English Goes Easy

6. THE OBJECT

2013-11-19T12:08:00.000+01:00

I. DEFINITION

The O is a secondary part of the sentence denoting participants in some way affected or involved in the verbal action; it is substantival constituent which goes with transitive verbs, e.g. John read a book.
O are constituents “tied” to the verbal predicate whereas C refer to some constituent in the sentence /usually S or O/ as a complementation.

II. TYPES OF OBJECTS
Traditionally O are subdivided into direct and indirect O depending on their relation /involvement/ to the verbal action.

1. The Od – this is the only O with monotransitive verbs, e.g.: to break, to kill, to read, to drink, to know: break the window, know this picture.

2. The Oi is the second O /along with Od/ taken by ditransitive verbs like: to give, to send, to show,

e.g.: The boy gave the girl an apple.

FEATURES OF Oi:
1. It comes before Od; the only exception is when Od is a pronoun,

cf. I gave him the book – I gave it him.

2. The Oi cannot stand alone – it must go together with Od, e.g.:* He gave the girl /could be mixed with Od/.

3. The Oi is always animate, while Od could be animate or not.

The animacy of Oi is the cause why it has greater importance for the verbal action and has priority /closer to the verb/ in the word order of the clause. This is due to the so called “androcentric” tendency in language according to which animate constituents are more important and more closely related to the verbal centre /hub/ - this explains why Oi precedes Od.

4. Oi can paraphrase into a prepositional O with TO, e.g.: He gave the girl an apple- He gave an apple to the girl. In this case the animate constituent is placed at the end because of another tendency in language for “heavier, larger” constituents to be placed towards the end of the expression.

The variety of Oi is the so called benefactive O denoting the participant for whose benefit something is done. The difference from Oi is made evident in the paraphrase – Oi paraphrases with TO, while Obe paraphrases with FOR, cf. He gave the boy a toy /a toy to the boy/. He called the girl a taxi /a taxi for the girl/.

5. Any O /including Oi/ in English may correspond to a S in a passive sentence, e.g.: He sent his mother a letter.- His mother was sent a letter /Oi- S/. – A letter was sent to his mother /Od-S, Oi- Oprep/.

N.B. The Oi is non-prepositional; there is no such thing as a prepositional Oi! There is a small group of verbs in English which take two Objects but the distinction between Oi and Od in this group is to large extent neutralized. Some examples: to envy sb sth, to forgive sb sth, to ask sb a question, to strike sb a blow, e.g.: She envied him /O1/ the car/O2/.O1 looks like Oi because it comes first and it is animate. However it is not Oi because: 1. it can stand alone without Od, 2. unlike Oi, O1 above cannot paraphrase as a Oprep with TO, e.g.: *She envied the car to him. For these reasons cases like that are treated as verbs with two Od.

III. SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF OBJECTS

1. The Od can have the following semantic roles:
1.1. Affected participant – directly affected by the verbal action, e.g.: John broke the radio.
1.2. Effected participant – denotes a participant/thing which results from, is created by, comes into existence by virtue of the verbal action, e.g.: John invented the radio. To write a letter, to paint a picture, to build a house etc.

N.B. Only affected objects can logically serve as an answer to the question “What did X do to Y? cf. What did John do to the radio?- He broke it /affected/, *He invented it /effected/.

1.3. Locative O – this type usually results from prepositional adverbial modifiers where the preposition is dropped, e.g.: He passed the house /by the house/. He traveled the whole world. This is the house I live. He swam /across/ the river. They walked /along/ the streets. The horse jumped /over/ the fence.

1.4. Cognate O – from the same or similar root as the verb, e.g.: to sing a song, to dream a dream, to fight a fight to live a miserable life, to die a happy death, to run a race, to act a part.

2.The Oi has only one major semantic role, that of recipient and it is normally animate, e.g.: They sent the teacher a postcard.
Exception: in phraseological expressions Oi may be different, e.i. not recipient and not animate, e.g.: I gave the car /Oi af/ a wash /Od ef/.= I washed the car. She paid me /Oi af/ a visit /Od ef/ = She visited me.
However expressions like these may also be interpreted as simple phraseological predicates where the O is incorporated in the predicate phrase /give a wash = wash/.

IV. MORPHOLOGICAL REALIZATION

Morphologically O fall into two major types:

1. Non-prepositional – Oi and Od.

2. Prepositional O has a preposition and it should be differentiated from the prepositional adverbial modifier, cf. He waited for the girl/ for the bus/ for Godot – Oprep. I waited at the corner/ in bed/ on the roof – adverbial modifier.

In the case of Oprep the preposition is determined /governated/ by the verb. In the prepositional adverbial modifier the preposition is determined by the semantic of the adverbial modifier, not by the verb.

3. In addition there is also Ocomplex which is made up of two constituents:

3.1. Od + Co: She made him a hero.

3.2. Non-finite structure /nexus/: I saw him run /nexus Ocom with infinitive/. I saw him running /nexus Ocom with –ing form/. I saw him ruined /nexus Ocom with past participle/.

4. Finally, there is a mixed type of Ocom with the ‘for…to…’ construction(prepositional complex object).Eg: They waited for the lecture to be over.

Prep+nexus Ocom+inf to be
The ‘for…to…’ construction indicates the subject of the infinitive
when it is different from the main subject.

With link emphasis:
e.g.They waited for the lecture to be over and over it was.
…and over it was.
e.g.She wanted to marry him and marry him she did.

ENGLISH IS A CRAZY LANGUAGE

2013-01-15T10:08:00.000+01:00

THE LONGEST WORD IN ENGLISH

2012-11-22T10:05:00.001+01:00

The longest word has 189.819 letters and u can read for about 3 hours and 33 minutes.

Methionylalanylthreonylserylarginylglycylalanylserylarginylcysteinylproly- larginylaspartylisoleucylalanylasparaginylvalylmethionylglutaminylarginyl...

Methionylalanylthreonylserylarginylglycylalanylserylarginylcysteinylproly- larginylaspartylisoleucylalanylasparaginylvalylmethionylglutaminylarginyl- leucylglutaminylaspartylglutamylglutaminylglutamylisoleucylvalylglutaminy- llysylarginylthreonylphenylalanylthreonyllysyltryptophylisoleucylasparagi- nylserylhistidylleucylalanyllysylarginyllysylprolylprolylmethionylvalylva- lylaspartylaspartylleucylphenylalanylglutamylaspartylmethionyllysylaspart- ylglycylvalyllysylleucylleucylalanylleucylleucylglutamylvalylleucylserylg- lycylglutaminyllysylleucylprolylcysteinylglutamylglutaminylglycylarginyla- rginylmethionyllysylarginylisoleucylhistidylalanylvalylalanylasparaginyli- soleucylglycylthreonylalanylleucyllysylphenylalanylleucylglutamylglycylar- ginyllysylisoleucyllysylleucylvalylasparaginylisoleucylasparaginylserylth- reonylaspartylisoleucylalanylaspartylglycylarginylprolylserylisoleucylval- ylleucylglycylleucylmethionyltryptophylthreonylisoleucylisoleucylleucylty- rosylphenylalanylglutaminylisoleucylglutamylglutamylleucylthreonylserylas- paraginylleucylprolylglutaminylleucylglutaminylserylleucylserylserylseryl- alanylserylserylvalylaspartylserylisoleucylvalylserylserylglutamylthreony- lprolylserylprolylprolylseryllysylarginyllysylvalylthreonylthreonyllysyli- soleucylglutaminylglycylasparaginylalanyllysyllysylalanylleucylleucyllysy- ltryptophylvalylglutaminyltyrosylthreonylalanylglycyllysylglutaminylthreo- nylglycylisoleucylglutamylvalyllysylaspartylphenylalanylglycyllysylserylt- ryptophylarginylserylglycylvalylalanylphenylalanylhistidylserylvalylisole- ucylhistidylalanylisoleucylarginylprolylglutamylleucylvalylaspartylleucyl- glutamylthreonylvalyllysylglycylarginylserylasparaginylarginylglutamylasp- araginylleucylglutamylaspartylalanylphenylalanylthreonylisoleucylalanylgl- utamylthreonylglutamylleucylglycylisoleucylprolylarginylleucylleucylaspar- tylprolylglutamylaspartylvalylaspartylvalylaspartyllysylprolylaspartylglu- tamyllysylserylisoleucylmethionylthreonyltyrosylvalylalanylglutaminylphen- ylalanylleucyllysylhistidyltyrosylprolylaspartylisoleucylhistidylasparagi- nylalanylserylthreonylaspartylglycylglutaminylglutamylaspartylaspartylglu- tamylisoleucylleucylprolylglycylphenylalanylprolylserylphenylalanylalanyl- asparaginylserylvalylglutaminylasparaginylphenylalanyllysylarginylglutamy- laspartylarginylvalylisoleucylphenylalanyllysylglutamylmethionyllysylvaly- ltryptophylisoleucylglutamylglutaminylphenylalanylglutamylarginylaspartyl- leucylthreonylarginylalanylglutaminylmethionylvalylglutamylserylasparagin- ylleucylglutaminylaspartyllysyltyrosylglutaminylserylphenylalanyllysylhis- tidylphenylalanylarginylvalylglutaminyltyrosylglutamylmethionyllysylargin- yllysylglutaminylisoleucylglutamylhistidylleucylisoleucylglutaminylprolyl- leucylhistidylarginylaspartylglycyllysylleucylserylleucylaspartylglutamin- ylalanylleucylvalyllysylglutaminylseryltryptophylaspartylarginylvalylthre- onylserylarginylleucylphenylalanylaspartyltryptophylhistidylisoleucylglut- aminylleucylaspartyllysylserylleucylprolylalanylprolylleucylglycylthreony- lisoleucylglycylalanyltryptophylleucyltyrosylarginylalanylglutamylvalylal- anylleucylarginylglutamylglutamylisoleucylthreonylvalylglutaminylglutamin- ylvalylhistidylglutamylglutamylthreonylalanylasparaginylthreonylisoleucyl- glutaminylarginyllysylleucylglutamylglutaminylhistidyllysylaspartylleucyl- leucylglutaminylasparaginylthreonylaspartylalanylhistidyllysylarginylalan- ylphenylalanylhistidylglutamylisoleucyltyrosylarginylthreonylarginylseryl- valylasparaginylglycylisoleucylprolylvalylprolylprolylaspartylglutaminyll- eucylglutamylaspartylmethionylalanylglutamylarginylphenylalanylhistidylph- enylalanylvalylserylserylthreonylserylglutamylleucylhistidylleucylmethion- yllysylmethionylglutamylphenylalanylleucylglutamylleucyllysyltyrosylargin- ylleucylleucylserylleucylleucylvalylleucylalanylglutamylseryllysylleucyll- ysylseryltryptophylisoleucylisoleucyllysyltyrosylglycylarginylarginylglut- amylserylvalylglutamylglutaminylleucylleucylglutaminylasparaginyltyrosylv- alylserylphenylalanylisoleucylglutamylasparaginylseryllysylphenylalanylph- enylalanylglutamylglutaminyltyrosylglutamylvalylthreonyltyrosylglutaminyl- isoleucylleucyllysylglutaminylthreonylalanylglutamylmethionyltyrosylvalyl- lysylalanylaspartylglycylserylvalylglutamylglutamylalanylglutamylasparagi- nylvalylmethionyllysylphenylalanylmethionylasparaginylglutamylthreonylthr- eonylalanylglutaminyltryptophylarginylasparaginylleucylserylvalylglutamyl- valylarginylserylvalylarginylserylmethionylleucylglutamylglutamylvalyliso- leucylserylasparaginyltryptophylaspartylarginyltyrosylglycylasparaginylth- reonylvalylalanylserylleucylglutaminylalanyltryptophylleucylglutamylaspar- tylalanylglutamyllysylmethionylleucylasparaginylglutaminylserylglutamylas- paraginylalanyllysyllysylaspartylphenylalanylphenylalanylarginylasparagin- ylleucylprolylhistidyltryptophylisoleucylglutaminylglutaminylhistidylthre- onylalanylmethionylasparaginylaspartylalanylglycylasparaginylphenylalanyl- leucylisoleucylglutamylthreonylcysteinylaspartylglutamylmethionylvalylser- ylarginylaspartylleucyllysylglutaminylglutaminylleucylleucylleucylleucyla- sparaginylglycylarginyltryptophylarginylglutamylleucylphenylalanylmethion- ylglutamylvalyllysylglutaminyltyrosylalanylglutaminylalanylaspartylglutam- ylmethionylaspartylarginylmethionyllysyllysylglutamyltyrosylthreonylaspar- tylcysteinylvalylvalylthreonylleucylserylalanylphenylalanylalanylthreonyl- glutamylalanylhistidyllysyllysylleucylserylglutamylprolylleucylglutamylva- lylserylphenylalanylmethionylasparaginylvalyllysylleucylleucylisoleucylgl- utaminylaspartylleucylglutamylaspartylisoleucylglutamylglutaminylarginylv- alylprolylvalylmethionylaspartylalanylglutaminyltyrosyllysylisoleucylisol- eucylthreonyllysylthreonylalanylhistidylleucylisoleucylthreonyllysylgluta- mylserylprolylglutaminylglutamylglutamylglycyllysylglutamylmethionylpheny- lalanylalanylthreonylmethionylseryllysylleucyllysylglutamylglutaminylleuc- ylthreonyllysylvalyllysylglutamylcysteinyltyrosylserylprolylleucylleucylt- yrosylglutamylserylglutaminylglutaminylleucylleucylisoleucylprolylleucylg- lutamylglutamylleucylglutamyllysylglutaminylmethionylthreonylserylphenyla- lanyltyrosylaspartylserylleucylglycyllysylisoleucylasparaginylglutamyliso- leucylisoleucylthreonylvalylleucylglutamylarginylglutamylalanylglutaminyl- serylserylalanylleucylphenylalanyllysylglutaminyllysylhistidylglutaminylg- lutamylleucylleucylalanylcysteinylglutaminylglutamylasparaginylcysteinyll- ysyllysylthreonylleucylthreonylleucylisoleucylglutamyllysylglycylserylglu- taminylserylvalylglutaminyllysylphenylalanylvalylthreonylleucylserylaspar- aginylvalylleucyllysylhistidylphenylalanylaspartylglutaminylthreonylargin- ylleucylglutaminylarginylglutaminylisoleucylalanylaspartylisoleucylhistid- ylvalylalanylphenylalanylglutaminylserylmethionylvalyllysyllysylthreonylg- lycylaspartyltryptophyllysyllysylhistidylvalylglutamylthreonylasparaginyl- serylarginylleucylmethionyllysyllysylphenylalanylglutamylglutamylserylarg- inylalanylglutamylleucylglutamyllysylvalylleucylarginylisoleucylalanylglu- taminylglutamylglycylleucylglutamylglutamyllysylglycylaspartylprolylgluta- mylglutamylleucylleucylarginylarginylhistidylthreonylglutamylphenylalanyl- phenylalanylserylglutaminylleucylaspartylglutaminylarginylvalylleucylaspa- raginylalanylphenylalanylleucyllysylalanylcysteinylaspartylglutamylleucyl- threonylaspartylisoleucylleucylprolylglutamylglutaminylglutamylglutaminyl- glutaminylglycylleucylglutaminylglutamylalanylvalylarginyllysylleucylhist- idyllysylglutaminyltryptophyllysylaspartylleucylglutaminylglycylglutamyla- lanylprolyltyrosylhistidylleucylleucylhistidylleucyllysylisoleucylasparty- lvalylglutamyllysylasparaginylarginylphenylalanylleucylalanylserylvalylgl- utamylglutamylcysteinylarginylthreonylglutamylleucylaspartylarginylglutam- ylthreonyllysylleucylmethionylprolylglutaminylglutamylglycylserylglutamyl- lysylisoleucylisoleucyllysylglutamylhistidylarginylvalylphenylalanylpheny- lalanylserylaspartyllysylglycylprolylhistidylhistidylleucylcysteinylgluta- myllysylarginylleucylglutaminylleucylisoleucylglutamylglutamylleucylcyste- inylvalyllysylleucylprolylvalylarginylaspartylprolylvalylarginylaspartylt- hreonylprolylglycylthreonylcysteinylhistidylvalylthreonylleucyllysylgluta- mylleucylarginylalanylalanylisoleucylaspartylserylthreonyltyrosylarginyll- ysylleucylmethionylglutamylaspartylprolylaspartyllysyltryptophyllysylaspa- rtyltyrosylthreonylserylarginylphenylalanylserylglutamylphenylalanylseryl- seryltryptophylisoleucylserylthreonylasparaginylglutamylthreonylglutaminy- lleucyllysylglycylisoleucyllysylglycylglutamylalanylisoleucylaspartylthre- onylalanylasparaginylhistidylglycylglutamylvalyllysylarginylalanylvalylgl- utamylglutamylisoleucylarginylasparaginylglycylvalylthreonyllysylarginylg- lycylglutamylthreonylleucylseryltryptophylleucyllysylserylarginylleucylly- sylvalylleucylthreonylglutamylvalylserylserylglutamylasparaginylglutamyla- lanylglutaminyllysylglutaminylglycylaspartylglutamylleucylalanyllysylleuc- ylserylserylserylphenylalanyllysylalanylleucylvalylthreonylleucylleucylse- rylglutamylvalylglutamyllysylmethionylleucylserylasparaginylphenylalanylg- lycylaspartylcysteinylvalylglutaminyltyrosyllysylglutamylisoleucylvalylly- sylasparaginylserylleucylglutamylglutamylleucylisoleucylserylglycylseryll- ysylglutamylvalylglutaminylglutamylglutaminylalanylglutamyllysylisoleucyl- leucylaspartylthreonylglutamylasparaginylleucylphenylalanylglutamylalanyl- glutaminylglutaminylleucylleucylleucylhistidylhistidylglutaminylglutaminy- llysylthreonyllysylarginylisoleucylserylalanyllysyllysylarginylaspartylva- lylglutaminylglutaminylglutaminylisoleucylalanylglutaminylalanylglutaminy- lglutaminylglycylglutamylglycylglycylleucylprolylaspartylarginylglycylhis- tidylglutamylglutamylleucylarginyllysylleucylglutamylserylthreonylleucyla- spartylglycylleucylglutamylarginylserylarginylglutamylarginylglutaminylgl- utamylarginylarginylisoleucylglutaminylvalylthreonylleucylarginyllysyltry- ptophylglutamylarginylphenylalanylglutamylthreonylasparaginyllysylglutamy- lthreonylvalylvalylarginyltyrosylleucylphenylalanylglutaminylthreonylglyc- ylserylserylhistidylglutamylarginylphenylalanylleucylserylphenylalanylser- ylserylleucylglutamylserylleucylserylserylglutamylleucylglutamylglutaminy- lthreonyllysylglutamylphenylalanylseryllysylarginylthreonylglutamylseryli- soleucylalanylvalylglutaminylalanylglutamylasparaginylleucylvalyllysylglu- tamylalanylserylglutamylisoleucylprolylleucylglycylprolylglutaminylaspara- ginyllysylglutaminylleucylleucylglutaminylglutaminylglutaminylalanyllysyl- serylisoleucyllysylglutamylglutaminylvalyllysyllysylleucylglutamylasparty- lthreonylleucylglutamylglutamylaspartylisoleucyllysylthreonylmethionylglu- tamylmethionylvalyllysylthreonyllysyltryptophylaspartylhistidylphenylalan- ylglycylserylasparaginylphenylalanylglutamylthreonylleucylserylvalyltrypt- ophylisoleucylthreonylglutamyllysylglutamyllysylglutamylleucylasparaginyl- alanylleucylglutamylthreonylserylserylserylalanylmethionylaspartylmethion- ylglutaminylisoleucylserylglutaminylisoleucyllysylvalylthreonylisoleucylg- lutaminylglutamylisoleucylglutamylseryllysylleucylserylserylisoleucylvaly- lglycylleucylglutamylglutamylglutamylalanylglutaminylserylphenylalanylala- nylglutaminylphenylalanylvalylthreonylthreonylglycylglutamylserylalanylar- ginylisoleucyllysylalanyllysylleucylthreonylglutaminylisoleucylarginylarg- inyltyrosylglycylglutamylglutamylleucylarginylglutamylhistidylalanylgluta- minylcysteinylleucylglutamylglycylthreonylisoleucylleucylglycylhistidylle- ucylserylglutaminylglutaminylglutaminyllysylphenylalanylglutamylglutamyla- sparaginylleucylarginyllysylisoleucylglutaminylglutaminylserylvalylserylg- lutamylphenylalanylglutamylaspartyllysylleucylalanylvalylprolylisoleucyll- ysylisoleucylcysteinylserylserylalanylthreonylglutamylthreonyltyrosyllysy- lvalylleucylglutaminylglutamylhistidylmethionylaspartylleucylcysteinylglu- taminylalanylleucylglutamylserylleucylserylserylalanylisoleucylthreonylal- anylphenylalanylserylalanylserylalanylarginyllysylvalylvalylasparaginylar- ginylaspartylserylcysteinylvalylglutaminylglutamylalanylalanylalanylleucy- lglutaminylglutaminylglutaminyltyrosylglutamylaspartylisoleucylleucylargi- nylarginylalanyllysylglutamylarginylglutaminylthreonylalanylleucylglutamy- lasparaginylleucylleucylalanylhistidyltryptophylglutaminylarginylleucylgl- utamyllysylglutamylleucylserylserylphenylalanylleucylthreonyltryptophylle- ucylglutamylarginylglycylglutamylalanyllysylalanylserylserylprolylglutamy- lmethionylaspartylisoleucylserylalanylaspartylarginylvalyllysylvalylgluta- mylglycylglutamylleucylglutaminylleucylisoleucylglutaminylalanylleucylglu- taminylasparaginylglutamylvalylvalylserylglutaminylalanylserylphenylalany- ltyrosylseryllysylleucylleucylglutaminylleucyllysylglutamylserylleucylphe- nylalanylserylvalylalanylseryllysylaspartylaspartylvalyllysylmethionylmet- hionyllysylleucylhistidylleucylglutamylglutaminylleucylaspartylglutamylar- ginyltryptophylarginylaspartylleucylprolylglutaminylisoleucylisoleucylasp- araginyllysylarginylisoleucylasparaginylphenylalanylleucylglutaminylseryl- valylvalylalanylglutamylhistidylglutaminylglutaminylphenylalanylaspartylg- lutamylleucylleucylleucylserylphenylalanylserylvalyltryptophylisoleucylly- sylleucylphenylalanylleucylserylglutamylleucylglutaminylthreonylthreonyls- erylglutamylisoleucylserylisoleucylmethionylaspartylhistidylglutaminylval- ylalanylleucylthreonylarginylhistidyllysylaspartylhistidylalanylalanylglu- tamylvalylglutamylseryllysyllysylglycylglutamylleucylglutaminylserylleucy- lglutaminylglycylhistidylleucylalanyllysylleucylglycylserylleucylglycylar- ginylalanylglutamylaspartylleucylhistidylleucylleucylglutaminylglycyllysy- lalanylglutamylaspartylcysteinylphenylalanylglutaminylleucylphenylalanylg- lutamylglutamylalanylserylglutaminylvalylvalylglutamylarginylarginylgluta- minylleucylalanylleucylserylhistidylleucylalanylglutamylphenylalanylleucy- lglutaminylserylhistidylalanylserylleucylserylglycylisoleucylleucylarginy- lglutaminylleucylarginylglutaminylthreonylvalylglutamylalanylthreonylaspa- raginylserylmethionylasparaginyllysylasparaginylglutamylserylaspartylleuc- ylisoleucylglutamyllysylaspartylleucylasparaginylaspartylalanylleucylglut- aminylasparaginylalanyllysylalanylleucylglutamylserylalanylalanylvalylser- ylleucylaspartylglycylisoleucylleucylseryllysylalanylglutaminyltyrosylhis- tidylleucyllysylisoleucylglycylserylserylglutamylglutaminylarginylthreony- lserylcysteinylarginylalanylthreonylalanylaspartylglutaminylleucylcystein- ylglycylglutamylvalylglutamylarginylisoleucylglutaminylasparaginylleucyll- eucylglycylthreonyllysylglutaminylserylglutamylalanylaspartylalanylleucyl- alanylvalylleucyllysyllysylalanylphenylalanylglutaminylaspartylglutaminyl- lysylglutamylglutamylleucylleucyllysylserylisoleucylglutamylaspartylisole- ucylglutamylglutamylarginylthreonylaspartyllysylglutamylarginylleucyllysy- lglutamylprolylthreonylarginylglutaminylalanylleucylglutaminylglutaminyla- rginylleucylarginylvalylphenylalanylasparaginylglutaminylleucylglutamylas- partylglutamylleucylasparaginylserylhistidylglutamylhistidylglutamylleucy- lcysteinyltryptophylleucyllysylaspartyllysylalanyllysylglutaminylisoleucy- lalanylglutaminyllysylaspartylvalylalanylphenylalanylalanylprolylglutamyl- valylaspartylarginylglutamylisoleucylasparaginylarginylleucylglutamylvaly- lthreonyltryptophylaspartylaspartylthreonyllysylarginylleucylisoleucylhis- tidylglutamylasparaginylglutaminylglycylglutaminylcysteinylcysteinylglycy- lleucylisoleucylaspartylleucylmethionylarginylglutamyltyrosylglutaminylas- paraginylleucyllysylserylalanylvalylseryllysylvalylleucylglutamylasparagi- nylalanylserylserylvalylisoleucylvalylthreonylarginylthreonylthreonylisol- eucyllysylaspartylglutaminylglutamylaspartylleucyllysyltryptophylalanylph- enylalanylseryllysylhistidylglutamylthreonylalanyllysylasparaginyllysylme- thionylasparaginyltyrosyllysylglutaminyllysylaspartylleucylaspartylaspara- ginylphenylalanylthreonylseryllysylglycyllysylhistidylleucylleucylserylgl- utamylleucyllysyllysylisoleucylhistidylserylserylaspartylphenylalanylsery- lleucylvalyllysylthreonylaspartylmethionylglutamylserylthreonylvalylaspar- tyllysyltryptophylleucylaspartylvalylserylglutamyllysylleucylglutamylglut- amylasparaginylmethionylaspartylarginylleucylarginylvalylserylleucylseryl- isoleucyltryptophylaspartylaspartylvalylleucylserylthreonylarginylasparty- lglutamylisoleucylglutamylglycyltryptophylserylasparaginylasparaginylcyst- einylvalylprolylglutaminylmethionylalanylglutamylasparaginylisoleucylsery- lasparaginylleucylaspartylasparaginylhistidylleucylarginylalanylglutamylg- lutamylleucylleucyllysylglutamylphenylalanylglutamylserylglutamylvalyllys- ylasparaginyllysylalanylleucylarginylleucylglutamylglutamylleucylhistidyl- seryllysylvalylasparaginylaspartylleucyllysylglutamylleucylthreonyllysyla- sparaginylleucylglutamylthreonylprolylprolylaspartylleucylglutaminylpheny- lalanylisoleucylglutamylalanylaspartylleucylmethionylglutaminyllysylleucy- lglutamylhistidylalanyllysylglutamylisoleucylthreonylglutamylvalylalanyll- ysylglycylthreonylleucyllysylaspartylphenylalanylthreonylalanylglutaminyl- serylthreonylglutaminylvalylglutamyllysylphenylalanylisoleucylasparaginyl- aspartylisoleucylthreonylthreonyltryptophylphenylalanylthreonyllysylvalyl- glutamylglutamylserylleucylmethionylasparaginylcysteinylalanylglutaminyla- sparaginylglutamylthreonylcysteinylglutamylalanylleucyllysyllysylvalyllys- ylaspartylisoleucylglutaminyllysylglutamylleucylglutaminylserylglutaminyl- glutaminylserylasparaginylisoleucylserylserylthreonylglutaminylglutamylas- paraginylleucylasparaginylserylleucylcysteinylarginyllysyltyrosylhistidyl- serylalanylglutamylleucylglutamylserylleucylglycylarginylalanylmethionylt- hreonylglycylleucylisoleucyllysyllysylhistidylglutamylalanylvalylserylglu- taminylleucylcysteinylseryllysylthreonylglutaminylalanylserylleucylglutam- inylglutamylserylleucylglutamyllysylhistidylphenylalanylserylglutamylsery- lmethionylglutaminylglutamylphenylalanylglutaminylglutamyltryptophylpheny- lalanylleucylglycylalanyllysylalanylalanylalanyllysylglutamylserylserylas- partylarginylthreonylglycylaspartylseryllysylvalylleucylglutamylalanyllys- ylleucylhistidylaspartylleucylglutaminylasparaginylisoleucylleucylasparty- lserylvalylserylaspartylglycylglutaminylseryllysylleucylaspartylalanylval- ylthreonylglutaminylglutamylglycylglutaminylthreonylleucyltyrosylalanylhi- stidylleucylseryllysylglutaminylisoleucylvalylserylserylisoleucylglutamin- ylglutamylglutaminylisoleucylthreonyllysylalanylasparaginylglutamylglutam- ylphenylalanylglutaminylalanylphenylalanylleucyllysylglutaminylcysteinyll- eucyllysylaspartyllysylglutaminylalanylleucylglutaminylaspartylcysteinyla- lanylserylglutamylleucylglycylserylphenylalanylglutamylaspartylglutaminyl- histidylarginyllysylleucylasparaginylleucyltryptophylisoleucylhistidylglu- tamylmethionylglutamylglutamylarginylphenylalanylasparaginylthreonylgluta- mylasparaginylleucylglycylglutamylseryllysylglutaminylhistidylisoleucylpr- olylglutamyllysyllysylasparaginylglutamylvalylhistidyllysylvalylglutamylm- ethionylphenylalanylleucylglycylglutamylleucylleucylalanylalanylarginylgl- utamylserylleucylaspartyllysylleucylserylglutaminylarginylglycylglutaminy- lleucylleucylserylglutamylglutamylglycylhistidylglycylalanylglycylglutami- nylglutamylglycylarginylleucylcysteinylserylglutaminylleucylleucylthreony- lserylhistidylglutaminylasparaginylleucylleucylarginylmethionylthreonylly- sylglutamyllysylleucylarginylserylcysteinylglutaminylvalylalanylleucylglu- taminylglutamylhistidylglutamylalanylleucylglutamylglutamylalanylleucylgl- utaminylserylmethionyltryptophylphenylalanyltryptophylvalyllysylalanyliso- leucylglutaminylaspartylarginylleucylalanylcysteinylalanylglutamylserylth- reonylleucylglycylseryllysylaspartylthreonylleucylglutamyllysylarginylleu- cylserylglutaminylisoleucylglutaminylaspartylisoleucylleucylleucylmethion- yllysylglycylglutamylglycylglutamylvalyllysylleucylasparaginylmethionylal- anylisoleucylglycyllysylglycylglutamylglutaminylalanylleucylarginylseryls- erylasparaginyllysylglutamylglycylglutaminylarginylvalylisoleucylglutamin- ylthreonylglutaminylleucylglutamylthreonylleucyllysylglutamylvalyltryptop- hylalanylaspartylisoleucylmethionylserylserylserylvalylhistidylalanylglut- aminylserylthreonylleucylglutamylserylvalylisoleucylserylglutaminyltrypto- phylasparaginylaspartyltyrosylvalylglutamylarginyllysylasparaginylglutami- nylleucylglutamylglutaminyltryptophylmethionylglutamylserylvalylaspartylg- lutaminyllysylisoleucylglutamylhistidylprolylleucylglutaminylprolylglutam- inylprolylglycylleucyllysylglutamyllysylphenylalanylvalylleucylleucylaspa- rtylhistidylleucylglutaminylserylisoleucylleucylserylglutamylalanylglutam- ylaspartylhistidylthreonylarginylalanylleucylhistidylarginylleucylisoleuc- ylalanyllysylserylarginylglutamylleucyltyrosylglutamyllysylthreonylglutam- ylaspartylglutamylserylphenylalanyllysylaspartylthreonylalanylglutaminylg- lutamylglutamylleucyllysylthreonylglutaminylphenylalanylasparaginylaspart- ylisoleucylmethionylthreonylvalylalanyllysylglutamyllysylmethionylarginyl- lysylvalylglutamylglutamylisoleucylvalyllysylaspartylhistidylleucylmethio- nyltyrosylleucylaspartylalanylvalylhistidylglutamylphenylalanylthreonylas- partyltryptophylleucylhistidylserylalanyllysylglutamylglutamylleucylhisti- dylarginyltryptophylserylaspartylmethionylserylglycylaspartylserylserylal- anylthreonylglutaminyllysyllysylleucylseryllysylisoleucyllysylglutamylleu- cylisoleucylaspartylserylarginylglutamylisoleucylglycylalanylserylarginyl- leucylserylarginylvalylglutamylserylleucylalanylprolylglutamylvalyllysylg- lutaminylasparaginylthreonylthreonylalanylserylglycylcysteinylglutamylleu- cylmethionylhistidylthreonylglutamylmethionylglutaminylalanylleucylarginy- lalanylaspartyltryptophyllysylglutaminyltryptophylglutamylaspartylserylva- lylphenylalanylglutaminylthreonylglutaminylserylcysteinylleucylglutamylas- paraginylleucylvalylserylglutaminylmethionylalanylleucylserylglutamylglut- aminylglutamylphenylalanylserylglycylglutaminylvalylalanylglutaminylleucy- lglutamylglutaminylalanylleucylglutamylglutaminylphenylalanylserylalanyll- eucylleucyllysylthreonyltryptophylalanylglutaminylglutaminylleucylthreony- lleucylleucylglutamylglycyllysylasparaginylthreonylaspartylglutamylglutam- ylisoleucylvalylglutamylcysteinyltryptophylhistidyllysylglycylglutaminylg- lutamylisoleucylleucylaspartylalanylleucylglutaminyllysylalanylglutamylpr- olylarginylthreonylglutamylaspartylleucyllysylserylglutaminylleucylaspara- ginylglutamylleucylcysteinylarginylphenylalanylserylarginylaspartylleucyl- serylthreonyltyrosylserylglycyllysylvalylserylglycylleucylisoleucyllysylg- lutamyltyrosylasparaginylcysteinylleucylcysteinylleucylglutaminylalanylse- ryllysylglycylcysteinylglutaminylasparaginyllysylglutamylglutaminylisoleu- cylleucylglutaminylglutaminylarginylphenylalanylarginyllysylalanylphenyla- lanylarginylaspartylphenylalanylglutaminylglutaminyltryptophylleucylvalyl- asparaginylalanyllysylisoleucylthreonylthreonylalanyllysylcysteinylphenyl- alanylaspartylisoleucylprolylglutaminylasparaginylisoleucylserylglutamylv- alylserylthreonylserylleucylglutaminyllysylisoleucylglutaminylglutamylphe- nylalanylleucylserylglutamylserylglutamylasparaginylglycylglutaminylhisti- dyllysylleucylasparaginylmethionylmethionylleucylseryllysylglycylglutamyl- leucylleucylserylthreonylleucylleucylthreonyllysylglutamyllysylalanyllysy- lglycylisoleucylglutaminylalanyllysylvalylthreonylalanylalanyllysylglutam- ylaspartyltryptophyllysylasparaginylphenylalanylhistidylserylasparaginyll- eucylhistidylglutaminyllysylglutamylserylalanylleucylglutamylasparaginyll- eucyllysylisoleucylglutaminylmethionyllysylaspartylphenylalanylglutamylva- lylserylalanylglutamylprolylisoleucylglutaminylaspartyltryptophylleucylse- ryllysylthreonylglutamyllysylmethionylvalylhistidylglutamylserylserylaspa- raginylarginylleucyltyrosylaspartylleucylprolylalanyllysylarginylarginylg- lutamylglutaminylglutaminyllysylleucylglutaminylserylvalylleucylglutamylg- lutamylisoleucylhistidylcysteinyltyrosylglutamylprolylglutaminylleucylasp- araginylarginylleucyllysylglutamyllysylalanylglutaminylglutaminylleucyltr- yptophylglutamylglycylglutaminylalanylalanylseryllysylserylphenylalanylar- ginylhistidylarginylvalylserylglutaminylleucylserylserylglutaminyltyrosyl- leucylalanylleucylserylasparaginylleucylthreonyllysylglutamyllysylvalylse- rylarginylleucylaspartylarginylisoleucylvalylalanylglutamylhistidylaspara- ginylglutaminylphenylalanylserylleucylglycylisoleucyllysylglutamylleucylg- lutaminylaspartyltryptophylmethionylthreonylaspartylalanylisoleucylhistid- ylmethionylleucylaspartylseryltyrosylcysteinylhistidylprolylthreonylseryl- aspartyllysylserylvalylleucylaspartylserylarginylthreonylleucyllysylleucy- lglutamylalanylleucylleucylserylvalyllysylglutaminylglutamyllysylglutamyl- isoleucylglutaminylmethionyllysylmethionylisoleucylvalylthreonylarginylgl- ycylglutamylserylvalylleucylglutaminylasparaginylthreonylserylprolylgluta- mylglycylisoleucylprolylthreonylisoleucylglutaminylglutaminylglutaminylle- ucylglutaminylserylvalyllysylaspartylmethionyltryptophylalanylserylleucyl- leucylserylalanylglycylisoleucylarginylcysteinyllysylserylglutaminylleucy- lglutamylglycylalanylleucylseryllysyltryptophylthreonylseryltyrosylglutam- inylaspartylglycylvalylarginylglutaminylphenylalanylserylglycyltryptophyl- methionylaspartylserylmethionylglutamylalanylasparaginylleucylasparaginyl- glutamylserylglutamylarginylglutaminylhistidylalanylglutamylleucylarginyl- aspartyllysylthreonylthreonylmethionylleucylglycyllysylalanyllysylleucyll- eucylasparaginylglutamylglutamylvalylleucylseryltyrosylserylserylleucylle- ucylglutamylthreonylisoleucylglutamylvalyllysylglycylalanylglycylmethiony- lthreonylglutamylhistidyltyrosylvalylthreonylglutaminylleucylglutamylleuc- ylglutaminylaspartylleucylglutaminylglutamylarginyltyrosylarginylalanylis- oleucylglutaminylglutamylarginylalanyllysylglutamylalanylvalylthreonyllys- ylserylglutamyllysylleucylvalylarginylleucylhistidylglutaminylglutamyltyr- osylglutaminylarginylaspartylleucyllysylalanylphenylalanylglutamylvalyltr- yptophylleucylglycylglutaminylglutamylglutaminylglutamyllysylleucylaspart- ylglutaminyltyrosylserylvalylleucylglutamylglycylaspartylalanylhistidylth- reonylhistidylglutamylthreonylthreonylleucylarginylaspartylleucylglutamin- ylglutamylleucylglutaminylvalylhistidylcysteinylalanylglutamylglycylgluta- minylalanylleucylleucylasparaginylserylvalylleucylhistidylthreonylarginyl- glutamylaspartylvalylisoleucylprolylserylglycylisoleucylprolylglutaminyla- lanylglutamylaspartylarginylalanylleucylglutamylserylleucylarginylglutami- nylaspartyltryptophylglutaminylalanyltyrosylglutaminylhistidylarginylleuc- ylserylglutamylthreonylarginylthreonylglutaminylphenylalanylasparaginylas- paraginylvalylvalylasparaginyllysylleucylarginylleucylmethionylglutamylgl- utaminyllysylphenylalanylglutaminylglutaminylvalylaspartylglutamyltryptop- hylleucyllysylthreonylalanylglutamylglutamyllysylvalylserylprolylarginylt- hreonylarginylarginylglutaminylserylasparaginylarginylalanylthreonyllysyl- glutamylisoleucylglutaminylleucylhistidylglutaminylmethionyllysyllysyltry- ptophylhistidylglutamylglutamylvalylthreonylalanyltyrosylarginylaspartylg- lutamylvalylglutamylglutamylvalylglycylalanylarginylalanylglutaminylgluta- mylisoleucylleucylaspartylglutamylserylhistidylvalylasparaginylserylargin- ylmethionylglycylcysteinylglutaminylalanylthreonylglutaminylleucylthreony- lserylarginyltyrosylglutaminylalanylleucylleucylleucylglutaminylvalylleuc- ylglutamylglutaminylisoleucyllysylphenylalanylleucylglutamylglutamylgluta- mylisoleucylglutaminylserylleucylglutamylglutamylserylglutamylserylseryll- eucylserylseryltyrosylserylaspartyltryptophyltyrosylglycylserylthreonylhi- stidyllysylasparaginylphenylalanyllysylasparaginylvalylalanylthreonyllysy- lisoleucylaspartyllysylvalylaspartylthreonylvalylmethionylmethionylglycyl- lysyllysylleucyllysylthreonylleucylglutamylvalylleucylleucyllysylaspartyl- methionylglutamyllysylglycylhistidylserylleucylleucyllysylserylalanylargi- nylglutamyllysylglycylglutamylarginylalanylvalyllysyltyrosylleucylglutamy- lglutamylglycylglutamylalanylglutamylarginylleucylarginyllysylglutamyliso- leucylhistidylaspartylhistidylmethionylglutamylglutaminylleucyllysylgluta- mylleucylthreonylserylthreonylvalylarginyllysylglutamylhistidylmethionylt- hreonylleucylglutamyllysylglycylleucylhistidylleucylalanyllysylglutamylph- enylalanylserylaspartyllysylcysteinyllysylalanylleucylthreonylglutaminylt- ryptophylisoleucylalanylglutamyltyrosylglutaminylglutamylisoleucylleucylh- istidylvalylprolylglutamylglutamylprolyllysylmethionylglutamylleucyltyros- ylglutamyllysyllysylalanylglutaminylleucylseryllysyltyrosyllysylserylleuc- ylglutaminylglutaminylthreonylvalylleucylserylhistidylglutamylprolylseryl- valyllysylserylvalylarginylglutamyllysylglycylglutamylalanylleucylleucylg- lutamylleucylvalylglutaminylaspartylvalylthreonylleucyllysylaspartyllysyl- isoleucylaspartylglutaminylleucylglutaminylserylaspartyltyrosylglutaminyl- aspartylleucylcysteinylserylisoleucylglycyllysylglutamylhistidylvalylphen- ylalanylserylleucylglutamylalanyllysylvalyllysylaspartylhistidylglutamyla- spartyltyrosylasparaginylserylglutamylleucylglutaminylglutamylvalylglutam- yllysyltryptophylleucylleucylglutaminylmethionylserylglycylarginylleucylv- alylalanylprolylaspartylleucylleucylglutamylthreonylserylserylleucylgluta- mylthreonylisoleucylthreonylglutaminylglutaminylleucylalanylhistidylhisti- dyllysylalanylmethionylmethionylglutamylglutamylisoleucylalanylglycylphen- ylalanylglutamylaspartylarginylleucylasparaginylasparaginylleucylglutamin- ylmethionyllysylglycylaspartylthreonylleucylisoleucylglycylglutaminylcyst- einylalanylaspartylhistidylleucylglutaminylalanyllysylleucyllysylglutamin- ylasparaginylvalylhistidylalanylhistidylleucylglutaminylglycylthreonyllys- ylaspartylseryltyrosylserylalanylisoleucylcysteinylserylthreonylalanylglu- taminylarginylmethionyltyrosylglutaminylserylleucylglutamylhistidylglutam- ylleucylglutaminyllysylhistidylvalylserylarginylglutaminylaspartylthreony- lleucylglutaminylglutaminylcysteinylglutaminylalanyltryptophylleucylseryl- alanylvalylglutaminylprolylaspartylleucylglutamylprolylserylprolylglutami- nylprolylprolylleucylserylarginylalanylglutamylalanylisoleucyllysylglutam- inylvalyllysylhistidylphenylalanylarginylalanylleucylglutaminylglutamylgl- utaminylalanylarginylthreonyltyrosylleucylaspartylleucylleucylcysteinylse- rylmethionylcysteinylaspartylleucylserylasparaginylalanylserylvalyllysylt- hreonylthreonylalanyllysylaspartylisoleucylglutaminylglutaminylthreonylgl- utamylglutaminylthreonylisoleucylglutamylglutaminyllysylleucylvalylglutam- inylalanylglutaminylasparaginylleucylthreonylglutaminylglycyltryptophylgl- utamylglutamylisoleucyllysylhistidylleucyllysylserylglutamylleucyltryptop- hylisoleucyltyrosylleucylglutaminylaspartylalanylaspartylglutaminylglutam- inylleucylglutaminylasparaginylmethionyllysylarginylarginylhistidylserylg- lutamylleucylglutamylleucylasparaginylisoleucylalanylglutaminylasparaginy- lmethionylvalylserylglutaminylvalyllysylaspartylphenylalanylvalyllysyllys- ylleucylglutaminylseryllysylglutaminylalanylserylvalylasparaginylthreonyl- isoleucylisoleucylglutamyllysylvalylasparaginyllysylleucylthreonyllysylly- sylglutamylglutamylserylprolylglutamylhistidyllysylglutamylisoleucylaspar- aginylhistidylleucylasparaginylaspartylglutaminyltryptophylleucylaspartyl- leucylcysteinylarginylglutaminylserylasparaginylasparaginylleucylcysteiny- lleucylglutaminylarginylglutamylglutamylaspartylleucylglutaminylarginylth- reonylarginylaspartyltyrosylhistidylaspartylcysteinylmethionylasparaginyl- valylvalylglutamylvalylphenylalanylleucylglutamyllysylphenylalanylthreony- lthreonylglutamyltryptophylaspartylasparaginylleucylalanylarginylserylasp- artylalanylglutamylserylthreonylalanylvalylhistidylleucylglutamylalanylle- ucyllysyllysylleucylalanylleucylalanylleucylglutaminylglutamylarginyllysy- ltyrosylalanylisoleucylglutamylaspartylleucyllysylaspartylglutaminyllysyl- glutaminyllysylmethionylisoleucylglutamylhistidylleucylasparaginylleucyla- spartylaspartyllysylglutamylleucylvalyllysylglutamylglutaminylthreonylser- ylhistidylleucylglutamylglutaminylarginyltryptophylphenylalanylglutaminyl- leucylglutamylaspartylleucylisoleucyllysylarginyllysylisoleucylglutaminyl- valylserylvalylthreonylasparaginylleucylglutamylglutamylleucylasparaginyl- valylvalylglutaminylserylarginylphenylalanylglutaminylglutamylleucylmethi- onylglutamyltryptophylalanylglutamylglutamylglutaminylglutaminylprolylasp- araginylisoleucylalanylglutamylalanylleucyllysylglutaminylserylprolylprol- ylprolylaspartylmethionylalanylglutaminylasparaginylleucylleucylmethionyl- aspartylhistidylleucylalanylisoleucylcysteinylserylglutamylleucylglutamyl- alanyllysylglutaminylmethionylleucylleucyllysylserylleucylisoleucyllysyla- spartylalanylaspartylarginylvalylmethionylalanylaspartylleucylglycylleucy- lasparaginylglutamylarginylglutaminylvalylisoleucylglutaminyllysylalanyll- eucylserylaspartylalanylglutaminylserylhistidylvalylasparaginylcysteinyll- eucylserylaspartylleucylvalylglycylglutaminylarginylarginyllysyltyrosylle- ucylasparaginyllysylalanylleucylserylglutamyllysylthreonylglutaminylpheny- lalanylleucylmethionylalanylvalylphenylalanylglutaminylalanylthreonylsery- lglutaminylisoleucylglutaminylglutaminylhistidylglutamylarginyllysylisole- ucylmethionylphenylalanylarginylglutamylhistidylisoleucylcysteinylleucyll- eucylprolylaspartylaspartylvalylseryllysylglutaminylvalyllysylthreonylcys- teinyllysylserylalanylglutaminylalanylserylleucyllysylthreonyltyrosylglut- aminylasparaginylglutamylvalylthreonylglycylleucyltryptophylalanylglutami- nylglycylarginylglutamylleucylmethionyllysylglutamylvalylthreonylglutamyl- glutaminylglutamyllysylserylglutamylvalylleucylglycyllysylleucylglutaminy- lglutamylleucylglutaminylserylvalyltyrosylaspartylserylvalylleucylglutami- nyllysylcysteinylserylhistidylarginylleucylglutaminylglutamylleucylglutam- yllysylasparaginylleucylvalylserylarginyllysylhistidylphenylalanyllysylgl- utamylaspartylphenylalanylaspartyllysylalanylcysteinylhistidyltryptophyll- eucyllysylglutaminylalanylaspartylisoleucylvalylthreonylphenylalanylproly- lglutamylisoleucylasparaginylleucylmethionylasparaginylglutamylserylseryl- glutamylleucylhistidylthreonylglutaminylleucylalanyllysyltyrosylglutaminy- lasparaginylisoleucylleucylglutamylglutaminylserylprolylglutamyltyrosylgl- utamylasparaginylleucylleucylleucylthreonylleucylglutaminylarginylthreony- lglycylglutaminylthreonylisoleucylleucylprolylserylleucylasparaginylgluta- mylvalylaspartylhistidylseryltyrosylleucylserylglutamyllysylleucylasparag- inylalanylleucylprolylarginylglutaminylphenylalanylasparaginylvalylisoleu- cylvalylalanylleucylalanyllysylaspartyllysylphenylalanyltyrosyllysylvalyl- glutaminylglutamylalanylisoleucylleucylalanylarginyllysylglutamyltyrosyla- lanylserylleucylisoleucylglutamylleucylthreonylthreonylglutaminylserylleu- cylserylglutamylleucylglutamylalanylglutaminylphenylalanylleucylarginylme- thionylseryllysylvalylprolylthreonylaspartylleucylalanylvalylglutamylglut- amylalanylleucylserylleucylglutaminylaspartylglycylcysteinylarginylalanyl- isoleucylleucylaspartylglutamylvalylalanylglycylleucylglycylglutamylalany- lvalylaspartylglutamylleucylasparaginylglutaminyllysyllysylglutamylglycyl- phenylalanylarginylserylthreonylglycylglutaminylprolyltryptophylglutaminy- lprolylaspartyllysylmethionylleucylhistidylleucylvalylthreonylleucyltyros- ylhistidylarginylleucyllysylarginylglutaminylthreonylglutamylglutaminylar- ginylvalylserylleucylleucylglutamylaspartylthreonylthreonylserylalanyltyr- osylglutaminylglutamylhistidylglutamyllysylmethionylcysteinylglutaminylgl- utaminylleucylglutamylarginylglutaminylleucyllysylserylvalyllysylglutamyl- glutamylglutaminylseryllysylvalylasparaginylglutamylglutamylthreonylleucy- lprolylalanylglutamylglutamyllysylleucyllysylmethionyltyrosylhistidylsery- lleucylalanylglycylserylleucylglutaminylaspartylserylglycylisoleucylvalyl- leucyllysylarginylvalylthreonylisoleucylhistidylleucylglutamylaspartylleu- cylalanylprolylhistidylleucylaspartylprolylleucylalanyltyrosylglutamyllys- ylalanylarginylhistidylglutaminylisoleucylglutaminylseryltryptophylglutam- inylglycylglutamylleucyllysylleucylleucylthreonylserylalanylisoleucylglyc- ylglutamylthreonylvalylthreonylglutamylcysteinylglutamylserylarginylmethi- onylvalylglutaminylserylisoleucylaspartylphenylalanylglutaminylthreonylgl- utamylmethionylserylarginylserylleucylaspartyltryptophylleucylarginylargi- nylvalyllysylalanylglutamylleucylserylglycylprolylvalyltyrosylleucylaspar- tylleucylasparaginylleucylglutaminylaspartylisoleucylglutaminylglutamylgl- utamylisoleucylarginyllysylisoleucylglutaminylisoleucylhistidylglutaminyl- glutamylglutamylvalylglutaminylserylserylleucylarginylisoleucylmethionyla- sparaginylalanylleucylserylhistidyllysylglutamyllysylglutamyllysylphenyla- lanylthreonyllysylalanyllysylglutamylleucylisoleucylserylalanylaspartylle- ucylglutamylhistidylserylleucylalanylglutamylleucylserylglutamylleucylasp- artylglycylaspartylisoleucylglutaminylglutamylalanylleucylarginylthreonyl- arginylglutaminylalanylthreonylleucylthreonylglutamylisoleucyltyrosylsery- lglutaminylcysteinylglutaminylarginyltyrosyltyrosylglutaminylvalylphenyla- lanylglutaminylalanylalanylasparaginylaspartyltryptophylleucylglutamylasp- artylalanylglutaminylglutamylleucylleucylglutaminylleucylalanylglycylaspa- raginylglycylleucylaspartylvalylglutamylserylalanylglutamylglutamylaspara- ginylleucyllysylserylhistidylmethionylglutamylphenylalanylphenylalanylser- ylthreonylglutamylaspartylglutaminylphenylalanylhistidylserylasparaginyll- eucylglutamylglutamylleucylhistidylserylleucylvalylalanylthreonylleucylas- partylprolylleucylisoleucyllysylprolylthreonylglycyllysylglutamylaspartyl- leucylglutamylglutaminyllysylvalylalanylserylleucylglutamylleucylarginyls- erylglutaminylarginylmethionylserylarginylaspartylserylglycylalanylglutam- inylvalylaspartylleucylleucylglutaminylarginylcysteinylthreonylalanylglut- aminyltryptophylhistidylaspartyltyrosylglutaminyllysylalanylarginylglutam- ylglutamylvalylisoleucylglutamylleucylmethionylasparaginylaspartylthreony- lglutamyllysyllysylleucylserylglutamylphenylalanylserylleucylleucyllysylt- hreonylserylserylserylhistidylglutamylalanylglutamylglutamyllysylleucylse- rylglutamylhistidyllysylalanylleucylvalylserylvalylvalylasparaginylserylp- henylalanylhistidylglutamyllysylisoleucylvalylalanylleucylglutamylglutamy- llysylalanylserylglutaminylleucylglutamyllysylthreonylglycylasparaginylas- partylalanylseryllysylalanylthreonylleucylserylarginylserylmethionylthreo- nylthreonylvalyltryptophylglutaminylarginyltryptophylthreonylarginylleucy- larginylalanylvalylalanylglutaminylaspartylglutaminylglutamyllysylisoleuc- ylleucylglutamylaspartylalanylvalylaspartylglutamyltryptophylthreonylglyc- ylphenylalanylasparaginylasparaginyllysylvalyllysyllysylalanylthreonylglu- tamylmethionylisoleucylaspartylglutaminylleucylglutaminylaspartyllysylleu- cylprolylglycylserylserylalanylglutamyllysylalanylseryllysylalanylglutamy- lleucylleucylthreonylleucylleucylglutamyltyrosylhistidylaspartylthreonylp- henylalanylvalylleucylglutamylleucylglutamylglutaminylglutaminylglutaminy- lserylalanylleucylglycylmethionylleucylarginylglutaminylglutaminylthreony- lleucylserylmethionylleucylglutaminylaspartylglycylalanylalanylprolylthre- onylprolylglycylglutamylglutamylprolylprolylleucylmethionylglutaminylglut- amylisoleucylthreonylalanylmethionylglutaminylaspartylarginylcysteinylleu- cylasparaginylmethionylglutaminylglutamyllysylvalyllysylthreonylasparagin- ylglycyllysylleucylvalyllysylglutaminylglutamylleucyllysylaspartylarginyl- glutamylmethionylvalylglutamylthreonylglutaminylisoleucylasparaginylseryl- valyllysylcysteinyltryptophylvalylglutaminylglutamylthreonyllysylglutamyl- tyrosylleucylglycylasparaginylprolylthreonylisoleucylglutamylisoleucylasp- artylalanylglutaminylleucylglutamylglutamylleucylglutaminylisoleucylleucy- lleucylthreonylglutamylalanylthreonylasparaginylhistidylarginylglutaminyl- asparaginylisoleucylglutamyllysylmethionylalanylglutamylglutamylglutaminy- llysylglutamyllysyltyrosylleucylglycylleucyltyrosylthreonylisoleucylleucy- lprolylserylglutamylleucylserylleucylglutaminylleucylalanylglutamylvalyla- lanylleucylaspartylleucyllysylisoleucylarginylaspartylglutaminylisoleucyl- glutaminylaspartyllysylisoleucyllysylglutamylvalylglutamylglutaminylseryl- lysylalanylthreonylserylglutaminylglutamylleucylserylarginylglutaminyliso- leucylglutaminyllysylleucylalanyllysylaspartylleucylthreonylthreonylisole- ucylleucylthreonyllysylleucyllysylalanyllysylthreonylaspartylasparaginylv- alylvalylglutaminylalanyllysylthreonylaspartylglutaminyllysylvalylleucylg- lycylglutamylglutamylleucylaspartylglycylcysteinylasparaginylseryllysylle- ucylmethionylglutamylleucylaspartylalanylalanylvalylglutaminyllysylphenyl- alanylleucylglutamylglutaminylasparaginylglycylglutaminylleucylglycyllysy- lprolylleucylalanyllysyllysylisoleucylglycyllysylleucylthreonylglutamylle- ucylhistidylglutaminylglutaminylthreonylisoleucylarginylglutaminylalanylg- lutamylasparaginylarginylleucylseryllysylleucylasparaginylglutaminylalany- lalanylserylhistidylleucylglutamylglutamyltyrosylasparaginylglutamylmethi- onylleucylglutamylleucylisoleucylleucyllysyltryptophylisoleucylglutamylly- sylalanyllysylvalylleucylalanylhistidylglycylthreonylisoleucylalanyltrypt- ophylasparaginylserylalanylserylglutaminylleucylarginylglutamylglutaminyl- tyrosylisoleucylleucylhistidylglutaminylthreonylleucylleucylglutamylgluta- mylseryllysylglutamylisoleucylaspartylserylglutamylleucylglutamylalanylme- thionylthreonylglutamyllysylleucylglutaminyltyrosylleucylthreonylserylval- yltyrosylcysteinylthreonylglutamyllysylmethionylserylglutaminylglutaminyl- valylalanylglutamylleucylglycylarginylglutamylthreonylglutamylglutamylleu- cylarginylglutaminylmethionylisoleucyllysylisoleucylarginylleucylglutamin- ylasparaginylleucylglutaminylaspartylalanylalanyllysylaspartylmethionylly- syllysylphenylalanylglutamylalanylglutamylleucyllysyllysylleucylglutaminy- lalanylalanylleucylglutamylglutaminylalanylglutaminylalanylthreonylleucyl- threonylserylprolylglutamylvalylglycylarginylleucylserylleucyllysylglutam- ylglutaminylleucylserylhistidylarginylglutaminylhistidylleucylleucylseryl- glutamylmethionylglutamylserylleucyllysylprolyllysylvalylglutaminylalanyl- valylglutaminylleucylcysteinylglutaminylserylalanylleucylarginylisoleucyl- prolylglutamylaspartylvalylvalylalanylserylleucylprolylleucylcysteinylhis- tidylalanylalanylleucylarginylleucylglutaminylglutamylglutamylalanylseryl- arginylleucylglutaminylhistidylthreonylalanylisoleucylglutaminylglutaminy- lcysteinylasparaginylisoleucylmethionylglutaminylalanylalanylvalylvalylgl- utaminyltyrosylglutamylglutaminyltyrosylglutamylglutaminylglutamylmethion- yllysylhistidylleucylglutaminylglutaminylleucylisoleucylglutamylglycylala- nylhistidylarginylglutamylisoleucylglutamylaspartyllysylprolylvalylalanyl- threonylserylasparaginylisoleucylglutaminylglutamylleucylglutaminylalanyl- glutaminylisoleucylserylarginylhistidylglutamylglutamylleucylalanylglutam- inyllysylisoleucyllysylglycyltyrosylglutaminylglutamylglutaminylisoleucyl- alanylserylleucylasparaginylseryllysylcysteinyllysylmethionylleucylthreon- ylmethionyllysylalanyllysylhistidylalanylthreonylmethionylleucylleucylthr- eonylvalylthreonylglutamylvalylglutamylglycylleucylalanylglutamylglycylth- reonylglutamylaspartylleucylaspartylglycylglutamylleucylleucylprolylthreo- nylprolylserylalanylhistidylprolylserylvalylvalylmethionylmethionylthreon- ylalanylglycylarginylcysteinylhistidylthreonylleucylleucylserylprolylvaly- lthreonylglutamylglutamylserylglycylglutamylglutamylglycylthreonylasparag- inylserylglutamylisoleucylserylserylprolylprolylalanylcysteinylarginylser- ylprolylserylprolylvalylalanylasparaginylthreonylaspartylalanylserylvalyl- asparaginylglutaminylaspartylisoleucylalanyltyrosyltyrosylglutaminylalany- lleucylserylalanylglutamylarginylleucylglutaminylthreonylaspartylalanylal- anyllysylisoleucylhistidylprolylserylthreonylserylalanylserylglutaminylgl- utamylphenylalanyltyrosylglutamylprolylglycylleucylglutamylprolylserylala- nylthreonylalanyllysylleucylglycylaspartylleucylglutaminylarginylseryltry- ptophylglutamylthreonylleucyllysylasparaginylvalylisoleucylserylglutamyll- ysylglutaminylarginylthreonylleucyltyrosylglutamylalanylleucylglutamylarg- inylglutaminylglutaminyllysyltyrosylglutaminylaspartylserylleucylglutamin- ylserylisoleucylserylthreonyllysylmethionylglutamylalanylisoleucylglutamy- lleucyllysylleucylserylglutamylserylprolylglutamylprolylglycylarginylsery- lprolylglutamylserylglutaminylmethionylalanylglutamylhistidylglutaminylal- anylleucylmethionylaspartylglutamylisoleucylleucylmethionylleucylglutamin- ylaspartylglutamylisoleucylasparaginylglutamylleucylglutaminylserylseryll- eucylalanylglutamylglutamylleucylvalylserylglutamylserylcysteinylglutamyl- alanylaspartylprolylalanylglutamylglutaminylleucylalanylleucylglutaminyls- erylthreonylleucylthreonylvalylleucylalanylglutamylarginylmethionylserylt- hreonylisoleucylarginylmethionyllysylalanylserylglycyllysylarginylglutami- nylleucylleucylglutamylglutamyllysylleucylasparaginylaspartylglutaminylle- ucylglutamylglutamylglutaminylarginylglutaminylglutamylglutaminylalanylle- ucylglutaminylarginyltyrosylarginylcysteinylglutamylalanylaspartylglutamy- lleucylaspartylseryltryptophylleucylleucylserylthreonyllysylalanylthreony- lleucylaspartylthreonylalanylleucylserylprolylprolyllysylglutamylprolylme- thionylaspartylmethionylglutamylalanylglutaminylleucylmethionylaspartylcy- steinylglutaminylasparaginylmethionylleucylvalylglutamylisoleucylglutamyl- glutaminyllysylvalylvalylalanylleucylserylglutamylleucylserylvalylhistidy- lasparaginylglutamylasparaginylleucylleucylleucylglutamylglycyllysylalany- lhistidylthreonyllysylaspartylglutamylalanylglutamylglutaminylleucylalany- lglycyllysylleucylarginylarginylleucyllysylglycylserylleucylleucylglutamy- lleucylglutaminylarginylalanylleucylhistidylaspartyllysylglutaminylleucyl- asparaginylmethionylglutaminylglycylthreonylalanylglutaminylglutamyllysyl- glutamylglutamylserylaspartylvalylaspartylleucylthreonylalanylthreonylglu- taminylserylprolylglycylvalylglutaminylglutamyltryptophylleucylalanylglut- aminylalanylarginylthreonylthreonyltryptophylthreonylglutaminylglutaminyl- arginylglutaminylserylserylleucylglutaminylglutaminylglutaminyllysylgluta- mylleucylglutamylglutaminylglutamylleucylalanylglutamylglutaminyllysylser- ylleucylleucylarginylserylvalylalanylserylarginylglycylglutamylglutamylis- oleucylleucylisoleucylglutaminylhistidylserylalanylalanylglutamylthreonyl- serylglycylaspartylalanylglycylglutamyllysylprolylaspartylvalylleucylsery- lglutaminylglutamylleucylglycylmethionylglutamylglycylglutamyllysylseryls- erylalanylglutamylaspartylglutaminylmethionylarginylmethionyllysyltryptop- hylglutamylserylleucylhistidylglutaminylglutamylphenylalanylserylthreonyl- lysylglutaminyllysylleucylleucylglutaminylasparaginylvalylleucylglutamylg- lutaminylglutamylglutaminylglutamylglutaminylvalylleucyltyrosylserylargin- ylprolylasparaginylarginylleucylleucylserylglycylvalylprolylleucyltyrosyl- lysylglycylaspartylvalylprolylthreonylglutaminylaspartyllysylserylalanylv- alylthreonylserylleucylleucylaspartylglycylleucylasparaginylglutaminylala- nylphenylalanylglutamylglutamylvalylserylserylglutaminylserylglycylglycyl- alanyllysylarginylglutaminylserylisoleucylhistidylleucylglutamylglutaminy- llysylleucyltyrosylaspartylglycylvalylserylalanylthreonylserylthreonyltry- ptophylleucylaspartylaspartylvalylglutamylglutamylarginylleucylphenylalan- ylvalylalanylthreonylalanylleucylleucylprolylglutamylglutamylthreonylglut- amylthreonylcysteinylleucylphenylalanylasparaginylglutaminylglutamylisole- ucylleucylalanyllysylaspartylisoleucyllysylglutamylmethionylserylglutamyl- glutamylmethionylaspartyllysylasparaginyllysylasparaginylleucylphenylalan- ylserylglutaminylalanylphenylalanylprolylglutamylasparaginylglycylasparty- lasparaginylarginylaspartylvalylisoleucylglutamylaspartylthreonylleucylgl- ycylcysteinylleucylleucylglycylarginylleucylserylleucylleucylaspartylsery- lvalylvalylasparaginylglutaminylarginylcysteinylhistidylglutaminylmethion- yllysylglutamylarginylleucylglutaminylglutaminylisoleucylleucylasparaginy- lphenylalanylglutaminylasparaginylaspartylleucyllysylvalylleucylphenylala- nylthreonylserylleucylalanylaspartylasparaginyllysyltyrosylisoleucylisole- ucylleucylglutaminyllysylleucylalanylasparaginylvalylphenylalanylglutamyl- glutaminylprolylvalylalanylglutamylglutaminylisoleucylglutamylalanylisole- ucylglutaminylglutaminylalanylglutamylaspartylglycylleucyllysylglutamylph- enylalanylaspartylalanylglycylisoleucylisoleucylglutamylleucyllysylarginy- larginylglycylaspartyllysylleucylglutaminylvalylglutamylglutaminylprolyls- erylmethionylglutaminylglutamylleucylseryllysylleucylglutaminylaspartylme- thionyltyrosylaspartylglutamylleucylmethionylmethionylisoleucylisoleucylg- lycylserylarginylarginylserylglycylleucylasparaginylglutaminylasparaginyl- leucylthreonylleucyllysylserylglutaminyltyrosylglutamylarginylalanylleucy- lglutaminylaspartylleucylalanylaspartylleucylleucylglutamylthreonylglycyl- glutaminylglutamyllysylmethionylalanylglycylaspartylglutaminyllysylisoleu- cylisoleucylvalylserylseryllysylglutamylglutamylisoleucylglutaminylglutam- inylleucylleucylaspartyllysylhistidyllysylglutamyltyrosylphenylalanylglut- aminylglycylleucylglutamylserylhistidylmethionylisoleucylleucylthreonylgl- utamylthreonylleucylphenylalanylarginyllysylisoleucylisoleucylserylphenyl- alanylalanylvalylglutaminyllysylglutamylthreonylglutaminylphenylalanylhis- tidylthreonylglutamylleucylmethionylalanylglutaminylalanylserylalanylvaly- lleucyllysylarginylalanylhistidyllysylarginylglycylvalylglutamylleucylglu- tamyltyrosylisoleucylleucylglutamylthreonyltryptophylserylhistidylleucyla- spartylglutamylaspartylglutaminylglutaminylglutamylleucylserylarginylglut- aminylleucylglutamylvalylvalylglutamylserylserylisoleucylprolylserylvalyl- glycylleucylvalylglutamylglutamylasparaginylglutamylaspartylarginylleucyl- isoleucylaspartylarginylisoleucylthreonylleucyltyrosylglutaminylhistidyll- eucyllysylserylserylleucylasparaginylglutamyltyrosylglutaminylprolyllysyl- leucyltyrosylglutaminylvalylleucylaspartylaspartylglycyllysylarginylleucy- lleucylisoleucylserylisoleucylserylcysteinylserylaspartylleucylglutamylse- rylglutaminylleucylasparaginylglutaminylleucylglycylglutamylcysteinyltryp- tophylleucylserylasparaginylthreonylasparaginyllysylmethionylseryllysylgl- utamylleucylhistidylarginylleucylglutamylthreonylisoleucylleucyllysylhist- idyltryptophylthreonylarginyltyrosylglutaminylserylglutamylserylalanylasp- artylleucylisoleucylhistidyltryptophylleucylglutaminylserylalanyllysylasp- artylarginylleucylglutamylphenylalanyltryptophylthreonylglutaminylglutami- nylserylvalylthreonylvalylprolylglutaminylglutamylleucylglutamylmethionyl- valylarginylaspartylhistidylleucylasparaginylalanylphenylalanylleucylglut- amylphenylalanylseryllysylglutamylvalylaspartylalanylglutaminylserylseryl- leucyllysylserylserylvalylleucylserylthreonylglycylasparaginylglutaminyll- eucylleucylarginylleucyllysyllysylvalylaspartylthreonylalanylthreonylleuc- ylarginylserylglutamylleucylserylarginylisoleucylaspartylserylglutaminylt- ryptophylthreonylaspartylleucylleucylthreonylasparaginylisoleucylprolylal- anylvalylglutaminylglutamyllysylleucylhistidylglutaminylleucylglutaminylm- ethionylaspartyllysylleucylprolylserylarginylhistidylalanylisoleucylseryl- glutamylvalylmethionylseryltryptophylisoleucylserylleucylmethionylglutamy- lasparaginylvalylisoleucylglutaminyllysylaspartylglutamylaspartylasparagi- nylisoleucyllysylasparaginylserylisoleucylglycyltyrosyllysylalanylisoleuc- ylhistidylglutamyltyrosylleucylglutaminyllysyltyrosyllysylglycylphenylala- nyllysylisoleucylaspartylisoleucylasparaginylcysteinyllysylglutaminylleuc- ylthreonylvalylaspartylphenylalanylvalylasparaginylglutaminylserylvalylle- ucylglutaminylisoleucylserylserylglutaminylaspartylvalylglutamylseryllysy- larginylserylaspartyllysylthreonylaspartylphenylalanylalanylglutamylgluta- minylleucylglycylalanylmethionylasparaginyllysylseryltryptophylglutaminyl- isoleucylleucylglutaminylglycylleucylvalylthreonylglutamyllysylisoleucylg- lutaminylleucylleucylglutamylglycylleucylleucylglutamylseryltryptophylser- ylglutamyltyrosylglutamylasparaginylasparaginylvalylglutaminylcysteinylle- ucyllysylthreonyltryptophylphenylalanylglutamylthreonylglutaminylglutamyl- lysylarginylleucyllysylglutaminylglutaminylhistidylarginylisoleucylglycyl- aspartylglutaminylalanylserylvalylglutaminylasparaginylalanylleucyllysyla- spartylcysteinylglutaminylaspartylleucylglutamylaspartylleucylisoleucylly- sylalanyllysylglutamyllysylglutamylvalylglutamyllysylisoleucylglutamylglu- taminylasparaginylglycylleucylalanylleucylisoleucylglutaminylasparaginyll- ysyllysylglutamylaspartylvalylserylserylisoleucylvalylmethionylserylthreo- nylleucylarginylglutamylleucylglycylglutaminylthreonyltryptophylalanylasp- araginylleucylaspartylhistidylmethionylvalylglycylglutaminylleucyllysylis- oleucylleucylleucyllysylserylvalylleucylaspartylglutaminyltryptophylseryl- serylhistidyllysylvalylalanylphenylalanylaspartyllysylisoleucylasparaginy- lseryltyrosylleucylmethionylglutamylalanylarginyltyrosylserylleucylseryla- rginylphenylalanylarginylleucylleucylthreonylglycylserylleucylglutamylala- nylvalylglutaminylvalylglutaminylvalylaspartylasparaginylleucylglutaminyl- asparaginylleucylglutaminylaspartylaspartylleucylglutamyllysylglutaminylg- lutamylarginylserylleucylglutaminyllysylphenylalanylglycylserylisoleucylt- hreonylasparaginylglutaminylleucylleucyllysylglutamylcysteinylhistidylpro- lylprolylvalylthreonylglutamylthreonylleucylthreonylasparaginylthreonylle- ucyllysylglutamylvalylasparaginylmethionylarginyltryptophylasparaginylasp- araginylleucylleucylglutamylglutamylisoleucylalanylglutamylglutaminylleuc- ylglutaminylserylseryllysylalanylleucylleucylglutaminylleucyltryptophylgl- utaminylarginyltyrosyllysylaspartyltyrosylseryllysylglutaminylcysteinylal- anylserylthreonylvalylglutaminylglutaminylglutaminylglutamylaspartylargin- ylthreonylasparaginylglutamylleucylleucyllysylalanylalanylthreonylasparag- inyllysylaspartylisoleucylalanylaspartylaspartylglutamylvalylalanylthreon- yltryptophylisoleucylglutaminylaspartylcysteinylasparaginylaspartylleucyl- leucyllysylglycylleucylglycylthreonylvalyllysylaspartylserylleucylphenyla- lanylphenylalanylleucylhistidylglutamylleucylglycylglutamylglutaminylleuc- yllysylglutaminylglutaminylvalylaspartylalanylserylalanylalanylserylalany- lisoleucylglutaminylserylaspartylglutaminylleucylserylleucylserylglutamin- ylhistidylleucylcysteinylalanylleucylglutamylglutaminylalanylleucylcystei- nyllysylglutaminylglutaminylthreonylserylleucylglutaminylalanylglycylvaly- lleucylaspartyltyrosylglutamylthreonylphenylalanylalanyllysylserylleucylg- lutamylalanylleucylglutamylalanyltryptophylisoleucylvalylglutamylalanylgl- utamylglutamylisoleucylleucylglutaminylglycylglutaminylaspartylprolylsery- lhistidylserylserylaspartylleucylserylthreonylisoleucylglutaminylglutamyl- arginylmethionylglutamylglutamylleucyllysylglycylglutaminylmethionylleucy- llysylphenylalanylserylserylmethionylalanylprolylaspartylleucylaspartylar- ginylleucylasparaginylglutamylleucylglycyltyrosylarginylleucylprolylleucy- lasparaginylaspartyllysylglutamylisoleucyllysylarginylmethionylglutaminyl- asparaginylleucylasparaginylarginylhistidyltryptophylserylleucylisoleucyl- serylserylglutaminylthreonylthreonylglutamylarginylphenylalanylseryllysyl- leucylglutaminylserylphenylalanylleucylleucylglutaminylhistidylglutaminyl- threonylphenylalanylleucylglutamyllysylcysteinylglutamylthreonyltryptophy- lmethionylglutamylphenylalanylleucylvalylglutaminylthreonylglutamylglutam- inyllysylleucylalanylvalylglutamylisoleucylserylglycylasparaginyltyrosylg- lutaminylhistidylleucylleucylglutamylglutaminylglutaminylarginylalanylhis- tidylglutamylleucylphenylalanylglutaminylalanylglutamylmethionylphenylala- nylserylarginylglutaminylglutaminylisoleucylleucylhistidylserylisoleucyli- soleucylisoleucylaspartylglycylglutaminylarginylleucylleucylglutamylgluta- minylglycylglutaminylvalylaspartylaspartylarginylaspartylglutamylphenylal- anylasparaginylleucyllysylleucylthreonylleucylleucylserylasparaginylgluta- minyltryptophylglutaminylglycylvalylisoleucylarginylarginylalanylglutamin- ylglutaminylarginylarginylglycylisoleucylisoleucylaspartylserylglutaminyl- isoleucylarginylglutaminyltryptophylglutaminylarginyltyrosylarginylglutam- ylmethionylalanylglutamyllysylleucylarginyllysyltryptophylleucylvalylglut- amylvalylseryltyrosylleucylprolylmethionylserylglycylleucylglycylserylval- ylprolylisoleucylprolylleucylglutaminylglutaminylalanylarginylthreonylleu- cylphenylalanylaspartylglutamylvalylglutaminylphenylalanyllysylglutamylly- sylvalylphenylalanylleucylarginylglutaminylglutaminylglycylseryltyrosylis- oleucylleucylthreonylvalylglutamylalanylglycyllysylglutaminylleucylleucyl- leucylserylalanylaspartylserylglycylalanylglutamylalanylalanylleucylgluta- minylalanylglutamylleucylalanylglutamylisoleucylglutaminylglutamyllysyltr- yptophyllysylserylalanylserylmethionylarginylleucylglutamylglutamylglutam- inyllysyllysyllysylleucylalanylphenylalanylleucylleucyllysylaspartyltrypt- ophylglutamyllysylcysteinylglutamyllysylglycylisoleucylalanylaspartylsery- lleucylglutamyllysylleucylarginylthreonylphenylalanyllysyllysyllysylleucy- lserylglutaminylserylleucylprolylaspartylhistidylhistidylglutamylglutamyl- leucylhistidylalanylglutamylglutaminylmethionylarginylcysteinyllysylgluta- mylleucylglutamylasparaginylalanylvalylglycylseryltryptophylthreonylaspar- tylaspartylleucylthreonylglutaminylleucylserylleucylleucyllysylaspartylth- reonylleucylserylalanyltyrosylisoleucylserylalanylaspartylaspartylisoleuc- ylserylisoleucylleucylasparaginylglutamylarginylvalylglutamylleucylleucyl- glutaminylarginylglutaminyltryptophylglutamylglutamylleucylcysteinylhisti- dylglutaminylleucylserylleucylarginylarginylglutaminylglutaminylisoleucyl- glycylglutamylarginylleucylasparaginylglutamyltryptophylalanylvalylphenyl- alanylserylglutamyllysylasparaginyllysylglutamylleucylcysteinylglutamyltr- yptophylleucylthreonylglutaminylmethionylglutamylseryllysylvalylserylglut- aminylasparaginylglycylaspartylisoleucylleucylisoleucylglutamylglutamylme- thionylisoleucylglutamyllysylleucyllysyllysylaspartyltyrosylglutaminylglu- tamylglutamylisoleucylalanylisoleucylalanylglutaminylglutamylasparaginyll- ysylisoleucylglutaminylleucylglutaminylglutaminylmethionylglycylglutamyla- rginylleucylalanyllysylalanylserylhistidylglutamylseryllysylalanylserylgl- utamylisoleucylglutamyltyrosyllysylleucylglycyllysylvalylasparaginylaspar- tylarginyltryptophylglutaminylhistidylleucylleucylaspartylleucylisoleucyl- alanylalanylarginylvalyllysyllysylleucyllysylglutamylthreonylleucylvalyla- lanylvalylglutaminylglutaminylleucylaspartyllysylasparaginylmethionylsery- lserylleucylarginylthreonyltryptophylleucylalanylhistidylisoleucylglutamy- lserylglutamylleucylalanyllysylprolylisoleucylvalyltyrosylaspartylserylcy- steinylasparaginylserylglutamylglutamylisoleucylglutaminylarginyllysylleu- cylasparaginylglutamylglutaminylglutaminylglutamylleucylglutaminylarginyl- aspartylisoleucylglutamyllysylhistidylserylthreonylglycylvalylalanylseryl- valylleucylasparaginylleucylcysteinylglutamylvalylleucylleucylhistidylasp- artylcysteinylaspartylalanylcysteinylalanylthreonylaspartylalanylglutamyl- cysteinylaspartylserylisoleucylglutaminylglutaminylalanylthreonylarginyla- sparaginylleucylaspartylarginylarginyltryptophylarginylasparaginylisoleuc- ylcysteinylalanylmethionylserylmethionylglutamylarginylarginylleucyllysyl- isoleucylglutamylglutamylthreonyltryptophylarginylleucyltryptophylglutami- nyllysylphenylalanylleucylaspartylaspartyltyrosylserylarginylphenylalanyl- glutamylaspartyltryptophylleucyllysylserylserylglutamylarginylthreonylala- nylalanylphenylalanylprolylserylserylserylglycylvalylisoleucyltyrosylthre- onylvalylalanyllysylglutamylglutamylleucyllysyllysylphenylalanylglutamyla- lanylphenylalanylglutaminylarginylglutaminylvalylhistidylglutamylcysteiny- lleucylthreonylglutaminylleucylglutamylleucylisoleucylasparaginyllysylglu- taminyltyrosylarginylarginylleucylalanylarginylglutamylasparaginylarginyl- threonylaspartylserylalanylcysteinylserylleucyllysylglutaminylmethionylva- lylhistidylglutamylglycylasparaginylglutaminylarginyltryptophylaspartylas- paraginylleucylglutaminyllysylarginylvalylthreonylserylisoleucylleucylarg- inylarginylleucyllysylhistidylphenylalanylisoleucylglycylglutaminylarginy- lglutamylglutamylphenylalanylglutamylthreonylalanylarginylaspartylserylis- oleucylleucylvalyltryptophylleucylthreonylglutamylmethionylaspartylleucyl- glutaminylleucylthreonylasparaginylisoleucylglutamylhistidylphenylalanyls- erylglutamylcysteinylaspartylvalylglutaminylalanyllysylisoleucyllysylglut- aminylleucyllysylalanylphenylalanylglutaminylglutaminylglutamylisoleucyls- erylleucylasparaginylhistidylasparaginyllysylisoleucylglutamylglutaminyli- soleucylisoleucylalanylglutaminylglycylglutamylglutaminylleucylisoleucylg- lutamyllysylserylglutamylprolylleucylaspartylalanylalanylisoleucylisoleuc- ylglutamylglutamylglutamylleucylaspartylglutamylleucylarginylarginyltyros- ylcysteinylglutaminylglutamylvalylphenylalanylglycylarginylvalylglutamyla- rginyltyrosylhistidyllysyllysylleucylisoleucylarginylleucylprolylleucylpr- olylaspartylaspartylglutamylhistidylaspartylleucylserylaspartylarginylglu- tamylleucylglutamylleucylglutamylaspartylserylalanylalanylleucylserylaspa- rtylleucylhistidyltryptophylhistidylaspartylarginylserylalanylaspartylser- ylleucylleucylserylprolylglutaminylprolylserylserylasparaginylleucylseryl- leucylserylleucylalanylglutaminylprolylleucylarginylserylglutamylarginyls- erylglycylarginylaspartylthreonylprolylalanylserylvalylaspartylserylisole- ucylprolylleucylglutamyltryptophylaspartylhistidylaspartyltyrosylaspartyl- leucylserylarginylaspartylleucylglutamylserylalanylmethionylserylarginyla- lanylleucylprolylserylglutamylaspartylglutamylglutamylglycylglutaminylasp- artylaspartyllysylaspartylphenylalanyltyrosylleucylarginylglycylalanylval- ylalanylleucylserylglycylaspartylhistidylserylalanylleucylglutamylserylgl- utaminylisoleucylarginylglutaminylleucylglycyllysylalanylleucylaspartylas- partylserylarginylphenylalanylglutaminylisoleucylglutaminylglutaminylthre- onylglutamylasparaginylisoleucylisoleucylarginylseryllysylthreonylprolylt- hreonylglycylprolylglutamylleucylaspartylthreonylseryltyrosyllysylglycylt- yrosylmethionyllysylleucylleucylglycylglutamylcysteinylserylserylseryliso- leucylaspartylserylvalyllysylarginylleucylglutamylhistidyllysylleucyllysy- lglutamylglutamylglutamylglutamylserylleucylprolylglycylphenylalanylvalyl- asparaginylleucylhistidylserylthreonylglutamylthreonylglutaminylthreonyla- lanylglycylvalylisoleucylaspartylarginyltryptophylglutamylleucylleucylglu- taminylalanylglutaminylalanylleucylseryllysylglutamylleucylarginylmethion- yllysylglutaminylasparaginylleucylglutaminyllysyltryptophylglutaminylglut- aminylphenylalanylasparaginylserylaspartylleucylasparaginylserylisoleucyl- tryptophylalanyltryptophylleucylglycylaspartylthreonylglutamylglutamylglu- tamylleucylglutamylglutaminylleucylglutaminylarginylleucylglutamylleucyls- erylthreonylaspartylisoleucylglutaminylthreonylisoleucylglutamylleucylglu- taminylisoleucyllysyllysylleucyllysylglutamylleucylglutaminyllysylalanylv- alylaspartylhistidylarginyllysylalanylisoleucylisoleucylleucylserylisoleu- cylasparaginylleucylcysteinylserylprolylglutamylphenylalanylthreonylgluta- minylalanylaspartylseryllysylglutamylserylarginylaspartylleucylglutaminyl- aspartylarginylleucylserylglutaminylmethionylasparaginylglycylarginyltryp- tophylaspartylarginylvalylcysteinylserylleucylleucylglutamylglutamyltrypt- ophylarginylglycylleucylleucylglutaminylaspartylalanylleucylmethionylglut- aminylcysteinylglutaminylglycylphenylalanylhistidylglutamylmethionylseryl- histidylglycylleucylleucylleucylmethionylleucylglutamylasparaginylisoleuc- ylaspartylarginylarginyllysylasparaginylglutamylisoleucylvalylprolylisole- ucylaspartylserylasparaginylleucylaspartylalanylglutamylisoleucylleucylgl- utaminylaspartylhistidylhistidyllysylglutaminylleucylmethionylglutaminyli- soleucyllysylhistidylglutamylleucylleucylglutamylserylglutaminylleucylarg- inylvalylalanylserylleucylglutaminylaspartylmethionylserylcysteinylglutam- inylleucylleucylvalylasparaginylalanylglutamylglycylthreonylaspartylcyste- inylleucylglutamylalanyllysylglutamyllysylvalylhistidylvalylisoleucylglyc- ylasparaginylarginylleucyllysylleucylleucylleucyllysylglutamylvalylseryla- rginylhistidylisoleucyllysylglutamylleucylglutamyllysylleucylleucylaspart- ylvalylserylserylserylglutaminylglutaminylaspartylleucylserylseryltryptop- hylserylserylalanylaspartylglutamylleucylaspartylthreonylserylglycylseryl- valylserylprolylthreonylserylglycylarginylserylthreonylprolylasparaginyla- rginylglutaminyllysylthreonylprolylarginylglycyllysylcysteinylserylleucyl- serylglutaminylprolylglycylprolylserylvalylserylserylprolylhistidylseryla- rginylserylthreonyllysylglycylglycylserylaspartylserylserylleucylserylglu- tamylprolylglycylprolylglycylarginylserylglycylarginylglycylphenylalanyll- eucylphenylalanylarginylvalylleucylarginylalanylalanylleucylprolylleucylg- lutaminylleucylleucylleucylleucylleucylleucylisoleucylglycylleucylalanylc- ysteinylleucylvalylprolylmethionylserylglutamylglutamylaspartyltyrosylser- ylcysteinylalanylleucylserylasparaginylasparaginylphenylalanylalanylargin- ylserylphenylalanylhistidylprolylmethionylleucylarginyltyrosylthreonylasp- araginylglycylprolylprolylprolylleucine

LET'S EAT GRANDMA !?

2012-11-18T17:37:00.000+01:00

BUY A DICTIONARY

2012-11-09T13:29:00.000+01:00

4. THE PREDICATE

2012-11-03T23:03:00.000+01:00

I. DEFINITION

P is the second main constituent of the sentence which along with the S makes up the predicative bond. It predicates features and characteristics of the S and is in concord with it. It is in most cases a verb form and may take Objects and Complements,

e.g. He had given the girl an apple.

II. TYPES OF PREDICATE

The classification of P can be based on:

- Structural parameters: simple vs.compound
-Morphological parameters: verbal vs. nominal

The combination of them yields the following forms of P:

1. Simple verbal
2. Simple nominal
3. Compound verbal
4. Compound nominal

1. SIMPLE VERBAL PREDICATE – SVP

This is a verb phrase in a simple or compound tense form, in active or passive voice,

e.g.: Somebody broke the door. The door had been broken.

The phraseological P is the subtype of the SVP. It is made up of two constituents functioning in a phrase which semantically equals one lexical unit. There are two kinds of phraseological SVP:

1.1. Finite verb with vague meaning + verb-like noun,

e.g.: to have a look, to have a walk, to have a smoke, to have a swim, to give a laugh, to give a push, to give a start /to be startled/, to take a walk, to take a look, to take a shower, to make a move.

1.2. Vague verb + abstract noun without article + preposition / usually OF/,

e.g.: to get rid of, to get hold of, to take care of, to make fun of, to make use of, to lose sight of, to catch sight of, to pay attention to.

N.B. Type 1 of phraseological SVP compensates for the lack of the distinction in English and makes it possible to express momentary actions, cf. to push – general meaning, to give a push – momentary meaning; smoke – to give a smoke.

2. SIMPLE NOMINAL PREDICATE – SNP

This type does not contain verbal form, it is just a noun or an adjective. There are two types, according to the word order:

2.1. S – P type – usually in exclamations of absurdity,
e.g.: He, a gentleman! She, a beauty! Me, stupid!

N.B. These are not elliptical sentences with a dropped link verb because if such a “missing” verb is inserted the meaning would change radically, cf. He, a gentleman! – He is a gentleman.

2.2. P – S type – “thoughtful” remarks,
e.g.: Nice thing, beer! Splendid game, cricket!

3. COMPOUND VERBAL PREDICATE – CVP

In this case the P contains two parts based on two different lexemes, two lexical units, one of which is notional /bears the semantic contents/ and the other one is a semi-auxiliary which has either modal or assertive meaning. The notional part is a non-finite verb form – an infinitive or –ing form. The semi-auxiliary is a finite verb which may have either modal meaning /denoting subjective attitude of the speaker/ or aspective meaning /denoting the “mode of action” – the manner in which the action is carried out/. Accordingly there are two subtypes of CVP:

3.1. The modal CVP

Here the semi-auxiliary has modal meaning and it can be realized or implemented in the following patterns:

- Modal verb + infinitive,
e.g.: can, go, may, arrive, must, come.

- Verb with modal meaning + ing form,
e.g.: want to go, intend to find, wish, long, yearn, expect, desire.

- Be/have + infinitive,
e.g.: He has to come. He is to arrive tomorrow.

- Be/going + infinitive,
e.g.: He is going to leave. Here belong phrases like: had better, had best, would rather: I would rather stay but I had better go.

3.2. The aspective SVP

Here the semi-auxiliary has aspective meaning of beginning, duration, continuation, ending, stopping etc. Such verbs are: to begin, to continue, to stop, to cease, to keep. Here belong the phrases WOULD + inf. and USED TO + inf. which express habitual actions in the past,

e.g.: That summer he would get up early and would go to the beach.

4. THE COMPOUND NOMINAL PREDICATE – CNP – S - / V link – Cs/.

CNP consist of Vlink + Predicative /subject complement/, where Vlink is a “bridge” /link between the S and its features, expressed by the Cs/. Thus the Cs bears the notional content of the CNP and the true Vlink is just a connection and is normally void of lexical meaning. The most typical Vlink are: be, become,

e.g.: Mary is a teacher. Mary became a nurse/angry. But there are many others which may function as Vlink. In fact, in English many verbs which are normally lexical, may be employed to serve as Vlink,

e.g.: to grow: He grew up in America. /full/lexical verb, intransitive/. He grew tomatoes/beard./transitive lexical verb/. She grew pale./link verb=became/.

In some cases Vlink may have partially retained some lexical meaning while being at the same time a Vlink – such cases are known as “double predicates”,

e.g.: She married young = she married + she was young. He arrived tired = he arrived + he was tired.

The Vlink may be in the passive voice, e.g.: He was reported missing.
In certain cases we may observe the stages of weakening/loss/ of the lexical meaning as the verb develops from lexical to link verb,

e.g.: GO:
1. She went to Britain a child /double predicate with strongly retained lexical meaning of GO = locomotion/
2. People go naked on the beach /faded meaning of locomotion, GO is more link verb than lexical verb/
3. She went crazy /zero meaning of locomotion, GO is pure link verb/.

5. In addition to the four types of Predicates outlined above, also are mixed types:

5.1. Modal nominal P,
e.g.: It must be very funny. You needn’t be afraid.

5.2. Aspective compound nominal P,
e.g.: He continued to be afraid.

5.3. Modal compound aspective P,
e.g.: He must stop doing nothing.

HOW TO PRONOUNCE THE TH SOUND

2012-11-03T22:47:00.000+01:00

III. MORPHOLOGICAL REALIZATION

2012-10-30T22:11:00.000+01:00

The function S can be realized by:

1. a NP
2. a finite clause
3. a non-finite clause
4. anticipatory IT + finite/nonfinite clause
5. unstressed THERE in existential sentences
6. a prepositional phrase

1. NP

1.1. Simple NP: Blood is thicker than water. Something is wrong.

1.2. More complex NP: All the new bungalows were sold to foreigners. The girl you were talking to is my secretary.

2. Finite clause: There are two types of finite clause that can function as S:

2.1. THAT-clauses: That he is the best candidate is self-evident. That his wife has left him doesn’t make him unhappy.

2.2. Clauses with an initial WH-word: What is said in chapter 6 is irrelevant. Which of them is going will be decided tomorrow.

3. Non-finite clause: Two types of non-finite clause can function as S:

3.1. With a TO-infinitive: To make such a statement in public is a bit of a risk. For John to marry a girl like Alice would mean the end of his career. It should be noted that the infinitive clause may have a subject of its own, which is introduced by FOR.

Infinitive clauses can be introduced by WH-word: Where to find her was a big problem for him. What to do in the case of emergency is fully explained in the book.

3.2. With an -ING participle: Howard being away doesn’t bother me. Getting here took a day and a half. Saying that you are sorry won’t help you.

4. Anticipatory IT + finite/non-finite clause: Sentences like: That he is the best candidate is self-evident. To say this in public is dangerous. Have the following alternative constructions: It is self-evident that he is the best candidate. It is dangerous to say this in public.

In the first two sentences the function S is realized by a finite and a non-finite clause respectively. In the latter two sentences the function S is realized by the discontinuous constituent IT + finite/non-finite clause. The first element of this constituent IT may be said to anticipate the second. For this reason it is traditionally called anticipatory IT.

Not all sentences with anticipatory IT have alternatives like the first two sentences: It seemed that he was wrong.* That he was wrong seemed.

Sentences with anticipatory IT exhibit a wide range of patterns which will not be discussed at length here.

5. Unstressed THERE functions as S in so called existential sentences: There is a book on the table. There was a pause. There was no reply.

Typically THERE is followed by a form of the verb BE plus a noun phrase. This phrase is usually indefinite and is called the notional subject of the sentence. Some authors consider THERE to be the syntactic subject of the sentence, because it is repeated in tag questions: There is no invitation for us, is there?

However, this point is arguable because THERE doesn’t agree with the verb: There is a student in the room. There are two students in the room.Obviously, in these sentences the V agrees with the notional subject in number THERE also occurs in non-existential sentences: There stood an enormous statue in the hall. There doesn’t appear to have been any change in their views. Through the door there came the faint creak of the rocking-horse.

There are also passive sentences with THERE: In 1929 there was committed the most serious crime in the history of the USA. There aren’t many murderers executed in this country.

6. Prepositional phrase. The function S may also be realized by a prepositional phrase, which usually denotes either time or place: After five o’clock is the best time to meet. Within two miles of the airport would be too noisy.

The S can also be realized by adverbial pro-forms like now, then, here and there: Now is the best time to meet. Here would be too noisy.

II. TYPES OF SUBJECT

2012-10-26T00:10:00.001+02:00

/according to their semantic function, i.e. the possible semantic roles of the syntactic function/

1. AGENT Sag – denotes participant who is voluntary intentional doer of the verbal action,

e.g.: The boy broke the window.

2. FORCE Sfo – denotes a natural or mechanical force which involuntarily causes an event or action to happen,

e.g.: The wind broke the window. The avalanche destroyed the house.

3. INSTRUMENT Sinstr – denotes an implement or object which is instrumental for the verbal action,

e.g.: The stone broke the window. The gun wounded him. The key opened the door.

N.B. Sag cannot coordinate with Sfo and S instr,

e.g.: The boy together with /and/ the wind broke the window.

4. AFFECTED Saff – denotes a participant in some way affected by the verbal action. There are different degrees of affectedness:

4.1. The lowest degree of affectedness in cases where S is involuntary performer but at the same time “suffers the consequences” unfold of the verbal action,

e.g.: Jack fell down and his knee got hurt.

4.2. Higher degree of affectedness in expressions with the so called activo-passive verbs /active form- passive meaning/,

e.g.: The chicken is cooking. The house sold dear.

4.3. Highest affectedness – Spatient – in prototypical passives,

e.g. The chicken was cooked by my mother. The plan was developed by me.

5. RECIPIENT Srec – denotes an entity receiving sth. There are again different subtypes here:

5.1. Minimal recipient in cases of owning and possession,

e.g.: He owns a boat. My father has a radio.

5.2. In cases of reception of visual aural information,

e.g.: He saw the girl. They heard the music. We felt the thunder.

5.3. The highest recipient – in prototypical secondary passives/where Oi corresponds to S/,

e.g.: The girl was given an apple. The boy was showed a picture. My friend was sent a letter.

6. LOCATIVE Sloc – denotes location,

e.g.: The city is foggy. The landscape looks pleasant.

7. TEMPORAL S – e.g.: Tomorrow is a holyday.

8. EVENTIVE S – denotes an event/happening,

e.g.: The wedding is next week. The exam is tomorrow.

TOMORROW

2012-10-21T20:12:00.004+02:00

3. THE SUBJECT

2012-10-20T22:20:00.000+02:00

I. DEFINITION

The subject is one of the two main parts of the sentence which together with the predicate constitutes the binary predicative bond. Predicative bond between the S /the thing subjected to description/ on the one hand and the P which predicates / “says” / sth about the S on the other hand is the structural backbone of the sentence. To define S we need to take into account the following points:

1. MEANING: it is the “thing” /including objects of reality, abstract notions, imaginary item etc./ whose features and characteristics, actions and states are expressed by the predicate; in most cases S is “what the thought and the sentence is about”.

2. SYNTACTIC RELATIONS: as a main constituent the S doesn’t depend on other parts of the sentence but is in a special kind of agreement with the P called S – V concord. The English S is fixed in the word order of the clause – always in initial position before the verb and is not omissible.

3. MORPHOLOGICAL REALIZATION: The S is substantival constituent – any linguistic item which has been substantivized can function as S,

e.g.: A is a letter. And is a conjunction.

N.B. In rare cases the S which appears in the subject position before the verb may not be “the sentence is about”. This is the case with expressions like: it is warm, it is raining, there is a cat in the bag - such cases will be dealt with in III. morphological realization.

ENGLISH CLAUSE STRUCTURE

2012-10-17T22:50:00.001+02:00

OBLIGATORY CLAUSE NUCLEUS						e.g.
S-V	Stative	Intensive			A place	1			A time
		Intensive			Cs	2		A place
		Extensive /transitive/		Monotrans.	Od	3
				Ditrans.	Oi+Od	4
				Complex Transitive	Ocomplex	5
	Dynamic	Intensive			Cs	6	A manner /process/
		Extensive	Intrasitive			7
			Transitive	Monotrans.	Od	8
				Ditrans.	Oi+Od	9
				Complex Transitive	Ocomplex	10

EXAMPLES:

1. She is in London /now/.

2. She is a student /in London/ /now/.

3. He knew the answer /at the contest/ / last week/.

4. She owed him some money /at the seaside/ /last summer/.

5. He found her very attractive /at the seaside/ /last week/.

6. The University /gradually/ became famous /in Europe/ / last century/.

7. The train arrived /quietly/ /at the station/ /at midnight/.

8. He ate his sandwich /hungrily/ /in his office/ /at noon/.

9. He offered her some chocolates /politely/ /in the corridor/ /during the break/.

10. They elected him chairman /unanimously/ /in D.C./ /last night/.

SUMMARY OF CLAUSE PATTERNS

S – V /7/
            - Cs /2,6/
      - C – Cp
S – V - A /1/
          -O /3,4,5,8,9,10/

     - Cs
     - Co /5,10/
-C - Cp
S – V- O – A
- O

SVOCs: Mary will make John a good wife.
SVOCp: This street reminds me of Paris.
SVOCo: She made him happy.
SVOA: She put the vase on the table.
SVOO:   He gave the girl an apple.
ADDITIONAL PATTERNS:
SVOAC: They dragged him home blind drunk.
SVOOC: I served her the coffee black.

2. CLAUSE STRUCTURE IN ENGLISH

2012-10-14T11:24:00.000+02:00

One clause is one simple sentence, i.e. one S – P /Subject – Predicate/ group.

I. CLAUSAL CONSTITUENTS

The English clause is made up of five major constituents: S V O C A / Subject - Verb/ Predicate – Object – Complement – Adverbial modifier /. The main parts are the S and V /traditionally marked by V/. O and C are secondary sentence constituents closely associated with the V, while A is more peripheral.

Most current linguistic theories are verbo-centric, i.e. the V is taken as central hub/ pivot/ of the expression determining the whole pattern of the clause. Thus the type of V determines the type of clause pattern.

II. TYPES OF VERBS

1. STATIVE VS. DYNAMIC VERBS

Stative V denote a state or condition which remains homogenous in time, i.e. it doesn’t evolve or change, it is a state,

e.g.: to be, to know, to own.

Such verbs don’t have progressive tense forms,

E.g.:* I’m knowing this.

Dynamic V denote an activity, action and they normally have progressive tense forms,

e.g: to work, to read, to run.

2. INTENSIVE VS. EXTENSIVE VERBS

Intensive V – in this case the verbal meaning doesn’t go out of /is locked in/ the sphere of the subject: S - V – X. Such verbs are alias copulative or link verbs,

e.g.: to be, to become: She is a teacher. She went crazy. They look nice.

Extensive V – in this case the verbal meaning extends out of the sphere of the subject and may/may not affect other participants: S – V – X,

e.g.: She is sleeping. She read a book.

3. INTRANSITIVE VS. TRANSITIVE VERBS

This distinction applies only to extensive verbs.

Intransitive V / Vintr/: there is no affected participant. Such V take no Objects or Complements,

e.g.: to sleep, to run.

Transitive V / Vtr/ : there is one or more affected participants /they take one or two Objects/.

Monotransitive V – with one O,

e.g.: to drink a cup of tea.

Ditransitive V – with two O,

e.g.: to give sb /O1/ sth/O2/, He showed his father /O1/ a picture /O2/.

N.B. Usually O1 is indirect O, O2 is direct.

In addition, some Vtr may take a complex Object which is made up of two constituents,

e.g.:1. She made him /Od/ happy /Co/. /c.f. She feels happy /Cs//. 2. I saw him /S/ run /P/.

III. OBJECTS AND COMPLEMENTS

1. OBJECTS :

These are constituents denoting participants in some way involved in the verbal action.

1.1. Direct Object / Od/ - the only O after monotransitive V,

e.g.: He kicked the bottle.

1.2. Indirect Object / Oi/ -the second O along with Od with ditransitive V,

e.g.: The girl gave her sister a book

1.3. Benefactive Object / Ob/ - this is a variety closely related to the Oi. The difference is that Ob paraphrases into a structure with FOR, while the Oi – into a structure withTO, cf.: He gave the girl a book = a book to the girl. He cooked the girl a meal = a meal for the girl.

2. COMPLEMENTS:

They refer to some other clausal constituent and accordingly they are different types:

2.1. Subject Complement / Cs/ - refers to the S. This is the constituent after Intensive /link/ V,

e.g.; She is nice /Cs/.She went crazy /Cs/. The milk went sour /Cs/.

2.2 Object Complement /Co/ refers to the O,

e.g.: She made him /Od/ happy /Co/.They elected him /Od/ chairman /Co/.

2.3. Predicator Complement /Cp/ refers to the verbal predicate as an indispensable Complement i.e. without it the V is not complete /cannot function/ or will have different meaning,

e.g.:1. He has a car /Cp/ /looks like Od but is not because passive voice is not possible/. The boy resembles his father /Cp/.

2. The room sleeps three people /Cp/.The hall seats 200 people /Cp/.

Without Cp in such cases the meaning of the V is quite different, cf.: The boy stole into the house /Cp/

V. TYPES OF SENTENCES

2012-10-10T08:23:00.000+02:00

Principles of classification: there are two principles used for the classification of sentences.

1. The first principle is according to TYPES OF COMMUNICATION. Applying that principle we obtain a classification into declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences.

1.1.Declarative sentences assert or deny something, E.g.: A wind had cleared the mist, the autumn leaves were rustling and the stars were shining.

1.2. Interrogative sentences ask a question: Do you like this?

1.3. Imperative sentences express requests, which in different contexts can range from unconditional orders, to commands and entreaties. The meaning is generally signaled by the context and intonation, E.g.: Come up tomorrow morning!

1.4. Exclamatory sentences present some difficulties in their relation to the other three established types of declarative, interrogative and imperative. On the one hand every sentence, regardless of its type may be exclamatory at the same time,
E.g.:
But he can’t do anything to you! /declarative & exclamatory /
What can he possibly do to you! /interrogative & exclamatory /
Scarlet, spare me! /imperative & exclamatory /

On the other hand, a sentence may be purely exclamatory, i.e. it may not belong to any of the three types listed so far: Oh, for God’s sake! Oh, dear! Good gracious! Jesus Christ!

The established classes of sentences differ not only in the different types of communication but also in some grammatical points. For example, interrogative sentences are characterized by a special word order. In interrogative sentences modal words are rarely used, as the meaning of some modal words is incompatible with the meaning of an interrogative sentence. Thus, modal words expressing full certainty, such as certainly, surely, naturally etc. are not used.

Imperative sentences also show marked peculiarities in the use of modal words. It is quite evident, for example, that modal words expressing possibility, such as perhaps, maybe, possibly etc. are incompatible with the notion of order or request. Modal words are hardly used in imperative sentences at all.

2. The second principle of classification of sentences takes into consideration THE STRUCTURE OF THE SENTENCE. According to their structure sentences are classified into simple and composite sentences. Composite sentences are subdivided further into compound and complex.

2.1. A simple sentence is a sentence containing only one subject-predicate group.

2.2. A composite sentence is a sentence containing more than one subject-predicate group.

2.2.1. A compound sentence is a composite sentence, whose clauses are joined by means of coordination. They are structures of coordination with two or more immediate constituents, which are syntactically equivalent, i.e. none of them is below the other in rank.

2.2.2. A complex sentence is a composite sentence whose clauses are joined by means of subordination. They are structures of subordination with two or more immediate constituents which are not syntactically equivalent. In the simplest case, that of binary structure, one of them is the principle clause, to which the other is joined as a subordinate. The subordinate clause is beneath the principle clause in rank.

3. Sentences can also be classified into two member sentences and one-member sentences. This distinction is based on a difference in the main parts of the sentences.

3.1. In a sentence like: Jane smiled. There are obviously two main parts: Jane which denotes the doer of the action and is called “grammatical subject” and smiled which denotes the action performed by the subject, and is called “grammatical predicate”. Sentences having this basic structure, namely a word or phrase to denote the doer of the action and another word or phrase to denote the action, are termed two-member sentences.

3.2. However, there are sentences which don’t contain two such separate parts. In these sentences there is only one main part. The other main part is not there and it could not even be supplied. Such sentences are termed one-member sentences. Here are a few examples: Fire! Come on! Dusk – of a summer night. There is no separate main part of the sentence, the grammatical subject, and no other separate main part – the grammatical predicate. Instead, there is only one main part / fire, come on, and dusk respectively /.

STRESSED

2012-10-08T13:40:00.000+02:00

IV. ADDITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SENTENCES

2012-10-06T13:44:00.000+02:00

1. THE SENTENCE IS UNIQUE AMONG LINGUISTIC UNITS

The sentence is unique among other linguistic units: unlike words and phrases sentences don't exist as prefabricated units (the sentence doesn’t exist in the system of language as a ready-made unit); there is no 'vocabulary list of sentences', sentences are created every time a new in the act of communication following certain sentence patterns. Therefore the sentence, unlike the word, is not a unit of language proper; it is a chunk of text built up as a result of speech-making process, out of different units of language, first of all words, which are the immediate constituents of contextually bound sentences.

2. SENTENCE VS. UTTERANCE

Distinction is made in transformational grammar between competence /the knowledge of how to produce sentences/ and performance /the act of producing them/. Consequently two terms are used to embrace the nature of the sentence: “sentence” and “utterance”. Sentence is an abstract notion, while utterance is a term relating to the world of behavior or performance. It can be said that utterances are performances of sentences.

3. SEMANTIC, STRUCTURAL AND PRAGMATIC ASPECTS OF THE SENTENCE

Sentences are pairings of meaning and form, hence sentences have a semantic /meaning/ and a structural /grammatical/ aspect. In some cases the same meaning can be expressed with different structures,

E.g.: Jack owns that car. That car belongs to Jack.

In other cases the same structure may express different meanings,

E.g.: Flying planes can be dangerous. The shooting of the hunters was horrible.

The theory of the functional sentence perspective, developed originally by the Prague School of linguistics, has introduced another aspect to the analysis of the sentence – the pragmatic aspect. Pragmatics is closely related to the communicative function of the sentence and deals, among others, with the distinction between “theme” and “ rheme”. Theme is the old, known information, the starting point for the utterance.

The rheme conveys the new information, for whose sake the sentence has been uttered or written. Thus the following sentences convey roughly the same meaning: John developed a plan. The plan was developed by John. However, from a pragmatic viewpoint they are different since the first one takes the doer /John/ as the starting point of the utterance, while the second one takes the object /the plan/ as its starting point. Accordingly, the rhematic focus in these sentences is different.

III. MAJOR FEATURES OF THE SENTENCE

2012-10-06T13:38:00.000+02:00

1. PREDICATIVITY

In the sentence is a syntactic category that is the means of expressing a thought. Predicativity has nothing to do with the relation between the sentence and reality. Predicativity is a structural feature of the sentence and is the backbone of human thinking and linguistic statements. Simply, it means 'saying sth about sth ' ; it comprises relation of dependence between two members - one member which is what the statement is about, which is subjected to description (the subject) and another member which predicates sth about the Subject, which describes the Subject, ascribes features and characteristics to the Subject.
E.g: The sky is blue.
'the sky' is what the sentence is about (Subject) and 'is blue' is the Predicate characterizing the Subject. Predicativity is binary relation(S-P); The Subject and the Predicate are correlative notions - a Subject functions only in correlation to a certain Predicate and vice versa.

The predicate relation is different from the attributive relation - only the former expresses a thought, statement, whereas the latter is like a label of some entity or phenomenon.
cf. nice house - attributive expression, 'label' of some house;
The house is / could be / must have been nice. - predicative relation, expresses a thought / statement about the house.

According to Reformatskiy, predicativity is the main relation in the sentence; it is the nucleus, the basis of communication. The predicative relation corresponds to an act of thinking. In this act the subject of thought combines predicatively with its characteristics. This act of combining a subject with a predicate /two notions/ results in a thought. In the real world objects and their features are not separated, which can be illustrated with the so-called attributive word combinations like: blue sky, white clouds. Human reasoning singles out the separate components of reality and then relates them to each other predicatively as a subject and predicate,

E.g.: The sky is blue. The clouds are white.

The subject resides in space, whereas the Predicate relates to time and thus the Subject-Predicate relation forms a static-temporal framework which captures the two basic dimensions of the physical world. It should be noted therefore, that predicativity relates closely to space and time and one of the most succinct definitions is that of Agayan: “Predicativity is relating features and characteristics to an object in space and time.”
Predicativity should not be identified with the verb alone, although the latter plays a central role. Predicativity can also be expressed through intonation, the dialogue situation, the context, some modal and prosodic / rhythm and melody / means.

2. MODALITY

is another major feature of the sentence. It should be distinguished from predicarivity because modality is not a structural but a semantic feature. Modality refers to the relation between a statement and reality, i.e. whether a certain fact really exists or is merely regarded as possible, imaginary, desirable etc. Modality is normally expressed through the linguistic category mood or modal words.

3. INTONATION.

Being a unit of speech, the sentence has another important feature: it is intonationally delimited. Intonation separates one sentence from another in the continual flow of speech. It also participates in rendering essential communicative meanings, such as the syntactic meanings of interrogation, exclamation etc. Intonation is a major difference between sentences and the words and phrases outside the sentence.

E.g: Word / phrase sentence
water Water! Water?
cold water Cold water! Cold water?

The words and phrases in the given examples are simply labels, while the sentences, built up from the same words and phrases, transmit thoughts, i.e. they are units of communication. Such one-member sentences can express a simple thought but the majority of sentences have a two-member structure and express more complex relations between the subject and the predicate,

E.g.: The water froze. Cold water is bad for the throat.

The subject and the predicate are the main parts of the sentence and they form the nucleus of the sentence. These parts are independent. Apart from the main parts, a sentence may comprise also other words and phrases grouped around and dependent upon the subject and the predicate. They are called the secondary parts of the sentence.

4. GRAMMATICAL WELL- FORMEDNESS

We can summarize the following features of the sentence which distinguish it from other units of linguistic description: predicativity, modality, intonation and grammatical well- formedness. Among these predicativity ranks highest as a major distinguishing feature of the sentence. It reflects the close relationship between language and thought.

II. DEFINITION OF THE SENTENCE

2012-10-06T13:26:00.000+02:00

A satisfactory definition of the sentence is very difficult to give. Many definitions have been suggested by grammarians but it is very unlikely that there will ever be a ‘best’ definition that will satisfy everybody. It is difficult to draw the line between what constitutes a sentence and what doesn’t. The study of grammar has always focused on the sentence as the maximal unit of analysis, the tip of the pyramid of the hierarchy of linguistic units.

The traditional definition of a sentence as a “complete thought” goes back to the ancient Indian and Greek grammarians. The structuralists adopted a very rough and dubious definition: a sentence was defined as a stretch of speech between major pauses. For the transformational-generative grammarians no definition was necessary because, according to them, parts of speech and sentences were recognized intuitively. They also stated that the whole syntactic theory constituted a definition of the sentence. This approach also has its shortcomings because native speakers’ intuitions about whether particular word strings are sentences often disagree.

At least four basic types of definition of the sentence can be outlined: logical, psychological, structural / or grammatical/, and phonetic. Of course, there are a lot of mixed types of definition.

A traditional, logical definition of the sentence reads as follows: “A sentence is a word or a group of words capable of expressing a complete thought or meaning” / Henry Sweet/.
Psychological definitions, which were current in the last quarter of the 19th century, assumed that the sentence is an expression of processes of combination of notions or notion-groups in the inner world of the speaker, and the means of reproducing the same combinations of notions in the inner world of the listener.
The definition of structural linguists, given earlier / the sentence is a stretch of speech between major pauses/ is based on phonetic and structural criteria.
A more exhaustive definition is achieved when combining the psychological, logical and grammatical approach. From this point of view a sentence is a unit of speech which is perceived by the speaker and the listener as a grammatical whole and expressing a complete unit of thought. Notions are the psychological bases of thinking. Notions combine in the sentence in an act of thinking, which conveys a message. Notions combine on the basis of a predicative relation. The predicative bond is a binary relation of dependence where one member / the predicate/ characterizes the other member / the subject/.

From the logical point of view the sentence is a reflection of reality. It relates to a situation in reality. The sentence reflects reality through a statement.

1. THE SENTENCE – DEFINITION, FEATURES AND TYPES

2012-10-06T13:17:00.000+02:00

I. INTRODUCTION

Syntax is a major branch of linguistics which along with morphology deals with the description of the structure / grammar / of linguistic expressions.

Morphology / from Old Greek – “the study of form”/ deals with the paradigms of forms of linguistic units, e.g. the forms that tell aspect, mood etc. of a verbal lexeme. Syntax / from Old Greek – “putting together”/ deals with the combinations of linguistic units /syntagmatic relations/ into larger structures – phrases and sentences. The main unit of study in syntax, however, is the sentence, while phrases are on the borderline between morphology and syntax.

Because the sentence is essential for syntactic analysis, it is very important to give a definition of this linguistic unit.