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ARTI CHHABRIA GALLERY

2011-06-14T13:32:00.000-07:00

ARTI CHHABRIA GALLERY

Actress Biography

2011-06-14T13:17:00.000-07:00

BOLLYWOOD ACTRESS BIOGRAPHY
MONDAY, JUNE 13, 2011
Ameesha Patel
Ameesha Patel the famous Bollywood figure features chiefly in Bollywood films. Making her acting debut with Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai opposite Hrithik Roshan, the actress bagged critical acclaim for her acting skills in Gadar: Ek Prem Katha opposite superstar Sunny Deol, and soon the film became one of the biggest hits in the era of Hindi cinema,bagging her a Filmfare Special Performance Award. The actress would consequently showcased in various flicks, most of which proved dud at the box office.

It is said that her performance in the 2006 release Ankahee, received critical acknowledgement, and she continued it with a supporting character that she played in 2007 hit movie Bhool Bhulaiyaa. The actress has also endorsed famous Indian brands such as Bajaj Sevashram, Fair and Lovely, Cadburys Jai Lime, Fem, Lux, etc. After showing her brilliant acting skills in Anil Sharma’s Gadar: Ek Prem Katha, in 2002, she had four failures but her last suspense thriller, Humraaz, became one of the biggest grossing movies of the year at the box office,

and she was also nominated for Filmfare Best Actress Award for the film. The Abbas-Mustan marital thriller saw her enacting a role with negative shadows for the first time in in her career. Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai, Aap Mujhe Acche Lagne Lage were average box office success. Satish Kaushik's thriller film Vaada, featured Ameesha portraying the character of Arjun Rampal's disloyal wife. Elaan, showcased her as a TV reporter. She was also seen in Ketan Mehta's historical drama Mangal Pandey: The Rising. 2006 releases Mere Jeevan Saathi, Teesri Aankh: The Hidden Camera, Tathastu, Humko Tumse Pyaar Hai, etc were all big flops. 2011 projects Power, Run Bhola Run and Chatur Singh two Star featured the diva.

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LABELS: ACTRESS, BOLLYWOOD, FILMS
MONDAY, JUNE 6, 2011
Praveen Babi
Parveen Babi was a famous Bollywood artiste, who is chiefly known to the whole world for her enchanting characters together with top listed male actors of the 1970’s and early 1980’s in smash hits like Deewar, Namak Halaal, Amar Akbar Anthony and Shaan. The actress never married but was involved in relationships with famous personalities like filmmakerMahesh Bhatt, Bollywood star Kabir Bedi, and Danny Denzongpatoo. It was also believed that the beautiful diva had a strong love affair with Amitabh Bachchan.

Mahesh Bhatt penned and directed the 1982 successful hit film Arth , that was considered as a semi-autobiographical venture about his personal relationship with Praveen, and again he wrote as well as produced the 2006 released WohLamhewhich was madeon real facts about his relationship with the actress. Parveen Babi started her line of business in modelling in 1972 and was immediately followed by her debut with the movie Charitra which was released in 1973 opposite cricketer Salim Durrani.

The movie was a ringing flop but Parveen Babiwas admired and was signed up for many more Bollywood projects. Her foremost successful hit was 1974 Majboor opposite Amitabh Bachchan. Praveen was the first Bollywood babe to have been showcased on TIME magazine's cover page, in July 1976, much to the unrest of her colleagues. She had also appeared in Kaalia, Khud-daar, Suhaag, Kaala Patthar, Meri Aawaaz Suno and The Burning Train. She too featured in innovative movies like Vinod Pande's Yeh Nazdeekiyan which got released in 1982. In the film she portrayed the character of the other lady opposite Marc Zuber.

Praveen known for her sublime acting skills was found dead in her Mumbai residence on 22nd January 2005 after the residential society secretary stated the police that she had not collected milk and newspapers from her house for three days. It was assumed that the actress was suffering from gangrene of the foot as she was diabetic. The police ruled out any foul play and it was determined she had died from what appeared to be complications from diabetes.

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LABELS: BIOGRAPHY, BOLLYWOOD, FILMS, PRAVEEN BABI, STARS
MONDAY, MAY 16, 2011
Farah Naaz
Farah Naaz was a well known face in Bollywood. Her most memorable movies were Hamara Khandaan, Naqab, Yateem and Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri. Farah took retirement from acting in 1990. She worked with almost all of the top listed stars of her times namely Rajesh Khanna, Rishi Kapoor, Sanjay Dutt, Sunny Deol, Anil Kapoor, Jackie Shroff, Mithun, Govinda, and Aamir Khan. Farah made her debut in the year 1985 with Yash Chopra's Faasle opposite Rohan Kapoor.

She was part of hits movies like Marte Dam Tak, Naseeb Apna Apna, Love 86, Imaandaar, Ghar Ghar Ki Kahaani, Diljala, Rakhwala, Hamara Khandaan, Woh Phir Ayegi, Veeru Dada, Baap Ek Numbari Beta Dus Numbari and Muqabla and so on. In the 1990s, Farah Naaz worked withAamir Khan in two films, Jawani Jindabad and Isi Ka Naam Zindagi, but both the films badly failed at box office. She was also approached forKhuda Gawah but because of delays in production, she was later on replaced with Shilpa Shirodkar. Farah Naaz then started portraying supporting characters in movies like Muqabla, Dhartiputra and Izzat Ki Roti. The actress after sometime appeared on small screen and did some daily soaps like Amar Prem, Andaz, Ahaa, Vailayiti Babu and Papa.

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LABELS: ACTRESS, BOLLYWOOD, MOVIES
SATURDAY, MAY 14, 2011
Smita Patil
Making a mark for herself in Bollywood industry with the release of 1977 flick Bhumika actress Smita Patil acted in number of Bollywood films and also contributed in television and theatre. Smita Patil featured in almost seventy five Hindi and Marathi movies and also bagged National Film Awards and Filmfare Award and she was the receiver of the Padma ShriIndia's fourth-highest civilian honour in 1985. Smita played most remarkable roles in movies like Manthan, Bhumika, Aakrosh, Chakra and Mirch Masala. Apart from acting, the Bollywood known figure was a member of the Women's Centre situated in Mumbai. Smita Patil was always ready to help women in every possible way.

Smita Patil was married to Bollywood famous star Raj Babbar. Unfortunately, the actress died on 13 December 1986 at the age of 31. It has been revealed that the successful actress was more related to small cinema for about five years. She had also truned down all commercial offers. Somewhere in 1977 and 1978, the small cinema era began approaching many stars. She was abruptly removed from a couple of ventures. This was a understated matter but anyhow affected the actress. She even tried to keep her cool. The day she turned down big, commercial offers because of her contract to small cinema, since then the actress got less amount of offers from Bollywood. Also named as tidal wave, the actress had to suffer a lot of controversies as she was linked up with many Bollywood celebrities.

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LABELS: ACTRESS, BOLLYWOOD, MOVIES, SMITA PATIL
THURSDAY, MAY 12, 2011
Jacqueline Fernandez biography
Jacqueline Fernandez born in Colombo, Western Province, Fernandez belongs to Sinhalese family. Her fafther's native place is Negombo who noe lives in Malaysia and her mother is from Kandy. At the little age, her family migrated to Bahrain from where she did her schooling. She completed her graduation in mass media from the Murrey University in Melbourne, Australia . It was from there, she planned to chose Modelling as her career followed by serving for various fashion shows Australia, Singapore, Dubai and Sri Lanka Her career- Fernandez earned the title of Miss Sri Lanka for Miss Universe 2006.

in March 2006, She was among one of the contestant in Miss Universe 2006. After contending at the pageant of Miss Universe she started her work as an anchor on Lanka Business Report where she use to write weekly column for The Daily Mirror, at the time she continued modeling in India. In year 2006, she made her first acting debut for a fascinating Bollywood movie, Alladin. The movie was directed by Sujoy Gosh,. It was this movie which added spark to her career as she got an opportunity to work with B Towns big fames Amitabh Bachchan, Sanjay Dutt, and Ritesh Deshmukh.In the movie, She potraited the character of Jasmine, the new girl in college who has come from America.

actress once again was seen with Actor Ritesh Deshmukh again in the romantic comedy Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai. Ater this she appeared in many super hit movies like in Sajid Khan's Housefull featuring in supporting role.currently Fernandez is working in the Tamil film Mankatha in a special role alongside Ajith Kumar, Nagarjuna, Trisha Krishnan, Manoj Manchu, Vedhika Kumar and Lakshmi Rai. Well, her upcoming movie isMurder 2 and further will be seen in Milap Zaveri's film.
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LABELS: JACQUELINE FERNANDEZ
MONDAY, MAY 9, 2011
Sensational queen- Deepika Padukone
Deepika Padukonee, born on 5th January 1986 in Mangalore, Karnataka is daughter of former badminton champion Prakash Padukonee and Ujjala Padukonee. She started her career as a scorching model and gradually swifted into Hindi as well as Tamil and Kannada language movies. She did played Badminton during her school days and at State level but did not chose it as career as her poised Beauty tilted her towards the Glamor world. Padukonee Started the journey by perusing career in modeling ,marked in a ramp competition in NLS, Bangalore. Next was the aupicious eve of fifth annual Kingfisher Fashion Awards where she was awarded the title "Model of the Year" followed by being chosen as one of the model for the Kingfisher Swimsuit Calendar for 2006.

Successfully she won two trophies at the Idea Zee Fashion Awards: "Female Model of the Year" and "Fresh Face of the Year”. Throwing light on her acting journey, her first debut was in Kannada film Aishwarya in 2006 followed by Hindi Super blockbuster 'Om Shanti Om' opposite to Shah Rukh Khan, the movie which revolutionize her whole career and because of which, she was honored with Filmfare Best Female Debut Award .Casting opposite to King Khan easily justifies her elegant beauty and talent both. on the way was Siddharth Anand's romantic comedy Bachna Ae Haseeno opposite to Ranbir Kapoor where she played the role of independent young girl, Gaytri. Forster came big banner superhits like Chandni Chowk To China, Love Aaj Kal and Housefull. Former Model was also debuted inHimesh Reshmiya's album 'aap ka Suroor' where she looked stunning in black gown. Besides acting,She quickly endorsed premium brands like Liril soap, Limca, Close-Up toothpaste, Kingfisher Airlines ,Tissot, Nescafe and more including international cosmetics vogue Maybelline. The young dynamic model was conferred with lot many Awards for Modeling and acting styles.

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LABELS: DEEPIKA PADUKONE
THURSDAY, MAY 5, 2011
Zarina Wahab
Bollywood actress Zarina Wahab hails from Andhra Pradesh. The actress who is well versed in English, Hindi and Telugu languages have done numerous critically acclaimed films like Chit Chor, Gopal Krishna. Flmmaker Raj Kapoor was not so much impressed with her personality, when he met her at FTII. So Zarina Wahab since that day decided to work hard to change her entire look and attended film parties and events. The actress as time passed got noticed and was cast in several movies. In 1974 Zarina was seen in Dev Anand directed film Ishq Ishq Ishq along with Zeenat Aman, Kabir Bedi and the talented actress Shabana Azmi.

Zarina Wahab was normally roped in as the middle-class, natural character. The diva had a major hit movie in Basu Chatterjee's Chit Chor which was released in 1976. Zarina also bagged a a Filmfare nomination as Best Actress for the character she portrayed in Gharonda in 1977. She has also contributed in Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam movies. In 1977, she also featured in “Agar…If” alongwith Amol Palekar and Kader Khan. Zarina Wahab as stated made a comeback to Malayalam projects with Calendar, which released in 2009. She appeared in Bollywood movie “My Name Is Khan” playing mother to Rizwan Khan played by Shahrukh Khan.

She most targets towards Telugu flicks, and has encouraged her daughter Sana too to begin start her career in South Indian films, the way she had in a Telugu film Gajula Kistayya
Though her daughter Sana tried acting in 2006 many times but couldn’t survive in the stardom world. Zarina Wahab currently plays older roles in television serials. Zarina Wahab met Bollywood filmstar Aditya Pancholion the sets of Kalan Ka Tika. After which they got married in 1986. Still they are living happily together. Other than this she has also appeared inRam Gopal Varma’s Rakta Charitra in 2010.

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LABELS: BOLLYWOOD ACTRESS, ZARINA WAHAB
WEDNESDAY, MAY 4, 2011
Rajshree
Bollywood actress Rajshree was well acknowledged for her classic beauty, acting abilities and dancing qualifications. Rajshree is the daughter of acclaimed Indian filmmaker V. Shantaram and actress Jayshree, second wife of V. Shantaram. Her brother Kiran Kumar was a former Sheriff of Mumbai. While shooting with Raj Kapoor in America for film “Around the World in Eight Dollars”, Rajshree met American student Greg Chapman.z The two got married three years later in a Vedic, Hindu marriage ceremony in India, that lasted five days and was attended by 15 thousand guests.

The actress left with her husband to permanently live in America. They have one daughter. She has been living in America for the past thirty years running a successful custom clothing business while still maintaining her interest in movies. She was an assistant director on three films, “Hack O’Lantern”, “Tainted Love” and “Monsoon” and has done narration on a children’s video titled “Ashok By Any Other Name. Rajshree was launched by her father along with actor Jeetendra in the film Geet Gaya Patharon Ne. She also starred in popular hits films like Brahmachari, Jaanwar and Shehnai. Naina, Brahmachari, Suhag Raat, Dil Ne Pukara, Gunahon Ka Devta, Mohabbat Zindagi Hai , Sagaai, Janwar,,

Do Dil, Ji Chahta Hai, Ghar Basake Dekho, Stree and Subah Ka Tara were some of her noted Bollywood films. Her movie Brahmachari also bagged the Filmfare Best Movie Award in 1968. Shammi Kapoor was awarded the Filmfare Best Actor Award for the same movie. Sehnai released in 1964 was directed by S. D. Narang featured Rajshree, Biswajeet, Nirupa Roy, Leela Chitnis, Johnny Walker Asit Sen and Iftekhar in pivotal roles. Rajshree also made her mark in Bollywood and is still remembered till date for her outstanding performance and her appearance with the renowned Bollywood actors like Raj Kapoor, Shammi Kapoor, Jeetendra, etc!!

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LABELS: BIOGRAPHY, BOLLYWOOD ACTRESS, RAJSHREE
MONDAY, MAY 2, 2011
Katrina Kaif
Katrina Kaif is one of the hot actresses in Bollywood film industry. Nick named as Kat, she born on 16-July-1984. Her birth place is Hong Kong while her native place is London. She is 5'9" long. Kat is very attractive because of her Vital Stats, which is 36-28-36. Her mother is from England while her father is from Kashmir. Firstly she was doing modeling. She started modeling when she was of only 14 year old. She was in Hawaii at that time and got chance for modeling for a jewelry campaign. After this she did modeling in her home town.

When she started working in Bollywood she was only of 18 years. Katrina got her first break in Bollywood in movie "Boom", which was offered to her by film-maker Kaizad Gustad. With Atul Kasbekar she did many professional photo shoot, and got offers from LG, Cola, Fevicol, Lakme, and Veet. In year 2005, she was chosen as the face of the year for the Lakme India Fashion Week. Her favourite actors are: Leonardo DiCaprio, Johnny Depp, Shah Rukh Khan, Hrithik Roshan, Aamir Khan. Favorite actresses are Kajol and Madhuri Dixit. She loves cricket, her favourite cricketer is Irfan Pathan.

Her favourite Indian food is Dahi and Rice. Kat likes to watch movies also, her favourite movies are: Umrao Jaan (1981), Casablanca (1942), and Gone with the Wind (1939). Kat loves 'Gucci Rush' perfume most. Katrina Kaif did many movies like: Boom, Malliswari, Sarkar, Maine Pyar Kyu Kiya, Allari Pidugu, Hum Ko Deewana Kar Gaye, Balram V/S Taradas, Namastey London, Apne, Partner, Nanhe Jaisalmer, Welcome, Race, Singh Is Kinng, Hello, Yucvraaj, Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani, Blue, New York, Tees Maar Khan, And latest upcoming is Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara. Kat is very good actress, her voice is very soft. When she smiles she looks very cute. She is very bold in nature.

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LABELS: ATUL KASBEKAR, HRITHIK ROSHAN AND AAMIR KHAN, KATRINA KAIF,SHAHRUKH KHAN
MONDAY, APRIL 25, 2011
Bina Rai
Bina Rai born on 4 June 1936 was a renowned Bollywood actress of the black and white time of Hindi cinema. Bina was mostly known for her characters she played in classic films like Anarkali, Taj Mahal, and won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress for her outstanding performance in the movie, Ghunghat. Before coming to Mumbai, the actress stayed in Kanpur.

She had to persuade her mother and father to allow her to opt acting as her career. Bina Raiwas a first year student of Arts in the Isabella Theodore College' of Lucknow in the year 1950, when she came to know about an advertisement that organised a talent contest. When she applied for the contest the sponsors of the show approached her. On the other hand Bina went Mumbai to take part in the contest where she bagged whooping amount, that time, of Rs. 25 thousand. Soon after that she made her first Bollywood debut with Kishore Sahu's project titled 'Kali Ghata' in the year 1951 opposite Kishore Sahu.

Somewhere in the 1950’s the actress married Bollywood star Prem Nath, whose sister Krishna tied the knot with Bollywood superstar and filmmaker Raj Kapoor. Bina Rai was paired up with Prem Nath before marriage in films like Aurat and Delilah. The couple within no time made their first film production house known by the name of P.N. Films. The first film made under the banner was Shagufa which got released in 1954 but the movie couldn’t run at the box office.

Neither Bina Rai’s charm nor Prem Nath’s thin-skinned depiction of the character of a doctor could set aside "Shagufa" from being a dud. And the movies that followed Shagufa were Prisoner of Golconda, Samunder and Watan vanished within couple of days. It is assumed that for these reasons the off-screen couple couldn’t impress the audiences with their on-screen thanda performance.

Bina Rai was later paired opposite actor Pradeep Kumar in films like Ghunghat, Anarkali, Taj Mahal respectively. In the 1970s, Bina’s son Prem Krishen became a star and gave a superhit film Dulhan Wohi Jo Piya Man Bhaye which got released in 1977. But he later on became a producer and launched his banner with the name Cinevista, and went on to produce small screen daily soaps like Kathasagar, Gul Gulshan Gulfam and Junoon. Bina Rai left the Hindi cinema many years ago. Her husband Prem Nath died on 3 November 1992. The actress as said died on 6th December, 2009.

Diya Mirza Biography And Picture Gallery
First Name: Diya
Last Name: Mirza
Nick Name: Dee
Birthdate: December 9, 1981
Star Sign Sagittarius
Eye Colour: Light Brown
Height: 5' 6"
Profession: Modeling & Acting
Titles Won: Miss Asia Pacific 2000
Career: At the age of 16 she was working as a marketing executive at sriven Mult-tech in Hyderabad. She earned a monthly salary of Rs 5000, with a 15 per cent commision on every ad revenue She fetched for the company. She has done an advertising campaign which appeared in femina. After the pictures came out she was encouraged to participate in the Miss India competition. Thats when Miss India happned.
Her confidence belies her status in the industry. But it is her keen sense of direction and her intrinsic intelligence which makes her so poised and confident. She's all of 20 and yet has accomplished so much. Diya Mirza has a world of opportunities open to her and for the first time she's sure of what she wants to be.
Diya Mirza won the prestigious Miss Asia Pacific title at the beauty pageant held on 2 December, 2000, in Manila. She is the second Indian contestant to be crowned Miss Asia Pacific and the first in 29 years.
Her first film, opposite Madhavan - Rehaana Hai Tere Dil Mein did not make a big splash. But it spelt one thing - Diya Mirza had arrived.
For a 20 year old Diya has accomplished so much but Diya's dream has only just begun.
Movie Carrer : She made her cinematic debut with Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein opposite R. Madhavan. The film was not a box office success. A series of unsuccessful films followed, among them Tumsa Nahin Dekha and Deewaanapan.
In 2005, Mirza appeared in Parineeta, a Vidhu Vinod Chopra production. In 2006 she teamed up once again with Chopra and Sanjay Dutt for the successful film Lage Raho Munna Bhai. She also played in the music video Kajara Mohabbat Wala from Sonu Nigam album Kajara Nite.
She has also appeared in Dus and in Fight Club. She will appear later this year in Familywala and Naa Naa Karte.
At 18, a quiet, introverted girl entered the Femina Miss India Contest to have some fun.

She walked away with 3 titles – Miss Beautiful Smile, The Sony Viewers’ Choice Award and Femina Miss India-Asia Pacific. Not that Diya was complaining.
Life has changed in the 10 months since she won the Femina Miss India-Asia Pacific Crown. She has had to make choices over what most 18-year old girls are taken for granted – parents, education and paying bills.
As a career move, the Hyderabad girl shifted to Mumbai, away from home and family. Compromises have been difficult, but necessary.
Like with her education, for one. She opted to do her First Year Bachelor of Arts via correspondence, but as the Miss Asia Pacific competition drew closer, juggling work and studies became close to impossible, specially with her modeling assignments, travelling and training.
Diya says, "I am getting first-hand knowledge about the world and about people from my travels. Of course, when I come back I will resume my formal studies. But I don’t have any regrets right now."
She adds, "My carefree days are over. I have become responsible and busy."
Especially with all the training she has had to undergo. Sabira Merchant worked with her on her diction and etiquette, physical training was with Talwalkars, diet with Anjali Mukherjee, skin care with Dr. Jamuna Pai, hair and make-up with Bharat and Doris Godambe, and clothes from Ritu Kumar and Hemant Trivedi.
Diya is all prepared to hitch her wagon to a star. She is a young woman who is caring, sensitive, beautiful and loving.
She is also independent and armed with a mind of her own. And with everyone’s confidence and encouragement egging on her, Diya has a good chance of bagging a crown India hasn’t won in 25 years.
Her confidence belies her status in the industry. But it is her keen sense of direction and her intrinsic intelligence which makes her so poised and confident. She's all of 20 and yet has accomplished so much. Diya Mirza has a world of opportunities open to her and for the first time she's sure of what she wants to be.
Diya Mirza won the prestigious Miss Asia Pacific title at the beauty pageant held on 2 December, 2000, in Manila. She is the second Indian contestant to be crowned Miss Asia Pacific and the first in 29 years.
Her first film, opposite Madhavan - Rehaana Hai Tere Dil Mein did not make a big splash. But it spelt one thing - Diya Mirza had arrived.
Diya Mirza also worked in a film with arjun rampal titled Deewanapan and she is extremly excited about it.
For a 20 year old Diya has accomplished so much but Diya's dream has only just begun.

FRIDAY, APRIL 15, 2011
Sarika
Bollywood actress Sarika was born on 3 June 1962 into a Maharashtrian family in New Delhi, India, and became an acclaimed National Award winning actress soon. Sarika started her career in acting as a child artist, Master Sooraj, enacting the character of a boy during the 1960’s in Bollywood industry. The actress appeared in many children's films as well as B grade movies. She moved to good scripts with Rajshri Productions Geet Gaata Chal with actor Sachin, with whom she starred in many Hindi as well as Marathi flicks and is known to have had a short time love affair with Sachin too.

In her acting career, she was often cast as the glamorous girl in films from 1980's. She gave up her career after getting married to actor Kamal Hassanand moved to Chennai with him during the top height of her career. Sarika’s daughter Shruti Hassan is also an Bollywood actress and has appeared in films Dil Toh Baccha Hai Ji and Luck. Sarika has now made a comeback in Hindi movies after a long gap. She played Ipsita Ray Chakraverti in the film Sacred Evil – A True Story which badly failed at the box office. In year 2000, she won the National Film Award for Best Costume Design for the film Hey Ram, her outstanding performance in Parzania in which she played the character of a Zoroastrian woman who loses her child during the 2002 riots of India, bagged her the National Film Award for Best Actress.

The Bollywood most talented actress also starred as Sheetal Thadani in the Bollywood film Bheja Fry which was released in 2006. Sarika on the other hand also had a small but important role to play in Manorama Six Feet Under. See was last seen in “Shoebite” which got released last year where she was paired up opposite the most honourable Bollywood megastarAmitabh Bachchan.

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POSTED BY CHAKPAK BLOG AT 4:39 PM 0 COMMENTS
LABELS: BOLLYWOOD ACTRESS, SARIKA, SARIKA MOVIES
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 13, 2011
Kalpana Iyer
Kalpana Iyer is a former Miss India, and Bollywood actress. The actress was well known as a famous vamp of the 1980's and 1990's. Having appeared in a number of Bollywood movies featuring dance sequences espcially item numbers, somewhat reduced her in appearance with a short interruption in Indian Television. The actress is currently a restaurateur based in Dubai, UAE.

After being first runner-up at Miss India in 1978, Kalpana Iyer started making full-blown appearances playing negative character in a number of Bollywod projects, continuing in the tradition of Bollywood actresses like the most gorgeous Bindu, the most sizzling actress Helen who have performed several item numbers and the fascinating Aruna Irani. Some of Kalpana Iyer’s famous dance sequences were to the songs "Hari om Hari" inPyaara Dushman in 1980 and "Rambha Ho" in Armaan 1982 .

Some of the renowned Bollywood projects of the sizzling actress include 1982 released film Satte Pe Satta starring Shakti Kapoor, Amjad Khan,Amitabh Bachchan, Ranjeeta and Hema Malini, Anjaam (1994), Raja Hindustani alongwith Aamir Khan and Karishma Kapoor (1996) and Hum Saath Saath Hain (1999). Kalpana Iyer was critically acclaimed for her performance as prison warden in Madhuri Dixit, Shahrukh Khan starrer Anjaam. Kalpana Iyer has also acted on television. She became a pop singer and performs in shows as well. Kalpana Iyer also featured in Salman Khan, Sonali Bendre, Neelam, Saif Ali Khan, Karishma Kapoor, Tabustarrer, Hum Saath Saath Hain.

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LABELS: BIOGRAPHY, BOLLYWOOD ACTRESS, KALPANA IYER
MONDAY, APRIL 4, 2011
Namrata Shirodkar
Namrata Shirodkar was born on 22 January 1972 in Mumbai, India. She is an Indian actress and former model The actress used to live in Khar, in Mumbai initially. Her sister Shilpa Shirodkar also works in Bollywood as an actress.
Namrata is the granddaughter of famous Marathi actress Meenakshi Shirodkar, who featured in film Brahmachari, and was the first actress to wear a swimsuit.

Namrata Shirodkar began dating Tollywood star Mahesh Babu after the shooting of Vamsee in the year 2000. They got married on 10 February 2005. Now the actress stays in Hyderabad with her husband. Namrata Shirodkar worked as a model, and was crowned Miss India back in 1993. She also represented India in the Miss Universe pageant and earned the sixth position . She made her debut with a small character in superhit flickJab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai which was released in 1998, opposite Salman Khan alongwith Twinkle Khanna who played the lead role. Namrata then went on to star in the hit flick Vaastav opposite superstar Sanjay Dutt. Her performance well acknowledged and she became a known name in Bollywood fraternity.

She has played mainly supporting roles in movies like Pukar, Hera Pheri and Astitva. She was also nominated for the IIFA Best Supporting Actress Award for her performance in Pukar and the film also featured Anil Kapoorand Madhuri Dixit. In 1999, Namrata featured opposite Megastar Mammootty in the Malayalam project titled “Ezhupunna Tharakan”. In 2004, she starred opposite another South superstar Chiranjeevi in a Telugu Movie "ANJI " In 2004 she went back into the limelight when she played the character of Jaya Bakshi in Bride and Prejudice. In the film she played elder sister to Aishwarya Rai Bachchan. The film was a hit overseas particularly in the UK but failed to do well in India.

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POSTED BY CHAKPAK BLOG AT 6:45 PM 0 COMMENTS
LABELS: ACTRESS BIOGRAPHY, NAMRATA SHIRODKAR
TUESDAY, MARCH 29, 2011
Payal Rohatgi
Payal Rohatgi born in Hyderabad is a Bollywood actress and model who has appeared in Bollywood movies too. Payal Rohatgi daughter of Veena Rohatgi and Shashank Rohatgi, has a brother named Gaurav Rohatgi. The actress was brought up in a middle class family and she completed her schooling from Udgam School and did her engineering from L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad.

Computer engineer by profession, Payal Rohatgi started her career by modeling for popular brands like Amul, Nirma, and Nescafe. The beautiful lass gained lot of attention after appearing in a television ad for Cadbury's Temptations Chocolates ad campaign. By the time she also appeared in music videos by rock band, Silk Route and Indipop artist, Kay Kay. In 2002, Payal took part in the Femina Miss India contest and in the same year, she won the Miss Tourism World in Medellin, South America. As soon as she began her career in Bollywood, Payal was more inclined towards acting. However, she appeared along with cricketer Virender Sehwag in an advertisment for Dabur’s Lal Dantmanjan. The movie was directed by Pradeep Sarkar. She was also seen in an ad film for Eveready battery in the year 2006 with Bollywood most honourable actor Amitabh Bachchan, which was also directed by Pradeep Sarkar.

In 2002, she made her Bollywood debut with Harry Baweja's, Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai?, a Hindi remake of the Hollywood teen movie American Pie. After that Payal appeared in the films like Plan, Police Force and Rakht. In 2006, she got her major breakthrough with the movie, 36 China Town, that also featured Kareena Kapoor, Paresh Rawal and Shahid Kapoor. Later that year in July, the actress appeared in the critically acclaimed, Bipasha Basu starrer “Corporate”, in which she performed an item girl. In 2007, her first release was Priyadarshan's Dhol, produced by the Percept Picture Company. Payal played a positive second lead character with co-starArbaaz Khan. In 2008, she was again seen in a cameo opposite Ranvir Shorey in PNC movie Ugly Aur Pagli which was released in August and also starred Mallika Sherawat in the lead role. In mid-September, Payal again appeared opposite Irrfan Khan in a TV18 flick Dil Kabaddi where she played the character of an aerobics instructor. In 2010, she signed a comedy project titled ‘30 Takka’ also featuring Boman Irani.

In August 2008, Payal Rohatgi appeared in Bigg Boss Season 2 aired on Colors TV as a contestant. She was involved in a lot of controversies relating to Rahul Mahajan, whom she dismissed as a seven-year old buddy. In 2009, Payal Rohatgi performed a comedy play as a celebrity performer in Comedy Circus - Chinchpokli to China that appeared on Sony Television. On 11 January 2010, she appeared in the Ndtv Imagine show Raaz Pichle Janam Ka Beside acting, Payal Rohatgi is actively collaborated with the cause of rehabilitation of drugs addicts and alcoholics and celebrated World Anti Drugs Day with them. She is also actively working for an NGOcalled Jeevan Dhara in Mumbai.

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LABELS: BOLLYWOOD ACTRESS, FILMOGRAPHY, PAYAL ROHATGI
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 23, 2011
Minissha Lamba
Minissha Lamba was born on 18 January 1985. She is an Indian actress who appears in Bollywood movies. Minissha Lamba was born in a Jatt Sikh family of Delhi. Her father was in the hospitality business and this gave her the great chance to travel around the country and meet many people.

She can fluently converse in Hindi, Punjabi, English and French languages. Minissha has appeared in films like Yahaan, Bachna Ae Haseeno, Kidnap and Well Done Abba. Minissha did her schooling from Sherwood Hall and later on moved to Chettinad Vidyashram, both located in Chennai. In 2004, the actress majored in English with honours from Miranda House, University of Delhi. Her mother is also very talented and is a painter. Minissha Lamba's in the beginning wanted to become a journalist. While studying for a degree in Delhi, Minissha Lamba pursued modelling as a hobby and soon became a well-placed model in the Indian modelling industry.

Minissha's early modelling work includes numerous television commercials for companies such as LG, Sony, Titan watches, Cadbury, Hajmola, Airtel, Sunsilk, and many others. The actress has also done a music video titled ‘Tera Suroor’ for the hit music album Aap Ka Suroor by Bollywood singer Himesh Reshammiya. Minissha’s first movie "Yahaan", which was directed by Shoojit Sircar, was released in 2005. Critics praised the flick stating that Minissha’s performance as one of the highlights. In 2008, she acted in Siddharth Anand's film Bachna Ae Haseeno alongwithBipasha Basu, Deepika Padukone and Ranbir Kapoor in the main roles.

Bachna Ae Haseeno was made under Yashraj Films. Her next major role was in the Shyam Benegal film Well Done Abba that was released last year in 2010, and this movie was highly acclaimed at the Cannes Film Festival. Minissha Lamba is presently shooting for Shirish Kunder's upcoming movie “Joker”, in which she will star opposite talented actor Shreyas Talpade. The actress has also posed for Maxim India.

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FRIDAY, MARCH 18, 2011
Nimmi
Nimmi was a popular Bollywood actress who achieved fame in the 1950s and early 1960s in Hindi cinema. The actress became popular after she played spirited village belle type roles, but also featured in varied genres such as fantasy and social movies.

Nawab Banoo (Nimmi) was born in Agra, India. Her mother was a famous singer and actress by the name of Wahidan who was well connected within the film fraternity. Nimmi had visited Bombay in her childhood, and her mother being on good terms with Mehboob Khan and his family. Through the connection with her mother who had worked with him in the 1930s, in 1948, the famous film director Mehboob Khan, invited the young Nimmi to watch the making of his current production Andaz at Central Studios.

The actress had shown keen desire to work in films and this was a bright chance for her to understand the film making process. At the time when Nimmi met Raj Kapoor on the sets of Andaaz, the actor was filming his production of Barsaat in 1949. Having already cast the famous heroine Nargis in the female lead role, he was on the hunt for a young girl to play the second lead. After observing Nimmi's unaffected and shy nature as a guest on the sets of Andaaz, Mehboob Khan at once decided to cast Nimmi in Barsaat opposite Bollywood actor Prem Nath. Barsaatmade a history. It was a phenomenal critical and commercial success.

Despite the presence of most sought out stars like Nargis, Raj Kapoor and Premnath, Nimmi too had a very important and well received role to play and was an instant hit with audiences. Nimmi later on worked with top actors like Raj Kapoor, and Dev Anand. To her great advantage Nimmi formed a very popular screen pair with Dilip Kumar, after the success of movies like Deedar (1951) and Daag (1952). Aside from Nargis with whom she co-starred with in Barsaat and Deedar, Nimmi also appeared alongside many notable leading ladies including Madhubala in Amar, with Suraiyain Shamma, Geeta Bali in Usha Kiran, and Meena Kumari in Char Dil Char Rahen, etc.

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WEDNESDAY, MARCH 16, 2011
Nalini Jaywant
Nalini Jaywant was an Indian movie actress who was seen in films during the 1940s and 1950s. Nalini is first cousin to actress Shobhna Samarth, the mother of Bollywood actresses Nutan and Tanuja. Nalini got married to director Virendra Desai in the 1940s. Later, the actress married her second husband, actor Prabhu Dayal, with whom she acted in several films.

In her teens, Nalini Jaywant got some fame through her performance in Mehboob Khan's Bahen that was released in 1941, a movie about a brother's obsessive love for his sister. Nalini, however, performed in a few more flicks before the notable 1948 release ‘Anokha Pyaar’. The movie involved a love triangle among characters played by Dilip Kumar, Nargis, and Nalini. Nalini played the character of the girl who sacrifices her love for the hero played by Dilip Kumar. Nalini's performance in that movie proved to be the movie's saving grace.

1950 came as a breakthrough year for Nalini when she became a top actress with her performances opposite Ashok Kumar in Samadhi and Sangram. “Samadhi” was a patriotic drama on Subash Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army.
Nalini and Ashok Kumar performed together in many movies like Kafila (1952), Naubahar (1952), Saloni (1952), Mr. X (1957), and Sheroo (1957). Nalini remained an important leading heroine through the mid-1950s. Though, many famous filmmakers extended Nalini Jaywant’s association with realistic films, while movie makers like Mahesh Kaul with Naujavan (1951) and AR Kardar with Jaadu developed her musical persona.

The 1958 Bollywood film Kaala Pani which was directed by Raj Khosla, was Nalini's last successful flick and that year, she won the Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award for her performance in that movie as Kishori, who formed a main witness in framing the hero's father for a murder. Her come-hither dance in S. D. Burman's composition Nazar Laagi Raaja Tore Bangle pe and her tearful looks at evergreen star Dev Anand from across the room in S. D. Burman's Hum Bekhudi Mein were most remarkable

Bombay Race Course (1965) was Nalini's last main movie. Besides, above mentioned movies, Nalini received much critical acclaim for her performances in Rahi (1952), Shikast (1953), Railway Platform (1955), and Awaaz (1956), etc. Nalini Jaywant died on the afternoon of 20th December 2010 in lonely situation at her bungalow of 60 years at Union Park, Chembur, Mumbai.

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LABELS: BIOGRAPHY, BOLLYWOOD ACTRESS, FILMOGRAPHY, NALINI JAYWANT
MONDAY, MARCH 14, 2011
Pooja Gupta
Pooja Gupta was the winner of Miss India Universe in the year 2007. Pooja Gupta later went to Mexico to participate at Miss Universe 2007. Wearing a gunmetal gown with Mongol inspired beadwork designed by Hemant Trivedi, the actress reached the top ten finishing in 9th position.

Born in New Delhi on January 30, 1985, Pooja Gupta came to the limelight after winning the Pantaloons Femina Miss India Universe which was organized by Pantaloons, a clothing line and Femina, a women's magazine in India. Pooja Gupta was offered to persuade her career in Hindi film fraternity and her interests also included drawing, traveling, writing, doing yoga and horse riding. Pooja Gupta who is really hardworking will be making her film debut in Puja films upcoming movie F.A.L.T.U. She encouraged tourism in Germany as an Indian ambassador. The good looking lass had also respresented India in Donald Trump's Miss Universe Organisation and made it to top

Ten in Mexico out of 86 countries and also worked on spreading awareness for Aids with names like Ashley Judd and Bono. Pooja Gupta is also well-trained in Martial Arts. Her upcoming Bollywood movie is salted to hit the theaters on April 1, 2011 and is directed by Remo D’ Souza and produced by Vashu Bhagnani respectively. The buzz is also making rounds these days that her upcoming film is currently facing an identity crisis.

The movie also features Jackky Bhagnani, Riteish Deshmukh and Arshad Warsi. Many stars like Akshay Kumar, Amitabh Bachchan, Abhishek Bachchan, Salman Khan, Sushmita Sen, R Madhavan, Sahil Khan andKareena Kapoor will be appearing in cameo roles in the movie. The film's soundtrack is composed by Sachin-Jigar, with lyrics penned by Irshad Kamil. We hope and wish that with her debut Pooja Gupta would charm the audiences by her performance.

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LABELS: BOLLYWOOD ACTRESS, POOJA GUPTA
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 9, 2011
Shahana Goswami
Shahana Goswami was born on 6 May 1986. She is a Indian Bengali actress who also works in Bollywood movies. Shahana Goswami studied in Sardar Patel Vidyalaya , New Delhi and Sophia College, Mumbai. The actress was the house captain and sports champion in her school. And she had also secured second position at the National Artificial Wall Climbing Competition.

In addition to this, Shahana Goswami also received training in Odissi for 10 years under Guru Padmashri Kiran Segal and has trot and performed expansively with her dance troupe. Shahana Goswami had a single-minded focus on professional acting since she was a kid. The lass moved to Mumbai to complete her graduation and to explore the possibility of taking up acting as a career. In Mumbai, Shahana's first acted with Jaimini Pathak's theatre group. There, she started working as a production assistant and then she acted in their productions titled ‘Seagull’ and ‘Arabian Nights’.

She also met the talent consultant Shanoo Sharma who asked her to try for a role in Naseeruddin Shah's directorial debut Yun Hota Toh Kya Hota. However, she got a short role of Boman Irani's daughter in Reema Katgi's Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd., when she visited the production house for some other work. The actress was also auditioned for the lead role in Percept Picture Company's Rubaru, directed by Arjun Bali, with Randeep Hooda as her co-star.

With no contacts in the film fraternity Shahana stucked on her motive struggling hard and finally she got the big break playing the character of Debbie in Rock On!!. Her excellent performance helped her to make a mark in Bollywood, and she also bagged many awards, one of them being the Filmfare Best Actress (Critics) award. She appeared in the music video for Dido’s song, "Let's Do the Things We Normally Do" as the taxi driver in Mumbai, shot by Siddharth Sikand.

Shahana Goswami's first international project is Deepa Mehta's "Winds of Change", which is an adaptation of Salman Rushdie's Booker-winning novel Midnight's Children. Have a quick look at the awards and nominations of the actress- She has won Max Stardust Award in 2010 for Breakthrough performance in Firaaq. She was also awarded the Lions Gold Award in the same year for Best Supporting Actress in Firaaq. 54th Filmfare Award in 2009 was bestowed to her for Best Actress (Critics) for the film Rock On!!

The actress in 2009, won the 15th Nokia Star Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress in Rock On!! In 2009, Lions Gold Award for Best Supporting Actress was given to the actress for the film Rock on!! She then bagged the Cineblitz Award in the same year for Best Supporting Actress again for the movie Rock On!! The list of nominations include the 55th Filmfare Award in 2010 for Best Supporting Actress for Firaaq. She was then nominated for the 16th Nokia Star Screen Award for Best
Supporting Actress for the same flick Firaaq.

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LABELS: AWARDS AND NOMINATIONS, BIOGRAPHY, BOLLYWOOD ACTRESS, SHAHANA GOSWAMI
TUESDAY, MARCH 8, 2011
Sri Devi
Sri Devi born on 13 August 1963, is an Indian actress who has starred in hundreds of movies in Tamil, Hindi, Telugu and Malayalam languages.

The actress has been acting at the age of four, she made her debut as an adult in the late 1970s. After then the actress established herself as one of the leading actress of her time.

Bollywood Actress Sri Devi started her career with her first Tamil movie in 1967 Kandhan Karunai playing the role of young Lord Muruga and acted in many Tamil and Telugu movies from there on. During her early teens, she acted in a number of Tamil, Telugu, Hindi and Malayalam movies as a lead actress.

In 1976 the actress got her first big break as heroine in K. Balakrishna's film Moondru Mudichu where she shared screen space with Rajnikanthand Kamal Hassan. She then followed with a succession of films with both Haasan and Rajnikanth.

Then Sri Devi started with Telugu film, there also the lady ruled for years. She started acting in Hindi movies. Many of these initial movies starred Jeetendra. Her first hindi Film was Solva Saawan. In her second Hindi flick Himmatwala the diva starred opposite Jeetendra.

Her performances in the '80s included Justice Chowdhary, Jaani Dost,Mawaali, Maqsad, Tohfa, Karma, Aakhree Raasta, Jaanbaaz, Ghar Sansar, Nageena, Mr India, Suhagan and Aulad. With Nagina she became the most successful actress of her time. Shekhar Kapur's Mr India became an all-time hit and earned her titles like Miss Hawa Hawai. Sridevi also imitated the legendary Charlie Chaplin in a famous sequence in the film.

Sridevi also developed passion for painting which has since brought her foreign attention. In March 2010, her paintings have been chosen by a reputed international art auction house. The auction was set to start in April 2010, and all the money raised has been donated.

Electronics

2011-06-14T09:18:00.000-07:00

Electronics

Electronics is the branch of science and technology that deals with electrical circuits involving active electrical components such as vacuum tubes,transistors, diodes and integrated circuits. The nonlinear behaviour of these components and their ability to control electron flows makes amplification of weak signals possible, and is usually applied to information and signal processing. Electronics is distinct from electrical and electro-mechanical science and technology, which deals with the generation, distribution, switching, storage and conversion of electrical energy to and from other energy forms usingwires, motors, generators, batteries, switches, relays, transformers, resistors and other passive components. This distinction started around 1906 with the invention by Lee De Forest of the triode, which made electrical amplification of weak radio signals and audio signals possible with a non-mechanical device. Until 1950 this field was called "radio technology" because its principal application was the design and theory of radio transmitters, receivers andvacuum tubes.

Today, most electronic devices use semiconductor components to perform electron control. The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a branch of solid state physics, whereas the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems come underelectronics engineering. This article focuses on engineering aspects of electronics.

Electronic devices and components

An electronic component is any physical entity in an electronic system used to affect the electrons or their associated fields in a desired manner consistent with the intended function of the electronic system. Components are generally intended to be connected together, usually by being soldered to a printed circuit board (PCB), to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example anamplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Components may be packaged singly or in more complex groups as integrated circuits. Some common electronic components are capacitors, inductors,resistors, diodes, transistors, etc. Components are often categorized as active (e.g. transistors and thyristors) or passive (e.g. resistors and capacitors).

Types of circuits

Circuits and components can be divided into two groups: analog and digital. A particular device may consist of circuitry that has one or the other or a mix of the two types.

[edit]Analog circuits

Main article: Analog electronics

Hitachi J100 adjustable frequency drive chassis.

Most analog electronic appliances, such as radio receivers, are constructed from combinations of a few types of basic circuits. Analog circuits use a continuous range of voltage as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits.

The number of different analog circuits so far devised is huge, especially because a 'circuit' can be defined as anything from a single component, to systems containing thousands of components.

Analog circuits are sometimes called linear circuits although many non-linear effects are used in analog circuits such as mixers, modulators, etc. Good examples of analog circuits include vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers, operational amplifiers and oscillators.

One rarely finds modern circuits that are entirely analog. These days analog circuitry may use digital or even microprocessor techniques to improve performance. This type of circuit is usually called "mixed signal" rather than analog or digital.

Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate between analog and digital circuits as they have elements of both linear and non-linear operation. An example is the comparator which takes in a continuous range of voltage but only outputs one of two levels as in a digital circuit. Similarly, an overdriven transistor amplifier can take on the characteristics of a controlled switch having essentially two levels of output.

Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels. Digital circuits are the most common physical representation of Boolean algebra and are the basis of all digital computers. To most engineers, the terms "digital circuit", "digital system" and "logic" are interchangeable in the context of digital circuits. Most digital circuits use a binary system with two voltage levels labeled "0" and "1". Often logic "0" will be a lower voltage and referred to as "Low" while logic "1" is referred to as "High". However, some systems use the reverse definition ("0" is "High") or are current based.Ternary (with three states) logic has been studied, and some prototype computers made. Computers, electronic clocks, and programmable logic controllers (used to control industrial processes) are constructed of digital circuits. Digital Signal Processors are another example.

Heat dissipation and thermal management

Heat generated by electronic circuitry must be dissipated to prevent immediate failure and improve long term reliability. Techniques for heat dissipation can include heat sinks and fans for air cooling, and other forms of computer cooling such as water cooling. These techniques use convection, conduction, & radiation of heat energy.

[edit]Noise

Noise is associated with all electronic circuits. Noise is defined^[1] as unwanted disturbances superposed on a useful signal that tend to obscure its information content. Noise is not the same as signal distortion caused by a circuit. Noise may be electromagnetically or thermally generated, which can be decreased by lowering the operating temperature of the circuit. Other types of noise, such as shot noise cannot be removed as they are due to limitations in physical properties.

[edit]Electronics theory

Mathematical methods are integral to the study of electronics. To become proficient in electronics it is also necessary to become proficient in the mathematics of circuit analysis.

Circuit analysis is the study of methods of solving generally linear systems for unknown variables such as the voltage at a certain node or the current through a certain branch of a network. A common analytical tool for this is the SPICE circuit simulator.

Also important to electronics is the study and understanding of electromagnetic field theory.

[edit]Electronics lab

Due to the empirical nature of electronics theory, laboratory experimentation is an important part of the study of electronics. These experiments are used to prove, verify, and reinforce laws andtheorems such as Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, etc. Historically, electronics labs have consisted of electronics devices and equipment located in a physical space, although in more recent years the trend has been towards electronics lab simulation software, such as CircuitLogix, Multisim, and PSpice.

[edit]Computer aided design (CAD)

Today's electronics engineers have the ability to design circuits using premanufactured building blocks such as power supplies, semiconductors (such as transistors), and integrated circuits. Electronic design automation software programs include schematic capture programs and printed circuit board design programs. Popular names in the EDA software world are NI Multisim, Cadence (ORCAD), Eagle PCB and Schematic, Mentor (PADS PCB and LOGIC Schematic), Altium (Protel), LabCentre Electronics (Proteus), gEDA, KiCad and many others.

[edit]Construction methods

Many different methods of connecting components have been used over the years. For instance, early electronics often used point to point wiring with components attached to wooden breadboards to construct circuits. Cordwood construction and wire wraps were other methods used. Most modern day electronics now use printed circuit boards made of materials such as FR4, or the cheaper (and less hard-wearing) Synthetic Resin Bonded Paper (SRBP, also known as Paxoline/Paxolin (trade marks) and FR2) - characterised by its light yellow-to-brown colour. Health and environmental concerns associated with electronics assembly have gained increased attention in recent years, especially for products destined to the European Union, with its Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive(RoHS) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE), which went into force in July 2006.

Logic gate

A logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function, that is, it performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output. Depending on the context, the term may refer to an ideal logic gate, one that has for instance zero rise time and unlimited fan-out, or it may refer to a non-ideal physical device.^[1] (see Ideal and real op-amps for comparison)

Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or transistors acting as electronic switches, but can also be constructed using electromagnetic relays (relay logic), fluidic logic, pneumatic logic,optics, molecules, or even mechanical elements. With amplification, logic gates can be cascaded in the same way that Boolean functions can be composed, allowing the construction of a physical model of all of Boolean logic, and therefore, all of the algorithms and mathematics that can be described with Boolean logic

Background

The simplest form of electronic logic is diode logic. This allows AND and OR gates to be built, but not inverters, and so is an incomplete form of logic. Further, without some kind of amplification it is not possible to have such basic logic operations cascaded as required for more complex logic functions. To build a functionally complete logic system, relays, valves (vacuum tubes), or transistors can be used. The simplest family of logic gates using bipolar transistors is called resistor-transistor logic (RTL). Unlike diode logic gates, RTL gates can be cascaded indefinitely to produce more complex logic functions. These gates were used in early integrated circuits. For higher speed, the resistors used in RTL were replaced by diodes, leading to diode-transistor logic (DTL). Transistor-transistor logic(TTL) then supplanted DTL with the observation that one transistor could do the job of two diodes even more quickly, using only half the space. In virtually every type of contemporary chip implementation of digital systems, the bipolar transistors have been replaced by complementary field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) to reduce size and power consumption still further, thereby resulting in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) logic.

For small-scale logic, designers now use prefabricated logic gates from families of devices such as the TTL 7400 series by Texas Instruments and the CMOS 4000 series by RCA, and their more recent descendants. Increasingly, these fixed-function logic gates are being replaced by programmable logic devices, which allow designers to pack a large number of mixed logic gates into a single integrated circuit. The field-programmable nature of programmable logic devices such as FPGAs has removed the 'hard' property of hardware; it is now possible to change the logic design of a hardware system by reprogramming some of its components, thus allowing the features or function of a hardware implementation of a logic system to be changed.

Electronic logic gates differ significantly from their relay-and-switch equivalents. They are much faster, consume much less power, and are much smaller (all by a factor of a million or more in most cases). Also, there is a fundamental structural difference. The switch circuit creates a continuous metallic path for current to flow (in either direction) between its input and its output. The semiconductor logic gate, on the other hand, acts as a high-gain voltage amplifier, which sinks a tiny current at its input and produces a low-impedance voltage at its output. It is not possible for current to flow between the output and the input of a semiconductor logic gate.

Another important advantage of standardised integrated circuit logic families, such as the 7400 and 4000 families, is that they can be cascaded. This means that the output of one gate can be wired to the inputs of one or several other gates, and so on. Systems with varying degrees of complexity can be built without great concern of the designer for the internal workings of the gates, provided the limitations of each integrated circuit are considered.

The output of one gate can only drive a finite number of inputs to other gates, a number called the 'fanout limit'. Also, there is always a delay, called the 'propagation delay', from a change in input of a gate to the corresponding change in its output. When gates are cascaded, the total propagation delay is approximately the sum of the individual delays, an effect which can become a problem in high-speed circuits. Additional delay can be caused when a large number of inputs are connected to an output, due to the distributed capacitance of all the inputs and wiring and the finite amount of current that each output can provide.

Logic gates

All other types of Boolean logic gates (i.e., AND, OR, NOT, XOR, XNOR) can be created from a suitable network of NAND gates. Similarly all gates can be created from a network of NOR gates. Historically, NAND gates were easier to construct from MOS technology and thus NAND gates served as the first pillar of Boolean logic in electronic computation.

For an input of 2 variables, there are 16 possible boolean algebraic functions. These 16 functions are enumerated below, together with their outputs for each combination of inputs variables.

Venn Diagrams for Logic Gates

INPUT	B	0	1	0	1	Meaning
INPUT	A	0	0	1	1	Meaning

OUTPUT	FALSE	0	0	0	0	Whatever A and B, the output is false. Contradiction.
	A AND B	0	0	0	1	Output is true if and only if (iff) both A and B are true.
	A B	0	0	1	0	A doesn't imply B. True iff A but not B.
	A	0	0	1	1	True whenever A is true.
	A B	0	1	0	0	A is not implied by B. True iff not A but B.
	B	0	1	0	1	True whenever B is true.
	A XOR B	0	1	1	0	True iff A is not equal to B.
	A OR B	0	1	1	1	True iff A is true, or B is true, or both.
	A NOR B	1	0	0	0	True iff neither A nor B.
	A XNOR B	1	0	0	1	True iff A is equal to B.
	NOT B	1	0	1	0	True iff B is false.
	A B	1	0	1	1	A is implied by B. False if not A but B, otherwise true.
	NOT A	1	1	0	0	True iff A is false.
	A B	1	1	0	1	A implies B. False if A but not B, otherwise true.
	A NAND B	1	1	1	0	A and B are not both true.
	TRUE	1	1	1	1	Whatever A and B, the output is true. Tautology.

The four functions denoted by arrows are the logical implication functions. These functions are not usually implemented as elementary circuits, but rather as combinations of a gate with an inverter at one input.

[edit]Symbols

A synchronous 4-bit up/down decade counter symbol (74LS192) in accordance with ANSI/IEEE Std. 91-1984 and IEC Publication 60617-12.

There are two sets of symbols in common use, both now defined by ANSI/IEEE Std 91-1984 and its supplement ANSI/IEEE Std 91a-1991. The "distinctive shape" set, based on traditional schematics, is used for simple drawings, and derives from MIL-STD-806 of the 1950s and 1960s. It is sometimes unofficially described as "military", reflecting its origin. The "rectangular shape" set, based on IEC 60617-12, has rectangular outlines for all types of gate, and allows representation of a much wider range of devices than is possible with the traditional symbols. The IEC's system has been adopted by other standards, such as EN 60617-12:1999 in Europe and BS EN 60617-12:1999 in the United Kingdom.

The goal of IEEE Std 91-1984 was to provide a uniform method of describing the complex logic functions of digital circuits with schematic symbols. These functions were more complex than simple AND and OR gates. They could be medium scale circuits such as a 4-bit counter to a large scale circuits such as a microprocessor. IEC 617-12 and its successor IEC 60617-2 do not include the "distinctive shape" symbols. [1] These are, however, included in ANSI/IEEE 91 (and 91a) with this note: "The distinctive-shape symbol is, according to IEC Publication 617, Part 12, not preferred, but is not considered to be in contradiction to that standard." This compromise was reached between the respective IEEE and IEC working groups to permit the IEEE and IEC standards to be in mutual compliance with one another.

In the 1980s, schematics were the predominant method to design both circuit boards and custom ICs known as gate arrays. Today custom ICs and the field-programmable gate array are typically designed with Hardware Description Languages (HDL) such as Verilog or VHDL.

Type

Distinctive shape

Rectangular shape

Boolean algebra between A & B

Truth table

AND

INPUT		OUTPUT
A	B	A AND B
0	0	0
0	1	0
1	0	0
1	1	1

A + B

INPUT		OUTPUT
A	B	A OR B
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	1

NOT

INPUT	OUTPUT
A	NOT A
0	1
1	0

In electronics a NOT gate is more commonly called an inverter. The circle on the symbol is called a bubble, and is used in logic diagrams to indicate a logical inversion between the external logic state and the internal logic state (1 to 0 or vice versa). On a circuit diagram it must be accompanied by a statement asserting that the positive logic convention or negative logic convention is being used (high voltage level = 1 or high voltage level = 0, respectively). The wedge is used in circuit diagrams to directly indicate an active-low (high voltage level = 0) input or output without requiring a uniform convention throughout the circuit diagram. This is called Direct Polarity Indication. See IEEE Std 91/91A and IEC 60617-12. Both the bubble and thewedge can be used on distinctive-shape and rectangular-shape symbols on circuit diagrams, depending on the logic convention used. On pure logic diagrams, only the bubble is meaningful.

NAND

INPUT		OUTPUT
A	B	A NAND B
0	0	1
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	0

NOR

INPUT		OUTPUT
A	B	A NOR B
0	0	1
0	1	0
1	0	0
1	1	0

XOR

INPUT		OUTPUT
A	B	A XOR B
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	0

XNOR

INPUT		OUTPUT
A	B	A XNOR B
0	0	1
0	1	0
1	0	0
1	1	1

Two more gates are the exclusive-OR or XOR function and its inverse, exclusive-NOR or XNOR. The two input Exclusive-OR is true only when the two input values are different, false if they are equal, regardless of the value. If there are more than two inputs, the gate generates a true at its output if the number of trues at its input is odd ([2]). In practice, these gates are built from combinations of simpler logic gates.

[edit]Universal logic gates

For more details on the theoretical basis, see functional completeness.

The 7400 chip, containing four NANDs. The two additional pins supply power (+5 V) and connect the ground.

Charles Sanders Peirce (winter of 1880–81) showed that NOR gates alone (or alternatively NAND gates alone) can be used to reproduce the functions of all the other logic gates, but his work on it was unpublished until 1933.^[2] The first published proof was by Henry M. Sheffer in 1913, so the NAND logical operation is sometimes called Sheffer stroke; the logical NOR is sometimes called Peirce's arrow.^[3] Consequently, these gates are sometimes called universal logic gates.^[4]

[edit]De Morgan equivalent symbols

By use of De Morgan's theorem, an AND gate can be turned into an OR gate by inverting the sense of the logic at its inputs and outputs. This leads to a separate set of symbols with inverted inputs and the opposite core symbol. These symbols can make circuit diagrams for circuits using active low signals much clearer and help to show accidental connection of an active high output to an active low input or vice-versa.

Symbolically, a NAND gate can also be shown using the OR shape with bubbles on its inputs, and a NOR gate can be shown as an AND gate with bubbles on its inputs. The bubble signifies a logic inversion. This reflects the equivalency due to De Morgans law, but it also allows a diagram to be read more easily, or a circuit to be mapped onto available physical gates in packages easily, since any circuit node that has bubbles at both ends can be replaced by a simple bubble-less connection and a suitable change of gate. If the NAND is drawn as OR with input bubbles, and a NOR as AND with input bubbles, this gate substitution occurs automatically in the diagram (effectively, bubbles "cancel"). This is commonly seen in real logic diagrams - thus the reader must not get into the habit of associating the shapes exclusively as OR or AND shapes, but also take into account the bubbles at both inputs and outputs in order to determine the "true" logic function indicated.

All logic relations can be realized by using NAND gates (this can also be done using NOR gates). De Morgan's theorem is most commonly used to transform all logic gates to NAND gates or NOR gates. This is done mainly since it is easy to buy logic gates in bulk and because many electronics labs stock only NAND and NOR gates.

[edit]Data storage

Main article: sequential logic

Logic gates can also be used to store data. A storage element can be constructed by connecting several gates in a "latch" circuit. More complicated designs that use clock signals and that change only on a rising or falling edge of the clock are called edge-triggered "flip-flops". The combination of multiple flip-flops in parallel, to store a multiple-bit value, is known as a register. When using any of these gate setups the overall system has memory; it is then called a sequential logic system since its output can be influenced by its previous state(s).

These logic circuits are known as computer memory. They vary in performance, based on factors of speed, complexity, and reliability of storage, and many different types of designs are used based on the application.

[edit]Three-state logic gates

A tristate buffer can be thought of as a switch. If B is on, the switch is closed. If B is off, the switch is open.

Three-state, or 3-state, logic gates are a type of logic gates that have three states of the output: high (H), low (L) and high-impedance (Z). The high-impedance state plays no role in the logic, which remains strictly binary. These devices are used on buses also known as the Data Buses of the CPU to allow multiple chips to send data. A group of three-states driving a line with a suitable control circuit is basically equivalent to a multiplexer, which may be physically distributed over separate devices or plug-in cards.

In electronics, a high output would mean the output is sourcing current from the positive power terminal (positive voltage). A low output would mean the output is sinking current to the negative power terminal (zero voltage). High impedance would mean that the output is effectively disconnected from the circuit.

'Tri-state', a widely-used synonym of 'three-state', is a trademark of the National Semiconductor Corporation.

[edit]Miscellaneous

Logic circuits include such devices as multiplexers, registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs), and computer memory, all the way up through complete microprocessors, which may contain more than 100 million gates. In practice, the gates are made from field-effect transistors (FETs), particularly MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors).

Compound logic gates AND-OR-Invert (AOI) and OR-AND-Invert (OAI) are often employed in circuit design because their construction using MOSFET's is simpler and more efficient than the sum of the individual gates.^[5]

In reversible logic, Toffoli gates are used.

[edit]History and development

In a 1886 letter, Charles Sanders Peirce described how logical operations could be carried out by electrical switching circuits.^[6] Starting in 1898, Nikola Tesla filed for patents of devices containing electro-mechanical logic gate circuits (see List of Tesla patents). Eventually, vacuum tubes replaced relays for logic operations. Lee De Forest's modification, in 1907, of the Fleming valve can be used as AND logic gate. Ludwig Wittgenstein introduced a version of the 16-row truth table, which is shown above, as proposition 5.101 of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921). Claude E. Shannonintroduced the use of Boolean algebra in the analysis and design of switching circuits in 1937. Walther Bothe, inventor of the coincidence circuit, got part of the 1954 Nobel Prize in physics, for the first modern electronic AND gate in 1924. Active research is taking place in molecular logic gates.

[edit]Implementations

Since the 1990s, most logic gates are made of CMOS transistors (i.e. NMOS and PMOS transistors are used). Often millions of logic gates are packaged in a single integrated circuit.

There are several logic families with different characteristics ( power consumption, speed, cost, size) such as: RDL (resistor-diode logic), RTL (resistor-transistor logic), DTL (diode-transistor logic), TTL(transistor-transistor logic) and CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor). There are also sub-variants, e.g. standard CMOS logic vs. advanced types using still CMOS technology, but with some optimizations for avoiding loss of speed due to slower PMOS transistors.

Many early electromechanical digital computers, such as the Harvard Mark I, were built from relay logic gates, using electro-mechanical relays.

It is also possible to make logic gates out of pneumatic devices, such as the Sorteberg relayor mechanical logic gates, including on a molecular scale.Logic gates have been made out of DNA (seeDNA nanotechnology) and used to create a computer called MAYA (see MAYA II).

Additionally, logic gates can be made from quantum mechanical effects (though quantum computing usually diverges from boolean design).

It is also possible to make photonic logic gates using non-linear optical effects.

Anna Hazare

2011-06-14T08:13:00.000-07:00

ANNA HAZARE

Anna Hazare is one of India's well-acclaimed social activists. A former soldier in the
Indian army, Anna is well known and respected for upgrading the ecology and
economy of the village of Ralegan Siddhi which is located in the drought prone
Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra state. The erstwhile barren village has
metamorphosed into a unique model of rural development due to its
effective water conservation methods, which made the villagers self-sufficient.
Earlier, the same village witnessed alcoholism, utter poverty and migration
to urban slums. Inspired by Hazare’s unique approach of salvaging a
hopeless village, the state government has implemented the `Model Village’
scheme as part of its official strategy. Hazare is now synonymous with rural
development in India.

From a tenacious soldier to a social reformer, and a right to information crusader, Anna Hazare’s journey of four decades has been unprecedented in terms of a non-violent yet effective campaign of resurrecting a barren village into an `ideal village’ model and empowering the faceless citizen through pioneering work on Right to Information. His efforts to empower grampanchayats, protect efficient government officers from frequent transfers and fight against the red tapism in government offices have also received accolades.

His tryst with the army came when many Indian soldiers became martyrs in the Indo-China War of 1962 and the Government of India had appealed to young Indians to join the Indian army. Being passionate about patriotism, he promptly responded to the appeal and joined the Indian Army in 1963. During his 15-year tenure as a soldier, he was posted to several states like Sikkim, Bhutan, Jammu-Kashmir, Assam, Mizoram, Leh and Ladakh and braved challenging weathers.

At times, Hazare used to be frustrated with life and wondered about the very existence of human life. His mind yearned to look out for a solution to this simple and basic question. His frustration reached the peak level and at one particular moment, he also contemplated suicide. For this, he had also penned a two page essay on why he wants to live no more. Fortunately for him, inspiration came from the most unexpected quarters – at the book stall of the railway station of New Delhi, where he was located then. He came across a book of Swami Vivekananda and immediately bought it.

He was inspired by Vivekananda’s photograph on the cover. As he started reading the book, he found answers to all his questions, he says. The book revealed to him that the ultimate motive of human life should be service to humanity. Striving for the betterment of common people is equivalent to offering a prayer to the God, he realized.

In the year 1965, Pakistan attacked India and at that time, Hazare was posted at the Khemkaran border. On November 12, 1965, Pakistan launched air attacks on Indian base and all of Hazare’s comrades became martyrs, It was a close shave for Hazare as one bullet had passed by his head. Hazare believes this was the turning point of his life as it meant he had a purpose to life. Anna was greatly influenced by Swami Vivekananda’s teachings. It was at that particular moment that Hazare took an oath to dedicate his life in the service of humanity, at the age of 26. He decided not not to let go of a life time by being involved merely in earning the daily bread for the family. That’s the reason why he pledged to be a bachelor. By then he had completed only three years in the army and so would not be eligible for the pension scheme. In order to be self-sufficient, he continued to be in the army for 12 more years. After that, he opted for voluntary retirement and returned to his native place in Ralegan Siddhi, in the Parner tehsil of Ahmednagar district.

While in the army, Hazare used to visit Ralegan Siddhi for two months every year and used to see the miserable condition of farmers due to water scarcity. Ralegan Siddhi falls in the drought-prone area with a mere 400 to 500 mm of annual rainfall. There were no weirs to retain rainwater. During the month of April and May, water tankers were the only means of drinking water. Almost 80 per cent of the villagers were dependent on other villages for food grains. Residents used to walk for more than four to six kilometers in search of work and some of them had opted to open country liquor dens as a source of income.

More than 30-35 such dens located in and around the village had tarnished the dignity of the village and marred the social peace. Small scuffles, thefts and physical brawls resulted in loss of civic sense. Morality had reached such a nadir that some of the residents stole wooden logs of the temple of the village deity Yadavbaba to burn the choolah of one of the country liquor outfits.

Hazare came across the work of one Vilasrao Salunke, a resident of Saswad near Pune who had started a novel project of water management through watershed development in a joint venture with the Gram Panchyat. Hazare visited the project and decided to implement it in Ralegan Siddhi. By keeping an eye on conserving every drop of water and preventing erosion of the fertile soil, he steered the villagers to begin working towards water conservation. At the outset, they completed 48 Nala Bunding work, contour trenches, staggered trenches, gully plugs, meadows development and of forestation of 500 hectares of land. Thereafter, they constructed five RCC weirs and 16 Gabion Weirs.

This resulted in increase in the ground water level. After that, Hazare along with his team worked out the cropping pattern suitable to the quality of soil and the water volume available for farming. This led to increase in the water table by making water available for 1,500 acres of land instead of 300 acres. As a natural sequel, this effort led to yielding of food-grains and the villagers became self-sufficient in terms of food. The table turned turtle – earlier there was no work available for the villagers, now manpower was required to be imported from neighbouring villages.

The changes in the economics brought all the villagers under one roof of unity and people voluntarily contributed in terms of labour and money to build a school, a hostel, a temple and other buildings. Mass marriages, grains bank, dairy, cooperative society, self-help groups for women and youth mandals helped develop the village in all aspects and gave a new face to it.

Hazare opines that proper planning of natural and human resources can result in the betterment of a person, area, village instead of exploiting such resources. He says, ``Today we all are exploiting the earthen resources like petrol, diesel, kerosene, coal and water. This can never be termed as perennial development as it is going to lead a state of destruction one day. The sources of energy are limited and hence I am concerned about the next generations. Today many of the villages of almost every state are feeling the brunt of water shortage. Building concrete jungles does not mean development as Gandhiji had rightly said.

Creation of a human idol should be the main objective rather than creating towering buildings. Surely, one needs to live for oneself and the family but simultaneously one owes something to your neighbour, your village and your nation too. For this, you need an idol who could lead to this goal. Such leadership is not created by power or money but only by virtues like pure thinking, matching action and willingness to sacrifice. It is the thumb rule of farming that – When a seed buries itself, it leads to a better yield. in order to get better yield of grains, one single grain needs to burry itself.

The society needs such volunteers who are ready to get buried in selfless service for the better future of the society.’’

Hazare’s Ralegan Siddhi became the first role model of an ideal village and has become a tourist spot for many visitors across the nation, since it shows the metamorphoses from the worst village to an ideal village. Visitors include politicians, researchers, social workers and students. Four postgraduate students have completed Ph. D. thesis on Ralegan Siddhi.

Social Life

Anna rightly thought that Development is marred by corruption and started a new venture in 1991 called Bhrashtachar Virodhi Jan Aandolan (BVJA) or public movement against corruption. It was found that some 42 forest officers had duped the state government for crores of rupees through corruption in confederacy. Hazare submitted the evidences to the government but the latter was reluctant to take action against all these officers as one of the ministers of the ruling party was involved in the scam. A distressed Hazare returned the Padmashree Award to the President of India and also returned the Vriksha Mitra Award given by then prime minister of India Rajiv Gandhi.

He further went on an indefinite hunger strike in Alandi on the same issue. Finally, the government woke up from deep slumber and took action against the culprits. Hazare’s sustained campaign on this issue had a great effect - six of the ministers were forced to resign and more than 400 officers from different government offices were sent back to home.

Hazare realized that it was not enough to merely take action against fraudulent ministers or officers but to change the entire system that was studded with loopholes. Hence, he campaigned for the Right to Information Act. The state government turned a blind eye towards the pleas in this regard and so he first agitated in the historical Azad Maidan in Mumbai in the year 1997. To create mass public awareness about RTI amongst the youth, Hazare traveled extensively throughout the state. The government kept promising that RTI Act would be made but never raised this issue in the house or the state assembly. Hazare did not relent – he agitated at least ten times.

.

Finally, again he went on an indefinite hunger strike at Azad Maidan in the last week of July 2003. At last, the President of India signed the draft of the Right to Information Act after his 12-day-long hunger strike and ordered the state government to implement it with effect from 2002. The same draft was considered as the base document for the making of the National Right to Information Act-2005.

After the implementation of the RTI Act-2005, Hazare travelled for more than 12,000 Kms across the state creating awareness about the Act. In the second phase, he interacted with more than one lakh college students and also conducted mass public meetings across 24 districts of the state. The third phase included daily 2-3 public meetings in more than 155 tehsil places. In this massive campaign, posters, banners were displayed and more than one lakh booklets of the provisions of the Act were distributed at a nominal price.

This created enough of awareness and people were educated on the issue of rights of citizens.

Hazare deservedly won the coveted Padmashree and then Padmabhushan. Care International of the USA, Transparency International, Seoul (South Korea) also felicitated him. Apart from this, he received awards worth Rs 25 lakh and donated the entire amount for the Swami Vivekananda Kritadnyata Nidhi (social gratitude fund). Out of the two lakh rupees received from the above amount, mass marriages are carried of at least 25-30 poor couples every year.

That Hazare has given his life for social betterment is reflected thus: ``I do have my home in the village but I have not entered it for the past 35 years. I have implemented schemes costing more than several crores of rupees but I do not have bank balance. Last 12 years I have been working in the field of eradication of corruption. This movement is run entirely by public support without and grants or sponsorships. I appeal for money wherever I go for a public meeting and urge them to contribute generously. The same money I use to carry out my campaigns. The money collected at such public meetings is counted in front of the villagers and my volunteers issue a receipt of the same on the spot.’’

He further states that, ``The movement that we started many years back without a penny in wallet, has spread its wings in all the 33 districts and 252 tehsils of the state. Hence we have been instrumental in offering rights to local bodies like Gramsabha, preventing red-tapism and initiating the law of transfers. This has prevented corruption on a large scale. This has also resulted in offering social justice to the economically backward class. The Union Government keeps on making various schemes for poor people in availing kerosene, LPG and pulses on ration card but the middlemen keep on gulping the subsidies of the same. Our efforts made these necessities available to the poor.’’

The state government promoted opening of cooperative societies, credit societies & urban banks. Believing in the principles of cooperative sector, the utmost lower class of the society invested their savings with such cooperative societies. However, the directors of such societies devoured the money and failed to pay back the basic amount to the members of the societies. This created havoc and people were duped for crores of rupees and did not have money for the marriages of their daughters or for medical treatment. Hazare agitated for over eight months. The result was that more than Rs 125 crore was recovered from defaulters and the members of such societies heaved a sigh of relief. Recovery of around Rs. 400 crores is in the pipeline.

In the future, the BVJA will work for the decentralisation of power and laws related to the same. Says Hazare, ``we have decided to develop centers to create awareness amongst people about govt. schemes and train activists to know the modus operandi of corruption in each sector. As the state government has decided to set up committees at almost every nodal point like state, district, tehsil, and village level with one member on such committee represented by our organisation. We have trained more than 400 volunteers to work on such committees.’’

Actually the government should train the members of NGOs who can work in the sector of prevention of corruption. Then and then only we can dream of corruption-free state, concludes Hazare.

Sustainable development of any village by making it a “Model Village” and eradication of corruption are two sides of the same coin. If both are adopted, only then there will be an established welfare state.

RALEGAN SIDDHI : A MODEL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Swami Vivekananda’s philosophy has great bearing on Anna Hazare. His thoughts and work have been a constant source of inspiration for him. While serving in the Indian Army, he had decided to dedicate his life to social work, but he did not know how to begin.

While in the army, he used to visit his village for two months, every year during his leave period. The condition of the village was pathetic and awful. The land was barren and undulated. As the village is located in the rain-shadow area, the annual rainfall is a meager 400–500 mm. All of the rainwater use to run off and get wasted. There were no means to harvest this precious resource. Whatever rainwater use to get collected was sufficient to cultivate only one crop on 300–350 acres of land out of a total 2200 acres of land available in village. 80% families were surviving on one square meal in a day.

As food production was insufficient and no employment opportunities were available in the village, some villagers started brewing liquor to earn their livelihood. Gradually the number of breweries rose to 35. They were aware that what they were doing was socially and morally incorrect, but the circumstances forced them to adopt this profession for their livelihood. Some villagers had to walk 5–6 km. each day in search of employment in the nearby villages.

The helplessness due to poverty and indebtedness led people to desperation and ultimately to alcoholism. Quarrels and street fights became daily chores. Hazare’s house was in a hamlet just half a km. away from the centre of the village. Hazare avoided going to the heart of the village due to this pathetic condition. He always felt helpless since he could not do anything to change the conditions prevailing in the village.

When he decided to dedicate his life for social cause in 1975, he believed charity should begin from home. Swami Vivekananda’s words resonated in his mind - people would not listen to philosophical ideologies with empty stomachs. Social change is not possible if people are haunted by the daily problem of making two ends meet. Hazare taxed his brains on how to solve this crucial problem. He remembered that Late Mr. Vilasrao Salunkhe had in 1972, started experiments in watershed development and water management in some villages near Saswad in Pune district. His work used to be frequently discussed in informal gatherings everywhere. So, Hazare visited his project and was inspired. States Hazare, ``This visit gave a direction to my ideas and I decided to undertake similar work of watershed development in my village. ‘’

Hazare then paid a visit to the office of the then Director of Agriculture, Mr. Dikshit, and told him that he had decided to work for betterment of his fellow villagers. He expressed his desire to undertake water conservation work in his village under his guidance. After some days, Mr. Dikshit paid a visit to Ralegan Siddhi along with his subordinates and made a geographical survey. He was convinced that the topography of the village was suitable for undertaking the watershed development programme and took a decision to implement it.

On resumption of the watershed development work in the village, Hazare started supervising the work at sites from dawn to dust, without taking a farthing as remuneration. He considered it as social work; and day by day his experience and knowledge was building up. With his experience and knowledge, he constructed many water harvesting structures with people’s participation. So far, 48 nulla bunds, 5 cement check dams and 16 Gabion structures have been constructed. The villagers under Hazare’s guidance, also undertook fodder development, continuous contour trenches and loose boulder structures on 500 acres of land.

The watershed development work helped in conserving each drop of rainwater in the village itself and in recharging the groundwater aquifers. This ultimately raised the water table. In the same village where earlier it was not possible to cultivate more than 300–350 acres of land for one crop, now the villagers are harvesting two crops in 1500 acres of land. Due to availability of water, the agricultural production has boosted up. The agricultural development has created lot of employment in the village itself. Not only has the distress migration completely stopped, but now wage labourers have to be hired from other villages in order to get various intercultural operations done in time.

Today the villagers have completely given up brewing of liquor. Nobody sells liquor in the village. Further, the shopkeepers do not sell cigarettes, beedies and tobacco too for the last 13 years.

Earlier only 300 liters of milk was sold from the village. Now the milk production has gone up to 4000 liters. This milk is purchased by cooperative and private dairies. This brings in Rs. 1.3 to 1.5 crores (13 to 15 million) annually to the village. The dairy business has flourished as a subsidiary to agriculture which has provided a new income generation avenue to the unemployed youths of the village.

The per capita income of the villagers has increased from Rs. 225 to Rs. 2500. This has completely transformed the economy of the village. The living conditions of the villagers have improved and the gap between the haves and have-nots has narrowed down. After the economic transformation of the village, villagers constructed buildings worth Rs.1 crore (10 million) for school, hostel and gymkhana and renovated the old village temple through financial contributions and shramdan.

Mass marriages are arranged in the village (generally 25 to 30 marriages at a time) in order to curb expenditure. This has helped in removing caste barriers and promoting social cohesiveness.

After the success of watershed development programme in Ralegan Siddhi, Hazare replicated it in the neighbouring four villages. The results are encouraging. Now the same project is being replicated in 80 – 85 villages of Maharashtra. Like any other village in India including Ralegan Siddhi, there was a social problem of untouchability. Today people of all castes and creeds live together in peace like members of the same family. The consecutive droughts led to non-payment of bank loans taken by the Dalit community for agriculture purposes. The bank decided to sell their mortgaged land to recover the loans. At this critical time, rest of the villagers decided to toil on the farmlands of Dalits and repay the loan by harvesting crops. The villagers cultivated their land in 1983-84 and 1984-85 through shramdan (voluntary labour), repaid the bank loan, and saved their land.

In the last 35 years, many institutions and cooperatives like Gram Panchayat, Cooperative Consumer Society, Cooperative Credit Society, Cooperative Dairy, Educational Society, Women’s Organization and Youth Organization, with different mandates are operating in Ralegan Siddhi. Till date no elections were held for the selection of members of these institutions. The members were selected unanimously by the villagers in the Gram Sabha. The Gram Sabha has emerged as a powerful forum for taking collective decisions at the village level. All the developmental programmes are implemented in the village after taking consent of the Gram Sabha.

Since last 15 years, thousands of visitors, not only from neighbouring states of India, but also from abroad, have viusited & are still visiting Ralegan Siddhi to study the impact of watershed development. They include researchers, academicians, farmers, government officials, people’s representatives and students.

While implemainting the watershed program trained manpower is required and realising that there was paucity of trained manpower in Ralegan Siddhi. a training institute to impart training in watershed development was established. So far, about 17–18 thousand people from different states of India have been trained at the Training Centre on Watershed Development.

Ralegan Siddhi should not be viewed from the narrow angle of materialistic development, i.e. structures in watershed or economic development. The developmental process in Ralegan Siddhi is beyond this. There is a social and nationalistic thread passing through the process of change.

The big dams are getting filled with silt due to soil erosion which is the result of uncontrolled tree felling in the catchment areas. No emphasis was given to soil conservation and range development. The top loose soil is getting washed away each year by the rainwater and getting deposited in the big dams. The top soil is the creamy layer of the land. According to scientists, it takes more than hundred years to form 1 inch of top soil. On one hand, this precious resource of top soil is being washed away from the villages; and on the other hand, it is getting deposited in big dams thus reducing the life of the dams. This is going to create many problems in the near future.

All the major cities are supplied drinking water from a nearby dams. All the industries and sugar factories are provided water from the same dams. The hydro-electricity power generation plants are situated on big dams. All these facilities will come to standstill one day when the dams get filled with silt completely. These dams will meet the fate of death; say after 100 or 200 or 500 years. Nobody can avoid this sorry fate. Neither the government nor the people would be able to de-silt these big dams as the back-water spread of these dams is 60 – 90 km. It will not be possible to remove the huge mountain of 90 km. length and 200 – 300 ft. height from the dam site. There won’t be any alternate sites available for construction of new dams. What is going to happen to all these big dams? That is the question.

Transformation of village economy alone could bring in transformation of the economy of the nation. That is possible only through watershed development programme. Today, our concept of development is based on exploitation of environment and humanity. We are dreaming of development by uncontrolled extraction of subsurface and surface resources like petroleum, coal, groundwater, vegetation and aquatic resources.

The growing population is putting tremendous pressure on the available resources. The demands will continue to grow. Villages in India are facing the problem of scarcity of drinking water due to depleted groundwater resource. Water tankers roaming the rural roads for supplying drinking water to villages is a common sight now. If the trend continues in future, one day water will not be available even for supplying by tankers. What will happen to our coming generations if all the resources of groundwater, petroleum and coal exhaust one day?

The development of an individual, family and village is not possible by exploiting environment indiscriminately, but by sustainable use of available resources. Watershed development and water management is the right approach in that direction. Today, every country is facing the problem of environmental degradation. International leaders and scientists are worried about the future of the Earth alike. Watershed development will certainly provide a solution to maintaining ecological balance.

Our idea of development is limited to construction of skyscrapers and wide roads only. On one hand, the height of buildings is going up day by day and; on the other hand, the level of human values is coming down. This is not real development. An individual should be able to stand on his own and at the same time think of betterment of fellow beings, which is true development. One should be able to look beyond oneself, think of one’s neighbour, village and the nation. Today, there is a need to create such individuals who are capable of looking beyond oneself. Such individuals are not created through donations, subsidy and grants. This is possible through local leadership building programme where stress would be given on character, right values and dedication. Somebody has to make sacrifices.

A field full of swaying crop tells us that a grain has buried itself into the ground to give birth to thousands of grains. The grains which do not burry themselves are taken to the flourmill and ground into flour. The grains which sacrifice by burying themselves in the soil, give birth to a swaying field of crop.

N EWS

2011-06-14T03:54:00.000-07:00