SCIENCE

heart

2011-07-04T07:31:00.000-07:00

Heart:

Heart is a strong muscular organ. It is situated between two lobes of lungs in the thoracic cavity. Its shape is triangular. One third of the heart lies in the right and two third of it in the left side of the body. Heart is made up of cardiac muscle. Heart is enclosed in a thin membrane called pericardium. Inner to it, the space is filled with transparent pericardial fluid. It protects the heart from mechanical shock heart during heart beating. Heart has four chambers. They are right auricle, right ventricle, left auricle and left auricle and left ventricle.

External view of a heart shows that there are two upper and lower chambers. But, internally the lower chamber with a septum or thick muscular wall. All the four chambers work together as an organ. The largest blood vessel that takes blood from the heart to the different parts of body is known as aorta. The vessels that take the blood away to lungs and from the lungs to the heart are called pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein respectively. The impure blood from the different of the body is brought to the heart via superior and inferior venacava. There are four valves in the heart. They are:

1. Right autrio-ventricular valve or tricuspid valve:

There are three flaps in this valve. When it is opened blood flows from right auricle to right ventricle contracts the tricuspid valve is closed and the blood cannot flow back to right auricle instead, it flows towards pulmonary artery.

2. Left autrio-ventricular valve of bicuspid valve:

it is also called mitral valve. It consists of two strong flaps and the blood flows from left auricle to left ventricle, which prevents back flow of blood from left ventricle to left auricle. The blood doesn’t flow back to auricle. It flows towards the aorta.

3. Pulmonary valve:

This valve lies between right ventricle and pulmonary artery. It is semi lunar in shape. When a right ventricle contract the valve is opened and blood flows to the lungs.

4. Aortic Valve:

This valve is situated between left ventricle and aorta. It is also semi lunar in shape. When the left ventricle contracts this valve opens and the blood goes to aorta.

History of Evolution of the earth:

2011-06-29T07:38:00.001-07:00

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History of Evolution of the earth:

Scientist have put forward their opinions about the evolution of the Earth.

According to one group of scientists, the solar system evolved from the star. According to the other group of scientists, the solar system evolved from the repulsion of the two stars. No universal theory of the evolution of the solar system has been proposed yet. Some of hypotheses are as follows:

1. In 1794 A.D. George Wofan, a French scientist, put forward the theory of evolution of the Earth for the first time. According to his theory of evolution of the Earth alone with other planet and satellites, was formed when the comet moving around the universe stroke the Sun many years ago.

2. In 1755 A.D., a German philosopher Can’t put forward another nebular hypothesis, which was later improved by Laplace in 1796. According to him, there was a gaseous mass began to cool and shrinking resulting very small masses comes out forcefully. These masses began to move round around the large central mass. That central planet becomes the Sun and other revolving bodies formed planets and satellites.

3. According to hypothesis proposed by Jeans and Jeffery in 1917 A.D, a big star orbiting round the sun finally approached it. The star with its own attraction caused a tide to be developed from the sun. as this fragmented tidal matter cooled, planets, satellite etc. were formed and the solar system was created. In this process, the Earth was also formed..

The evolution of the earth, its age and its structure etc. Have been discovered on the basic of different scientific investigations. The age of the earth has been estimated on the basics of the study of rocks, fossils etc. The scientists like geologists, zoologists etc. Have different points of view about the age of the earth.

Importance of physics:

2011-06-29T06:30:00.000-07:00

Importance of physics:

Physics is the basic science which describes and explains the material world around us and its various phenomena. Physics is also a nature philosophy. Physics can also be defined as that branch of science which deals with the properties of matter and energy. It is sometimes known as an exact science or the science of measurement.

Physics, like other sciences, starts with observations in the world around us or from laboratory experiments designed facts. We find around us wonderful and interesting events continually taking place. For example, the sun is found too regularly in the east and set in the west. There is regular change in weather taking place. Clouds are formed in sky, often accompanied by thunder and lightning and cause the rain to fall. There is sometimes a beautiful display of colors, called the rainbow, in the sky. A body when just dropped falls into the earth with increasing velocity. The investigation of electricity began when it was noticed that amber 9a glass-like fossil0 attracts small light objects when it is rubbed with a cloth.

To help make sense of the facts of physics and explain the behavior of the physical world, physicists invent terms called concepts. Four of most useful concepts are those of atoms, energy, field and waves. They pervade the whole of physics, enabling us to build an intellectual framework that helps us to a wide range of phenomena.

Experiments show that in many cases relationship, called laws or principles, exist between concepts. They summarize a large number of facts in an economical way, often as mathematical equations. The laws of nature are formulated by extracting form the facts and they do have limitations. We are able to market the physical world seem reasonable and to obtained some control over it by introducing concept and discovering laws.

origin of Quantum theory.

2011-06-15T19:38:00.000-07:00

ORIGIN OF QUANTUM THEORY:

INTRODUCTION:

Physics in which majority of physical phenomena can be successfully described by using Newton laws of motion is called classical physics. That consists of classical mechanics and electromagnetic theory. Classical physics unanimously reached its climax in latter half of 19^th century and was so successful and impressive in explaining physical phenomena that the scientists of that time absolutely believed that they were potentially phenomena.

However the first indication of inadequacy of classical physics was seen in the beginning of the 21^{st century}when it could not explain the experimentally observed spectra of black body radiation. On the way to explain the spectra of black body radiation, max Planck, in 1900 ad . , gives the birth to a new idea of ‘quantum number’ which has grown up as quantum physics or modern physics.

Black body radiation:

If a body has no reflecting power at all, it absorb all the radiation and hence appears black. In practice, no bodies are perfectly black body but an enclosure provided with a single opening, technically known as ‘cavity’ possesses nearly all the desired attributes of a perfectly black body, since the radiation entering the enclose through the small opening will be reflected back and forth many times inside the enclosure so that radiation will be always absorbed. Such a cavity maintained at desired temperature will constitute a source of’ black body radiation’ also called ‘cavity radiation’.

Kirchhoff’s attempt:

a. A black not only completely absorbs all the radiation falling on it but also behaves as a perfect radiator when heated.

b. The spectral distribution and total intensity of radiation from such a body are function exclusively of temperature. Thus a special interest was developed to the spectral distribution of energy in the emitted black body radiation.

Stefen-Bolmann attempt:

According to Stefan and Boltzmann, when a blank body at absolute temperature T is surrounded by another black body at lower absolute temperature, to, the net rate of emission of heat radiation per unit area of given by:

E= sigma(T^4-T0640

This is known as Stefen-Boltzmqann law. But this does not throw any light on the energy distribution among the different wavelength in thermal spectrum.

Wein’s attempt:

Wein, in 1893, assumed the case of an enclosure full of black body radiation expanding adiabatically with velocity smaller as compared to that after such an expansion the radiation still remaining full but was characteristic of established two laws known as wein’s law:

ᵟmT=a constant

And ET-5= a constant

The first laws shows an inverse relation between wavelength and absolute temperature where second laws shows emissive power varies 5^th power of the absolute temperature.

Combining two laws, wein obtained the following expression for energy distribution.

dE=K ᶑ^-5 e?^ aᶑt dᶑ

but this Formula led to wrong and absurd conclusions as follows:

a. Even when T →∞, E is still finite when is an open contradiction with the experimentally verified Stefan’s fourth power law.

b. It deviates from experimentally obtained results as the wavelength increases.

Rayleigh- jeans attempt:

Rayleigh and jeans, in 1900, using the electromagnetic theory and the law of equipartition of energy along with statistical mechanics obtained the expression for energy distribution as given below:

dE=Bᶑ^-4 T.e^-a/ᶑT dᶑ

it also led to the wrong and absurd conclusions as following:

a. The energy radiated in a given wavelength range dᶑ increases rapidly as ᶑ decreases and approaches infinity for very short wavelengths which cannot be true.

b. If the expression is integrated over the entire range of wavelength from 0 to ∞ on the basic of classical continuous emission, the total energy distribution comes out to be infinity for all temperature except absolute zero which is clearly an conclusion .

c. The formula deviates rapidly from experimental results at large wavelengths.

Rayleigh-jeans formula

fig.(i) energy distribution in black body radiation in 3 different approaches.

fig(ii) energy distribution of black body radiation observed experimentally.

Lummer and Pringsheim attempt:

Lummer and pringsheim, in 1899, set of experiment and investigated the distribution of energy among the radiation emitted by black body at different temperature. The results obtained by them are shown graphically figure (ii) in detail. The following points can be seen from the above graph:

a. Area under the curve measures the total energy radiation at absolute e temperature which increases according to fourth power of the absolute temperature. This confirms Stefan’s law.

b. The maximum energy peak shifts towards the shorter wavelength side with the increase in temperature of the body. This confirms wein’s displacement law.

c. The wein’s formula agrees with these curves for short wavelengths while Rayleigh-Jeans formula agrees for long wavelengths only.

Max-Planck’s attempt:

Non of the formulae could explain the precisely obtained experimental results over the entire wavelength range. However, the theoretical derivations were free from error, an anomalous situation had to be accepted stating that the fundamental assumption of classical theory were at fault. This is what exactly occurred to Max-Planck’s who in consequence proposed, in 1900, a new revolutionary hypothesis known as ‘quantum theory of radiation’.

tricks on science.

2011-06-13T02:33:00.000-07:00

this it it

BIONOMIAL NOMENCLATURE.

2011-06-10T20:50:00.000-07:00

BIONOMIAL NOMENCLATURE OF PLANTS:

Now the modern science is using Latin language for nomenclature. The concept of nomenclature was developed by Carl von Linne, also we know him as Linnaeus. About 250 years ago. He published a book (Species Plantarum ) in 1753.) That system is known as the Linnaean binomial system of nomenclature. In this system, biological organisms, such as plants, are given two latinized names, the Latin binomial or so-called "scientific name". The first name represents the genus.

and the second name is termed the specific epithet.

The generic name in mixed with the specific epithet constitutes the species name. Thus each species has a two part name or binomial. The custom of using latinized names and spelling originated from medieval scholarship and the use of Latin in most botanical publications until the middle of the nineteenth century. In this binomial system, humans are known taxonomically as:

Homo sapiens

(Latin: "wise man" or "knowing man")The tree species that is commonly known in North America as red maple has been given the Latin binomial of Acer rubrum.

Red Maple = Acer rubrumThe red maple is in the "maple" genus, which is called Acer, and its specific epithet is rubrum, which is Latin for red. Therefore, the binomial name for this species is Acer rubrum. Of cource plants are named with reference to more or less similar plants, for example other Acer, and in doing so are placed into a number of increasingly broader taxonomic ranks or taxa (singular, taxon). An example is shown below:

Kingdom	Planta -- plants (~326,000 species)
Subkingdom	Tracheobionta -- vascular plants (~287,000)
Division	Magnoliophyta -- angiosperms, flowering plants (~259,000)
Class	Magnoliopsida -- dicotyledons (~199,000)
Subclass	Rosidae -- flowers with separate petals (~58,000)
Order	Sapindales -- woody, lobed or compound leaves (~5,700)
Family	Aceraceae -- opposite leaves, winged samara; mostly maples (~152)
Genus	Acer L. -- maples (~150)
Species	Acer rubrum L. -- red maple (1)

You might argue that we should just use the so-called "common names" of plants, since it would be much simpler, especially since few people can read or speak Latin. Thus we could all agree that the name for red maple is Red Mapl;, this would be an English binomial system. However, there are problems with using common names, such as:

"Common names" are often common only to a localized region. The Red Maple is commonly called the Scarlet or Swamp Maple in some areas. The tree Nyssa sylvatica, which is native to the eastern US, has at least four common names (i.e., Sour Gum, Black Gum, Black Tupelo, Pepperidge). In England the white waterlily has 15 common names, and if you include the common German, French, and Dutch names it has over 240 names!
Sometimes the same common name is used in different regions to identify completely different plants. A plant in Georgia called ironweed is of the genus Sidai, whereas in the Midwest ironweed refers to a plant in the genus Vernonia.
Common names usually do not provide information on generic or family relationships, they tend to be independent of other names. In fact common names may suggest erroneous relationships between plants. For example, only one of the following plants is a "true cedar", i.e., of the genus Cedrus: Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), Port Orford Cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata), Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), and Deodar Cedar (Cedrus deodara).
Some plants, especially those that are rare, do not have common names. Or more correctly, they lack common names in English, most may have been named by native people familiar with a given plant.

Since we now frequently interact with people all over the globe, using a myriad of languages, a single, agreed upon name for an organism is a great advantage. Thus the success of the Linnaean binomial system. A Latin binomial name (the "scientific name") is italicized or underlined, the genus is capitalized and the specific epithet is usually not capitalized. However, the specific epithet may be capitalized if it is,

derived from a person's name (e.g., Spiraea douglasii or Spiraea Douglasii - after David Douglas), or
from a vernacular name (e.g., Picea omorika or Picea Omorika - the Balkan name for spruce), or
from a generic name (e.g., Picea abies or Picea Abies - where Abies is the genus name of Fir).

The tree commonly known as Sugar Maple, has the scientific name Acer saccharum, but is should be written as:

Acer saccharum or Acer saccharum,

However, sometime you might see it written as:

Acer saccharum Marsh. or Acer saccharum Marsh.

The abbreviated name following the plant name (i.e., Marsh.) is the name of the "authority" or "author", the individual who first named the plant "scientifically", in this case Humphrey Marshall.

HybridsSometimes it is possible to obtain offspring or progeny from crossing plants of different species, for example say two species of Maple (Acer). Frequently a × (the multiplication sign) is used in a scientific name of such hybrid plants. The strawberry of commerce is a hybrid, the result of a chance cross between plants of two strawberry (Fragaria) species, Fragaria chiloensis and Fragaria virginiana. The scientific name of the commercial strawberry is,

Fragaria × ananassa,

with the × indicating that it is a hybrid. (The proper designation is Fragaria ×ananassa, with no space between the × and the specific epithet, however, this sometimes causes confusion since the × may be read as the letter "x".) Occasionally plants in different genera have been hybridized, resulting in a intergeneric hybrid. For example, English Ivy (Hedera helix) was successfully crossed with Japanese Fatsia (Fatsia japonica), and the resulting plant has the common name Fatshedera; its botanical name is × Fatshedera lizei.

The before the genus name indicates that this plant is a hybrid of two genera.

Pronunciation

Add caption

In his book, Botanical Latin, William Stearn, stated the following: "Botanical Latin is essentially a written language, but the scientific names of plants often occur in speech. How they are pronounced really matters little provided they sound pleasant and are understandable by all concerned. This is most likely to be attained by pronouncing them in accordance with the rules of classical Latin pronunciation. There are, however, several systems, since people tend to pronounce Latin words by analogy with words of their own language.

Some Terms

Genus:

Weakly defined as a more or less closely related and definable group of organisms (plants) comprising one or more species. A genus is an aggregate of closely related species.
The species have more characteristics in common with each other than they do with species of other genera in the same family. Similarity of flowers and fruits is the most widely used feature of comparison.
A genus may contain a single species (e.g., Ginkgo) or more than 100 (e.g., Rosa).

Species:

This is difficult to define, more a concept than an absolute entity. Sometimes defined as a group of individual organisms (plants) that are fundamentally alike.
Ideally a species should be separated by distinct morphological differences from other closely related species. This is necessary for a practical classification that can be used by others.
All the individuals in a given species are not identical. Think of it as a population in which any character might be expressed to different degrees in each individual. Humans are classified as the single species Homo sapiens, but we certainly are not morphologically identical. Check this idea out by taking a stroll in the woods and examine plants of a single species.

Variety (Latin, varietas):

In the botanical sense, variety is a population of plants of a species that display marked differences in nature, and these differences are transmitted by seed (i.e., inherited).
Variety, abbreviated var. is subordinate to species. A variety name is written in lower case, italicized or underlined, and is preceded by the abbreviation var. For example, the common honeylocust in the wild has thorns, but thornless plants are also found. The honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos .
Sometimes subspecies (abbreviated ssp. or subsp.) is used in place of variety. Their use depends upon the taxonomic "school" of the writer.

Form:

Used to recognize and describe sporadic variations, such as the occasional white flowered plant in a normally purple-flowered species. For example: the flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) in nature is usually white, but pink flowered plants occur. They might be referred to as: Cornus florida f. rubra

Cultivar:

A relatively modern term, coined by L.H. Bailey, derived from the term "cultivated variety".
It is defined as an assemblage of cultivated plants which is clearly distinguished by one or more characters, and which when reproduced (sexually or asexually) retains its distinguishing characteristics.
A well known cultivar of Norway Maple (Acer platanoides) is the purple leafed 'Crimson King'. So the plant would be named as follows:

Acer platanoides 'Crimson King'

Note the single quotes on either side of the cultivar name, which in not italicized or underlined.

Cultivar is abbreviated cv. so the plant could also be named as (single quotes deleted)

Acer platanoides cv. Crimson King

According to international rules [International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)] cultivar names coined since 1959 should be in a modern language, i.e., they should not be Latin or latinised, as many were in the past.

Patents and Trademarks:

Patents give exclusive rights (i.e., protection) to an inventor to make, use, and sell his/her invention. Introduced plants can be patented. For 20 years after the date indicated on the patent, only the patent holder may commercially raise or sell a patented plant. Others may do so through license or royalty agreements with the patent holder.

An example of a patented plant: An unusual plant was discovered in June 1968 in a large field of 120,000 seedlings of the Ninebark species, Physocarpus opulifolius, growing in the Kordes Nursery, near Hamburg in Germany. The plant had reddish foliage which contrasted markedly with the typically green foliaged plants of this speces. The unique plant was patented as Physocarpus opulifolius `Monlo`.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Physocarpus opulifolius `Monlo`
Abstract:
A new and distinct selection of Ninebark, Physocarpus opulifolius, which shall be referred to hereinafter as cultivar `Monlo`. Cultivar `Monlo` differs distinctively from other Physocarpus opulifolius plants by possessing a unique combination of an outstanding cold hardy shrub with intense foliage color throughout the seasons peaking in summer to a maroon red and contrasting to the creamy-white flowers.

Trademarks offer another, and simpler, form of protection. The name of a plant can be trademarked and such names cannot be used as a name for any other similar plant or product. Trademarked plant names are indicated by use of trademark (™) or registered trademark (®) designations (e.g., Betula nigra Heritage^™) and the usage of such names is legally controlled and may continue indefinitely. However, laws governing their usage may vary from state to state.
Physocarpus opulifolius 'Monlo' was patented (see above) then the name, DIABOLO, was trademarked.

some tips on science

2011-06-10T03:05:00.000-07:00

The World's Fastest Measurements of Molecular Vibrations:
When atoms or molecules are subject to a short, intense laser pulse, they emit high-frequency ultraviolet radiation. If you compare the spectra of isotopes that are of different masses but otherwise similar, you can use this measured radiation to determine the motion of the atoms. The research team used this method -with single, extremely short laser pulses - to make the fastest measurements of how a molecule changes over time. Frictionless motion observed in water: Researchers at USC and Brown University said they have achieved near-frictionless motion in water by using lasers to spin a molecule like a propeller.

Does our 3-D world hold six other dimensions: Imagine little flat people living on the surface of a piece of paper. Just the surface: their world is not even as thick as the paper, with no vertical dimension at all. Stick a pencil through the paper and all they would see is a circle, a two-dimensional cross section. Fold the paper or roll it up, and they wouldn't know the difference. PHYSICISTS DEVISE NEW TECHNIQUE FOR DETECTING HEAVY WATER: Scientists at the California Institute of Technology have created a new method of detecting heavy water that is 30 times more sensitive than any other existing method. The detection method could be helpful in the fight against international nuclear proliferation. COILED STONES: Chemistry often seems to operate at random. However, scientists from the Max Planck Institute of Coal Research and the International Max Planck Research School "SurMat" have been able to change that: they grew silica particles from a solution onto a surface in such a way that a pattern of tiny little cones was regularly formed. CHLORINE MAY CONTRIBUTE TO OZONE FORMATION: Standard methods of predicting air pollution don't take atmospheric chlorine into account, but the chemical could be responsible for 10 percent or more of daily ozone production in local air, research at UC Irvine has found .Through dated geological records scientists have known for decades that variations in the Earth's orbit around the sun – subtle changes in the distance between the two – control ice ages Water quality improvements likely using new understanding of ion interaction: Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory have discovered new ways that ions interact with mineral surfaces in water, opening a door to new knowledge on how contaminants travel in the environment. The insight, published in Physical Review Letters, leads to a better understanding of the factors that determine water quality

modern science.

2011-06-10T03:03:00.001-07:00

AItalian scientist Galileo Galilei contributed much to modern science. He is known to be the central figure of the scientific revolution in the 17th century. Galileo was born on February 15, 1564 in Pisa, Italy to Vincenzo Galilei and Giulia Ammannati. His family was not rich but they were of nobility. At seven, Galileo and his family moved to Florence where he started his education.When Galileo turned seventeen, his father believed that medicine would be the best profession for his son; thus Galileo enrolled in University of Pisa to earn a medical degree. Soon enough, Galileo dropped out to pursue his own interests in mechanics and mathematics. He became such an expert in the field, he was appointed as a mathematics professor at University of Padua in 1592. There, he met Maria Gamba and the two had three children, two daughters and one son, out of wedlock. In 1609, after word came from Holland ofthe invention of the telescope, Galileo built his own version of the instrument. He made various astronomical discoveries using this handy tool such as the phases of Venus and the four moons orbiting Jupiter. A year later, he published his discoveries in Sidereus Nuncius. But most importantly, Galileo’s observations with the telescope convinced him that there is truth behind Copernicanism. His support for the theory got him in trouble with the Catholic Church, who strongly opposed heliocentricity; feeling that it differed from the Bible’s sayings. Ultimately, Galileo was forced to denounce heliocentrism and was placed under lifelong house arrest. Until his death in 1642, he continued to investigate other areas of science. Amazingly, he even published a book on force and motion although he had been blinded by an eye infection.

some scientific invention

2011-06-10T03:01:00.000-07:00

　

Some scientific inventions

The word ‘science’ comes from the Latin ‘scienta’ and simply means ‘knowledge’. The first man whose through like a modern scientist was Leonardo da Vinci.His contribution is great for our generation. He made a vast series of course with observations cloud formations, plans for cities, on anatomy, military inventions, tanks, submarines and aircrafts.

It was left to three great astronomer/mathematicians; Copernicus, who was his contemporary, and a little later, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei to lay the building of modern science.

Copernicus discovered what some of the Ancient Greeks had known; that the sun was at the centre of the solar system, and that the earth revolved around it. At that time, however, most scholars followed Ptolemy and Aristotle in believing that the earth was the centre of everything, a perfectly natural and sensible point of view, given the available evidence.

Unlike Galileo, who followed him, Copernicus was a careful and rather timid man, and did not publish his findings until very late in his life. In fact, it is said that he saw his work in print for the first time when he was dying. He never completely resolved the problem of the motions of the stars and planets. This was because In common with all astronomers of his day he still followed the ancient traditions, in assuming that planetary orbits were circular, and this skewed all his calculations. It was left to the Polish astronomer Johannes Kepler in the next century to realise that in fact planetary orbits were elliptical. This was great idea at the time. He had to suppose that there was a force preventing the planets from flying off into space, and it was only when Isaac Newton demonstrated the existence of gravity in 1687 that his idea was confirmed.

Galileo:

Galileo was the first to use modern scientific methods based on experiment and testable observations. In 1608 some spectacle makers from Flanders came to the Republic of Venice, where Galileo was staying, with their new invention, a spyglass for identifying ships well before they entered a harbour. Galileo heard about it and promptly set about figuring out how it worked. He not only succeeded in constructing his own spyglass, but went on to build a second one with the magnification stepped up by eight, and finally thirty times. When he turned the telescope on the night sky, he discovered sunspots, the phases of Venus, the craters of the moon and the four large moons of Jupiter, now called the Galilean satellites. Galileo was now able, with his own observations, to back Kepler’s assertion that nothing in nature is PERFECT. It was inevitable that Galileo’s beliefs would come to the attention of the Pope. Maffeo Barberini, Urban 3rd, was in fact an intellectual and patron of the arts, and would have preferred to let the matter drop, with a little co-operation on the part of Galileo. But Galileo was not strong on tact and diplomacy. Possibly he thought his position and intelligence would save him, but it was not to be. In April 1633 he was arrested and brought before the Inquisition.

He was shown the instruments of torture that could be used on him, and invited to recant his heresy. Galileo was well aware that in 1600 the philosopher Giordano Bruno had been burnt at the stake, with his tongue tied to prevent him speaking. His crime had been to champion the teachings of Copernicus and to advocate free speech in general. He was invited to kneel and deny that the earth orbited the sun, WHAT WAS HE DID.

AT LAST I HAVE TO SAY:

Today, science touches every aspect of our lives. Our world could not get power to run without science. May be it never, for surely when we began to use fire, stone tools and agriculture we took our first steps along the path of science. If science is a tool, it works spectacularly well, but like any tool, it can be misused. The question is not whether we can trust science, but whether we can trust ourselves. Watch this space. lets check out.

Now answer me what is science?

science

2011-06-09T09:02:00.000-07:00

Science

Introduction

Science (L.scire; to know: L.scientia; knowledge) is the organized body of knowledge about the material universe that can be tasted and verified.

There are three types of science:

1. Natural science: Deals with the facts of science

2. Social science: Deals with the study social activities of man.

3. Abstract science: Deal with abstract relationship.

Generally we study science on chapter wise as:

In this way of study of we have to study on the basic of natural science.

They are:

· PHYSICS

· CHEMISTRY

· BIOLOGY

· ASTRONOMY

Lets go through PHYSICS

WHAT IS DEFINATION OF PHYSICS?

We can find different definition of physics from many sources

PHYSICS

§ The branch of science that deals with the study of concept of energy and properties of matters and relation among them.

§ Also it is the study of non-living as well as living things & facts of them which helps on engineering & on making factors to fulfill of our needs.

§ The reasonable study of matter, energy, time, space or nature and of relation among them. It is based on mathematics and mainly mechanics, optics, electricity and magnetism and heat. Modern physics is based on quantum theory with atomic, nuclear, particle, and natural studies.

Ø There are many branches of physics:

Some of them are:

Mechanism:

Units and measurement:

To understand the physics we must able to connect our theoretical description of nature with our experiment observation of nature. This connection is made through quantitative measurement. In physics, are to deal with a large number of physical quantities like length, mass, time , velocity , force pressure etc. These quantities can give clear understanding only if we can measure them and express our conclusion into these measurements .To know the physical quantity quantitatively, measurement is must. Due to this reasons, physics is sometimes called the science of measurement. Therefore, the process of compering an unknown physical quantity with a known fixed quantity is called the measurement. The quantity used as a standard, measurement is called unit.

Vector and scalar:

Those physical quantities which have only magnitude are called scalar quantity. Eg: distance, speed, mass, length, time, work, energy and current.etc

Those physical quantities which have both magnitude and direction are called vector quantities. Eg: displacement, gravitation, velocity, force, electric field.

Kinematics:

It is the branch of science that deals with the study of the motion of object without taking into the account of the cause of the motion in the object.

Dynamics: this deals with the study of the objects taking into consideration the cause of motion.

Laws of motion:

If all the particles of the object move in same way, the motion is translational and the object is considered as point object. If the particle of the object has different linear displacement but same angular displacement, rotational motion takes place. Newton studied about motion scientifically and concluded some result which are called Newton’s law of motion. There are 3 laws of motions. All 3 laws define in different ways. 1^st law defines force qualitatively, 2^nd law defines quantitatively and 3^rd law highlight that single and isolated force is not possible.

A force can cause both the translation as well as rotational motion on an object.

Gravity and gravitation:

The motion of the heavenly bodies in the universe gives the idea of attraction between them and their stability. Otherwise, it is not possible for heavenly bodies to move one around the other.

Although gravitational force is the weakest force in the nature, it is the most important because from the birth of the universe to its stability, it plays important roles.

Circular motion:

Motion of a body moving in a circle is called the circular motion. When a body moves in a circle it constant speed, the motion is called uniform circular motion. Circular motion is two dimensional motion.

Heat and thermodynamics:

Heat:

It is the form energy. Its SI unit is joule and CGS unit is calorie.

Temperature:

It is the degree of hotness and coldness of a body. Its SI unit is Kelvin and CGS system is .

science

2011-06-09T02:41:00.001-07:00