Gulmizone

Tibetans

2011-04-17T21:49:00.000-07:00

Two Tibetan women wearing traditional striped aprons, elaborate headdresses and abundant jewellery. Original Publication: From a photograph by Shephard. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images). Circa 1910
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Rally Poland

2010-12-30T22:08:00.000-08:00

GulmiZones

Rally Poland

The official game of the Polish Rally, created with the participation of Polish pilots rally and Automobile Association of Poland. Perfectly reproduces the tracks based on the video camera on board, 12 crew on the choice for the transfer of experience racing circuits allows the player to enter fully into the world of rallying. In addition, the large number of options allows you to personalize your car, that provides highly realistic entertainment.

Screenshot:

System requirements:

System: Windows XP/Vista/7

Processor: Intel Pentium 4@1.5 GHz / AMD Athlon XP 1500 +

Memory: 1 GB

Video Card: nVidia GeForce 6600 / ATI Radeon X1300 128 MB

Sound: DirectX Compatible Soundcard

Hard disk: 1 GB

Size: 388 MB

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कंप्यूटर सक्रिय 325 # पत्रिका - 5 अगस्त 2010

2010-12-30T21:37:00.000-08:00

कंप्यूटर सक्रिय 325 # पत्रिका - 5 अगस्त 2010

Computer Active is the UK’s best-selling computer & technology magazine offering essential productivity and buying advice, delivered in an entertaining, informative and plain English style. Computer Active has maintained its position as the UK's No1 computer magazine for over 6 years as a result of the impartial editorial content, the emphasis on consumer advocacy and PC troubleshooting and its unique fortnightly publishing schedule.

डाउनलोड लिनक्स

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How to avoid virus in simple ways

2010-12-30T21:07:00.000-08:00

How to avoid virus in simple ways

Kingsoft Office 2010

2010-12-26T21:39:00.000-08:00

King soft Office 2010 is one complete office productivity suite which contains Kingsoft Writer, Kingsoft Presentation and Kingsoft Spreadsheets. With Kingsoft Office you can Open, Save and Create Office Document without difference in style and layout. Kingsoft Office is“GREEN” software, which means it uses minimal system requirements and save significant cost on deployment.

Kingsoft Office २०१० को Key Features हरु :
- Present your document more easily
- You may find Kingsoft Office 2010 is easy to use to create your ideal content by using familiar menus and toolbars in Kingsoft Writer, Kingsoft Presentation as well as Kingsoft Spreadsheets
- Communicate with your client easily
- Kingsoft Office 2010 can successfully open, read or edit documents in Microsoft formats and vice versa. It helps you to boost business and productivity effectively
- Support various operating systems
- No matter your computer is running an old version of operating systems or the latest Windows 7, Kingsoft Office 2010 will run on various operating systems smoothly without any worries
- Built in PDF Output
- By saving cost and time, you can convert your document to PDF file with just one-click button
- Lightest file size, fastest operation
- Kingsoft Office 2010 occupies little computer memory (approximately 56MB) but runs effectively. It minimizes installation time to 3 minutes to get installation done

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Best Keyboard Shortcuts

2010-11-08T01:50:00.000-08:00

Best Keyboard Shortcuts

Getting used to using your keyboard exclusively and leaving your mouse behind will make you much more efficient at performing any task on any Windows system. I use the following keyboard shortcuts every day:

Windows key + R = Run menu

This is usually followed by:
cmd = Command Prompt
iexplore + "web address" = Internet Explorer
compmgmt.msc = Computer Management
dhcpmgmt.msc = DHCP Management
dnsmgmt.msc = DNS Management
services.msc = Services
eventvwr = Event Viewer
dsa.msc = Active Directory Users and Computers
dssite.msc = Active Directory Sites and Services
Windows key + E = Explorer

ALT + Tab = Switch between windows

ALT, Space, X = Maximize window

CTRL + Shift + Esc = Task Manager

Windows key + Break = System properties

Windows key + F = Search

Windows key + D = Hide/Display all windows

CTRL + C = copy

CTRL + X = cut

CTRL + V = paste

Also don't forget about the "Right-click" key next to the right Windows key on your keyboard. Using the arrows and that key can get just about anything done once you've opened up any program.

Keyboard Shortcuts

[Alt] and [Esc] Switch between running applications

[Alt] and letter Select menu item by underlined letter

[Ctrl] and [Esc] Open Program Menu

[Ctrl] and [F4] Close active document or group windows (does not work with some applications)

[Alt] and [F4] Quit active application or close current window

[Alt] and [-] Open Control menu for active document

Ctrl] Lft., Rt. arrow Move cursor forward or back one word

Ctrl] Up, Down arrow Move cursor forward or back one paragraph

[F1] Open Help for active application

Windows+M Minimize all open windows

Shift+Windows+M Undo minimize all open windows

Windows+F1 Open Windows Help

Windows+Tab Cycle through the Taskbar buttons

Windows+Break Open the System Properties dialog box

acessability shortcuts

Right SHIFT for eight seconds........ Switch FilterKeys on and off.

Left ALT +left SHIFT +PRINT SCREEN....... Switch High Contrast on and off.

Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK....... Switch MouseKeys on and off.

SHIFT....... five times Switch StickyKeys on and off.

NUM LOCK...... for five seconds Switch ToggleKeys on and off.

explorer shortcuts

END....... Display the bottom of the active window.

HOME....... Display the top of the active window.

NUM LOCK+ASTERISK....... on numeric keypad (*) Display all subfolders under the selected folder.

NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN....... on numeric keypad (+) Display the contents of the selected folder.

NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN....... on numeric keypad (-) Collapse the selected folder.

LEFT ARROW...... Collapse current selection if it's expanded, or select parent folder.

RIGHT ARROW....... Display current selection if it's collapsed, or select first subfolder.

Type the following commands in your Run Box (Windows Key + R) or Start Run

devmgmt.msc = Device Manager
msinfo32 = System Information
cleanmgr = Disk Cleanup
ntbackup = Backup or Restore Wizard (Windows Backup Utility)
mmc = Microsoft Management Console
excel = Microsoft Excel (If Installed)
msaccess = Microsoft Access (If Installed)
powerpnt = Microsoft PowerPoint (If Installed)
winword = Microsoft Word (If Installed)
frontpg = Microsoft FrontPage (If Installed)
notepad = Notepad
wordpad = WordPad
calc = Calculator
msmsgs = Windows Messenger
mspaint = Microsoft Paint
wmplayer = Windows Media Player
rstrui = System Restore
netscp6 = Netscape 6.x
netscp = Netscape 7.x
netscape = Netscape 4.x
waol = America Online
control = Opens the Control Panel
control printers = Opens the Printers Dialog

internetbrowser

type in u're adress "google", then press [Right CTRL] and [Enter]
add www. and .com to word and go to it

For Windows XP:

Copy. CTRL+C
Cut. CTRL+X
Paste. CTRL+V
Undo. CTRL+Z
Delete. DELETE
Delete selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin. SHIFT+DELETE
Copy selected item. CTRL while dragging an item
Create shortcut to selected item. CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item
Rename selected item. F2
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word. CTRL+RIGHT ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word. CTRL+LEFT ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph. CTRL+DOWN ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph. CTRL+UP ARROW
Highlight a block of text. CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys
Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text within a document. SHIFT with any of the arrow keys
Select all. CTRL+A
Search for a file or folder. F3
View properties for the selected item. ALT+ENTER
Close the active item, or quit the active program. ALT+F4
Opens the shortcut menu for the active window. ALT+SPACEBAR
Close the active document in programs that allow you to have multiple documents open simultaneously. CTRL+F4
Switch between open items. ALT+TAB
Cycle through items in the order they were opened. ALT+ESC
Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop. F6
Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer. F4
Display the shortcut menu for the selected item. SHIFT+F10
Display the System menu for the active window. ALT+SPACEBAR
Display the Start menu. CTRL+ESC
Display the corresponding menu. ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name
Carry out the corresponding command. Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu
Activate the menu bar in the active program. F10
Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu. RIGHT ARROW
Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu. LEFT ARROW
Refresh the active window. F5
View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer. BACKSPACE
Cancel the current task. ESC
SHIFT when you insert a CD into the CD-ROM drive Prevent the CD from automatically playing.

Use these keyboard shortcuts for dialog boxes:

To Press
Move forward through tabs. CTRL+TAB
Move backward through tabs. CTRL+SHIFT+TAB
Move forward through options. TAB
Move backward through options. SHIFT+TAB
Carry out the corresponding command or select the corresponding option. ALT+Underlined letter
Carry out the command for the active option or button. ENTER
Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box. SPACEBAR
Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons. Arrow keys
Display Help. F1
Display the items in the active list. F4
Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box. BACKSPACE

If you have a Microsoft Natural Keyboard, or any other compatible keyboard that includes the Windows logo key and the Application key , you can use these keyboard shortcuts:

Display or hide the Start menu. WIN Key
Display the System Properties dialog box. WIN Key+BREAK
Show the desktop. WIN Key+D
Minimize all windows. WIN Key+M
Restores minimized windows. WIN Key+Shift+M
Open My Computer. WIN Key+E
Search for a file or folder. WIN Key+F
Search for computers. CTRL+WIN Key+F
Display Windows Help. WIN Key+F1
Lock your computer if you are connected to a network domain, or switch users if you are not connected to a network domain. WIN Key+ L
Open the Run dialog box. WIN Key+R
Open Utility Manager. WIN Key+U

accessibility keyboard shortcuts:

Switch FilterKeys on and off. Right SHIFT for eight seconds
Switch High Contrast on and off. Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN
Switch MouseKeys on and off. Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK
Switch StickyKeys on and off. SHIFT five times
Switch ToggleKeys on and off. NUM LOCK for five seconds
Open Utility Manager. WIN Key+U

shortcuts you can use with Windows Explorer:

Display the bottom of the active window. END
Display the top of the active window. HOME
Display all subfolders under the selected folder. NUM LOCK+ASTERISK on numeric keypad (*)
Display the contents of the selected folder. NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN on numeric keypad (+)
Collapse the selected folder. NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN on numeric keypad (-)
Collapse current selection if it's expanded, or select parent folder. LEFT ARROW
Display current selection if it's collapsed, or select first subfolder. RIGHT ARROW

Excel the Missing Manual

2010-10-30T05:29:00.000-07:00

Excel the Missing Manual

Becoming an Excel jockey takes practice, dedication, and expert guidance. And, despite its fairly steep learning curve, Excel is a marvelously rich program that enables users of every stripe to turn data into information using tools to analyze, communicate, and share knowledge. Whether you're new to Excel or an intermediate-level spreadsheet aficionado, Excel: The Missing Manual is sure to become your go-to resource and training partner.

Like all Missing Manuals, this book is an advanced-beginner river of knowledge that offers jumping off points to side and more advanced topics. Covering all the features of Excel 2002 and 2003, including worksheet basics, formulas and functions, organizing worksheets, charts and graphics, advanced data analysis, sharing data with the rest of the world, and more, Excel: The Missing Manual is an easy-to-read, humorous, thorough, and downright enjoyable guide to the world's most popular spreadsheet program.

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What is the Registry

2010-10-30T05:19:00.000-07:00

What is the Registry?

The Registry is a database used to store settings and options for the 32 bit versions of Microsoft Windows including Windows 95, 98, ME and NT/2000. It contains information and settings for all the hardware, software, users, and preferences of the PC. Whenever a user makes changes to a Control Panel settings, or File Associations, System Policies, or installed software, the changes are reflected and stored in the Registry.

The physical files that make up the registry are stored differently depending on your version of Windows; under Windows 95 & 98 it is contained in two hidden files in your Windows directory, called USER.DAT and SYSTEM.DAT, for Windows Me there is an additional CLASSES.DAT file, while under Windows NT/2000 the files are contained seperately in the %SystemRoot%\System32\Config directory. You can not edit these files directly, you must use a tool commonly known as a "Registry Editor" to make any changes (using registry editors will be discussed later in the article).

The Structure of The Registry
The Registry has a hierarchal structure, although it looks complicated the structure is similar to the directory structure on your hard disk, with Regedit being similar to Windows Explorer.

Each main branch (denoted by a folder icon in the Registry Editor, see left) is called a Hive, and Hives contains Keys. Each key can contain other keys (sometimes referred to as sub-keys), as well as Values. The values contain the actual information stored in the Registry. There are three types of values; String, Binary, and DWORD - the use of these depends upon the context.

There are six main branches, each containing a specific portion of the information stored in the Registry. They are as follows:

* HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT - This branch contains all of your file association mappings to support the drag-and-drop feature, OLE information, Windows shortcuts, and core aspects of the Windows user interface.
* HKEY_CURRENT_USER - This branch links to the section of HKEY_USERS appropriate for the user currently logged onto the PC and contains information such as logon names, desktop settings, and Start menu settings.
* HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE - This branch contains computer specific information about the type of hardware, software, and other preferences on a given PC, this information is used for all users who log onto this computer.
* HKEY_USERS - This branch contains individual preferences for each user of the computer, each user is represented by a SID sub-key located under the main branch.
* HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG - This branch links to the section of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE appropriate for the current hardware configuration.
* HKEY_DYN_DATA - This branch points to the part of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, for use with the Plug-&-Play features of Windows, this section is dymanic and will change as devices are added and removed from the system.

Each registry value is stored as one of five main data types:

* REG_BINARY - This type stores the value as raw binary data. Most hardware component information is stored as binary data, and can be displayed in an editor in hexadecimal format.
* REG_DWORD - This type represents the data by a four byte number and is commonly used for boolean values, such as "0" is disabled and "1" is enabled. Additionally many parameters for device driver and services are this type, and can be displayed in REGEDT32 in binary, hexadecimal and decimal format, or in REGEDIT in hexadecimal and decimal format.
* REG_EXPAND_SZ - This type is an expandable data string that is string containing a variable to be replaced when called by an application. For example, for the following value, the string "%SystemRoot%" will replaced by the actual location of the directory containing the Windows NT system files. (This type is only available using an advanced registry editor such as REGEDT32)
* REG_MULTI_SZ - This type is a multiple string used to represent values that contain lists or multiple values, each entry is separated by a NULL character. (This type is only available using an advanced registry editor such as REGEDT32)
* REG_SZ - This type is a standard string, used to represent human readable text values.

Other data types not available through the standard registry editors include:

* REG_DWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN - A 32-bit number in little-endian format.
* REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN - A 32-bit number in big-endian format.
* REG_LINK - A Unicode symbolic link. Used internally; applications should not use this type.
* REG_NONE - No defined value type.
* REG_QWORD - A 64-bit number.
* REG_QWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN - A 64-bit number in little-endian format.
* REG_RESOURCE_LIST - A device-driver resource list.

Editing The Registry

The Registry Editor (REGEDIT.EXE) is included with most version of Windows (although you won't find it on the Start Menu) it enables you to view, search and edit the data within the Registry. There are several methods for starting the Registry Editor, the simplest is to click on the Start button, then select Run, and in the Open box type "regedit", and if the Registry Editor is installed it should now open and look like the image below.

An alternative Registry Editor (REGEDT32.EXE) is available for use with Windows NT/2000, it includes some additional features not found in the standard version, including; the ability to view and modify security permissions, and being able to create and modify the extended string values REG_EXPAND_SZ & REG_MULTI_SZ.

Create a Shortcut to Regedit
This can be done by simply right-clicking on a blank area of your desktop, selecting New, then Shortcut, then in the Command line box enter "regedit.exe" and click Next, enter a friendly name (e.g. 'Registry Editor') then click Finish and now you can double click on the new icon to launch the Registry Editor.

Using Regedit to modify your Registry
Once you have started the Regedit you will notice that on the left side there is a tree with folders, and on the right the contents (values) of the currently selected folder.

Like Windows explorer, to expand a certain branch (see the structure of the registry section), click on the plus sign [+] to the left of any folder, or just double-click on the folder. To display the contents of a key (folder), just click the desired key, and look at the values listed on the right side. You can add a new key or value by selecting New from the Edit menu, or by right-clicking your mouse. And you can rename any value and almost any key with the same method used to rename files; right-click on an object and click rename, or click on it twice (slowly), or just press F2 on the keyboard. Lastly, you can delete a key or value by clicking on it, and pressing Delete on the keyboard, or by right-clicking on it, and choosing Delete.

Note: it is always a good idea to backup your registry before making any changes to it. It can be intimidating to a new user, and there is always the possibility of changing or deleting a critical setting causing you to have to reinstall the whole operating system. It's much better to be safe than sorry!

Importing and Exporting Registry Settings

A great feature of the Registry Editor is it's ability to import and export registry settings to a text file, this text file, identified by the .REG extension, can then be saved or shared with other people to easily modify local registry settings. You can see the layout of these text files by simply exporting a key to a file and opening it in Notepad, to do this using the Registry Editor select a key, then from the "Registry" menu choose "Export Registry File...", choose a filename and save. If you open this file in notepad you will see a file similar to the example below:

Quote:

REGEDIT4

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup]
"SetupType"=dword:00000000
"CmdLine"="setup -newsetup"
"SystemPrefix"=hex:c5,0b,00,00,00,40,36,02

The layout is quite simple, REGEDIT4 indicated the file type and version, [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup] indicated the key the values are from, "SetupType"=dword:00000000 are the values themselves the portion after the "=" will vary depending on the type of value they are; DWORD, String or Binary.

So by simply editing this file to make the changes you want, it can then be easily distributed and all that need to be done is to double-click, or choose "Import" from the Registry menu, for the settings to be added to the system Registry.

Deleting keys or values using a REG file
It is also possible to delete keys and values using REG files. To delete a key start by using the same format as the the REG file above, but place a "-" symbol in front of the key name you want to delete. For example to delete the [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup] key the reg file would look like this:

Quote:

REGEDIT4

[-HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup]

The format used to delete individual values is similar, but instead of a minus sign in front of the whole key, place it after the equal sign of the value. For example, to delete the value "SetupType" the file would look like:

Quote:

REGEDIT4

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup]
"SetupType"=-

Use this feature with care, as deleting the wrong key or value could cause major problems within the registry, so remember to always make a backup first.

Regedit Command Line Options
Regedit has a number of command line options to help automate it's use in either batch files or from the command prompt. Listed below are some of the options, please note the some of the functions are operating system specific.

* regedit.exe [options] [filename] [regpath]
* [filename] Import .reg file into the registry
* /s [filename] Silent import, i.e. hide confirmation box when importing files
* /e [filename] [regpath] Export the registry to [filename] starting at [regpath]
e.g. regedit /e file.reg HKEY_USERS\.DEFAULT
* /L:system Specify the location of the system.dat to use
* /R:user Specify the location of the user.dat to use
* /C [filename] Compress (Windows 98)
* /D [regpath] Delete the specified key (Windows 98)

Maintaining the Registry

How can you backup and restore the Registry?

Windows 95
Microsoft included a utility on the Windows 95 CD-ROM that lets you create backups of the Registry on your computer. The Microsoft Configuration Backup program, CFGBACK.EXE, can be found in the \Other\Misc\Cfgback directory on the Windows 95 CD-ROM. This utility lets you create up to nine different backup copies of the Registry, which it stores, with the extension RBK, in your \Windows directory. If your system is set up for multiple users, CFGBACK.EXE won't back up the USER.DAT file.

After you have backed up your Registry, you can copy the RBK file onto a floppy disk for safekeeping. However, to restore from a backup, the RBK file must reside in the \Windows directory. Windows 95 stores the backups in compressed form, which you can then restore only by using the CFGBACK.EXE utility.

Windows 98
Microsoft Windows 98 automatically creates a backup copy of the registry every time Windows starts, in addition to this you can manually create a backup using the Registry Checker utility by running SCANREGW.EXE from Start | Run menu.

What to do if you get a Corrupted Registry
Windows 95, 98 and NT all have a simple registry backup mechanism that is quite reliable, although you should never simply rely on it, remember to always make a backup first!

Windows 95
In the Windows directory there are several hidden files, four of these will be SYSTEM.DAT & USER.DAT, your current registry, and SYSTEM.DA0 & USER.DA0, a backup of your registry. Windows 9x has a nice reature in that every time it appears to start successfully it will copy the registry over these backup files, so just in case something goes wrong can can restore it to a known good state. To restore the registry follow these instruction:
[list=1]
* Click the Start button, and then click Shut Down.

* Click Restart The Computer In MS-DOS Mode, then click Yes.

* Change to your Windows directory. For example, if your Windows directory is c:\windows, you would type the following:

cd c:\windows

* Type the following commands, pressing ENTER after each one. (Note that SYSTEM.DA0 and USER.DA0 contain the number zero.)

attrib -h -r -s system.dat
attrib -h -r -s system.da0
copy system.da0 system.dat
attrib -h -r -s user.dat
attrib -h -r -s user.da0
copy user.da0 user.dat

* Restart your computer.

Following this procedure will restore your registry to its state when you last successfully started your computer.

If all else fails, there is a file on your hard disk named SYSTEM.1ST that was created when Windows 95 was first successfully installed. If necessary you could also change the file attributes of this file from read-only and hidden to archive to copy the file to C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM.DAT.

Windows NT
On Windows NT you can use either the "Last Known Good" option or RDISK to restore to registry to a stable working configuration.

How can I clean out old data from the Registry?
Although it's possible to manually go through the Registry and delete unwanted entries, Microsoft provides a tool to automate the process, the program is called RegClean. RegClean analyzes Windows Registry keys stored in a common location in the Windows Registry. It finds keys that contain erroneous values, it removes them from the Windows Registry after having recording those entries in the Undo.Reg file.

Damn Small लिनुक्स मात्र ५० एम. बि. को

2010-10-15T00:19:00.000-07:00

Damn Small लिनुक्स मात्र ५० एम. बि. को

लिनक्स ओपेरतिङ सिस्टम मात्र ५० एम.बि. को यसलाई डाउनलोड गरी USB मा
राख्न सक्नु हुन्छ। USB बाट नै BOOT गर्न सख्नु हुन्छ.

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Fighting (2009)

2010-10-07T23:56:00.000-07:00

Fighting (2009)

In New York City, a young counterfeiter is introduced to the world of underground street fighting by a seasoned scam artist, who becomes his manager on the bare-knuckling brawling circuit.

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Password:ultrascorp

के तपाईलाई CD/DVD -R +R RW को अर्थ थाहा छ

2010-09-06T04:15:00.000-07:00

के तपाईलाई CD/DVD -R +R RW को अर्थ थाहा छ

One of our readers (in our suggestion box) asked for a walkthrough on the different types of CD and DVD.
Unfortunately, a full description of the differences between all of the CD and DVD formats would fill an entire book. There are many, many different types of physical media, methods for storing the data, methods for writing the data and media formats (MPEG-2, MP3, AVI, MP4, etc.)
But… since most people use just a few of the CD/DVD formats, we’ll cover just those. The most common formats are generically known as CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, CD-Audio, DVD-Video, and the newer HD DVD and Blu-ray discs.

Vocabulary

First off we need to define a few expressions and words.

Burning – This is the process used to store data on the media. Which means we burn “holes” in the writable layer inside the disk.
Session - ”Period of time in which something occurs”. Which translated means a file or files added in the same operation.
Single Session – All files on disk are added in one operation.
Multi Session – Several sessions on one disk.

What is burned on disk, stays on disk

As you’ve read in one of my earlier articles, ROM stands for Read Only Memory. This means that any information stored on the disk is there to stay. This is commonly used on the Music CD’s or Movie DVD’s you buy in the store. These disks are not Burned but pressed, much like the good old LP Records. An inverted original (or master) is pressed onto a heated sheet of polycarbonate which is then coated with aluminum powder to create a reflective coating.

What is the difference -R +R and RW ??

Basically the minus, plus and R’s tells you what kind of burnable media you are using and how the data is stored upon them. The different markings also show you how long lifespan you can expect. The different kinds of media, use different types of degradable materials. The ROM media can easily (with proper care and storage) be expected to last many many years, and the cheapest RW media can be expected to be unreadable after as little as 6 months.

Markings

R : The ‘R’ it self stands for Recordable. Hence a disk without the R cannot be recorded onto.
-R : The Minus marked media (it being a CD or DVD) is a Single Session Media. Meaning that you cannot add more data to the disk once the burning has locked it (even if there is room for more). Some systems are able to do a mulitsession on the -R disks (like DVD Recorders) but not all systems are designed to read these extra sessions. Usually only the first (or none) will be readable on other media players.
+ R : The Plus marked media is intended for multi-sessions. Meaning that you can add data to the disk in Sessions. You don’t have to fill it up all at once but can use it as a backup media to add files over a period of time. Each Session can be Added to an existing session or be created as a separate one. As an added bonus you can tell a session to “delete” an excisting file. Delete in the sense that a code is inserted telling the media player to disregard it.
RW : Means, ReWriteable. Basically the burnable layer inside the disk is made of a material that can be erased and overwritten. There are limitations as to how many times it will work and still be readable. The RW disks have more or less been replaced by the USB Flash Chips – which of course are much more versatile.

Are there other differences ?

Yes there are. They use different kind of technology which controls how the data is stored, packed and retrieved, read/write-speed, error handling and reliability. As with the old VHS vs Beta, and the last HD-disk vs BlueRay – The DVD-R and DVD+R were developed by different manufacturers, Phillips and Sony as the main contributors. And they are both convinced theirs is the best solution.

How is a disk identified ?

If you look closely to an empty disk you will see a small circle at the very inner part of the reflective area. This is where the disk information is stored. We can compare this to the BIOS or ROM on your computer. This information tells your writer or reader how the disk will work.

Why can’t some media players read all disks ?

That depends on the manufacturer. Each kind of media has its own way of storing data. And these have to be programmed into the device. Much like an ordinary DVD player can’t read DivX formatted movies unless it has all necessary codecs installed in its firmware. Each Session on a disk have Start and End Entries telling the device where the data is stored, and where there are none. Therefore if you force multi sessions on a disk that is not coded for it, devices that read the disks will not know what to do with the extra information stored.

Computer Viruses: The Nasty Truth

2010-08-06T23:45:00.000-07:00

Computer Viruses: The Nasty Truth

The term, "virus", in computer technology, refers to a self replicating application that spreads by making copies of itself by inserting into other programs, other executables or documents, and when executed begins to perform harmful actions on the system. All computer viruses are deliberately created, not always malicious and some of them may be benign and simply annoying.

Non-Memory Resident and Memory Resident Viruses:

Non-Memory resident viruses, when they are executed, immediately look for other hosts that can be infected. When they infect these targets, they transfer control to the application program they infected. A non-resident virus has a finder module and a replication module. The finder module, once it finds a new file to infect, calls upon the replication module to infect that file.

Memory-Resident virus stays in the memory and do not look for hosts to infect when they are executed. It stays active in the background after its host program is terminated, and infects files as soon as they are opened or accessed by other programs or the operating system. It does have the replication module like the non-memory resident virus, but without the finder module.

Types of Computer Viruses:

File Viruses: These types of viruses are the most common, and mostly infect open files and program libraries on an operating system. The virus functions by inserting itself into a host file, modifies it in such a way that the virus is executed when the file is opened. They are also known as left viruses. Today, there are known viruses infecting all kinds of executables of standard DOS: batch command files (BAT), loadable drivers (SYS, including special purpose files IO.SYS and MS- DOS.SYS) and binary executables (EXE, COM). There are also viruses targeting executables of other operating systems - Windows 3.x, Windows95/NT, OS/2, Macintosh, Unix, including the VxD drivers of Windows 3.x and Windows95.

Macro viruses: Macros are used in most word processing programs such as Microsoft Office in order to automate or simplify recurring tasks in documents. Macro viruses are those viruses that use the application's own macro programming langauge to distribute themselves, in which an unwanted sequence of actions is performed automatically when the application is started or something else triggers it. These macro viruses may inflict damage to the document or to other computer software but are relatively harmless, and are often spread as an e-mail virus.

Boot Viruses: These were one of the most common viruses prevalent during the early and mid 1990s, when the use of diskettes was popular. These viruses infect or substitute their own code for either the DOS boot sector or the Master Boot Record (MBR), which controls the boot sequence of the PC. The MBR is executed every time a computer is booted so the virus will also be loaded into memory on every startup and spreads to every disk that the system reads. They are typically very difficult to remove, and most antivirus programs cannot clean the MBR while Windows is running. So, bootable antivirus disks are needed to fix boot sector viruses.

Script viruses: They are a division of file viruses, written in a variety of script langauges such as VBS, JavaScript, BAT, PHP, HTML etc. They can form a part of multi-component viruses or infect other scripts such as Windows or Linux command and service files. If the file format, such as HTML, allows the execution of scripts, they can infect it.

How To Speed Up My Computer? Easy!

2010-08-06T23:31:00.000-07:00

How To Speed Up My Computer? Easy!

Having a slow pc can be a big inconvenience today. When your computer speed is half of what it used to be and your computer performance is below average, it feels like the world has come to an end - not to mention the fact that your operating system runs in rerun and the peak performance you need isn't attained. If the question on your mind is "how to speed up my computer" then continue reading this article, as it provides you with various tips and tricks that will boost your pc speed.

Let's start with the beginning. Usually, when you shut down your computer an error message appears on your screen. This should not be overlooked as it provides you with information about the program or programs that don't run properly. Since Windows Vista and Windows XP are operating system used by most users, we'll focus on them in this article.

Now, you might think that computer optimization is difficult. It's not! Really now, calling technical support is not needed as you can fix your slow computer by yourself at home, in no time! Even if your computer runs dramatically slow you can tweak its computer performance! So, here's what you need to know:

If a computer using a Windows operating system runs slow, don't blame Microsoft. It's true that no Windows is perfect, and XP and Vista are not an exception. However, it's easy to fix the problems. First of all, Windows has a great flaw - its registry system. Basically, when your computer is overcrowded with programs - including trials that automatically install virus spyware and junk files and unused programs - registry errors start to show up. Basically, all that programs cram up RAM memory and this leads to slow processes, which leads to a low system performance. Don't worry, running a registry cleaner program will help you free up some RAM and you'll get improved performance and a faster computer.

Now, another thing you should be aware of, is that an Internet connection enabled always means that your computer has some adware and spyware programs on it - these usually come with free trials. The greater number of programs you installed on your Windows OS, the slower thing will move, as Windows speed is directly proportional with the number of installed programs.

Long story short, here's what you need to do if you want to have a faster PC:

1. Use Windows Restore and restore to a time when your computer didn't run slow. You can do this in XP by clicking start, accessories, system tools, system restore. It's similar in Vista.

2. Download a registry cleaner program that will get rid of the uninstalled programs that occupy registry space for nothing and also trial programs that expired and slow down our PC

3. Defragment your drives using window's defrag tool

4. Use and antivirus and scan your PC for viruses.

5. Restart your PC and enjoy the new high performance computer that's on your desktop!

FREE anti virus software with spy ware protection: avast! Home Edition

2010-07-15T01:50:00.000-07:00

FREE anti virus software with spy ware protection: avast! Home Edition

Complete anti virus software for free

avast! antivirus Home Edition represents the best FREE antivirus protection currently available on the market. This edition is FREE OF CHARGE for non-commercial & home use only. Both of these conditions should be met! If you are not a home user or if you use your computer for business purposes, we offer a wide range of more suitable products providing higher data security, starting with avast! Professional Edition.

FIFA 2010 Wallpapers

2010-06-17T05:05:00.000-07:00

तल दिएका image हरु क्लिक गरी डाउनलोड गर्नुहोस

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http://rapidshare.com/files/394736619/Cup2010.rar

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CorelDRAW Graphics Suite

2010-06-17T04:48:00.000-07:00

CorelDRAW Graphics Suite X4 lets you tackle creative graphics and design projects with confidence. Precision tools, market-leading file compatibility and high-quality content help you turn your creative ideas into professional results: from distinctive logos and signs, to striking marketing materials and eye-catching web graphics. Precision tools, market-leading file compatibility and high-quality content help you turn your creative ideas into professional results: from distinctive logos and signs, marketing materials to striking and eye-catching Web graphics.

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Linux OS

2010-06-17T04:44:00.000-07:00

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5

The world's most compelling operating environment. Advanced Platform reduces both the acquisition and operating costs for servers. Improving service levels. Simplifying IT. And enabling new levels of flexibility.
3.5 GB | Rapidshare

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****************************************************************************

Mandriva Linux Powerpack 2009 Spring

Mandriva Linux is a convivial operating system wich adapts to your computer and peripherals. Mandriva Linux allows you make the adaptions or improvements you are seeking and to spread the advantages to friends and colleagues as you wish.

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Password
mandriva

175 Run CMD

2010-06-16T06:29:00.000-07:00

तल दिएका रन कमांड्स सबै windows xp operating system मा प्रयोग हुने cammands हरु हुन, तपाई ले अफ्नो सिस्टम मा रहे का windows Applications हरु खोज्नु पर्दैन मात्र ई कमांड्स हरु याद मा राखी टाइप गरे मात्र पूगछ तपाई लाई चाहिने applications हरु तुरंत प्राप्त गर्नु हुने छ .

* प्रयोग गर्ने तरीका स्टार्ट मा गएर run क्लिक गरी cmd टाइप गर्नु होस.
* windows key र 'R' एक सात प्रेस गर्नु होस.

Program Run Command

Accessibility Controls access.cpl
Accessibility Wizard accwiz
Add Hardware Wizard hdwwiz.cpl
Add/Remove Programs appwiz.cpl
Administrative Tools control admintools
Adobe Acrobat ( if installed ) acrobat
Adobe Distiller ( if installed ) acrodist
Adobe ImageReady ( if installed ) imageready
Adobe Photoshop ( if installed ) photoshop
Automatic Updates wuaucpl.cpl

Basic Media Player mplay32
Bluetooth Transfer Wizard fsquirt

Calculator calc
Ccleaner ( if installed ) ccleaner
C: Drive c:
Certificate Manager cdrtmgr.msc
Character Map charmap
Check Disk Utility chkdsk
Clipboard Viewer clipbrd
Command Prompt cmd
Command Prompt command
Component Services dcomcnfg
Computer Management compmgmt.msc
Compare Files comp
Control Panel control
Create a shared folder Wizard shrpubw

Date and Time Properties timedate.cpl
DDE Shares ddeshare
Device Manager devmgmt.msc
Direct X Control Panel ( if installed ) directx.cpl
Direct X Troubleshooter dxdiag
Disk Cleanup Utility cleanmgr
Disk Defragment dfrg.msc
Disk Partition Manager diskmgmt.msc
Display Properties control desktop
Display Properties desk.cpl

अरु बाकी को लागी वर्ड डाकुमेंट फाइल डाउनलोड गर्नुहोस
वर्ड फाइल डाउनलोड

Computer Repair Utility Kit

2010-06-15T06:23:00.000-07:00

पोर्टेबल Applications हरु धेरै उपयोगकरियता र USB Drive मा आसानी संग राखी प्रयोग गर्न सकिनछ ,
पोर्टेबल Applications हरु धेरै लोक प्रियता हुदै आएको छन, सानो फाइल साइज़ भए पनि अफु लाई चाहिने कुरा सबै प्रदान गरीएको हुन छ भने, किन सॉफ्टवेर Package हरु डाउनलोड गर्ने त होइन र .
Technibbles कंप्यूटर मरम्मत गर्न उपयोग हुने ५७ टूल्स हरु यस Application मा राखिएको छ यसलाई USB Drive बाट नै उपयोग गर्न सकिन छ .
यस टूल्स लाई विभिन्न 9 कार्यक्षमता बादिएको छ .
Category Of Tools :

* File Management
* Information
* Repair Tools
* Recovery Tools
* Network Tools
* Virus and Malware Removal Tools
* Tweaks
* Scripts

उपयोग गर्ने तरीका :

जिप फाइल लाई एक्स्त्रक्ट गर्ने एक्स्त्रक्ट गरे पछि Launcher.एक्से लाई रन गर्ने.

Download

http://hotfile.com/dl/40410088/fdeaa3e/Repair.part1.rar.html
http://hotfile.com/dl/40410089/34d2a1a/Repair.part2.rar.html

Abstract Backgrounds PS Brushes

2010-06-15T06:13:00.000-07:00

Download Link
Photoshop Brushes

The Karate Kid 2010

2010-06-14T05:09:00.000-07:00

हलिउड चलचित्र 'द कराते किड' मा ज्याकी च्यान, विल स्मिथ का छोरा जाडेन स्मिथ, ताराजी पि हेन्सन, हान वेन वेन, यु रोङ ग्याङ आदि कलाकारले मुख्य भूमिका निर्वाह गरेका छन् । हेराल्ड जेवार्टद्वारा निर्देशित यो चलचित्र २ घण्टा ६ मिनेट लामो छ । एक्सन, एड्भेन्चर, यो चलचित्रको छायांकन चीनको राजधानी बेइजिङलगायत केही प्रमुख सहरमा गरिएको हो । चलचित्रमा एउटा सानो बालकको कथा समेटिएको छ । अमेरिकाको डेट्रोइटमा बसोबास गरिरहेको १२ वषर्ीय बालक डे्र पार्कर -जानेन स्मिथ) आफ्नी आमासँग चिनको बेइजिङ बसाइ सर्न बाध्य हुन्छ । बेइजिङको एउटा विद्यालयमा भर्ना भएपछि ऊ चिनियाँ मूलकी एक बालिकाप्रति आकषिर्त हुन्छ, तर भाषा र संस्कृतिको भिन्नताका कारण उसले आफ्नो भावना व्यक्त गर्न सक्दैन । करातेको उर्वर भूमि बेइजिङमा उसलाई मन नपराउनेहरू पनि निस्कन्छन् । आत्मरक्षा तथा आफ्नो खुट्टामा उभिन उक्त बालकले मार्सल आर्ट्स सिक्नुपर्ने बाध्यता सिर्जना हुन्छ । मार्सल आर्ट्सकै कारण उसको जीवनमा आएको परिवर्तन चलचित्रको अर्को रोचक पक्ष हो । चलचित्रमा ज्याकी च्यानले मार्शल आर्ट्स प्रशिक्षकको भूमिका निर्वाह गरेका छन् ।

तल दीएको लिनक्स क्लिक गरी The करते किड मूवी डाउनलोड गर्नु होस

LANGUAGE: English
GENRE: Action
RELEASE SIZE: 700 MB

डाउनलोड फाइल

१००० भन्दा पनि धेरै Windows Hidden सेक्रेट र टिप्स हरु

2010-06-12T03:38:00.000-07:00

१००० भन्दा पनि धेरै Windows Hidden सेक्रेट र टिप्स हरु

१४८ पेज भएको यस windows XP बुक मा चाहिने आवश्यक सलाह हरु संकलित गरीएको छ .
* 25 instant troubleshooting solutions
*60 suggestions for better digital photos
*250 expert hints to boost Windows XP
*300 tips for Microsoft Office XP
*And 450 more PC tricks inside!
साथै ५० भन्दा पनि धेरै Shorcuts Keywords छन.
डाउनलोड गर्नु होस रापिद्षर लिंक
Direct Download