Wizign

BCD LCD + CC2630

2017-07-20T23:31:00.001+08:00

This is a demo, how to transmit image data to a BCD LCD panel. This system includes:
1) PC base software : It reads image files, then convert it to black-white image format, finally, send the image data to CC2630 control board.
2) CC2630 zigbee coordinator with USB connector : This device connect to a PC, it will communicate with PC base software by USB virtual COM port.
3) CC2630 zigbee device : This device is powered by battery, it will receive image data from CC2630 zigbee coordinator, then display the image on the BCD LCD panel.

Pidora - Use Raspberry Pi as an IP Camera (mjpg-streamer)

2015-08-03T06:39:00.000+08:00

Introduction

This is a practice, I use Raspberry Pi (Raspberry Pi Model B+ not work?) as an IP camera.

Prepare Hardwares

Raspberry Pi
P5V04AA (SUNNY CMOS camera module, image sensor is OV5647)

Install Packages (by root user)

# yum install 'raspberrypi-vc-*'

# vcgencmd get_camera
supported=1 detected=1 <== it means that camera has worked!

# yum install libjpeg-turbo-devel

# yum install libv4l-devel

# ln -s /usr/include/linux/videodev2.h /usr/include/linux/videodev.h

# cd /usr/src
# git clone https://github.com/jacksonliam/mjpg-streamer.git ./mjpg-streamer-git
# cd mjpg-streamer-git/mjpg-streamer-experimental
# make clean all

# cp mjpg_streamer /usr/local/bin
# cp input_raspicam.so output_http.so /usr/local/lib/.
# cp -R www /usr/local/www

Run mjpeg streamer server

# LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib mjpg_streamer -i "input_raspicam.so -fps 15 -q 50 -x 640 -y 480" -o "output_http.so -w /usr/local/www"
It will display message as following:
i: fps.............: 15
i: resolution........: 640 x 480
i: camera parameters..............:

Sharpness 0, Contrast 0, Brightness 50
Saturation 0, ISO 400, Video Stabilisation No, Exposure compensation 0
Exposure Mode 'auto', AWB Mode 'auto', Image Effect 'none'
Metering Mode 'average', Colour Effect Enabled No with U = 128, V = 128
Rotation 0, hflip No, vflip No
o: www-folder-path...: /usr/local/www/
o: HTTP TCP port.....: 8080
o: username:password.: disabled
o: commands..........: enabled
i: Starting Camera

Test

View on your browser by URL:

http://{IP address}:8080

Reference

Raspberry Pi camera board video streaming

Monitor IP camera on PC by RTSP

2015-07-24T23:54:00.000+08:00

This test program is an extension of my previous test program (article "Use USB camera as barcode reader - image resolution is 1280 x 720"), I replace the USB communication interface by RTSP communication interface.

The RTSP communication implements live555 library, all my programming environment is done by VC++.

Except the capturing image from IP camera, some image processing (image filters - gray, noise, negative, contour, histogram) is done, and image analysis (OCR, optical character recognition) is tested, too.

Python - GPIO control on Pidora for Raspberry Pi Model B+

2015-07-07T11:16:00.003+08:00

Introduction

On the Raspberry Pi Model B+ board, there are many GPIO ports, here we make a simple test, and try to understand how to control GPIO ports by python?

Concept of hardware control

Generally, an IO port of an IC (e.g. MCU, ARM, GPU) could be have multiple functions. So, when we write a control program to control these IO ports, it can be in 3 steps:
1) Configure the hardware function
2) Execute the control function
3) Release the hardware function

Install RPi.GPIO package

There are many libraries(such as RPi.GPIO, WiringPi, or pigpio library) can do the GPIO control. At here, we are using RPi.GPIO library.

Usually, read or write GPIO, the user must be root.

Install packages:
# yum update
# yum install python-setuptools
# yum install python-pip
# easy_install pyerial <== serial communication package
# yum install python-devel
# pip install RPi.GPIO <== GPIO control package
# pip install cython
# reboot

Write a GPIO input/output control program

We write a simple test program to test the GPIO functions. We define functions:
GPIO12 (pin32) - output pin
GPIO13 (pin33) - input pin

Example code:
====================================================================
import time
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import kbhit # read keybard value, source code is at bottom

def InputEvent(channel):
     # got input event
     print "[INPUT] Got input event."

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # configure the GPIO hardware condition
    GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
    GPIO.setup(12, GPIO.OUT) # GPIO12, pin32, output control
    GPIO.setup(13, GPIO.IN, pull_up_down=GPIO.PUD_UP) # GPIO13, pin33, input control
    GPIO.add_event_detect(13, GPIO.FALLING, callback=InputEvent)

    kb = KBHit()

    bPin32On = False

    while True:
        # if the 'ESC' key is pressed, stop the while loop
        if kb.kbhit():
            c = kb.getch()
            if ord(c) == 27: # ESC
              break        # Set On/Off pin32
        print "[OUTPUT] Set output event."
        if bPin32On: # True
            GPIO.output(12,GPIO.HIGH)
        else: # False
            GPIO.output(12,GPIO.LOW)
        # switch signal
        bPin32On = not bPin32On
        time.sleep(2.0)

    kb.set_normal_term()

    # release the hardware configuration
    GPIO.cleanup()
====================================================================

Get the keyboard value

The KBHit class is used to monitor the non-blocking keyboard event.
Source code:
====================================================================
import os

# Windows
if os.name == 'nt':
    import msvcrt
# Posix (Linux, OS X)
else:
    import sys
    import termios
    import atexit
    from select import select

class KBHit:     def __init__(self):
    '''Creates a KBHit object that you can call to do various keyboard things.
    '''
    if os.name == 'nt':
      pass
    else:
        # Save the terminal settings
      self.fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
        self.new_term = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd)
      self.old_term = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd)
      # New terminal setting unbuffered
      self.new_term[3] = (self.new_term[3] & ~termios.ICANON & ~termios.ECHO)
        termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, self.new_term)
        # Support normal-terminal reset at exit
      atexit.register(self.set_normal_term)

    def set_normal_term(self):
      ''' Resets to normal terminal. On Windows this is a no-op.          '''
        if os.name == 'nt':
          pass
        else:
            termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, self.old_term)

    def set_curses_term(self):
      '''          switch to unbuffered terminal
        :return:
      '''
        if os.name == 'nt':
            pass
      else:
            termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, self.new_term)

    def putch(self, ch):
      if os.name == 'nt':
            msvcrt.putch(ch.encode('ascii', 'ignore'))
      else:
            sys.stdout.write(ch)

    def getch(self):
      ''' Returns a keyboard character after kbhit() has been called.
          Should not be called in the same program as getarrow().
        '''
      s = ''

        if os.name == 'nt':
            return msvcrt.getch().decode('utf-8')
      else:
            return sys.stdin.read(1)

    def getche(self):
        ch = self.getch()
      self.putch(ch)
        return ch

    def getarrow(self):
      ''' Returns an arrow-key code after kbhit() has been called. Codes are
      0 : up
      1 : right
      2 : down
        3 : left
      Should not be called in the same program as getch().
      '''

        if os.name == 'nt':
            msvcrt.getch() # skip 0xE0
          c = msvcrt.getch()
            vals = [72, 77, 80, 75]
      else:
            c = sys.stdin.read(3)[2]
            vals = [65, 67, 66, 68]

        return vals.index(ord(c.decode('utf-8')))

    def kbhit(self):
      ''' Returns True if keyboard character was hit, False otherwise.
      '''
      if os.name == 'nt':
            return msvcrt.kbhit()
      else:
            dr,dw,de = select([sys.stdin], [], [], 0)
      return dr != []
====================================================================

Conclusion

Python is a powerful programming tool, it can satisfy the most requirements of our daily tasks. If you want to get the high performance of a program, assember, C, or C++ would be the best choice.

Reference
RPi.GPIO
Python.org

Run Pidora on Raspberry Pi Model B+

2015-07-02T21:15:00.001+08:00

Inroduction

Pidora is a Fedora Remix optimized for the Raspberry Pi computer. So, it is a good candidate choice for implementation if you are familiar with Fedora.
Here, I present the installation steps of installing Pidora 20 on Raspberry Pi Model B+ board. All the preparing works are done on Fedora 20.

Download image file

http://pidora.ca/pidora/releases/20/images/Pidora-2014-R3.zip

Write image file to SD card

dd (convert and copy a file) is a command-line utility for Unix/Linux, I use dd to write Pidora-2014-R3.img file to SD card.

# unzip Pidora-2014-R3.zip (uncompress to Pidora-2014-R3.img)
# dd if=Pidora-2014-R3.img of=/dev/sdb bs=4M (The SD card is at /dev/sdb)

On Windows, you can write image file by Win32 Disk Image.

After the dd command has done, remove the SD card and plug into socket, again. It would be mounted at 2 path:
/run/media/{user}/BOOT
/run/media/{user}/rootfs

Extra works

The default running job is display X window on TV/Monitor via HDMI interface, and the default network is using dynamic IP address. If you want to run it on console mode with static IP address, there is some extra work that you should do.

# vi /run/media/{user}/BOOT/headless
IPADDR=192.168.1.19         # the static IP address
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.1.1
RESIZE         # extend the SD card size to its real size
SWAP=512

# vi /run/media/{user}/rootfs/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-Wired_connection_1
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=none
IPADDR0=192.168.1.19    # the static IP address
PREFIX0=24
GATEWAY0=192.168.1.1
DNS1=168.95.1.1
DNS2=168.95.192.1
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=yes
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
IPV6_PEERDNS=yes
IPV6_PEERROUTES=yes
IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
NAME="Wired connection 1"
UUID=b2df4348-a75e-4e80-ab3f-470154e1fc8c
ONBOOT=yes

Install/Update application packages

Some of my works is done by python with serial communication, therefore, I have to install some packages:

# yum update
# yum install python-setuptools
# yum install python-pip
# easy_install pyerial <== serial communication package
# yum install python-devel
# yum install libxml2 libxslt
# yum install libxslt-devel
# pip install RPi.GPIO <== GPIO control package
# pip install cython
# reboot

Conclusion

Except the write image to SD card process and disk partition policy is different from Fedora on PC, other works are same as you work on Fedora environment.

Reference

Pidroa official site
Win32 Disk Image

Use USB camera as barcode reader - image resolution is 1280 x 720

2013-12-10T17:34:00.001+08:00

This is a test, I use my USB camera (1280x720 pixels) to analyze barcode informaiton. It works!

This test program implements DirectShow filters, capture USB camera image by UVC(USB video class) interface.

Porting Android 4.0.1 on BeagleBoard Rev C3

2013-12-05T16:54:00.001+08:00

I try to port android 4.0.1 on BeagleBoard Rev C3, it works!
The video of system booting is on youtube:

I download the android source code from site: https://bitbucket.org/sola/android_manifest, here, Android 4.0 on BeagleBoard and Beagleboard-xM, is a good tutorial of building linux kernel, android, and root file system.

The BeagleBoard Rev C3 (CPU is OMAP3530 includes ARM Cortex A8).

The locked screen.

The apps list.

OS kernel version.

Sensory System by Zigbee and Embedded Linux

2013-10-21T08:53:00.001+08:00

This is a prototype of sensory system that it integrates sensor devices, embedded linux device, and zigbee wireless communication.

The application is portable, it can run on Windows, Linux, and embedded linux.

The sensor devices are light sensor and power meter. The development kits are TI ZNP mini kit and CC2530 module.

The embedded linux is running on RaspBerry Pi board, almost all the application functions could be run except the performance is poor.

Wizign Co., Ltd.

Email: sales@wizign.com

Capture Image Toolkit for UVC Camera

2012-11-28T22:48:00.000+08:00

    Develop an application to capture image from an UVC camera for Windows 7/XP is a complex processing steps.

    Base on DirectShow APIs, the major processes are:

Source Filter <--- camera="" p=""> |
V
Filters
|
V
Video Render Filter ---> Display

    For easily capturing image from a camera device, I have developed a toolkit to simplify the programming steps.

USB camera and image processing + image analysis

2012-11-04T14:27:00.002+08:00

The experience of developing an USB camera and the demo program is an exciting activities. Here I show that I have done for it.

After the decision of chipset solution, functions, and components size, I began to design the circuit schematics.

One of the components is the development board, all my development and test are done by this development board.

Finally, the finished USB camera.

After I had made the USB camera work, the next step is to develop a demo program. You can download it, CameraCaptureDemo.

Special functions for Wizign's USB camera: external/software triggering one shot mode capture.

The Image Data Flow on AV Server of TI DM36x

2012-04-04T00:32:00.002+08:00

The image data flow on AV Server of TI DM36x:

Radio Clock - Decode JP60 Radio for Japan

2009-07-13T16:46:00.002+08:00

Use MCU PIC16F877A + radio clock receiver module, the decoding process is coding by C language.

Some free software that you may considering

2009-02-21T00:04:00.003+08:00

If you are worried about business software license fee, you can considering software as following:
Development tools
    N e t B e a n s
    E c l i p s e
    J U n i t
    H t t p u n i t
    P M D
    V a l g r i n d
    F i n d B u g s
Database and mapping tools
    H i b e r n a t e
    S Q L i t e
    M y S Q L
    A p a c h e   D e r b y
    P o s t g r e S Q L
Kernel tools
    z l i b
    l i b p n g
    F F m p e g
    F r e e t y p e
Report and chart
    J F r e e C h a r t
    V e l o c i t y
    P e n t a h o   R e p o r t i n g
    J a s p e r R e p o r t s
Web 2.0
    P r o t o t y p e
    s c r i p t . a c u l o . u s
    D i r e c t   W e b   R e m o t i n g
    Y a h o o !   U s e r   I n t e r f a c e
    j Q u e r y

Reference:
In a Time of Less, Do More with Open Source: Top 25 Open Source Projects That Will Help Trim Development Budgets，December 15, 2008

TouchScreen driver has been done - porting Linux kernel 2.6.25 (Android version) to SAMSUNG S3C2440A

2008-12-10T10:21:00.001+08:00

About writing touch screen driver, this URL is a good reference:
[轉錄帥哥] Touch Screen Driver

The patch file of S3C2410 touch screen, download path:
s3c2410_touchscreen.patch

In patch file, modified files include:
arch/arm/plat-s3c24xx/devs.c
include/asm-arm/plat-s3c24xx/devs.h
arch/arm/mach-s3c2410/mach-h1940.c
drivers/input/touchscreen/Kconfig
drivers/input/touchscreen/Makefile
drivers/input/touchscreen/s3c2410_ts.c
include/asm-arm/arch-s3c2410/ts.h

then, modifies the following files,
arch/arm/mach-s3c2440/mach-smdk2440.c
arch/arm/plat-s3c24xx/devs.c
arch/arm/plat-s3c24xx/s3c244x.c

works are done.

Burn the recompiled kernel file to board, the booting message:

Starting kernel ...

Uncompressing Linux........................................................................................................... done, booting the kernel.
Linux version 2.6.25 (armdev@test.intra.wizign.com) (gcc version 4.1.2) #14 Tue Dec 9 15:23:52 CST 2008
CPU: ARM920T [41129200] revision 0 (ARMv4T), cr=c0007177
Machine: SBZ2440
Memory policy: ECC disabled, Data cache writeback
CPU S3C2440A (id 0x32440001)
S3C244X: core 399.651 MHz, memory 133.217 MHz, peripheral 66.608 MHz
S3C24XX Clocks, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
CLOCK: Slow mode (2.116 MHz), fast, MPLL on, UPLL on
CPU0: D VIVT write-back cache
CPU0: I cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets
CPU0: D cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets
Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 16256
Kernel command line: root=/dev/nfs rw noinitrd console=ttySAC0,115200 init=/linuxrc nfsroot=192.168.1.12:/vdisk/armdev_fs ip=192.168.1.30:192.168.1.12:192.168f
irq: clearing pending ext status 00000080
irq: clearing subpending status 00000003
irq: clearing subpending status 00000002
PID hash table entries: 256 (order: 8, 1024 bytes)
timer tcon=00500000, tcnt d8d2, tcfg 00000200,00000000, usec 0000170f
Console: colour dummy device 80x30
console [ttySAC0] enabled
Dentry cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
Memory: 64MB = 64MB total
Memory: 61184KB available (3044K code, 508K data, 144K init)
Mount-cache hash table entries: 512
CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok
net_namespace: 152 bytes
NET: Registered protocol family 16
S3C2410 Power Management, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
S3C2440: Initialising architecture
S3C2440: IRQ Support
S3C24XX DMA Driver, (c) 2003-2004,2006 Simtec Electronics
DMA channel 0 at c4800000, irq 33
DMA channel 1 at c4800040, irq 34
DMA channel 2 at c4800080, irq 35
DMA channel 3 at c48000c0, irq 36
S3C244X: Clock Support, DVS off
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
usbcore: registered new device driver usb
NET: Registered protocol family 2
IP route cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
TCP established hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 2048 bind 2048)
TCP reno registered
NetWinder Floating Point Emulator V0.97 (double precision)
JFFS2 version 2.2. (NAND) �© 2001-2006 Red Hat, Inc.
fuse init (API version 7.9)
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler anticipatory registered (default)
io scheduler deadline registered
io scheduler cfq registered
Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 30x40
fb0: s3c2410fb frame buffer device
lp: driver loaded but no devices found
ppdev: user-space parallel port driver
Serial: 8250/16550 driver $Revision: 1.90 $ 4 ports, IRQ sharing enabled
s3c2440-uart.0: s3c2410_serial0 at MMIO 0x50000000 (irq = 70) is a S3C2440
s3c2440-uart.1: s3c2410_serial1 at MMIO 0x50004000 (irq = 73) is a S3C2440
s3c2440-uart.2: s3c2410_serial2 at MMIO 0x50008000 (irq = 76) is a S3C2440
brd: module loaded
loop: module loaded
dm9000 Ethernet Driver, V1.30
eth0: dm9000 at c485e300,c4860304 IRQ 51 MAC: 08:00:3e:26:0a:5b (chip)
Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver
ide: Assuming 50MHz system bus speed for PIO modes; override with idebus=xx
BAST NOR-Flash Driver, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
S3C24XX NAND Driver, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
s3c2440-nand s3c2440-nand: Tacls=1, 7ns Twrph0=4 30ns, Twrph1=1 7ns
NAND device: Manufacturer ID: 0xec, Chip ID: 0x76 (Samsung NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit)
Scanning device for bad blocks
Creating 2 MTD partitions on "NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit":
0x00000000-0x00200000 : "Kernel"
0x00200000-0x04000000 : "root partition"
usbmon: debugfs is not available
s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: S3C24XX OHCI
s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: irq 42, io mem 0x49000000
usb usb1: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice
hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found
hub 1-0:1.0: 2 ports detected
mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
s3c2410 TouchScreen successfully loadedinput: s3c2410 TouchScreen as /class/input/input0
S3C24XX RTC, (c) 2004,2006 Simtec Electronics
s3c2440-i2c s3c2440-i2c: slave address 0x10
s3c2440-i2c s3c2440-i2c: bus frequency set to 378 KHz
s3c2440-i2c s3c2440-i2c: i2c-0: S3C I2C adapter
S3C2410 Watchdog Timer, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
s3c2410-wdt s3c2410-wdt: watchdog inactive, reset disabled, irq enabled
logger: created 64K log 'log_main'
logger: created 64K log 'log_events'
logger: created 64K log 'log_radio'
TCP cubic registered
NET: Registered protocol family 1
RPC: Registered udp transport module.
RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
drivers/rtc/hctosys.c: unable to open rtc device (rtc0)
eth0: link up, 100Mbps, full-duplex, lpa 0x45E1
IP-Config: Complete:
device=eth0, addr=192.168.1.30, mask=255.255.255.0, gw=192.168.1.1,
host=android, domain=, nis-domain=(none),
bootserver=192.168.1.12, rootserver=192.168.1.12, rootpath=
Looking up port of RPC 100003/2 on 192.168.1.12
Looking up port of RPC 100005/1 on 192.168.1.12
VFS: Mounted root (nfs filesystem).
Freeing init memory: 144K
--------mount /proc as proc
--------mount /sys as sysfs
--------mount /dev/shm as tmpfs
init started: BusyBox v1.12.1 (2008-11-25 00:32:40 CST)
starting pid 784, tty '': '/etc/rc.d/startup'
--------start mdev
--------mount tmpfs
OK
--------mount devpts
OK
Setting system clock: hwclock: can't open '/dev/misc/rtc': No such file or directory
FAIL
Setting hostname: OK
Cleaning up system: OK
Setting up interface lo: OK
Running start scripts.
Starting syslogd: syslogd: invalid number '80kb'
FAIL
Starting klogd: OK
Setting up interface eth0: OK
starting pid 805, tty '': '-/bin/login'
android login: root
Jan 1 00:00:18 login[805]: root login on 'console'
EMB#

Mounting File system - Porting Linux kernel 2.6.25 (Android version) to SAMSUNG S3C2440A

2008-11-26T15:11:00.002+08:00

Previous time, when linux kernel run at:

Freeing init memory: 140K

the system is halted, after some test, I find that it is the problem of cross-compiled gcc.

　　The ARM core of SAMSUNG S3C2440A is ARM920T, therefore, I rebuild the cross-compiled gcc of generic arm with little endian version, the problem has fixed.

The success process of booting linux:

Starting kernel ...

Uncompressing Linux........................................................................................................... done, booting the kernel.
Linux version 2.6.25 (armdev@test.intra.wizign.com) (gcc version 4.1.2) #3 Tue Nov 25 01:55:06 CST 2008
CPU: ARM920T [41129200] revision 0 (ARMv4T), cr=c0007177
Machine: SBZ2440
Memory policy: ECC disabled, Data cache writeback
CPU S3C2440A (id 0x32440001)
S3C244X: core 399.651 MHz, memory 133.217 MHz, peripheral 66.608 MHz
S3C24XX Clocks, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
CLOCK: Slow mode (2.116 MHz), fast, MPLL on, UPLL on
CPU0: D VIVT write-back cache
CPU0: I cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets
CPU0: D cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets
Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 16256
Kernel command line: root=/dev/nfs rw noinitrd console=ttySAC0,115200 init=/linuxrc nfsroot=192.168.1.12:/vdisk/armdev_fs ip=192.168.1.30:192.168.1.12:1
92.168.1.1:255.255.255.0:android:eth0:off
irq: clearing pending ext status 00000080
irq: clearing subpending status 00000003
irq: clearing subpending status 00000002
PID hash table entries: 256 (order: 8, 1024 bytes)
timer tcon=00500000, tcnt d8d2, tcfg 00000200,00000000, usec 0000170f
Console: colour dummy device 80x30
console [ttySAC0] enabled
Dentry cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
Memory: 64MB = 64MB total
Memory: 61184KB available (3040K code, 507K data, 140K init)
Mount-cache hash table entries: 512
CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok
net_namespace: 152 bytes
NET: Registered protocol family 16
S3C2410 Power Management, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
S3C2440: Initialising architecture
S3C2440: IRQ Support
S3C24XX DMA Driver, (c) 2003-2004,2006 Simtec Electronics
DMA channel 0 at c4800000, irq 33
DMA channel 1 at c4800040, irq 34
DMA channel 2 at c4800080, irq 35
DMA channel 3 at c48000c0, irq 36
S3C244X: Clock Support, DVS off
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
usbcore: registered new device driver usb
NET: Registered protocol family 2
IP route cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
TCP established hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 2048 bind 2048)
TCP reno registered
NetWinder Floating Point Emulator V0.97 (double precision)
JFFS2 version 2.2. (NAND) © 2001-2006 Red Hat, Inc.
fuse init (API version 7.9)
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler anticipatory registered (default)
io scheduler deadline registered
io scheduler cfq registered
Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 30x40
fb0: s3c2410fb frame buffer device
lp: driver loaded but no devices found
ppdev: user-space parallel port driver
Serial: 8250/16550 driver $Revision: 1.90 $ 4 ports, IRQ sharing enabled
s3c2440-uart.0: s3c2410_serial0 at MMIO 0x50000000 (irq = 70) is a S3C2440
s3c2440-uart.1: s3c2410_serial1 at MMIO 0x50004000 (irq = 73) is a S3C2440
s3c2440-uart.2: s3c2410_serial2 at MMIO 0x50008000 (irq = 76) is a S3C2440
brd: module loaded
loop: module loaded
dm9000 Ethernet Driver, V1.30
eth0: dm9000 at c485e300,c4860304 IRQ 51 MAC: 08:00:3e:26:0a:5b (chip)
Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver
ide: Assuming 50MHz system bus speed for PIO modes; override with idebus=xx
BAST NOR-Flash Driver, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
S3C24XX NAND Driver, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
s3c2440-nand s3c2440-nand: Tacls=1, 7ns Twrph0=4 30ns, Twrph1=1 7ns
NAND device: Manufacturer ID: 0xec, Chip ID: 0x76 (Samsung NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit)
Scanning device for bad blocks
Creating 2 MTD partitions on "NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit":
0x00000000-0x00200000 : "Kernel"
0x00200000-0x04000000 : "root partition"
usbmon: debugfs is not available
s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: S3C24XX OHCI
s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: irq 42, io mem 0x49000000
usb usb1: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice
hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found
hub 1-0:1.0: 2 ports detected
mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
S3C24XX RTC, (c) 2004,2006 Simtec Electronics
s3c2440-i2c s3c2440-i2c: slave address 0x10
s3c2440-i2c s3c2440-i2c: bus frequency set to 378 KHz
s3c2440-i2c s3c2440-i2c: i2c-0: S3C I2C adapter
S3C2410 Watchdog Timer, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
s3c2410-wdt s3c2410-wdt: watchdog inactive, reset disabled, irq enabled
logger: created 64K log 'log_main'
logger: created 64K log 'log_events'
logger: created 64K log 'log_radio'
TCP cubic registered
NET: Registered protocol family 1
RPC: Registered udp transport module.
RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
drivers/rtc/hctosys.c: unable to open rtc device (rtc0)
eth0: link up, 100Mbps, full-duplex, lpa 0x45E1
IP-Config: Complete:
device=eth0, addr=192.168.1.30, mask=255.255.255.0, gw=192.168.1.1,
host=android, domain=, nis-domain=(none),
bootserver=192.168.1.12, rootserver=192.168.1.12, rootpath=
Looking up port of RPC 100003/2 on 192.168.1.12
Looking up port of RPC 100005/1 on 192.168.1.12
VFS: Mounted root (nfs filesystem).
Freeing init memory: 140K
--------mount /proc as proc
--------mount /sys as sysfs
init started: BusyBox v1.12.1 (2008-11-25 00:32:40 CST)
starting pid 777, tty '': '/etc/rc.d/startup'
mkdir: cannot create directory '/dev/pts': File exists
mkdir: cannot create directory '/dev/shm': File exists
--------start mdev
--------mount tmpfs
OK
--------mount devpts
mount: mounting devpts on /dev/pts failed: No such file or directory
FAIL
Setting system clock: hwclock: can't open '/dev/misc/rtc': No such file or directory
FAIL
Setting hostname: OK
Cleaning up system: OK
Setting up interface lo: OK
Running start scripts.
Starting syslogd: syslogd: invalid number '80kb'
FAIL
Starting klogd: OK
Setting up interface eth0: OK
starting pid 800, tty '': '-/bin/login'
android login: root
ash: id -u: bad number
# uname -a
Linux android 2.6.25 #3 Tue Nov 25 01:55:06 CST 2008 armv4tl unknown
# hostname
android

Linux Notes

2008-11-23T10:26:00.003+08:00

Some notes about linux:

To install 2 OSs on a PC

Account management

Bash shell

Hard disk management

File system architecture

GCC

GDB

GNU make

Network management

Package management

Vim editor

Fedora GUI applications

Ubuntu GUI applications

Porting Linux kernel 2.6.25 (Android version) to SAMSUNG S3C2440A

2008-11-19T10:28:00.003+08:00

It is fun! Last time, I was porting android to TI Davinci DM355 failed.

This time, I am porting android to SAMSUNG S3C2440A, successfully.

Now, the kernel is bootable, my next step has works:

Mounting file system (Temporarily, I can ping to OS, it means that the OS has worked)
Tuning GUI and some hardware related driver
Porting android's OS environment and demo APs
Developing applications

Following list describes basic configuration in the build process; for tuning in detail, some hardware related configuration is a must step, the good references are as following:

linux-2.6.26内核移植到S3C2440平台
linux-2.6.25内核移植到S3C2440平台
移植内核2.6.24.4到S3C2440
《Linux系统移植》

A simple description of porting steps:

CPU is SAMSUNG S3C2440A
Linux kernel Android version 2.6.25.
Cross compiled GCC and build basic OS eviroment, please check this site:
Cross-Compiled Linux From Scratch - Embedded (Version SVN-0.0.1-20080109-arm).

() Busybox-1.12.1 - OS's working environment

cd ${ARMDEV}/build
tar -jxvf ${ARMDEV}/sources/busybox-1.12.1.tar.bz2
cd busybox-1.12.1
patch -Np1 -i ../busybox-1.12.1-fixes-1.patch
patch -Np1 -i ../busybox-1.12.1-iptunnel_headers-1.patch
make defconfig

BUSYBOX_OPTIONS="CONFIG_DMALLOC CONFIG_BUILD_AT_ONCE CONFIG_BUILD_LIBBUSYBOX
CONFIG_FEATURE_SH_IS_NONE CONFIG_LOCALE_SUPPORT CONFIG_TFTP CONFIG_FTPGET
CONFIG_FTPPUT CONFIG_IPCALC CONFIG_TFTP CONFIG_HUSH CONFIG_LASH
CONFIG_MSH CONFIG_INETD CONFIG_DPKG CONFIG_RPM2CPIO CONFIG_RPM
CONFIG_FOLD CONFIG_LOGNAME CONFIG_OD CONFIG_CRONTAB CONFIG_UUDECODE
CONFIG_UUENCODE CONFIG_SULOGIN CONFIG_DC CONFIG_DEBUG_YANK_SUSv2
CONFIG_DEBUG_INIT CONFIG_DEBUG_CROND_OPTION CONFIG_FEATURE_UDHCP_DEBUG
CONFIG_TASKSET CONFIG_CHATTR CONFIG_FSCK CONFIG_LSATTR CONFIG_CHPST
CONFIG_SETUIDGID CONFIG_ENVUIDGID CONFIG_ENVDIR CONFIG_SOFTLIMIT
CONFIG_FEATURE_2_4_MODULES"
for config in $BUSYBOX_OPTIONS; do
cp .config{,.orig}
sed -e "s:${config}=y:${config}=n:" .config.orig > .config
done
BUSYBOX_OPTIONS="CONFIG_FEATURE_SH_IS_ASH CONFIG_FEATURE_TRACEROUTE_VERBOSE CONFIG_FEATURE_TRACEROUTE_SOURCE_ROUTE"
for config in $BUSYBOX_OPTIONS; do
cp .config{,.orig}
sed -e "s:# ${config} is not set:${config}=y:" .config.orig > .config
done

make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE="${ARM_TARGET}-"
make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE="${ARM_TARGET}-" CONFIG_PREFIX="${ARMDEV}" install

cp examples/depmod.pl ${ARMDEV}/cross-tools/bin
chmod 755 ${ARMDEV}/cross-tools/bin/depmod.pl

() Ext2 - file system tool

cd ${ARMDEV}/build
tar -zxvf ${ARMDEV}/sources/e2fsprogs-1.39.tar.gz
cd e2fsprogs-1.39
mkdir -v build
cd build
CC="${CC} -Os" ../configure --build=${ARM_HOST} --host=${ARM_TARGET} --prefix=/usr --with-root-prefix="" --with-cc="${CC} -Os" --with-linker=${LD}
make
make DESTDIR=${ARMDEV} install
make DESTDIR=${ARMDEV} install-libs

() Iana-Etc-2.20 - network services and communication protocol

cd ${ARMDEV}/build
tar -jxvf ${ARMDEV}/sources/iana-etc-2.20.tar.bz2
cd iana-etc-2.20
make
make DESTDIR=${ARMDEV} install

() Zlib-1.2.3 0 - compress and uncompress program

cd ${ARMDEV}/build
tar -zxvf ${ARMDEV}/sources/zlib-1.2.3.tar.gz
cd zlib-1.2.3
patch -Np1 -i ${ARMDEV}/sources/zlib-1.2.3-DESTDIR-1.patch
cp configure{,.orig}
sed -e 's/-O3/-Os/g' configure.orig > configure

CC="${CC}" ./configure --prefix=/usr --shared
make
make DESTDIR=${ARMDEV} install
mv -v ${ARMDEV}/usr/lib/libz.so.* ${ARMDEV}/lib
ln -svf ../../lib/libz.so.1 ${ARMDEV}/usr/lib/libz.so

() Build password protection mechanics

echo "Create /etc/shadow file"
cat > ${ARMDEV}/etc/shadow << "EOF"
root:$1$BQY1.ACn$rvcsFmggQFH.jyCD/X/NV1:13553:0:99999:7:::
bin:x:13553:0:99999:7:::
daemon:x:13553:0:99999:7:::
adm:x:13553:0:99999:7:::
lp:x:13553:0:99999:7:::
mail:x:13553:0:99999:7:::
news:x:13553:0:99999:7:::
uucp:x:13553:0:99999:7:::
operator:x:13553:0:99999:7:::
postmaster:x:13553:0:99999:7:::
nobody:x:13553:0:99999:7:::
EOF

() cramfs-1.1 - tool for building file system

cd ${ARMDEV}/build
tar -zxvf ${ARMDEV}/sources/cramfs-1.1.tar.gz
cd cramfs-1.1
make

$ su
# cp mkcramfs /usr/bin
# cp cramfsck /usr/bin

() JFFS2 - manage file system of Flash memory

cd ${ARMDEV}/sources
cvs -d :pserver:anoncvs@cvs.infradead.org:/home/cvs login #password: anoncvs
cvs -d :pserver:anoncvs@cvs.infradead.org:/home/cvs co mtd
cd mtd/util/
make clean
make
cp mkfs.jffs /sbin
cp mkfs.jffs2 /sbin

() /etc/fstab

cat > ${ARMDEV}/etc/fstab << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/fstab

# Help information
# man 5 fstab

# file system mount-point type options dump fsck
# order

/dev/ram / ext2 defaults 1 1
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=4,mode=620 0 0
shm /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
none /proc/bus/usb usbdevfs defaults 0 0

# End /etc/fstab
EOF

() Linux-2.6.25 (android version)

cd ${ARMDEV}/build
tar -jxvf ${ARMDEV}/sources/linux-2.6.25-android-1.0_r1.tar.gz
mv kernel.git linux-android-2.6.25
cd linux-android-2.6.25
make mrproper

make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=${ARM_TARGET}- s3c2410_defconfig
make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=${ARM_TARGET}- gconfig

The following configuration is only for my evaluation board, just for reference.
Device Drivers
Block Devices BLK_DEV
RAM block device support BLK_DEV_RAM
(2) Default number of RAM disks BLK_DEV_RAM_COUNT
(41984) Default RAM disk size (kbytes) BLK_DEV_RAM_SIZE
(1024) Default RAM disk block size (bytes) BLK_DEV_RAM_BLOCKSIZE

File systems
Kernel automounter support AUTOFS_FS
kernel automounter version 4 support AUTOFS4_FS
Filesystem in Userspace support FUSE_FS
Pseudo filesystems
/dev/ file system support DEVFS_FS
Virtual memory file system support (former shm fs) TMPFS
Userspace-driven configuration filesystem CONFIGFS_FS
Miscellaneous filesystems
YAFFS2 file system support YAFFS_FS
512 byte / page devices YAFFS_YAFFS1
2048 byte / page devices YAFFS_YAFFS2
Network File Systems NETWORK_FILESYSTEMS
NFS file system support NFS_FS
Provide NFSv3 client support NFS_V3
Root file system on NFS ROOT_NFS
Journalling Flash File System v2 (JFFS2) support JFFS2_FS
JFFS2 debugging verbosity (0 = quiet, 2 = noisy) JFFS2_FS_DEBUG
JFFS2 write-buffering support JFFS2_FS_WRITEBUFFER
Advanced compression options for JFFS2 JFFS2_COMPRESSION_OPTIONS
JFFS2 ZLIB compression support JFFS2_ZLIB
JFFS2 RTIME compression support JFFS2_RTIME
JFFS2 RUBIN compression support JFFS2_RUBIN

Boot options
Default kernel command string CMDLINE {command}
{command}
root=/dev/hda1 rw rootfstype=cramfs noinitrd init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200 mem=64M

() /linuxrc

cd ${ARMDEV}
mv linuxrc linuxrc.busybox
cat > ${ARMDEV}/linuxrc << "EOF"
#!/bin/sh

echo "mount /etc as ramfs"
/bin/mount -n -t ramfs ramfs /etc
/bin/cp -a /mnt/etc/* /etc

# re-create the /etc/mtab entries
echo "re-create the /etc/mtab entries"
/bin/mount -f -t cramfs -o remount,ro /dev/mtdblock1 /

# mount some file system
echo "--------munt /dev/shm as tmpfs"
/bin/mount -n -t tmpfs tmpfs /dev/shm

# mount /proc as proc file system
echo "--------mount /proc as proc"
/bin/mount -n -t proc none /proc

# mount /sys as sysfs file system
echo "--------mount /sys as sysfs
/bin/mount -n -t sysfs none /sys

#input command to LCD
#sh < /dev/ttyS0

exec /sbin/init
EOF

chmod 775 ${ARMDEV}/linuxrc

() /etc/inetd.conf

cat > ${ARMDEV}/etc/inetd.conf << "EOF"
#
telnet stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/telnetd
EOF

() CLFS-Bootscripts-1.0-pre4

cd ${ARMDEV}/build
tar -jxvf ${ARMDEV}/sources/clfs-embedded-bootscripts-1.0-pre4.tar.bz2
cd clfs-embedded-bootscripts
make DESTDIR=${ARMDEV} install

() /etc/mdev.conf

cat > ${ARMDEV}/etc/mdev.conf << "EOF"
# /etc/mdev/conf
SLEEP=10

# Symlinks:
# Syntax: %s -> %s

MAKEDEV -> ../sbin/MAKEDEV
/proc/core -> kcore
fd -> /proc/self/fd
mcdx -> mcdx0
radio -> radio0
ram -> ram1
sbpcd -> sbpcd0
sr0 -> scd0
sr1 -> scd1
sr10 -> scd10
sr11 -> scd11
sr12 -> scd12
sr13 -> scd13
sr14 -> scd14
sr15 -> scd15
sr16 -> scd16
sr2 -> scd2
sr3 -> scd3
sr4 -> scd4
sr5 -> scd5
sr6 -> scd6
sr7 -> scd7
sr8 -> scd8
sr9 -> scd9
stderr -> fd/2
stdin -> fd/0
stdout -> fd/1

# Remove these devices, if using a headless system
# You will see an error mdev: Bad line 35
vbi -> vbi0
vcs -> vcs0
vcsa -> vcsa0
video -> video0
# Stop Remove for headless system

# Devices:
# Syntax: %s %d:%d %s
# devices user:group mode

null 0:0 777
zero 0:0 666

urandom 0:0 444

console 0:5 0600
fd0 0:11 0660
hdc 0:6 0660
kmem 0:9 000
mem 0:9 0640
port 0:9 0640
ptmx 0:5 0660

sda* 0:6 0660
sdb* 0:6 0660
hda* 0:6 0660
hdb* 0:6 0660

tty 0:5 0660
tty0* 0:5 0660
tty1* 0:5 0660
tty2* 0:5 0660
tty3* 0:5 0660
tty4* 0:5 0660
tty5* 0:5 0660
tty6* 0:5 0660

ttyS* 0:20 640
EOF

() /etc/profile

cat > ${ARMDEV}/etc/profile << "EOF"
# /etc/profile

# Set the initial path
export PATH=/bin:/usr/bin

if [ 'id -u' -eq 0 ] ; then
PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin
unset HISTFILE
fi

# Setup some environment variables.
export USER='id -un'
export LOGNAME=$USER
export HOSTNAME='/bin/hostname'
export HISTSIZE=1000
export HISTFILESIZE=1000
export PAGER='/bin/more '
export EDITOR='/bin/vi'
export INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc

# End /etc/profile
EOF

() Creating the /etc/inputrc File

cat > ${ARMDEV}/etc/inputrc << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/inputrc
# Modified by Chris Lynn

# Allow the command prompt to wrap to the next line
set horizontal-scroll-mode Off

# Enable 8bit input
set meta-flag On
set input-meta On

# Turns off 8th bit stripping
set convert-meta Off

# Keep the 8th bit for display
set output-meta On

# none, visible or audible
set bell-style none

# All of the following map the escape sequence of the
# value contained inside the 1st argument to the
# readline specific functions

"\eOd": backward-word
"\eOc": forward-word

# for linux console
"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
"\e[4~": end-of-line
"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
"\e[6~": end-of-history
"\e[3~": delete-char
"\e[2~": quoted-insert

# for xterm
"\eOH": beginning-of-line
"\eOF": end-of-line

# for Konsole
"\e[H": beginning-of-line
"\e[F": end-of-line

# End /etc/inputrc
EOF

() /etc/inittab

cat > ${ARMDEV}/etc/inittab << "EOF"
# /etc/inittab

::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/startup

::respawn:/usr/sbin/telnetd

tty1::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty1
tty2::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty2
tty3::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty3
tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
tty6::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6

# Put a getty on the serial line (for a terminal)
# uncomment this line if your using a serial console
#::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 115200 vt100
::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttySAC0 115200 vt100
#T0:12345:respawn:/sbin/getty -n -l /usr/local/sbin/autologin -L /dev/tts/1 115200 vt100

::shutdown:/etc/rc.d/shutdown
::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot
EOF

() Setting Hostname

echo "android" > ${ARMDEV}/etc/HOSTNAME

() /etc/hosts File

Has network card

cat > ${ARMDEV}/etc/hosts << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/hosts (network card version)

127.0.0.1 localhost
192.168.1.30 android.wizign.com android

# End /etc/hosts (network card version)
EOF

Without network card

cat > ${ARMDEV}/etc/hosts << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/hosts (no network card version)

127.0.0.1 dpf-dev.wizign.com dpf-dev localhost

# End /etc/hosts (no network card version)
EOF

() Configuring the network Script

cat > ${ARMDEV}/etc/network.conf << "EOF"
# /etc/network.conf
# Global Networking Configuration
# interface configuration is in /etc/network.d/

# set to yes to enable networking
NETWORKING=yes

# set to yes to set default route to gateway
USE_GATEWAY=no

# set to gateway IP address
GATEWAY=192.168.1.1
EOF

() creates a sample interface.eth0 file for the eth0 device:

mkdir ${ARMDEV}/etc/network.d &&
cat > ${ARMDEV}/etc/network.d/interface.eth0 << "EOF"
# Network Interface Configuration

# network device name
INTERFACE=eth0

# set to yes to use DHCP instead of the settings below
DHCP=no

# IP address
IPADDRESS=192.168.1.30

# netmask
NETMASK=255.255.255.0

# broadcast address
BROADCAST=192.168.1.255
EOF

() Creating the ${ARMDEV}/etc/resolv.conf File

cat > ${ARMDEV}/etc/resolv.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/resolv.conf

domain wizign.com
nameserver 168.95.1.1
nameserver 168.95.192.1

# End /etc/resolv.conf
EOF

() Copy the clean OS system, preparing to port on the evaluation board

su -

if [ ! -d /mnt/armdev_fs ]; then
mkdir /mnt/armdev_fs
fi
mount --bind /vdisk/armdev_fs /mnt/armdev_fs

export ARMDEV="/mnt/armdev"
export ARMDEV_FS="/mnt/armdev_fs"

for dir in $(ls "${ARMDEV}"); do
if [ "$dir" == 'sources' ]; then
echo "Skip $dir"
elif [ "$dir" == 'build' ]; then
echo "Skip $dir"
elif [ "$dir" == 'cross-tools' ]; then
echo "Skip $dir"
else
cp -avr ""${ARMDEV}"/$dir" "${ARMDEV_FS}/."
fi
done

rm -rfv ${ARMDEV_FS}/usr/src/*
rm -rfv ${ARMDEV_FS}/usr/include
rm -rfv ${ARMDEV_FS}/usr/man
rm -rfv ${ARMDEV_FS}/usr/share/man

FILES="'ls ${ARMDEV_FS}/lib/*.a ${ARMDEV_FS}/usr/lib/*.a'"
for file in $FILES; do
rm -fv $file
done

chown -Rv root:root ${ARMDEV_FS}
chgrp -v utmp ${ARMDEV_FS}/var/run/utmp ${ARMDEV_FS}/var/log/lastlog
mknod -m 0666 ${ARMDEV_FS}/dev/null c 1 3
mknod -m 0600 ${ARMDEV_FS}/dev/console c 5 1

If using cramfs
mkcramfs ${ARMDEV_FS} /mnt/rootfs.cramfs
cp /mnt/rootfs.cramfs /var/lib/tftpboot/ramdisk-android-2.6.25.cramfs

If using jffs2
mkfs.jffs2 -d ${ARMDEV_FS} -p -s 0x200 -e 0x4000 -n -l -U -o ramdisk.jffs2
cp /mnt/ramdisk.jffs2 /var/lib/tftpboot/ramdisk-android-2.6.25.jffs2

() This shell script is used to build RAM disk

cat > /mnt/mkramdisk.sh << "EOF"
#! /bin/bash

# Remove files
echo "remove files"
rm -f ramdisk.img.gz
rm -f ramdisk32.img
rm -f ramdisk.img
rm -fr ramdisk

# Create ramdisk32
echo "create ramdisk32"
cd /mnt
dd if=/dev/zero of=ramdisk32.img bs=1024 count=40960
mke2fs -F -vm0 ramdisk32.img
mkdir ramdisk
mount -o loop ramdisk32.img ramdisk
cd ramdisk/
cp -arv ${ARMDEV_FS}/* .
cd ..
umount ramdisk

# Make ram disk image
echo "make ram disk image"
cp ramdisk32.img ramdisk.img
gzip ramdisk.img
./mkimage -A arm -O linux -T ramdisk -C gzip -a 30080000 -e 30080000 -d ramdisk.img.gz -n 'SBZ2440 Ramdisk' ram.img

# copy files
echo "Copy RAM disk file"
cp ram.img /var/lib/tftpboot/ramdisk-android-2.6.25.s
echo "Copy uImage file"
cp ${ARMDEV}/build/linux-android-2.6.25/arch/arm/boot/uImage /var/lib/tftpboot/uImage-android-s3c2440
EOF

() The booting processes is as following:

Starting kernel ...

Uncompressing Linux........................................................................................................... done, booting the kerne.
Linux version 2.6.25 (armdev@test.intra.wizign.com) (gcc version 4.1.2) #54 Wed Nov 19 09:19:00 CST 2008
CPU: ARM920T [41129200] revision 0 (ARMv4T), cr=c0007177
Machine: SBZ2440
Memory policy: ECC disabled, Data cache writeback
CPU S3C2440A (id 0x32440001)
S3C244X: core 399.651 MHz, memory 133.217 MHz, peripheral 66.608 MHz
S3C24XX Clocks, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
CLOCK: Slow mode (2.116 MHz), fast, MPLL on, UPLL on
CPU0: D VIVT write-back cache
CPU0: I cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets
CPU0: D cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets
Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 16256
Kernel command line: root=/dev/nfs rw noinitrd console=ttySAC0,115200 init=/linuxrc nfsroot=192.168.1.12:/vdisk/armdev_fs ip=192.168.1.30:192.168.1.12f
irq: clearing pending ext status 00000080
irq: clearing subpending status 00000003
irq: clearing subpending status 00000002
PID hash table entries: 256 (order: 8, 1024 bytes)
timer tcon=00500000, tcnt d8d2, tcfg 00000200,00000000, usec 0000170f
Console: colour dummy device 80x30
console [ttySAC0] enabled
Dentry cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
Memory: 64MB = 64MB total
Memory: 61184KB available (3040K code, 507K data, 144K init)
Mount-cache hash table entries: 512
CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok
net_namespace: 152 bytes
NET: Registered protocol family 16
S3C2410 Power Management, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
S3C2440: Initialising architecture
S3C2440: IRQ Support
S3C24XX DMA Driver, (c) 2003-2004,2006 Simtec Electronics
DMA channel 0 at c4800000, irq 33
DMA channel 1 at c4800040, irq 34
DMA channel 2 at c4800080, irq 35
DMA channel 3 at c48000c0, irq 36
S3C244X: Clock Support, DVS off
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
usbcore: registered new device driver usb
NET: Registered protocol family 2
IP route cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
TCP established hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 2048 bind 2048)
TCP reno registered
NetWinder Floating Point Emulator V0.97 (double precision)
JFFS2 version 2.2. (NAND) �© 2001-2006 Red Hat, Inc.
fuse init (API version 7.9)
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler anticipatory registered (default)
io scheduler deadline registered
io scheduler cfq registered
Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 30x40
fb0: s3c2410fb frame buffer device
lp: driver loaded but no devices found
ppdev: user-space parallel port driver
Serial: 8250/16550 driver $Revision: 1.90 $ 4 ports, IRQ sharing enabled
s3c2440-uart.0: s3c2410_serial0 at MMIO 0x50000000 (irq = 70) is a S3C2440
s3c2440-uart.1: s3c2410_serial1 at MMIO 0x50004000 (irq = 73) is a S3C2440
s3c2440-uart.2: s3c2410_serial2 at MMIO 0x50008000 (irq = 76) is a S3C2440
brd: module loaded
loop: module loaded
dm9000 Ethernet Driver, V1.30
eth0: dm9000 at c485e300,c4860304 IRQ 51 MAC: 08:00:3e:26:0a:5b (chip)
Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver
ide: Assuming 50MHz system bus speed for PIO modes; override with idebus=xx
BAST NOR-Flash Driver, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
S3C24XX NAND Driver, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
s3c2440-nand s3c2440-nand: Tacls=3, 22ns Twrph0=8 60ns, Twrph1=3 22ns
NAND device: Manufacturer ID: 0xec, Chip ID: 0x76 (Samsung NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit)
Scanning device for bad blocks
Creating 2 MTD partitions on "NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit":
0x00000000-0x00200000 : "Kernel"
0x00200000-0x04000000 : "root partition"
usbmon: debugfs is not available
s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: S3C24XX OHCI
s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: irq 42, io mem 0x49000000
usb usb1: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice
hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found
hub 1-0:1.0: 2 ports detected
mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
S3C24XX RTC, (c) 2004,2006 Simtec Electronics
s3c2440-i2c s3c2440-i2c: slave address 0x10
s3c2440-i2c s3c2440-i2c: bus frequency set to 378 KHz
s3c2440-i2c s3c2440-i2c: i2c-0: S3C I2C adapter
S3C2410 Watchdog Timer, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
s3c2410-wdt s3c2410-wdt: watchdog inactive, reset disabled, irq enabled
logger: created 64K log 'log_main'
logger: created 64K log 'log_events'
logger: created 64K log 'log_radio'
TCP cubic registered
NET: Registered protocol family 1
RPC: Registered udp transport module.
RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
drivers/rtc/hctosys.c: unable to open rtc device (rtc0)
eth0: link up, 100Mbps, full-duplex, lpa 0x45E1
IP-Config: Complete:
device=eth0, addr=192.168.1.30, mask=255.255.255.0, gw=192.168.1.1,
host=Android, domain=, nis-domain=(none),
bootserver=192.168.1.12, rootserver=192.168.1.12, rootpath=
prepare_namespace() - start
mount_root()
Looking up port of RPC 100003/2 on 192.168.1.12
Looking up port of RPC 100005/1 on 192.168.1.12
VFS: Mounted root (nfs filesystem).
prepare_namespace() - end
Freeing init memory: 144K

() Use ping to test that the system is booted

$ ping 192.168.1.30
PING 192.168.1.30 (192.168.1.30) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.1.30: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.417 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.30: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.384 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.30: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.381 ms

Source code editor - kscope

2008-11-15T00:32:00.000+08:00

If you are not customized the emacs editor style, maybe the kscope editor is a good choice to edit source code.
KScope is a source code editor, implementing Cscope, on KDE environment.

Let's doing a simple editing steps:

Open project:

Add the related source code on the list (select tree button):

Open the target source code file:

Search the definition position of function:

Use relational chart to display target function and other functions,

To install kscope:

Fedora Core 9:

# yum install kscope

Ubuntu 8.10:

# apt-get install kscope

Source code editor - emacs + ecb

2008-11-15T00:14:00.000+08:00

To browse, search, and edit the source code of linux kernel, the general editors is not a good tool. One of the best way is using emacs + ECB(Emacs Code Browse)

To use ECB, it supports following functional windows:

Directory tree window
Source code file list window
Display current opened file's functions, classes, method, and ....etc.
The history opened files window
Some convenient editing functions

To start the editing mode, after run emacs, presses {Alt+X} keys, keying ecb-activate{Enter}, now, you are preparing to edit source code file, the display window is as the showing picture.

To install emacs and ecb:

Fedora Core 9:

# yum install emacs ecb

Ubuntu 8.10:

# apt-get install emacs ecb
or
# apt-get install emacs22 ecb

If you want to install emacs for MS Windows, go to emacs,s web site. Then read some configuration from ecb web site.

Unfinished task - porting android linux-2.6.23 to TI Davinci DM355

2008-11-05T09:52:00.000+08:00

This is an unfinished task, I post it for sharing my experience of encountered problems while I am porting linux kernel to a new hardware device.

Target device is TMS320DM355 DVEVM.
The linux kernel is android version 2.6.23.
Cross compiled GCC is built by myself, the study source is Cross-Compiled Linux From Scratch - Embedded (Version SVN-0.0.1-20080109-arm).

A good reference document about porting linux kernel is "Porting the Linux Kernel to a New ARM Platform", Wookey and Tak-Shing, Aleph One

The last encountered problem is that the kernel can not boot from DVEVM board, the display information is as following:

2048 MiB
In: serial
Out: serial
Err: serial
ARM Clock :- 216MHz
DDR Clock :- 171MHz
Hit any key to stop autoboot: 0
BOOTP broadcast 1
DHCP client bound to address 192.168.1.101
TFTP from server 192.168.1.12; our IP address is 192.168.1.101
Filename 'uImage-android'.
Load address: 0x80700000
Loading: #################################################################
#################################################################
#################################################################
#################################################################
#################################################################
####################
done
Bytes transferred = 1764160 (1aeb40 hex)
## Booting image at 80700000 ...
Image Name: Linux-2.6.23
Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
Data Size: 1764096 Bytes = 1.7 MB
Load Address: 80008000
Entry Point: 80008000
Verifying Checksum ... OK
OK

Starting kernel ...

Uncompressing Linux.................................................................................................................. done, booting the kernel.

After my basic analysis, it seems that it is related to the process of enabling the MMU, the dependent file is arch/arm/kernel/head.S; other possible files are arch/arm/mm/proc-arm926.S and arch/arm/mach-davinci/board-evm.c.

The most files that I have modified are listed as following:

arch/arm/tools/mach-types
arch/arm/Kconfig
arch/arm/Makefile
arch/arm/kernel/head.S
arch/arm/kernel/head-common.S
arch/arm/kernel/debug.S
arch/arm/mm/Kconfig
arch/arm/mach-davinci/Kconfig
arch/arm/mach-davinci/Makefile
arch/arm/mach-davinci/io.c
arch/arm/mach-davinci/irq.c
arch/arm/mach-davinci/time.c
arch/arm/mach-davinci/clock.c
arch/arm/mach-davinci/serial.c
arch/arm/mach-davinci/gpio.c
arch/arm/mach-davinci/psc.c
arch/arm/mach-davinci/board-evm.c
include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/
include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/gpio.h
include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/io.h
include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/dma.h
include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/memory.h
include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/system.h
include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/timex.h
include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/hardware.h
include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/cpu.h
include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/uncompress.h
include/asm-arm/mach/arch.h
include/asm-arm/setup.h
include/asm-arm/procinfo.h

The following context describes the modified source code in each files:

### arch/arm/tools/mach-types ###

# machine_is_xxx CONFIG_xxxx MACH_TYPE_xxx number
#
anakin ARCH_ANAKIN ANAKIN 57
davinci_dm355_evm MACH_DAVINCI_DM355_EVM DAVINCI_DM355_EVM 1381

### arch/arm/Kconfig ###

config LEDS

depends on ARCH_CDB89712 || ARCH_CO285 || ARCH_EBSA110 || \
ARCH_EBSA285 || ARCH_IMX || ARCH_INTEGRATOR || \
ARCH_LUBBOCK || MACH_MAINSTONE || ARCH_NETWINDER || \
ARCH_OMAP || ARCH_P720T || ARCH_PXA_IDP || \
ARCH_SA1100 || ARCH_SHARK || ARCH_VERSATILE || \
ARCH_AT91 || MACH_TRIZEPS4 || ARCH_DAVINCI || \
ARCH_KS8695 || MACH_DAVINCI_EVM

config LEDS_TIMER

bool "Timer LED" if (!ARCH_CDB89712 && !ARCH_OMAP) || \
OMAP_OSK_MISTRAL || MACH_OMAP_H2 \
|| MACH_OMAP_PERSEUS2 || MACH_DAVINCI_EVM
depends on LEDS || MACH_DAVINCI_EVM

if PCMCIA || ARCH_CLPS7500 || ARCH_IOP32X || ARCH_IOP33X || ARCH_IXP4XX \
|| ARCH_L7200 || ARCH_LH7A40X || ARCH_PXA || ARCH_RPC \
|| ARCH_S3C2410 || ARCH_SA1100 || ARCH_SHARK || FOOTBRIDGE \
|| ARCH_IXP23XX || ARCH_DAVINCI
source "drivers/ide/Kconfig"
endif

### arch/arm/Makefile ###

CPPFLAGS_vmlinux.lds = -DTEXT_OFFSET=$(TEXT_OFFSET)

machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_DAVINCI) := davinci

#Default value
head-y := arch/arm/kernel/head$(MMUEXT).o arch/arm/kernel/init_task.o
textofs-y := 0x00008000

### arch/arm/kernel/head.S ###

/* line 81~93 */

.type stext, %function
ENTRY(stext)
msr cpsr_c, #PSR_F_BIT | PSR_I_BIT | SVC_MODE @ ensure svc mode
@ and irqs disabled
mrc p15, 0, r9, c0, c0 @ get processor id
bl __lookup_processor_type @ r5=procinfo r9=cpuid
movs r10, r5 @ invalid processor (r5=0)?
beq __error_p @ yes, error 'p'
bl __lookup_machine_type @ r5=machinfo
movs r8, r5 @ invalid machine (r5=0)?
beq __error_a @ yes, error 'a'
bl __vet_atags
bl __create_page_tables

# comment
__vet_atags:arch/arm/kernel/head-common.S
__create_page_tables

### arch/arm/kernel/head-common.S ###

/* line 80~114 */

.type __error_a, %function
__error_a:
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_LL
mov r4, r1 @ preserve machine ID
adr r0, str_a1
bl printascii
mov r0, r4
bl printhex8
adr r0, str_a2
bl printascii
adr r3, 3f
ldmia r3, {r4, r5, r6} @ get machine desc list
sub r4, r3, r4 @ get offset between virt&phys
add r5, r5, r4 @ convert virt addresses to
add r6, r6, r4 @ physical address space
1: ldr r0, [r5, #MACHINFO_TYPE] @ get machine type
bl printhex8
mov r0, #'\t'
bl printch
ldr r0, [r5, #MACHINFO_NAME] @ get machine name
add r0, r0, r4
bl printascii
mov r0, #'\n'
bl printch
add r5, r5, #SIZEOF_MACHINE_DESC @ next machine_desc
cmp r5, r6
blo 1b
adr r0, str_a3
bl printascii
b __error
str_a1: .asciz "\nError: unrecognized/unsupported machine ID (r1 = 0x"
str_a2: .asciz ").\n\nAvailable machine support:\n\nID (hex)\tNAME\n"
str_a3: .asciz "\nPlease check your kernel config and/or bootloader.\n"
.align
#endif

### arch/arm/kernel/debug.S ###

Debug Serial Output
addruart, rx - Provide UART address in \rx
senduart rd, rx - Send character in \rd (@ address \rx)
busyuart rd, rx - Wait until UART is done sending
waituart rd, rx - Wait for Clear to Send

### arch/arm/mm/Kconfig ###

# ARM926T
config CPU_ARM926T
bool "Support ARM926T processor"
depends on ARCH_GOLDFISH || ARCH_INTEGRATOR || ARCH_VERSATILE_PB || MACH_VERSATILE_AB || ARCH_OMAP730 || ARCH_OMAP16XX || MACH_REALVIEW_EB || ARCH_PNX4008 || ARCH_NETX || CPU_S3C2412 || ARCH_AT91SAM9260 || ARCH_AT91SAM9261 || ARCH_AT91SAM9263 || ARCH_AT91SAM9RL || ARCH_NS9XXX || ARCH_DAVINCI
default y if ARCH_VERSATILE_PB || MACH_VERSATILE_AB || ARCH_OMAP730 || ARCH_OMAP16XX || ARCH_PNX4008 || ARCH_NETX || CPU_S3C2412 || ARCH_AT91SAM9260 || ARCH_AT91SAM9261 || ARCH_AT91SAM9263 || ARCH_AT91SAM9RL || ARCH_NS9XXX || ARCH_DAVINCI
select CPU_32v5
select CPU_ABRT_EV5TJ
select CPU_CACHE_VIVT
select CPU_CP15_MMU
select CPU_COPY_V4WB if MMU
select CPU_TLB_V4WBI if MMU
select ARM_THUMB
help
This is a variant of the ARM920. It has slightly different
instruction sequences for cache and TLB operations. Curiously,
there is no documentation on it at the ARM corporate website.

Say Y if you want support for the ARM926T processor.
Otherwise, say N.

### arch/arm/mach-davinci/Kconfig ###

config ARCH_DAVINCI355
default n
bool "DaVinci DM355 based system"

comment "DaVinci Board Type"

config MACH_DAVINCI_EVM
bool "TI DaVinci EVM"
default y
depends on ARCH_DAVINCI644x
help
Configure this option to specify the whether the board used
for development is a DaVinci EVM

config MACH_DAVINCI_DM355_EVM
bool "TI DM355 EVM"
default n
depends on ARCH_DAVINCI355
help
Configure this option to specify the whether the board used
for development is a DM355 EVM

config DAVINCI_I2C_EXPANDER
bool "TI DaVinci I2C Expander"
default y
depends on ARCH_DAVINCI644x
select I2C_DAVINCI
help
Configure this option to specify whether the board used
has I2C exapnder with ATA, USB, CF.

config DAVINCI_MCBSP
bool
prompt "DaVinci McBSP Driver" if SOUND_DAVINCI=n
depends on ARCH_DAVINCI
default SOUND_DAVINCI
---help---
DaVinci McBSP driver. Auto-enabled by DaVinci sound driver.

comment "DaVinci Options"

config DAVINCI_BLK_DEV_CF
bool "TI DaVinci CF Card Support"
default Y
depends on BLK_DEV_DAVINCI
help
Configure this option to enable CF Card support.

config DM355_NAND_256KB_BLOCKS
bool "NAND chip installed on DM355 EVM has 256KB blocks"
default y
depends on MACH_DAVINCI_DM355_EVM
help
The boot firmware on the DM355 EVM assumes a default partition map
for NAND flash based on erase block offsets. Thus, the partition map
varies based on the size of the erase blocks in the particular NAND
flash component installed on the board. Answer Y here if the NAND
chip (e.g a 16 Gigabit Micron MT29F16G08QAA) installed on your board
has 256KB blocks. Answer N here if the NAND chip (e.g. a 4 Gigabit
Micron MT29F4G08AAA) installed on your board has 128KB blocks.

choice
prompt "Low-level debug console UART"
default DAVINCI_LL_DEBUG_UART0

config DAVINCI_LL_DEBUG_UART0
bool "UART0"

config DAVINCI_LL_DEBUG_UART1
bool "UART1"

endchoice

config DM355_SPI
bool "TI DM355 SPI device"
default y
help
Configure this option to specify whether the board used
has SPI device.

### arch/arm/mach-davinci/Makefile ###

# Common objects
obj-y := time.o irq.o clock.o serial.o io.o id.o psc.o gpio.o mux.o

# Board specific
# obj-$(CONFIG_MACH_DAVINCI_EVM) += board-evm.o
obj-$(CONFIG_MACH_DAVINCI_DM355_EVM) += board-evm.o

### arch/arm/mach-davinci/io.c ###

static struct map_desc davinci_io_desc[] __initdata = {
{
.virtual = IO_VIRT,
.pfn = __phys_to_pfn(IO_PHYS),
.length = IO_SIZE,
.type = MT_DEVICE
},
{
.virtual = DAVINCI_IRAM_VIRT,
.pfn = __phys_to_pfn(DAVINCI_IRAM_BASE),
.length = SZ_16K,
.type = MT_DEVICE
},
};

void __init davinci_map_common_io(void)
{
...

davinci_clk_init();
}

### arch/arm/mach-davinci/irq.c ###

### arch/arm/mach-davinci/time.c ###

### arch/arm/mach-davinci/clock.c ###

#include

int __init davinci_clk_init(void)
{
...

if (cpu_is_davinci_dm355()) {
/*
* FIXME
* We're assuming a 24MHz reference, but the DM355 also
* supports a 36MHz reference.
*/
unsigned long postdiv;

/*
* Read the PLL1 POSTDIV register to determine if the post
* divider is /1 or /2
*/
postdiv = (davinci_readl(DAVINCI_PLL_CNTRL0_BASE + 0x128) & 0x1f) + 1;

fixedrate = 24000000;
armrate = (PLL1_PLLM + 1)*(fixedrate/(16*postdiv));
commonrate = armrate/2;
} else {
...
}
...

}

### arch/arm/mach-davinci/serial.c ###

void __init davinci_serial_init(struct platform_device *pdev)
{
struct clk *uart_clk;
struct device *dev = &pdev->dev;
struct plat_serial8250_port *p;
int uart;
char uart_name[6];

memset(uart_name, 0, sizeof(uart_name));
for (p = dev->platform_data; p && p->flags; p++) {
switch (p->mapbase) {
case DAVINCI_UART0_BASE:
uart = 0;
break;
case DAVINCI_UART1_BASE:
uart = 1;
break;
case DM644X_UART2_BASE:
case DM355_UART2_BASE:
uart = 2;
break;
default:
dev_err(dev,
"Unknown UART base address 0x%08lx\n",
p->mapbase);
continue;
}
sprintf(uart_name, "UART%i", uart);
uart_clk = clk_get(dev, uart_name);
if (IS_ERR(uart_clk))
dev_err(dev, "failed to get %s clock\n", uart_name);
else
clk_enable(uart_clk);
davinci_serial_reset(p);
}
}

### arch/arm/mach-davinci/gpio.c ###

int gpio_interrupt_bank_enable(int gpio)
{
void *__iomem ptr1;
u32 temp = 0;
u32 mask = 0;
u32 gpio_bank;
u32 max_gpio = 0;

if (cpu_is_davinci_dm355())
max_gpio = DM355_NUM_GIOS;
else if (cpu_is_davinci_dm6443())
max_gpio = DM644x_NUM_GIOS;

if (gpio >= max_gpio)
return -EINVAL;
gpio_bank = gpio/16;

ptr1 = (void *__iomem) IO_ADDRESS(DAVINCI_GPIO_BASE + 0x8);
mask = (1 << temp =" __raw_readl(ptr1);" g =" gpio2controller(gpio);" mask =" gpio_mask(gpio);">set_rising);
if (trigger & TRIGGER_FALLING_EDGE)
__raw_writel(mask, &g->set_falling);
return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(gpio_interrupt_enable);

int gpio_interrupt_disable(unsigned gpio, int trigger)
{
struct gpio_controller *__iomem g = gpio2controller(gpio);
u32 mask;
if (!g)
return -EINVAL;

if (trigger & ~(TRIGGER_RISING_EDGE|TRIGGER_FALLING_EDGE))
return -EINVAL;

mask = gpio_mask(gpio);

if (trigger & TRIGGER_RISING_EDGE)
__raw_writel(mask, &g->clr_rising);
if (trigger & TRIGGER_FALLING_EDGE)
__raw_writel(mask, &g->clr_falling);
return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(gpio_interrupt_disable);

### arch/arm/mach-davinci/psc.c ###

void __init davinci_psc_init(void)
{
// board_setup_psc() - in DM355
...

davinci_psc_config(DAVINCI_GPSC_ARMDOMAIN, DAVINCI_LPSC_McBSP1, 1);
davinci_psc_config(DAVINCI_GPSC_ARMDOMAIN, DAVINCI_LPSC_SPI, 1);

/* Turn on WatchDog timer LPSC. Needed for RESET to work */
davinci_psc_config(DAVINCI_GPSC_ARMDOMAIN, DAVINCI_LPSC_TIMER2, 1);

davinci_serial_init(&serial_device);
davinci_writel(0x56837210, DAVINCI_VPSS_REGS_BASE + 0x810);
davinci_writel(0x7b3c0004, DAVINCI_VPSS_REGS_BASE + 0x814);

}

### arch/arm/mach-davinci/board-evm.c ###

MACHINE_START(DAVINCI_EVM, "DaVinci DM355 EVM")
/* Maintainer: MontaVista Software */
.phys_io = IO_PHYS,
.io_pg_offst = (io_p2v(IO_PHYS) >> 18) & 0xfffc,
.boot_params = (DAVINCI_DDR_BASE + 0x100),
.map_io = davinci_evm_map_io,
.init_irq = davinci_evm_irq_init,
.timer = &davinci_timer,
.init_machine = davinci_evm_init,
MACHINE_END

static __init void davinci_evm_init(void)
{
davinci_psc_init();

...

platform_add_devices(davinci_evm_devices,
ARRAY_SIZE(davinci_evm_devices));
}

static void __init davinci_evm_map_io(void)
{
davinci_map_common_io();

// start - montavista - 2008/04/18
#ifdef CONFIG_KGDB_8250
early_serial_setup((struct uart_port *)&serial_platform_data[kgdb8250_ttyS]);
kgdb8250_add_platform_port(kgdb8250_ttyS, &serial_platform_data[kgdb8250_ttyS]);
#endif
/* Initialize the DaVinci EVM board settigs */
board_init ();
// end - montavista - 2008/04/18
}

### include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/ ###

Add files as following:
davinci_aew.h
davinci_aew_hw.h
davinci_af.h
davinci_af_hw.h
davinci_previewer.h
davinci_previewer_hw.h
davinci_pwm.h
davinci_resizer.h
davinci_resizer_hw.h
dm355_aew.h
dm355_aew_hw.h
dm355_af.h
dm355_af_hw.h
dm355_ipipe.h
dm355_ipipe_hw.h

edma.h

### include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/gpio.h ###

extern int gpio_interrupt_bank_enable(int gpio);
extern int gpio_interrupt_enable(unsigned gpio, int trigger);
extern int gpio_interrupt_disable(unsigned gpio, int trigger);

### include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/io.h ###

/*
difference
android dm355
IO_PHYS 01c00000 01c00000
IO_VIRT fec00000 e1000000
IO_SIZE 00400000 00400000
IO_OFFSET fd000000 df400000
*/

#define IO_PHYS 0x01c00000
#define IO_VIRT 0xe1000000
#define IO_SIZE 0x00400000
#define io_p2v(pa) (((pa) & (IO_SIZE-1)) + IO_VIRT)
#define io_v2p(va) (((va) & (IO_SIZE-1)) + IO_PHYS)
#define IO_ADDRESS(x) io_p2v(x)

### include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/dma.h ###

#include
#include

### include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/memory.h ###

#define DAVINCI_IRAM_BASE 0x00008000 /* ARM Internal RAM(Data) */
#define DAVINCI_IRAM_VIRT 0xe1400000 /* after 4M of IO space (io.h) */

### include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/system.h ###

static void arch_idle(void)
{
if (!hlt_counter) {
unsigned long flags;
local_irq_save(flags);
if (!need_resched())
cpu_do_idle();
local_irq_restore(flags);
}
}

### include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/timex.h ###

#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_DAVINCI355
#define CLOCK_TICK_RATE 24000000
#else
#define CLOCK_TICK_RATE 27000000
#endif

extern void davinci_watchdog_reset(void);
extern cycles_t davinci_get_cycles(void);
static inline cycles_t get_cycles(void)
{
return davinci_get_cycles();
}

### include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/hardware.h ###

#define DAVINCI_UART0_BASE (0x01C20000)
#define DAVINCI_UART1_BASE (0x01C20400)

#define DAVINCI_TIMER0_BASE (0x01C21400)
#define DAVINCI_TIMER1_BASE (0x01C21800)
#define DAVINCI_WDOG_BASE (0x01C21C00)

#define DAVINCI_ARM_INTC_BASE (0x01C48000)

#define DM644X_ASYNC_EMIF_CNTRL_BASE (0x01E00000)
#define DM644X_UART2_BASE (0x01C20800)

#define DM355_MMC1_BASE (0x01E00000)
#define DM355_UART2_BASE (0x01E06000)
#define DM355_ASYNC_EMIF_CNTRL_BASE (0x01E10000)
#define DM355_MMC0_BASE (0x01E11000)

#define DAVINCI_MCBSP0_BASE (0x01E02000)
#define DAVINCI_MCBSP1_BASE (0x01E04000)

/* Power and Sleep Controller (PSC) Domains */
#define DAVINCI_GPSC_ARMDOMAIN 0
#define DAVINCI_GPSC_DSPDOMAIN 1

#define DAVINCI_LPSC_VPSSMSTR 0 // VPSS Master LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_VPSSSLV 1 // VPSS Slave LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_TPCC 2 // TPCC LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_TPTC0 3 // TPTC0 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_TPTC1 4 // TPTC1 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_EMAC 5 // EMAC LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_EMAC_WRAPPER 6 // EMAC WRAPPER LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_MDIO 7 // MDIO LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_MMC_SD1 7 // MMC_SD1 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_IEEE1394 8 // IEEE1394 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_McBSP1 8 // McBSP1 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_USB 9 // USB LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_ATA 10 // ATA LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_PWM3 10 // PWM3 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_VLYNQ 11 // VLYNQ LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_UHPI 12 // UHPI LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_DDR_EMIF 13 // DDR_EMIF LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_AEMIF 14 // AEMIF LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_MMC_SD0 15 // MMC_SD0 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_MEMSTICK 16 // MEMSTICK LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_McBSP0 17 // McBSP0 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_I2C 18 // I2C LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_UART0 19 // UART0 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_UART1 20 // UART1 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_UART2 21 // UART2 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_SPI 22 // SPI LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_PWM0 23 // PWM0 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_PWM1 24 // PWM1 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_PWM2 25 // PWM2 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_GPIO 26 // GPIO LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_TIMER0 27 // TIMER0 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_TIMER1 28 // TIMER1 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_TIMER2 29 // TIMER2 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_SYSTEM_SUBSYS 30 // SYSTEM SUBSYSTEM LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_ARM 31 // ARM LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_SCR2 32 // SCR2 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_SCR3 33 // SCR3 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_SCR4 34 // SCR4 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_CROSSBAR 35 // CROSSBAR LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_CFG27 36 // CFG27 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_CFG3 37 // CFG3 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_CFG5 38 // CFG5 LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_GEM 39 // GEM LPSC
#define DAVINCI_LPSC_IMCOP 40 // IMCOP LPSC

/* NOR Flash base address set to CS0 by default */
#define DAVINCI_CS0_PHYS 0x02000000

### include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/cpu.h ###

#ifndef _ASM_ARCH_CPU_H
#define _ASM_ARCH_CPU_H

extern unsigned int system_rev;

#define GET_DAVINCI_CPU_TYPE ((system_rev >> 16) & 0xffff)

#define IS_DAVINCI_CPU(type, id) \
static inline int cpu_is_davinci_dm ##type (void) \
{ \
return (GET_DAVINCI_CPU_TYPE == (id)) ? 1 : 0; \
}

/* following generates the cpu_is_davinci_dmxxx */
IS_DAVINCI_CPU(6443, 0x6443) /* cpu_is_davinci_dm6443() */
IS_DAVINCI_CPU(6467, 0x6467) /* cpu_is_davinci_dm6467() */
/*IS_DAVINCI_CPU(355, 0x350)*/ /* cpu_is_davinci_dm355() */
IS_DAVINCI_CPU(355, 0x355) /* cpu_is_davinci_dm355() */

#endif

### include/asm-arm/arch-davinci/uncompress.h ###

#ifdef CONFIG_DAVINCI_LL_DEBUG_UART1
#define DAVINCI_UART_BASE DAVINCI_UART1_BASE
#else
#define DAVINCI_UART_BASE DAVINCI_UART0_BASE
#endif

typedef struct uart_registers_t {
unsigned int rbr_thr;
unsigned int ier;
unsigned int iir_fcr;
unsigned int lcr;
unsigned int mcr;
unsigned int lsr;
unsigned int msr;
unsigned int scr;
unsigned int dll;
unsigned int dlh;
unsigned int pid1;
unsigned int pid2;
unsigned int pwremu;
} uart_registers;

/* Initialize Serial port */
static void do_nothing(void)
{
unsigned int counter;
for (counter = 0; counter < uartregs =" (volatile">lsr & 0x20) {
/* Do Nothing */
}
}

static void serial_putc(const char c)
{
volatile uart_registers *uartregs;

uartregs = (volatile uart_registers *) DAVINCI_UART_BASE;
if (c == '\n')
serial_putc('\r');
uartregs->rbr_thr = c;

serial_waitfortxcharcomplete();
}

/* Send string on UART */
static void putstr(const char *str)
{
volatile uart_registers *uartregs;

uartregs = (volatile uart_registers *) DAVINCI_UART_BASE;
while (*str != '\0') {
serial_putc(*str);
str++;
}
}

### include/asm-arm/mach/arch.h ###

struct machine_desc {
/*
* Note! The first four elements are used
* by assembler code in head-armv.S
*/
unsigned int nr; /* architecture number */
unsigned int phys_io; /* start of physical io */
unsigned int io_pg_offst; /* byte offset for io
* page tabe entry */

const char *name; /* architecture name */
unsigned long boot_params; /* tagged list */

unsigned int video_start; /* start of video RAM */
unsigned int video_end; /* end of video RAM */

unsigned int reserve_lp0 :1; /* never has lp0 */
unsigned int reserve_lp1 :1; /* never has lp1 */
unsigned int reserve_lp2 :1; /* never has lp2 */
unsigned int soft_reboot :1; /* soft reboot */
void (*fixup)(struct machine_desc *,
struct tag *, char **,
struct meminfo *);
void (*map_io)(void);/* IO mapping function */
void (*init_irq)(void);
struct sys_timer *timer; /* system tick timer */
void (*init_machine)(void);
};

#define MACHINE_START(_type,_name) \
static const struct machine_desc __mach_desc_##_type \
__used \
__attribute__((__section__(".arch.info.init"))) = { \
.nr = MACH_TYPE_##_type, \
.name = _name,

#define MACHINE_END \
};

static const struct machine_desc __mach_desc_DAVINCI_DM355_EVM
.nr = MACH_TYPE_DAVINCI_DM355_EVM, \
.name = "DaVinci DM355 EVM",

__attribute__((__section__(".arch.info.init")))

### include/asm-arm/setup.h ###

#define ATAG_OMAP 0x414f4d50

struct tag_omap {
u8 data[0];
};

### include/asm-arm/procinfo.h ###

#define PROC_INFO_SZ 48

#define HWCAP_SWP 1
#define HWCAP_HALF 2
#define HWCAP_THUMB 4
#define HWCAP_26BIT 8 /* Play it safe */
#define HWCAP_FAST_MULT 16
#define HWCAP_FPA 32
#define HWCAP_VFP 64
#define HWCAP_EDSP 128
#define HWCAP_JAVA 256

Build Cross-Compiled gcc for ARM by myself

2008-10-30T22:56:00.000+08:00

This work is done by studying Cross-Compiled Linux From Scratch - Embedded (Version SVN-0.0.1-20080109-arm) material, The steps of building cross compiled gcc for ARM:

[Adding the ARMDEV User]

$ su -
# groupadd armdev
# useradd -s /bin/bash -g armdev -m -k /dev/null armdev
# useradd -s /bin/bash -g wizign -m armdev
# passwd armdev
# chown -Rv armdev ${ARMDEV}

[Preparing a New Partition]

# export ARMDEV='/mnt/armdev'
# install -dv ${ARMDEV}
# mkdir /vdisk/arm_disk
# mkdir -pv ${ARMDEV}
# mount --bind /vdisk/arm_disk ${ARMDEV}

[Create source directory]
# mkdir -v ${ARMDEV}/sources
# chmod -v a+wt ${ARMDEV}/sources

[Check and download packages]

$ su - armdev

[]Binutils (2.18)
$ wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-2.18.tar.bz2

[]Busybox (1.4.1)
$ wget http://busybox.net/downloads/busybox-1.4.1.tar.bz2

[]CLFS-Bootscripts (1.0-pre4)
$ wget http://cross-lfs.org/files/packages/embedded-0.0.1/clfs-embedded-bootscripts-1.0-pre4.tar.bz2

[]E2fsprogs (1.39)
$ wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.39.tar.gz

[]GCC (4.1.2)
$ wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/gcc-4.1.2/gcc-4.1.2.tar.bz2

[]Iana-Etc (2.20)
$ wget http://www.sethwklein.net/projects/iana-etc/downloads/iana-etc-2.20.tar.bz2

[]Linux (2.6.20.1)
$ wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.20.1.tar.bz2

[]Linux-Headers (2.6.20.1-02252007)
$ wget http://cross-lfs.org/files/packages/embedded-0.0.1/linux-headers-2.6.20.1-02252007.tar.bz2

[]uClibc (0.9.29)
$ wget http://www.uclibc.org/downloads/uClibc-0.9.29.tar.bz2

[]Zlib (1.2.3)
$ wget http://www.zlib.net/zlib-1.2.3.tar.gz

[Check and download patched]

[]Binutils Posix Patch
$ wget http://svn.cross-lfs.org/svn/repos/cross-lfs/branches/clfs-sysroot/patches/binutils-2.18-posix-1.patch

[]Binutils Posix Patch
$ wget http://svn.cross-lfs.org/svn/repos/cross-lfs/branches/clfs-embedded/patches/binutils-2.17-posix-1.patch

[]Binutils uClibc Patch
$ wget http://svn.cross-lfs.org/svn/repos/cross-lfs/branches/clfs-embedded/patches/binutils-2.17-uclibc-1.patch

[]Busybox Fixes Patch
$ wget http://svn.cross-lfs.org/svn/repos/cross-lfs/branches/clfs-embedded/patches/busybox-1.8.2-fixes-1.patch

[]GCC Cross Search Paths Patch
$ wget http://svn.cross-lfs.org/svn/repos/cross-lfs/branches/clfs-embedded/patches/gcc-4.1.2-cross_search_paths-1.patch

[]GCC Posix Patch
$ wget http://svn.cross-lfs.org/svn/repos/cross-lfs/branches/clfs-embedded/patches/gcc-4.1.2-posix-1.patch

[]GCC uClibc Patch
$ wget http://svn.cross-lfs.org/svn/repos/cross-lfs/branches/clfs-embedded/patches/gcc-4.1.2-uclibc-1.patch

[]Zlib DESTDIR Patch
$ wget http://svn.cross-lfs.org/svn/repos/cross-lfs/branches/clfs-embedded/patches/zlib-1.2.3-DESTDIR-1.patch

[Final Preparations]

[]Setting up the environment

$ cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF"
> exec env -i HOME=${HOME} TERM=${TERM} PS1='\u:\w\$ ' /bin/bash
> EOF

$ cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF"
> set +h
> umask 022
> ARMDEV=/mnt/armdev
> LC_ALL=POSIX
> PATH=${ARMDEV}/cross-tools/bin:/bin:/usr/bin
> export ARMDEV LC_ALL PATH
> EOF

$ source ~/.bash_profile

[]Creating directories

$ mkdir -pv ${ARMDEV}/build
$ mkdir -pv ${ARMDEV}/{bin,boot,dev,{etc/,}opt,home,lib/{firmware,modules},mnt}
$ mkdir -pv ${ARMDEV}/{proc,media/{floppy,cdrom},sbin,srv,sys}
$ mkdir -pv ${ARMDEV}/var/{lock,log,mail,run,spool}
$ mkdir -pv ${ARMDEV}/var/{opt,cache,lib/{misc,locate},local}
$ install -dv -m 0750 ${ARMDEV}/root
$ install -dv -m 1777 ${ARMDEV}{/var,}/tmp
$ mkdir -pv ${ARMDEV}/usr/{,local/}{bin,include,lib,sbin,src}
$ mkdir -pv ${ARMDEV}/usr/{,local/}share/{doc,info,locale,man}
$ mkdir -pv ${ARMDEV}/usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
$ mkdir -pv ${ARMDEV}/usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
$ mkdir -pv ${ARMDEV}/cross-tools{,/bin}
$ for dir in ${ARMDEV}/usr{,/local}; do
> ln -sv share/{man,doc,info} ${dir}
> done

[]Creating the passwd, group, and log Files

$ ln -svf ../proc/mounts ${ARMDEV}/etc/mtab

$ cat > ${ARMDEV}/etc/passwd << "EOF"
> root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/ash
> bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/bin/false
> daemon:x:2:6:daemon:/sbin:/bin/false
> adm:x:3:16:adm:/var/adm:/bin/false
> lp:x:10:9:lp:/var/spool/lp:/bin/false
> mail:x:30:30:mail:/var/mail:/bin/false
> news:x:31:31:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/false
> uucp:x:32:32:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/bin/false
> operator:x:50:0:operator:/root:/bin/ash
> postmaster:x:51:30:postmaster:/var/spool/mail:/bin/false
> nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/:/bin/false
> EOF

$ cat > ${ARMDEV}/etc/group << "EOF"
> root:x:0:
> bin:x:1:
> sys:x:2:
> kmem:x:3:
> tty:x:4:
> tape:x:5:
> daemon:x:6:
> floppy:x:7:
> disk:x:8:
> lp:x:9:
> dialout:x:10:
> audio:x:11:
> video:x:12:
> utmp:x:13:
> usb:x:14:
> cdrom:x:15:
> adm:x:16:root,adm,daemon
> console:x:17:
> cdrw:x:18:
> mail:x:30:mail
> news:x:31:news
> uucp:x:32:uucp
> users:x:100:
> nogroup:x:65533:
> nobody:x:65534:
> EOF

$ touch ${ARMDEV}/var/run/utmp ${ARMDEV}/var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp}
$ chmod -v 664 ${ARMDEV}/var/run/utmp ${ARMDEV}/var/log/lastlog

[Constructing Cross-Compile Tools]

[]Build CFLAGS
$ echo "Build CFLAGS"
$ echo unset CFLAGS >> ~/.bashrc
$ echo unset CXXFLAGS >> ~/.bashrc

# Application Binary Interface (ABI) for the ARM Architecture
# ABI Variables
# Table 6.1. List of Build Variables
# ABI BUILD=Value
# ------------------------- --------------------------------
# 32-Bit MIPS -mabi=32
# 32-Bit All Others -m32
# N32 MIPS -mabi=n32
# 64-Bit MIPS -mabi=64
# 64-Bit All Others -m64
echo "ABI Variables"
export BUILD="-m32"

# Build Variables
# Table 6.2. Processor Type and Target Triplets
# Processor Target Triplet
# ---------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
# Generic arm, little endian arm-unknown-linux-uclibc
# Generic arm, version 5, little endian armv5l-unknown-linux-uclibc
# Generic arm, version 5, big endian armv5b-unknown-linux-uclibc

$ export ARM_HOST="$(echo $MACHTYPE | sed "s/$(echo $MACHTYPE | cut -d- -f2)/cross/")"
# Generic arm, little endian
$ export ARM_TARGET="arm-unknown-linux-uclibc"
$ echo export ARM_HOST=\""${ARM_HOST}\"" >> ~/.bashrc
$ echo export ARM_TARGET=\""${ARM_TARGET}\"" >> ~/.bashrc

[]Linux-Headers-2.6.20.1-02252007

$ mkdir ${ARMDEV}/build
$ cd ${ARMDEV}/build
$ tar -jxvf ${ARMDEV}/sources/linux-headers-2.6.20.1-02252007.tar.bz2
$ install -dv ${ARMDEV}/usr/include
$ cp -av ${ARMDEV}/build/linux-headers-2.6.20.1/include/{asm-generic,linux,mtd,scsi,sound} ${ARMDEV}/usr/include
$ cp -av ${ARMDEV}/build/linux-headers-2.6.20.1/include/asm-arm ${ARMDEV}/usr/include/asm

[]Cross Binutils-2.17

$ cd ${ARMDEV}/build
$ tar -jxvf ${ARMDEV}/sources/binutils-2.17.tar.bz2
$ cd binutils-2.17
$ patch -Np1 -i ${ARMDEV}/sources/binutils-2.17-posix-1.patch
$ patch -Np1 -i ${ARMDEV}/sources/binutils-2.17-uclibc-1.patch
$ mkdir -v ../binutils-build
$ cd ../binutils-build
$ ../binutils-2.17/configure --prefix=${ARMDEV}/cross-tools --host=${ARM_HOST} --target=${ARM_TARGET} --with-sysroot=${ARMDEV} --disable-nls --enable-shared --disable-multilib
$ make configure-host
$ make
$ make install
$ cp -v ../binutils-2.17/include/libiberty.h ${ARMDEV}/usr/include

[]uClibc-0.9.29

$ cd ${ARMDEV}/build
$ tar -jxvf ${ARMDEV}/sources/uClibc-0.9.29.tar.bz2
$ cd uClibc-0.9.29

$ cp extra/Configs/Config.arm extra/Configs/Config.arm.orig
$ sed -e "/default/s:OABI:EABI:" extra/Configs/Config.arm.orig > extra/Configs/Config.arm
$ cp Makefile{,.orig}
$ sed -e 's/$(LN) -fs/cp/g' Makefile.orig > Makefile
$ for file in `find libc/sysdeps/linux -name Makefile`; do
> cp $file{,.orig}
> sed -e 's/$(LN) -fs/cp/g' -e 's@../libc/@$(TOPDIR)libc/@g' $file.orig > $file
> done

$ make defconfig ARCH=arm
$ cp .config{,.orig}
$ sed -e "/^CROSS_COMPILER_PREFIX/s:=.*:=\"${ARM_TARGET}-\":" -e "/^KERNEL_HEADERS/s:=.*:=\"${ARMDEV}/usr/include\":" -e "/^SHARED_LIB_LOADER_PREFIX/s:=.*:=\"/lib\":" -e "/^DEVEL_PREFIX/s:=.*:=\"/usr\":" -e "/^RUNTIME_PREFIX/s:=.*:=\"/\":" .config.orig > .config

$ UCLIBC_OPTIONS="DO_C99_MATH UCLIBC_HAS_RPC UCLIBC_HAS_CTYPE_CHECKED UCLIBC_HAS_WCHAR UCLIBC_HAS_HEXADECIMAL_FLOATS LDSO_PRELOAD_FILE_SUPPORT UCLIBC_HAS_FOPEN_EXCLUSIVE_MODE UCLIBC_HAS_PRINTF_M_SPEC UCLIBC_HAS_IPV6 UCLIBC_HAS_GLIBC_CUSTOM_PRINTF UCLIBC_USE_NETLINK UCLIBC_HAS_FTW"
$ for config in $UCLIBC_OPTIONS; do
> cp .config{,.orig}
> sed -e "s:# ${config} is not set:${config}=y:" .config.orig > .config
> done
$ UCLIBC_OPTIONS="UCLIBC_HAS_CTYPE_UNSAFE"
$ for config in $UCLIBC_OPTIONS; do
> cp .config{,.orig}
> sed -e "s:${config}=y:# ${config} is not set:" .config.orig > .config
> done
$ echo "UCLIBC_HAS_FULL_RPC=y" >> .config
$ echo "UCLIBC_HAS_REENTRANT_RPC=y" >> .config

# If your ARM system is Big Endian, you will need at add the following lines to your configuration:

$ echo "ARCH_ANY_ENDIAN=y" >> .config
$ echo "ARCH_BIG_ENDIAN=y" >> .config
$ echo "ARCH_WANTS_BIG_ENDIAN=y" >> .config

# If your ARM system is Little Endian, you will need at add the following lines to your configuration:

$ echo "ARCH_ANY_ENDIAN=y" >> .config
$ echo "ARCH_LITTLE_ENDIAN=y" >> .config
$ echo "ARCH_WANTS_LITTLE_ENDIAN=y" >> .config

$ make oldconfig
$ make headers
$ mkdir ${ARMDEV}/usr/include/bits
$ make PREFIX=${ARMDEV} install_headers

[]Cross GCC-4.1.2 - Static

$ cd ${ARMDEV}/build
$ tar -jxvf ${ARMDEV}/sources/gcc-4.1.2.tar.bz2
$ cd gcc-4.1.2
$ patch -Np1 -i ${ARMDEV}/sources/gcc-4.1.2-posix-1.patch
$ patch -Np1 -i ${ARMDEV}/sources/gcc-4.1.2-uclibc-1.patch
$ patch -Np1 -i ${ARMDEV}/sources/gcc-4.1.2-cross_search_paths-1.patch
$ mkdir -v ../gcc-build
$ cd ../gcc-build
$ ../gcc-4.1.2/configure --prefix=${ARMDEV}/cross-tools --host=${ARM_HOST} --target=${ARM_TARGET} --disable-multilib --with-sysroot=${ARMDEV} --without-headers --disable-nls --disable-shared --disable-threads --enable-languages=c
$ make all-gcc
$ make install-gcc

[]ToolChain Variables

$ export CC="${ARM_TARGET}-gcc"
$ export CXX="${ARM_TARGET}-g++"
$ export AR="${ARM_TARGET}-ar"
$ export AS="${ARM_TARGET}-as"
$ export LD="${ARM_TARGET}-ld"
$ export RANLIB="${ARM_TARGET}-ranlib"
$ export STRIP="${ARM_TARGET}-strip"

[]uClibc-0.9.29

$ cd ${ARMDEV}/build
$ cd uClibc-0.9.29

$ make CC="${CC}"
$ make PREFIX=${ARMDEV} install

[]Clear ToolChain Variables

$ unset CC
$ unset CXX
$ unset AR
$ unset AS
$ unset LD
$ unset RANLIB
$ unset STRIP

[]GCC-4.1.2 - Cross Compiler Final

$ cd ${ARMDEV}/build
$ rm -fr gcc-4.1.2
$ tar -jxvf ${ARMDEV}/sources/gcc-4.1.2.tar.bz2
$ cd gcc-4.1.2
$ patch -Np1 -i ${ARMDEV}/sources/gcc-4.1.2-posix-1.patch
$ patch -Np1 -i ${ARMDEV}/sources/gcc-4.1.2-uclibc-1.patch
$ patch -Np1 -i ${ARMDEV}/sources/gcc-4.1.2-cross_search_paths-1.patch
$ rm -fr ../gcc-build
$ mkdir -v ../gcc-build
$ cd ../gcc-build
$ ../gcc-4.1.2/configure --prefix=${ARMDEV}/cross-tools --host=${ARM_HOST} --target=${ARM_TARGET} --disable-multilib --with-sysroot=${ARMDEV} --disable-nls --enable-shared --enable-languages=c,c++ --enable-__cxa_atexit --enable-c99 --enable-long-long --enable-threads=posix
$ make
$ make install

Make MCU Board - Music Box Module

2008-10-10T11:06:00.000+08:00

The music notes is defined by frequency variations,
reference wiki - music note and
C (musical note).

Generally, the calculation is based on A4 music note:
f = [2 ^ (n/12)] × 440 Hz

For easily doing calculation, here we use C-1 as the base level:
There are all 11 levels, each level has 12 music notes
n = (i x 12)(level) + j (jth note)
f = [2 ^ (n/12)] x 8.176 Hz

Calculate all music note's frequencies by python:

# calculate number array
musicNotes = []
for i in range(11):
 row = []
 for j in range(12):
   row.append(8.176 * (2**((i*12+j)*(1.0/12))))
 musicNotes.append(row)

# display frequency table
for i in range(11):
 musicNotes[i]

[8.1760000000000002, 8.6621702594815986, 9.1772497069774346, 9.7229573722622469, 10.301114503940484, 10.913650647694201, 11.562610085962426, 12.250158660543748, 12.978591000891997, 13.75033818222874, 14.567975839030828, 15.434232760971051]
[16.352, 17.324340518963197, 18.354499413954866, 19.445914744524494, 20.602229007880968, 21.827301295388398, 23.125220171924852, 24.500317321087497, 25.957182001783995, 27.50067636445748, 29.135951678061655, 30.868465521942102]
[32.704000000000001, 34.648681037926387, 36.708998827909731, 38.891829489048988, 41.204458015761929, 43.654602590776797, 46.250440343849704, 49.000634642174987, 51.914364003567989, 55.001352728914959, 58.271903356123303, 61.736931043884205]
[65.408000000000001, 69.297362075852774, 73.417997655819462, 77.783658978097975, 82.408916031523859, 87.309205181553594, 92.500880687699407, 98.001269284349974, 103.82872800713598, 110.00270545782992, 116.54380671224661, 123.47386208776841]
[130.816, 138.59472415170555, 146.8359953116389, 155.56731795619595, 164.81783206304772, 174.61841036310716, 185.00176137539881, 196.00253856869995, 207.6574560142719, 220.00541091565984, 233.08761342449321, 246.94772417553673]
[261.63200000000001, 277.1894483034111, 293.67199062327779, 311.1346359123919, 329.63566412609543, 349.23682072621432, 370.00352275079763, 392.00507713739989, 415.3149120285438, 440.01082183131967, 466.17522684898643, 493.89544835107347]
[523.26400000000001, 554.3788966068222, 587.34398124655559, 622.2692718247838, 659.27132825219087, 698.47364145242864, 740.00704550159526, 784.01015427479979, 830.6298240570876, 880.02164366263935, 932.35045369797285, 987.79089670214694]
[1046.528, 1108.7577932136444, 1174.6879624931112, 1244.5385436495676, 1318.5426565043817, 1396.9472829048573, 1480.0140910031905, 1568.0203085495996, 1661.2596481141752, 1760.0432873252787, 1864.7009073959457, 1975.5817934042939]
[2093.056, 2217.5155864272874, 2349.3759249862223, 2489.0770872991352, 2637.0853130087612, 2793.8945658097145, 2960.028182006381, 3136.0406170991969, 3322.5192962283504, 3520.0865746505574, 3729.4018147918891, 3951.1635868085878]
[4186.1120000000001, 4435.0311728545748, 4698.7518499724447, 4978.1541745982704, 5274.1706260175224, 5587.7891316194291, 5920.0563640127621, 6272.0812341983938, 6645.0385924567008, 7040.1731493011148, 7458.8036295837783, 7902.3271736171755]
[8372.2240000000002, 8870.0623457091497, 9397.5036999448894, 9956.3083491965408, 10548.341252035045, 11175.578263238858, 11840.112728025524, 12544.162468396788, 13290.077184913402, 14080.34629860223, 14917.607259167557, 15804.654347234351]

Base on above calculated values, we define const float gMusicNotes[11][12] , all the frequencies are recorded in the array.

The circuit schematic:

The main process:
(Depends on MCU's characters, for PIC16F877A , the compiler is PICC, the memory size of music_cell gSong[] is limited.)
(This program implements delay process, the deviation of sound frequency is obvious; replace by timer process, the sound frequency would be better than delay process)

/*******************************************************************************

  Copyright (c) 2008 Wizign Ltd.
  All Rights Reserved.

  main.c: Main program for demo trigger of speaker

  Version: 1.0.0

  Date: Oct 03, 2008

  Author: YenHung Chen

  E-mail: yhchen@wizign.com

  Revision:
  ---------- -----------------------------------------------------------------
  2008/10/03 Created by YenHung Chen, demo trigger of speaker for both 8051 and PIC

******************************************************************************/
/*******************************************************************************

<>For AT89S52

LCD display:
  There are 8 data pins, which are connected P2.
  The control pins are connected to P1_0, P1_1, and P1_2.

Speaker:
  P3_0


<>For PIC16F877A

LCD display:
  There are 8 data pins, which are connected PORTD
  The control pins are connected to RA0, RA1, and RA2.

Speaker:
  RC0


******************************************************************************/

#include "global.h"
#include "delay.h"
#include "lcd.h"
#include "timer.h"
#include "music.h"

//++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
// define IO and global variables

#ifdef MCU_PIC
/*
// Configurations
typedef unsigned int config;
config at 0x2007 __CONFIG = _XT_OSC & _PWRTE_OFF & _BODEN_OFF & _WDT_OFF & _LVP_OFF;
*/
#endif

#ifdef MCU_PIC
bank1 static music_cell gSong[] = {
#else   // default is MCU_8051
music_cell gSong[] = {
#endif
  {C4, LA,    1}, {C4, LA, 0.25}, {C4, SO, 0.25}, {C4, LA,  0.5},
  {C4, SO,    1}, {C4, MI,    1}, {C4, SO,  0.5}, {C4, MI,  0.5},
  {C4, MI,  0.5}, {C4, RE,  0.5}, {C4, MI,    2}, {C4, MI,    0},
  {C4, RE,    1}, {C4, RE,  0.5}, {C4, DO,  0.5}, {C4, RE,  0.5},
  {C4, RE,  0.5}, {C4, SO,    1}, {C4, SO,  0.5}, {C4, MI,  0.5},
  {C4, MI,  0.5}, {C4, RE,  0.5}, {C4, MI,    2}, {C4, MI,    0},
  {C4, LA,    1}, {C4, LA,  0.5}, {C4, SO,  0.5}, {C4, LA,  0.5},
  {C4, SO,  0.5}, {C4, MI,    1}, {C4, FA,  0.5}, {C4, FA, 0.25},
  {C4, FA, 0.25}, {C4, MI,  0.5}, {C4, RE,  0.5}, {C4, MI,    2},
  {C4, MI,    0}, {C4, SO,    1}, {C4, SO,  0.5}, {C4, SO,  0.5},
  {C4, SO,  0.5}, {C4, SO,  0.5}, {C4, SI,    1}, {C4, LA,  0.5},
  {C4, LA, 0.25}, {C4, LA, 0.25}, {C4, LA,  0.5}, {C4, SO,  0.5},
  {C4, LA,    2}, {C4, LA,    0}, {C5, DO,    1}, {C5, DO,  0.5},
  {C5, DO,  0.5}, {C4, SI,    1}, {C4, SO,    1}, {C4, LA,  0.5},
  {C4, LA, 0.25}, {C4, LA, 0.25}, {C4, LA,  0.5}, {C4, SO,  0.5},
  {C4, LA,  1.5}, {C4, SO, 0.25}, {C4, MI, 0.25}, {C4, SO,    1},
  {C4, SO, 0.75}, {C4, SO, 0.25}, {C4, SO,  0.5}, {C4, SO,  0.5},
  {C4, SI,    1}, {C4, LA, 0.33}, {C4, LA, 0.33}, {C4, LA, 0.33},
  {C4, LA,  0.5}, {C4, SO,  0.5}, {C4, LA,    2}, {C4, LA,    0}
};

//++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
// define functions

/* Initilize parameters before run the main loop */
void InitParams(void)
{
  LCDInit();
  MusicInit();
}

/* Display message on LCD panel */
void DisplayMusicStatus(char* pMsg)
{
  LCDGoto(0);    // goto 1st line
  LCDPuts("  WIZIGN LTD.  ");

  // Display rotate status
  LCDGoto(0x40);    // goto 2nd line
  LCDPuts(pMsg);
}

//++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
// main program

void main(void)
{
  int count = 0;
  int direction = 0;  // 0:clockwise, 1:counter clockwise

  // Initilize parameters
  InitParams();

  /* do loop */
  while(1){
      DisplayMusicStatus("Play Music");
      MusicPlay(10, gSong);
  }
}

Make MCU Board - DC and Stepper Motor Module

2008-10-01T12:37:00.000+08:00

DC motor and stepper motor are generally devices that they are used in automation control domain,
I introduce the control circuit and programming for these 2 type motors, as following:

The circuit schematic:

Main program:

/*******************************************************************************

Copyright (c) 2008 Wizign Ltd.
All Rights Reserved.

main.c: Main program for demo trigger of motors

Version: 1.0.0

Date: Oct 01, 2008

Author: YenHung Chen

E-mail: yhchen@wizign.com

Revision:
---------- -----------------------------------------------------------------
2008/10/01 Created by YenHung Chen, demo trigger of motors for both 8051 and PIC

******************************************************************************/
/*******************************************************************************



<>For AT89S52

LCD display:
There are 8 data pins, which are connected P2.
The control pins are connected to P1_0, P1_1, and P1_2.

Step motor:
P3_0, P3_1, P3_2, P3_3

DC motor:
P3_6, P3_7

<>For PIC16F877A

LCD display:
There are 8 data pins, which are connected PORTD
The control pins are connected to RA0, RA1, and RA2.

Step motor:
RC0, RC1, RC2, RC3

DC motor:
RC6, RC7


******************************************************************************/

#include "global.h"
#include "delay.h"
#include "lcd.h"
#include "motor.h"

//++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
// define IO and global variables

#ifdef MCU_PIC

// Configurations
typedef unsigned int config;
config at 0x2007 __CONFIG = _XT_OSC & _PWRTE_OFF & _BODEN_OFF & _WDT_OFF & _LVP_OFF;

#endif


//++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
// define functions

/* Initilize parameters before run the main loop */
void InitParams(void)
{

LCDInit();
MotorInit();
}

/* Display message on LCD panel */
void DisplayRotateStatus(char* pMsg)
{
LCDGoto(0);    // goto 1st line
LCDPuts("  WIZIGN LTD.  ");

// Display rotate status
LCDGoto(0x40);    // goto 2nd line
LCDPuts(pMsg);
}

//++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
// main program

void main(void)
{
int count = 0;
int direction = 0;  // 0:clockwise, 1:counter clockwise

// Initilize parameters
InitParams();

/* do loop */
while(1){
    if(direction == 0){
        DisplayRotateStatus("Clockwise");
        MotorStepRotate(MOTOR_ROTATE_CW, 4);
        MotorDCRotate(MOTOR_ROTATE_CW, 2);
    }else{  // left
        DisplayRotateStatus("C Clockwise");
        MotorStepRotate(MOTOR_ROTATE_CCW, 2);
        MotorDCRotate(MOTOR_ROTATE_CCW, 4);
    }
    count++;
    if(count >= 200){
        count = 0;
        direction = (direction == 0) ? 1 : 0;
    }
}
}

C語言入門

2008-09-18T12:43:00.000+08:00

C語言在單晶片設計複雜度不高，變數型態宣告沒有浮點數，常用以下兩種型態。

char ===> 範圍 0 - 255

int ===> 範圍 0 - 65535

算術運算子： + 、 - 、 * 、 / 、 %(module)

關係運算子：>、<、>=(大於等於)、<=(小於等於)、==(等於)、!=(不等於)

邏輯運算子：&& (AND Gate)、(OR Gate)、!(NOT Gate)

補數運算子：~ ， 1的補數為0，其他反之。

※ ；(分號)在C語言中它表示敘述句結束。

迴圈語法：

for 迴圈

語法：

for(char x = initial number ; x <= condition number ; x increment or decrement)

ex .
for(x = 0 ; x <= 9 ; x++)
{
x += 1;(0+1+...+9)
}

ex . for(;;)，無窮迴圈

while 迴圈

語法：

char x = initial number ;
while(condition number) <=====這裡不加分號
{
statement;
x increment or decrement;
}

ex.
int x = 0;
while(x < 10)
{
x += 1;(0+1+2....+9)
x++;
}

ex. while(1)，無窮迴圈

do while 迴圈

語法：

char x = initial number ;
do
{
statement;
x increment or decrement;
}while(condition number); <=====這裡要加分號

ex.
int x = 0;
do
{
x += 1;(0+1+2....+9)
x++;
}while(x < 10);

8051入門

2008-09-14T16:13:00.000+08:00

一、AT89S51特色
1. AT89S51 為 MCS-51 相容產品。
2. 4K Byte of In - System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory。
3. Endurance：1000 Write / Erase Cycles。
4. 工作電壓範圍為 4.0 - 5.5 伏特。
5. 可使用振盪器 0 - 33 MHz 。
6. 128 * 8 bit Internel RAM。
7. 32條可程式輸出/入線。
8. 兩個16位元計時/計數器。
9. 六個中斷來源。
10.全雙工通用非同步接收及傳送序列通道。
二、AT89S51接腳及定義：
該圖片摘錄於ATMEL AT89S51 Datasheet。

VCC：接 5V 正電壓。
GND：接地腳。
Port 0：
1. 可作為一個 8 位元輸出 / 入腳。
2. 外部擴充接腳(例如8255晶片)時可做資料匯流排(D0 - D7)。
3. 外部擴充記憶體(例如6116晶片)時可做位址匯流排(A0 - A7)。
Port 1：只作為一個 8 位元輸出 / 入腳。
Port 2：
1. 可作為一個 8 位元輸出 / 入腳。
2. 外部擴充記憶體做位址匯流排(A8 - A15)。
Port 3：
1. 可作為一個 8 位元輸出 / 入腳。
2. 特殊功能：
● RXD (串列輸入埠 [Serial input poirt])
●TXD (串列輸出埠 [serial output point])
●INT0 (外部中斷0 [External interrupt 0])
●INT1 (外部中斷1 [External interrupt 1])
●T0 (計時/計數中斷[內部為計時；外部為計數])
●T1 (計時/計數中斷[內部為計時；外部為計數])
●WR (外部資料記憶體寫入致能信號)
●RD (外部資料記憶體讀取致能信號)
RST l：高準位時(保持2個機械週期)，可重置晶片。
ALE / PROG：位址拴鎖致能(Address Latch Enable)。
PSEN：程式儲存致能(Program Store Enable)。
EA / VPP：
●高電位：
1. CPU讀取內部程式記憶體(ROM)。8051、8052
2. 有擴充外部記憶體時：當內部記憶體不敷使用時0FFFH(8051)、1FFFH(8052)，自動讀取外
部記憶體。
●低電位：CPU僅讀取外部記憶體(ROM)。
●8751燒錄：利用此腳輸入21V的燒入電壓。
XTAL 1：接石英振盪器。
XTAL 2：接石英振盪器。
三、AT89S51記憶體：
8051的記憶體包括：
1、8051 有 128 Bytes RAM，8052 有 256 Bytes RAM。
2、擴充外部的 RAM，最大為 64K。
3.記憶體位址 00 ~ 7FH 較低位址共128 byte。
4.記憶體位址 80H ~ FFH 較低位址共128 byte。
5.特殊功能暫存器(Special Function Registor)。