verb + indirect question

(enquire /wonder / question )

Can I leave early? he asked. He enquired whether he could leave early.

What will my new class be like? he asked He wondered what his new class would be like.

Why do we need to write our answers by hand? he asked He questioned why they needed to write their answers by hand.

Choose the correct answer from a,b,c or d:

1. I ……….… my sister not to sit on that broken chair.

a) complained b) warned c) admitted d) mentioned

2. Gabriel ……….… Susan to see a specialize .

a) insisted b) explained c) said d) advised

3. The instructor ……….… us to work in pairs.

a) encouraged b) blamed c) admitted d) explained

4. My tutor................... to me that the private would start later on Saturday .

a) told b) explained c) asked d) informed

5. Now you ...................... that you are not proud of what you had done.

a) told b) advised c) wondered d) admitted

6. I .................. my parents to let me go on holiday with my friends.

a) suggested b) begged c) declared d) mentioned

7. Albert .................... for forgetting his friend's birthday party.

a) ordered b) admitted c) apologised d) insisted

8. He promised that he ..................... us the next morning.

a) will phone b) would phone c) phoned d) had phoned

9. He says that Paris ..................... the capital of France .

a) is b) be c) had been d) is being

10. He told me that he was sure he had seen me there .....................

a) last week b) next week c) the week after d) the week before

11. I ……….… about the price of the new sunglasses .

a) told b) said c) denied d) inquired

12. The manager .................. that we could leave a bit earlier ..

a) admitted b) convinced c) persuaded d) agreed

13. He ................... the children not to touch these wires over there.

a) denied b) suggested c) wondered d) warned

14. She ...................her friend Lilly that she needed to go to the dentist.

a) reminded b) remembered c) said d) admitted

15. Soha said that she had gone to bed early....................

a) now b) today c) that night d) tonight

16. John.................. to go to France on holiday.

a) said b) decided c) admitted d) told

17 . He said just now that no one…………… to leave.

a) be allowed b) were allowed c) is being allowed d) is allowed

18. He apologized for ................ rude to my little brother

a) being b) be c) not being d) was

19 He says that he ………. to Canada

a) would travel b) travels c) will travel d) could travel

20 They said they...............me there in the café the following Friday.

a) were meeting b) are going to meet c- will meet d- met

21 He admitted that he had arrived late the night.............

a) next b) then c- after d-before

Climate change - my lecture for secondary students

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Gulliver’s Travels Jonathan Swift Part 1 : A Voyage to Lilliput

2023-11-13T23:34:00.001+02:00

Question based on Chapter (1)

1 - Where was Gulliver born?

2 - Who called him " Lemuel Gulliver" ?

3 - For whom did he work as a prentice?

4 - What did Gulliver do in his free time?

5 - How did he make use of his time on the ship ?

6 - Who was Mary Burton? And where did they stay?

7 - Why did he have to take another job?

8 - How long did he travel around the world?

9 - What did he earn during this period?

10 - What happened in 1699?

11 - What happened to "The Antelope" after two months?

12 - Why did they lose some of the crew?

13 - How did Gulliver save himself?

14 - What happened to the lifeboat when the wave hit it?

15 - What happened to the five sailors?

16 - How was Gulliver when he reached the beach?

17 - Why couldn't he stand up after sleeping?

18 - What moved up his body to his head?

19 - What was the human carrying?

20 - What happened to the little men when they heard Gulliver's voice?

21 - Why did the men become quiet?

22 - Why did the men cut wood?

23 - How did he talk with the man?

24 - What did Gulliver tell the man?

25 - How did Gulliver express that he was hungry and thirsty?

26 - How did they feed him?

27 - How did Gulliver realize that the man was the king?

28 - How did he communicate with the king?

29 - What did Gulliver ask the king to do?

30 - How was he taken to the capital city?

31 - What was the capital called?

32 - Why did he sleep most of the journey?

33 - When did he get up?

34 - What did Gulliver do when the man put the pole in his nose?

35 - Why did the king ask his men to fasten Gulliver's legs to the gates?

36 - How did they fasten him to the gates?

37- Why did the soldiers arrest 6 of the men?

38 - What did Gulliver put in his pockets?

39 - Why did the tiny man and the guards horrified?

40 - What was Gulliver's problem with the people?

Infectious ,infected ,infective .....

2023-09-22T23:14:00.001+03:00

Infected ( adj )

مصاب بالعدوى( معدى ) للناس والاشياء كما فى الامثلة contaminated

Never touch animals that are infected .

The disease must have passed to him from an infected client

Those who died in the forest , had drunk infected water

Don’t insert your USB in that computer , it’s infected

Infectious (adj)

الحديث عن مرض او سلوك مؤثر او معدى

Infectious diseases such as flu and Coronavirus are really dangerous

The outbreak of the so infectious coronavirus all over the world ….

They must get rid of the patient’s things; they can be infectious to others

Mazen is really cheerful, he has such infectious happy loud laugh.

Infective ( adj)

"infective hepatitis" التهاب الكبد الوبائى

تخيل كمان!

Infection (noun)

Infectiousness (noun)

Infector (noun)

Infectivity (noun)

The most precious metal

2023-09-22T22:44:00.002+03:00

The most precious metal

Gold is a rare metal with a lovely glowing colour. It is easy to shape, and it is not affected by air or by water. Because gold is so soft, it can be beaten into very thin sheets and it can also be drawn out into very fine wire. Gold is therefore an excellent material for making beautiful objects, such as bowls, necklaces and rings. Over 5,000 years ago, the ancient Egyptians prized gold so much that they believed that all gold belonged to their kings, the Pharaohs. In fact, luckily for us, they buried many precious gold objects in their Pharaohs’ tombs, and we can see many of them in museums today. The Egyptians were so skilful that they could beat gold into sheets so thin that a pile of 35,700 would be only 2.5cm high. Such sheets are called gold leaf.
Gold leaf is still used today to decorate, for example objects made of wood or leather. The gold used to make jewellery is usually mixed with other metals. This not only makes the articles cheaper, but also harder. The purity of gold is measured in carats (also spelled karats). A carat is one twenty- fourth part by mass. So pure gold is 24 carat. 21-carat gold would be half gold and half of some other metal. Because it was scarce and therefore valuable, gold was formerly used as money all over the world. Nowadays, we use pieces of paper instead, but many countries still keep bars of gold in their banks. They can change this gold into money by selling it to other countries. About two thirds of all the gold in the world is kept in this way. Gold is found in many parts of the world, usually buried deep underground. It can also be found in rivers. The sea too contains gold, but it would cost far more money to extract the gold from the sea than the gold is worth. In modern times, many practical uses for gold have been found, for example, in electrical switches, in dentistry, and for thinly coating the windscreens of aircraft and spacecraft to prevent the glare of the sun.

Vocabulary note

- What’s the strangest piece of information you‘ve read about gold?

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A doll's House (Henrik Ibsen )

2023-09-22T22:37:00.002+03:00

A doll's House (Henrik Ibsen )

1-What is the Doll in the play in fact ?

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2-How was Nora a Doll in her father's house then in her husband's house ?

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3-Do you think that Nora's friend was a Doll as well ? why? Why not ?

4-What sacrifice Nora had given and what did she expect in return?

5-How was her husband a real strict man ?

6-How was feminism and women's rights showed in the play ?

7-At the beginning of A Doll's House Nora is a passive and subservient woman. Illustrate

8-Why did Nora refuse to tell Helmer about the loan ?

9-What did Nora expect Helmer to do when learning about her forgery ? why ?

10-A doll house it modern because it doesn't follow the old style of Writing . Discuss

11-What is the advantage Helmer will get out of his new job ?

.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

12- Prove that Nora's character is of a mature and dependable person.

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ACT I

A- Comment on TWO only of the following questions (3marks)
1- Yes but, Torvald, this year we really can let ourselves go a little. This is the first Christmas that we have not needed to economize. "Comment

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2-Yes, Torvald, we may be a bit more reckless now, mayn't we? Just a tiny we bit! You are going to have a big salary and earn lots and lots of money. "Comment

3-Suppose, now, that I borrowed fifty pounds today, and you spent it all in the Christmas week, and then on New Year's Eve a slate fell on my head and killed me, and--"Comment

4-No debt, no borrowing. There can be no freedom or beauty about a home life that depends on borrowing and debt. We two have kept bravely on the straight road so far, and we will go on the same way for the short time longer that there need be any struggle. "Comment

5-Spendthrifts--I know. Let us do as you suggest, Torvald, and then I shall have time to think what I am most in want of. That is a very sensible plan, isn't it? "Comment

6-It's a sweet little spendthrift, but she uses up a deal of money. One would hardly believe how expensive such little persons are! "Comment

7-You are an odd little soul. Very like your father. You always find some new way of wheedling money out of me, and, as soon as you have got it, it seems to melt in your hands. You never know where it has gone. Still, one must take you as you are. It is in the blood; for indeed it is true that you can inherit these things, Nora. "Comment

8-Is it so long since we met? I suppose it is. The last eight years have been a happy time for me, I can tell you. And so now you have come into the town, and have taken this long journey in winter--that was plucky of you. "Comment

9-You may imagine how pleased we are! He is to take up his work in the Bank at the New Year, and then he will have a big salary and lots of commissions. For the future we can live quite differently--we can do just as we like. I feel so relieved and so happy, Christine "Comment

10-. You see, he had to make money every way he could, and he worked early and late; but he couldn't stand it, and fell dreadfully ill, and the doctors said it was necessary for him to go south. "Comment

11-It cost about two hundred and fifty pounds. That's a lot, isn't it? "Comment

12-I ought to tell you that we had it from papa. "Comment

13-Yes; and, just think of it, I couldn't go and nurse him. I was expecting little Ivar's birth every day and I had my poor sick Torvald to look after. My dear, kind father--I never saw him again, "Comment

14-Christine. That was the saddest time I have known since our marriage. "Comment

15-The last three years have seemed like one long working-day, with no rest. Now it is at an end, Nora. My poor mother needs me no more, for she is gone; and the boys do not need me either; they have got situations and can shift for themselves. "Comment

16-He must, Christine. Just leave it to me; I will broach the subject very cleverly--I will think of something that will please him very much. It will make me so happy to be of some use to you. "Comment

17- How kind you are, Nora, to be so anxious to help me! It is doubly kind in you, for you know so little of the burdens and troubles of life. "Comment

18- Now I will show you that I too have something to be proud and glad of. It was I who saved Torvald's life. "Comment

20 " Yes, but your father gave you the necessary funds. "Comment

25 ."What right have you to question me, Mr. Krogstad?--You, one of my husband's subordinates! But since you ask, you shall know. Yes, Mrs. Linde is to have an appointment. And it was I who pleaded her cause, Mr. Krogstad, let me tell you that. "Comment

26 ." You will be so kind as to see that I am allowed to keep my subordinate position in the Bank. "Comment

. 27- ". My sons are growing up; for their sake I must try and win back as much respect as I can in the town. This post in the Bank was like the first step up for me--and now your husband is going to kick me downstairs again into the mud. "Comment

28. " Mrs. Helmer, you evidently do not realise clearly what it is that you have been guilty of. But I can assure you that my one false step, which lost me all my reputation, was nothing more or nothing worse than what you have done. "Comment

29- " Maybe. But matters of business--such business as you and I have had together--do you think I don't understand that? Very well. Do as you please. But let me tell you this--if I lose my position a second time, you shall lose yours with me. "Comment

30 ." I have got authority from the retiring manager to undertake the necessary changes in the staff and in the rearrangement of the work; and I must make use of the Christmas week for that, so as to have everything in order for the new year. "Comment

31 . " Because such an atmosphere of lies infects and poisons the whole life of a home. Each breath the children take in such a house is full of the germs of evil. "Comment

ACT 2

1- " Nurse, I want you to tell me something I have often wondered about--how could you have the heart to put your own child out among strangers? "Comment
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2 ." What, when I was going to get such a good place by it? A poor girl who has got into trouble should be glad to. Besides, that wicked man didn't do a single thing for me. "Comment
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3." Do you think so? Do you think they would forget their mother if she went away altogether?

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4- Little Nora, poor dear, had no other mother but me. Nora. And if my little ones had no other mother, I am sure you would-- What nonsense I am talking! "Comment

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5. " it is something you could help me with. Let us sit down here on the sofa. Look here. Tomorrow evening there is to be a fancy-dress ball at the Stenborgs', who live above us; and Torvald wants me to go as a Neapolitan fisher-girl, and dance the Tarantella that I learned at Capri. "Comment
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6. " Have you really the courage to open up that question again? "Comment

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7. " Yes, dear, you must do as I ask; you must let Krogstad keep his post in the bank. ? "Comment

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8."That isn't the reason, Torvald. It is for your own sake. This fellow writes in the most scurrilous newspapers; you have told me so yourself. He can do you an unspeakable amount of harm. I am frightened to death of him . ? "Comment
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9. " On the contrary, he thinks it gives him the right to adopt a familiar tone with me, and every minute it is "I say, Helmer, old fellow!" and that sort of thing. I assure you it is extremely painful for me. He would make my position in the Bank intolerable ."Comment
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10. " Look here; take this letter and go downstairs with it at once. Find a messenger and tell him to deliver it, and be quick. The address is on it, and here is the money. "Comment
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11 " Call her back, Torvald! There is still time. Oh Torvald, call her back! Do it for my sake--for your own sake--for the children's sake! Do you hear me, Torvald? Call her back! You don't know what that letter can bring upon us"Comment
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12 ." Have you and your husband thought of mine? But never mind about that. I only wanted to tell you that you need not take this matter too seriously. In the first place there will be no accusation made on my part. "Comment
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13 ." Mrs. Helmer; I want to get on; and in that your husband must help me. For the last year and a half I have not had a hand in anything dishonourable, amid all that time I have been struggling in most restricted circumstances. I was content to work my way up step by step. "Comment
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14 . " Now I am turned out, and I am not going to be satisfied with merely being taken into favour again. I want to get on, I tell you. I want to get into the Bank again, in a higher position. Your husband must make a place for me—"Comment
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15. " Well, now, I have warned you. Do not do anything foolish. When Helmer has had my letter, I shall expect a message from him. And be sure you remember that it is your husband himself who has forced me into such ways as this again. I will never forgive him for that. Goodbye, Mrs. Helmer.
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Alexander Pope : From the Essay of Criticism

2023-09-22T22:26:00.000+03:00

1. The poet :
Alexander Pope was born in London and from the age of twelve he was
moved by the ambition to write a great heroic poem. He was influenced by the
great poets preceded him. He wrote two long poems: the Essay on Criticism and
the Essay in Man and they attracted a great deal of attention and made him
famous throughout Europe.
2. The poem :
Nature to all things fix'd the Limits fit,
And wisely curb'd proud Man's pretending Wit:
As on the Land while here the Ocean gains,
In other Parts it leaves wide sandy Plains;
Thus in the Soul while Memory prevails,
The solid Pow'r of Understanding fails;
Where Beams of warm Imagination play,
The Memory's soft Figures melt away.
One Science only will one Genius fit;
So vast is Art, so narrow Human Wit;
Not only bounded to peculiar Arts,
But oft in those, confin'd to single Parts.
Like Kings we lose the Conquests gain'd before,
By vain Ambition still to make them more:
Each might his sev'ral Province well command,
Wou'd all but stoop to what they understand.
Introduction :
An Essay on Criticism was the first major poem written by the English
writer Alexander Pope (1688-1744). However, despite the title, the poem is not
as much an original analysis as it is a compilation of Pope's various literary
opinions. It is a poem in which Pope attempts to lay down
in verse the rules of 'good' art and 'good' criticism.
A) vocabulary :
- fix'd : defined
- limits : boundaries
- fit : suitable
Alexander Pope
- wisely : with wisdom
- curb'd : limited, controlled
- pretending wit : pretending to have intelligence and know more
- gains : wins, takes grounds
- plains : areas of flat, open land
- thus : so
- soul : mind, spirit of a person
- prevails : wins, is stronger
- genius : intelligence
- fit : suit
- vast : great, large
- bounded : limited
- peculiar : special
- oft : often
- conquests : victories
- province : kingdom, area of specialization
- command : govern
- stoop : remain with
B) paraphrase :
Nature to all things fix'd the Limits fit,
And wisely curb'd proud Man's pretending Wit:
As on the Land while here the Ocean gains,
In other Parts it leaves wide sandy Plains;
- fix'd : defined
- limits : boundaries
- fit : suitable
- wisely : with wisdom
- curb'd : limited, controlled
- pretending wit : pretending to have intelligence and know more
- gains : wins, takes grounds
- plains : areas of flat, open land
Pope declares that Nature has defined the correct limits of everything
without needing the intelligence of man to help her. Nature designed the ocean
so that it eats into the sand in some places and leaves wide sandy beaches in
others.
(C) figures of speech :

Alliteration:
Personification

: Nature to all things fix'd the Limits fit,
: As on the Land while here the Ocean gains,

Thus in the Soul while Memory prevails,
The solid Pow'r of Understanding fails;
Where Beams of warm Imagination play,
The Memory's soft Figures melt away.
As for man: he cannot understand events and feelings while his memory of
them is still strong. But, on the other hand, when time passes and his
imagination begins to interfere with his memories, the reality of those memories
slips away.
(C) figures of speech :

metaphor:

: Where Beams of warm Imagination play,
The Memory's soft Figures melt away.

One Science only will one Genius fit;
So vast is Art, so narrow Human Wit;
Not only bounded to peculiar Arts,
But oft in those, confin'd to single Parts.
- genius : intelligence
- fit : suit
- vast : great, large
- bounded : limited
- peculiar : particular
- confined : limited
Art and knowledge are vast and man's intelligence is limited. Most people
can do well in only one thing. Sometimes, indeed, they excel in only one part of
one thing.
Like Kings we lose the Conquests gain'd before,
By vain Ambition still to make them more:
Each might his sev'ral Province well command,
Wou'd all but stoop to what they understand.
- conquests : victories
- province : kingdom, area of specialization
- command : govern
- stoop : remain with
Man should be content to do the things he does well. Often, however, like
kings fighting wars to extend their territory and so losing their own country, we
lose what we have by trying to make it more. If each person were to stick to that
which he knows best he would be able to master it completely.
(D) Commentary:
1. The whole poem is written in heroic couplets; the form which Pope
worked in most and which he polished and brought to perfection. The
heroic couplet consists of two rhyming lines of verse. It is usually in
iambic pentameter. The rhyme scheme of this extract is
A A, B B, C C, D D, A A, E E, F F, G G.
A heroic couplet usually carries complete sense within itself even though it
connects to the rest of the poem; it expresses a complete idea. This is one
reason why many of Pope's couplets have become known as 'epigrams', i.e.
]sayings rather like proverbs in that they are a concise and clever expression
of a general truth, e.g.:
Like kings we lose the conquests gained before,
By vain ambition still to make them more.
2. The opening lines of the passage embody Pope's belief in the essential
Tightness and wisdom of Nature. In another poem, he proclaims that:
3. He continues through several line to develop and re-express one idea; the
central idea in the passage: each man would do well to stick to what he
knows.
4. Pope uses visual images such as the image of the ocean eating into the
land on the one hand and leaving wide sandy beaches on the other; or
that of the king trying to conquer new lands. But he makes no startlingly
original use of poetic figures. There is a metaphor in lines 7 and 8 where
he speaks of the 'imagination' as a 'sun' with 'warm beams' and of the
'memories' as wax figures 'melting' away.
5. Finally, much of Pope's art depends on the relationships he creates
between individual words. Thus, for example, his repetition of the rhyme
A A in the first and fifth couplets. Indeed, he does not only repeat the
same rhyme, but the identical words. However, he repeats them with
variation: 'wit' means the same thing in both couplets, but he alters 'fit'
so that in the first it is an adjective, while in the fifth it is a verb.
6. Win the many lines there are examples of sound patterning as in the
repetition of the T sound things fixed and limits fit the alliteration in
fixed and fit, and again in 'proud man's pretending wit' and the
assonance across lines as in wisely, white in lines 2,3 and 4.
7. Assonance تجانسis the repetition of vowel sounds in non-rhyming words
as in, "some ship in distress that cannot ever live." The i's in those
words have the same vowel sounds but they do not have to rhyme.
Another example is "Do you like blue". Here the "oo" sound is repeated
within the sentence. This example rhymes.
8. An extract from a poem cannot be appreciated as much as the whole
work. But it shows, at least, the particular character and skills of the
poet.

5 Questions and answers about H.Ibsen's " Doll's House "

2022-11-15T01:18:00.000+02:00

Questions and answers

1- Why does Mrs. Linde move to Nora’s neighborhood?

-Mrs. Linde moves after her mother’s death in order to find work and someone to care for. Mrs. Linde spent most of her life sacrificing for others so that they could live more comfortably. Rather than marrying for love, she married her husband for his money, so that she could aid her ailing mother and provide care for her younger brothers. Now that her husband and her mother have died and her brothers have grown up, Mrs. Linde feels that her life is “unspeakably empty” because there is “no one to live for any more.” She moves to look for office work and hopes Nora will help her find employment. We later learn that she also hoped to rekindle a romance with her long-lost love, Krogstad, and become a new mother for his children.

2- Why does Krogstad want to blackmail Nora?

Krogstad knows that Nora forged her father’s signature on the loan that he gave her, and he uses this information to blackmail Nora. He demands that she convince Torvald to keep him on as an employee at the bank. Now that Torvald is the bank manager, Krogstad knows Torvald can make or break his career, and when he learns that Mrs. Linde is looking for office work, he correctly guesses that Torvald will fire him in order to hire Mrs. Linde. Krogstad threatens to tell Torvald about the forgery in order to scare Nora into influencing Torvald. When Nora is unable to change Torvald’s mind, Krogstad writes a letter detailing Nora’s actions and threatening to make them public.

3- What is the “wonderful thing” that Nora believes will happen?

Nora believes that once Torvald finds out about the loan and the forgery, he will sacrifice his own reputation in order to save hers. Nora made many sacrifices to save Torvald’s life, and she assumes that her husband will see the love and devotion in her actions and show his love in return by “[taking] everything upon [himself] and [saying]: ‘I am the guilty one.’” Torvald’s willingness to take the blame would have been the ultimate proof of his love for Nora, and she both longed for and feared it, for it would mean the downfall of Torvald’s good reputation. However, the “wonderful thing” doesn’t happen, because Torvald is more in love with his reputation than he is with Nora, and is unwilling to make the ultimate sacrifice to save her.

4- How are Krogstad and Nora similar?

Krogstad and Nora, though opposing forces at the beginning of the play, both committed the crime of forgery for what they saw as justified reasons, and have been living with the guilt of their crimes ever since. With Krogstad, we see what happens when a crime becomes public knowledge; his reputation is destroyed, and he must try to raise his children as an outcast from society. Both Nora and Krogstad have rebelled against what could be seen as an unjust law, and, as Torvald points out, they have both had to “wear a mask in the presence of those near and dear to [them].”

5- How do dolls represent Nora as a character?

Nora believes herself to be a doll because the men in her life see her more as a toy than a human being. They view her as a pretty object without any thoughts of her own that they can use as they want. Nora’s father used to call her his “doll child,” and he “played” with her “as [she] used to play with [her] dolls.” Nora believes that her role in Torvald’s life is “merely to perform tricks” for him, such as dressing a certain way for the ball. Dolls represent the delicate, pretty objects that housewives of Nora’s time were supposed to emulate, remaining quiet about serious matters

2022-11-12T20:01:00.009+02:00

What Causes Global Warming?

What evidence do we have of climate change?

Climate Change Primer Chapter

The most compelling climate change evidence scientists have of climate change is long term data relating atmospheric CO2 levels and global temperature, sea level, the expanse of ice, the fossil record and the distribution of species.

ما الدليل الذي لدينا على تغير المناخ؟

الدليل الأكثر إقناعًا لتغير المناخ الذي يمتلكه العلماء حول تغير المناخ هو البيانات طويلة المدى المتعلقة بمستويات ثاني أكسيد الكربون في الغلاف الجوي ودرجة الحرارة العالمية ، ومستوى سطح البحر ، وامتداد الجليد ، وسجل الحفريات ، وتوزيع الأنواع ( الكائنات الحية)

Among the most important climate change impacts are e

Rising Sea Levels

Climate change impacts rising sea levels. Average sea level around the world rose about 8 inches (20 cm) in the past 100 years; climate scientists expect it to rise more and more rapidly in the next 100 years as part of climate change impact

Coastal cities such as New York are already seeing an increased number of flooding events and by 2050 many such cities may require seawalls to survive. Estimates vary, but conservatively sea levels are expected to rise 1 to 4 feet (30 to 100 cm), enough to flood many small Pacific island states (Vanatu), famous beach resorts (Hilton Head) and coastal cities (Bangkok, Boston).

If the Greenland ice cap and/or the Antarctic ice shelf collapses, sea levels could rise by as much as 20 ft (6 m), inundating, for example, large parts of Florida, the Gulf Coast, New Orleans and Houston.

Melting Ice

Projections suggest climate change impacts within the next 100 years, if not sooner, the world’s glaciers will have disappeared, as will the Polar ice cap, and the huge Antarctic ice shelf, Greenland may be green again, and snow will have become a rare phenomenon at what are now the world’s most popular ski resorts.

Torrential downpours and more powerful storms

While the specific conditions that produce rainfall will not change, climate change impacts the amount of water in the atmosphere and will increase producing violent downpours instead of steady showers when it does rain.

Hurricanes and typhoons will increase in power, and flooding will become more common.

Anyone in the United States who has tried to buy storm and flood insurance in the past few years knows that the insurance industry is completely convinced that climate change is raising sea levels and increasing the number of major storms and floods. (To understand the insurance industry’s thinking on the subject, consider the chart below compiled by Munich Re-Insurance.)

من بين أهم تأثيرات تغير المناخ ما يلي:

ارتفاع منسوب مياه البحر

يؤثر تغير المناخ على ارتفاع مستويات سطح البحر. ارتفع متوسط مستوى سطح البحر حول العالم بحوالي 8 بوصات (20 سم) في المائة عام الماضية ؛ يتوقع علماء المناخ أن يرتفع بسرعة أكبر في المائة عام القادمة كجزء من تأثيرات تغير المناخ.

تشهد المدن الساحلية مثل نيويورك بالفعل عددًا متزايدًا من أحداث الفيضانات وبحلول عام 2050 قد تتطلب العديد من هذه المدن جدرانًا بحرية للبقاء على قيد الحياة. تختلف التقديرات ، ولكن من المتوقع أن ترتفع مستويات سطح البحر بشكل متحفظ من 1 إلى 4 أقدام (30 إلى 100 سم) ، وهو ما يكفي لإغراق العديد من دول جزر المحيط الهادئ الصغيرة (فاناتو) ، والمنتجعات الشاطئية الشهيرة (هيلتون هيد) والمدن الساحلية (بانكوك ، بوسطن).

إذا انهار الغطاء الجليدي في جرينلاند و / أو الجرف الجليدي في القطب الجنوبي ، فقد يرتفع مستوى سطح البحر بما يصل إلى 20 قدمًا (6 أمتار) ، ويغرق ، على سبيل المثال ، أجزاء كبيرة من فلوريدا وساحل الخليج ونيو أورليانز وهيوستن.

ذوبان الجليد

تشير التوقعات إلى تأثيرات تغير المناخ خلال المائة عام القادمة ، إن لم يكن عاجلاً ، ستختفي الأنهار الجليدية في العالم ، وكذلك الغطاء الجليدي القطبي ، والجرف الجليدي الضخم في القطب الجنوبي ، وقد تصبح جرينلاند خضراء مرة أخرى ، وسيصبح الثلج ظاهرة نادرة في ما يُعد الآن أشهر منتجعات التزلج على الجليد في العالم.

هطول أمطار غزيرة وعواصف أقوى

في حين أن الظروف المحددة التي تؤدي إلى هطول الأمطار لن تتغير ، فإن تغير المناخ يؤثر على كمية المياه في الغلاف الجوي وسيزيد من إنتاج أمطار غزيرة عنيفة بدلاً من الاستحمام المستمر عند هطول الأمطار.

ستزداد قوة الأعاصير والزوابع ، وستصبح الفيضانات أكثر شيوعًا.

يعرف أي شخص في الولايات المتحدة حاول شراء تأمين ضد العواصف والفيضانات في السنوات القليلة الماضية أن صناعة التأمين مقتنعة تمامًا بأن تغير المناخ يرفع مستويات سطح البحر ويزيد من عدد العواصف والفيضانات الكبرى.)

Heatwaves and droughts

Despite downpours in some places, droughts and prolonged heatwaves will become common.

Rising temperatures are hardly surprising, although they do not mean that some parts of the world will not “enjoy” record cold temperatures and terrible winter storms. (Heating disturbs the entire global weather system and can shift cold upper air currents as well as hot dry ones. Single snowballs and snowstorms do not make climate change refutations.)

Increasingly, however, hot, dry places will get hotter and drier, and places that were once temperate and had regular rainfall will become much hotter and much drier.

The string of record high temperature years and the record number of global droughts of the past decade will become the norm, not the surprise that they have seemed.

Changing ecosystems

As the world warms, entire ecosystems will move.

Already rising temperatures at the equator have pushed such staple crops as rice north into once cooler areas, many fish species have migrated long distances to stay in waters that are the proper temperature for them.

In once colder waters, this may increase fishermen’s catches; in warmer waters, it may eliminate fishing; in many places, such as on the East Coast of the US, it will require fishermen to go further to reach fishing grounds.

Farmers in temperate zones are finding drier conditions difficult for crops such as corn and wheat, and once prime growing zones are now threatened.

Some areas may see complete ecological change.

In California and on the East Coast, for example, climate change impacts and warming will soon fundamentally change the forests; in Europe, hundreds of plants species will disappear and hundreds more will move thousands of miles.

موجات الحر والجفاف

على الرغم من هطول الأمطار الغزيرة في بعض الأماكن ، سيصبح الجفاف وموجات الحرارة الطويلة أمرًا شائعًا.

ارتفاع درجات الحرارة ليس مفاجئًا ، على الرغم من أنه لا يعني أن بعض أجزاء العالم "لن تتمتع" بدرجات حرارة باردة قياسية وعواصف شتوية رهيبة. (يزعج التسخين نظام الطقس العالمي بأكمله ويمكن أن يغير تيارات الهواء العلوي البارد بالإضافة إلى التيارات الجافة الساخنة. ولا تؤدي الكرات الثلجية المنفردة والعواصف الثلجية إلى تفنيد تغير المناخ.)

ومع ذلك ، فإن الأماكن الحارة والجافة ستصبح أكثر سخونة وجفافًا على نحو متزايد ، وستصبح الأماكن التي كانت ذات يوم معتدلة وتهطل فيها الأمطار بانتظام أكثر سخونة وجفافًا.

ستصبح سلسلة سنوات درجات الحرارة المرتفعة القياسية والعدد القياسي لحالات الجفاف العالمية في العقد الماضي هي القاعدة ، ولن تكون مفاجأة كما بدت.

تغيير النظم البيئية

مع ارتفاع درجة حرارة العالم ، سوف تتحرك النظم البيئية بأكملها.

دفع ارتفاع درجات الحرارة بالفعل عند خط الاستواء هذه المحاصيل الأساسية مثل الأرز شمالًا إلى مناطق أكثر برودة ، وقد هاجر العديد من أنواع الأسماك لمسافات طويلة للبقاء في المياه التي تعد درجة الحرارة المناسبة لها.

تغيير المصايد

في المياه الباردة ، قد يؤدي ذلك إلى زيادة صيد الصيادين ؛ في المياه الدافئة ، قد يقضي على الصيد ؛ في العديد من الأماكن ، مثل الساحل الشرقي للولايات المتحدة ، سيتطلب الأمر من الصيادين الذهاب أبعد من ذلك للوصول إلى مناطق الصيد.

يجد المزارعون في المناطق المعتدلة ظروفًا أكثر جفافاً صعبة على محاصيل مثل الذرة والقمح ، وكانت مناطق النمو الرئيسية في السابق مهددة الآن.

قد تشهد بعض المناطق تغيرًا بيئيًا كاملاً.

في كاليفورنيا والساحل الشرقي ، على سبيل المثال ، ستؤدي تأثيرات تغير المناخ والاحترار إلى تغيير جذري في الغابات قريبًا ؛ في أوروبا ، ستختفي مئات الأنواع من النباتات وستنتقل مئات الأنواع الأخرى آلاف الأميال.

Reduced food security

One of the most striking impacts of rising temperatures is felt in global agriculture, although these impacts are felt very differently in the largely temperate developed world and in the more tropical developing world.

Different crops grow best at quite specific temperatures and when those temperatures change, their productivity changes significantly.

In North America, for example, rising temperatures may reduce corn and wheat productivity in the US mid-west, but expand production and productivity north of the border in Canada.

The productivity of rice, the staple food of more than one third of the world’s population, declines 10% with every 1⁰ C increase in temperature.

Past climate induced problems have been offset by major advances in rice technology and ever larger applications of fertilizer; expectations are that in Thailand, the world’s largest exporter of rice, however, future increases in temperatures may reduce production 25% by 2050.

At the same time, global population models suggest that developing world will add 3 billion people by 2050 and that developing world food producers must double staple food crop production by then simply to maintain current levels of food consumption.

انخفاض الأمن الغذائي

إن أحد أكثر الآثار المدهشة لارتفاع درجات الحرارة محسوس في الزراعة العالمية ، على الرغم من أن هذه التأثيرات تُلمس بشكل مختلف للغاية في العالم المتقدم المعتدل إلى حد كبير وفي العالم النامي الأكثر استوائية.

تنمو المحاصيل المختلفة بشكل أفضل في درجات حرارة محددة تمامًا وعندما تتغير درجات الحرارة هذه ، تتغير إنتاجيتها بشكل كبير.

في أمريكا الشمالية ، على سبيل المثال ، قد يؤدي ارتفاع درجات الحرارة إلى تقليل إنتاجية الذرة والقمح في منتصف غرب الولايات المتحدة ، ولكنه يوسع الإنتاج والإنتاجية شمال الحدود في كندا.

تنخفض إنتاجية الأرز ، وهو الغذاء الأساسي لأكثر من ثلث سكان العالم ، بنسبة 10٪ مع كل زيادة في درجة الحرارة بمقدار 1 درجة مئوية.

المشاكل التي سببها المناخ في الماضي قد عوضت عن طريق التقدم الكبير في تكنولوجيا الأرز والاستخدامات المتزايدة للأسمدة ؛ تشير التوقعات إلى أنه في تايلاند ، أكبر مصدر للأرز في العالم ، قد تؤدي الزيادات المستقبلية في درجات الحرارة إلى خفض الإنتاج بنسبة 25٪ بحلول عام 2050.

في الوقت نفسه ، تشير النماذج السكانية العالمية إلى أن العالم النامي سيضيف 3 مليارات شخص بحلول عام 2050 وأن على منتجي الأغذية في العالم النامي مضاعفة إنتاج المحاصيل الغذائية الأساسية بحلول ذلك الوقت لمجرد الحفاظ على المستويات الحالية لاستهلاك الغذاء.

Pest and Diseases

Rising temperatures favor agricultural pests, diseases and disease vectors.

Pest populations are on the rise and illnesses once found only in limited, tropical areas are now becoming endemic in much wider zones.

In Southeast Asia, for example, where malaria had been reduced to a wet season only disease in most areas, it is again endemic almost everywhere year around.

Likewise, dengue fever, once largely confined to tropical areas, has become endemic to the entire region.

Increased temperatures also increase the reproduction rates of microbes and insects, speeding up the rate at which they develop resistance to control measures and drugs (a problem already observed with malaria in Southeast Asia).

الآفات والأمراض

يؤدي ارتفاع درجات الحرارة إلى تعزيز الآفات الزراعية والأمراض وناقلات الأمراض.

إن أعداد الآفات آخذة في الازدياد ، والأمراض التي كانت موجودة في السابق فقط في مناطق استوائية محدودة أصبحت الآن متوطنة في مناطق أوسع بكثير.

في جنوب شرق آسيا ، على سبيل المثال ، حيث تم تخفيض الملاريا إلى موسم الأمطار فقط في معظم المناطق ، أصبحت مرة أخرى وبائية في كل مكان تقريبًا في العام.

وبالمثل ، فإن حمى الضنك ، التي كانت في يوم من الأيام محصورة إلى حد كبير في المناطق الاستوائية ، أصبحت متوطنة في المنطقة بأكملها.

تؤدي درجات الحرارة المرتفعة أيضًا إلى زيادة معدلات تكاثر الميكروبات والحشرات ، مما يؤدي إلى تسريع معدل تطويرها لمقاومة تدابير المكافحة والعقاقير (وهي مشكلة لوحظت بالفعل مع الملاريا في جنوب شرق آسيا).