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Rasha Thadani cute pictures

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 10 Mar 2025 15:33:00 +0000

Janhvi Kapoor in bikini and swimsuits flaunting her curvy sexy body

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 21 Apr 2022 12:44:00 +0000

Janhvi Kapoor, the Indian actress and daughter of late Sridevi, has emerged as one of the hottest young divas of Bollywood. While the actress always made buzz for her glamorous and stylish Indian outfits attending Bollywood parties with her mother before she became an actress, the actress now has been raising the temperature everyday with her new photoshoots and sharing bikini photos from her vacations as well as posing in swimsuits for magazines.

The 24-year-old has also gained much attention of fans for her fine killing curvy body which she has been known to flaunt in body hugging outfits and short dresses on many occasions. After playing non-glamorous roles in Dhadak and Gunnjan Saxena, the actress soon broke her innocent image and showed her much bolder side posing in cleavage baring outfits and flaunting her sexy legs in high slit dresses, while showing her love for sarees paired with skimpy bralettes as wells.

Bollywood Actress Esha Gupta hot Topless Photoshoot

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 20 Apr 2022 17:17:00 +0000

Esha Gupta is an Indian actress, model and the winner of the Miss India International title of 2007. She has established a career in Hindi Film films.

Born: 28 November 1985 (age 36 years), New Delhi, India

Title: Femina Miss India International 2007

Siblings: Neha Gupta, Karan Gupta

KGF Indian Movie Actress Srinidhi Shetty best hot photos in bikini and sexy dresses

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 20 Apr 2022 16:59:00 +0000

Srinidhi Shetty is an Indian actress and model who made her acting debut in 2018 with the movie KGF and is now making buzz with KGF 2. The model was crowned Miss Diva Supranational at Miss Diva 2016 beay pageant.

What is Jute Grading? | Grading System of Jute

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 14 Jan 2013 06:36:00 +0000

Jute Grading:

Jute is a natural vegetable fiber under the category of bast fibers like flax, hemp, kenaf and ramie. Since ancient times, it has been traditionally grown in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, which make up of the present day West Bengal of India and plains of Bangladesh. Grading is done after the barky ends are cut off. There are six grades both for White and Tossa jute. The characteristics specified for various grades are given below.

Grading System of Jute Fiber:

Jute fibers are graded according to three qualities of fibers. They are-
On a basis of fiber properties:

I.Length
II.Strength
III.Fineness
IV.Color
V.Lusture
VI.Roots and cleanliness and uniformity in color.

On the basis of color:
There are two colors-

White and golden
Brown to red Corresponding to the main varieties capsularies and olitorius.

On the basis of export:

A bottom
B bottom
C bottom
X bottom

On the basis of quality of raw jute

Pucca grading
Kutcha grading

Pucca Grading:

Raw jute from which roots have been cut.

White Jute:
Bangla white special (BWS): White or creamy Finest texture Very good luster, clean, well hackled Completely free from any defects of jute Entirely free from red ends

Bangla White-A (BW-A): White to light cream Fine texture Strong and very good luster, clean Completely free from red ends and any blemish

Bangla White-B (BW-B): Light cream to straw color Good texture Strong and good luster, well hackled Free from blemish and red ends excluded .

Bangla White-C (BW-C): Light grey or light reddish to straw color Sound strength Average luster Clean but free from croppy or hard gummy Tops and roots and red soft ends are permissible.

Bangla White-D (BE-D): Any color Average strength Occasional bark and specks permissible Slightly croppy and gummy tops permissible Red ends also permissible.

Bangla White-E(BW-E): Any color Any strength but free from perished fibers Unretted jute.

Tossa Jute:
Bangla Tossa Special (BTS):

Uniform golden or reddish color
Finest texture
Very strong
Very good luster
Clean cut and well hackled
Completely free from any defects.

Bangla Tossa-A(BT-A):

1 .Uniform sliver grey to golden color

Fine texture
Strong and good luster
Clean cut and well hackled
Completely free from any blemish.

2.Uniform light golden to reddish color

Fine texture
Strong and good luster
Clean cut and well hackled
Completely free from any blemish.

Bangla Tossa-B (BT-B):

1.Light to medium grey color

Sound clean
Good texture
Average luster
Clean cut and well hackled
Free from any defects

2.Light grey or reddish excluding dark gray color

Sound clean
Good texture
Average luster
Clean cut and well hackled
Free from any defects

Bangla Tossa-C (BT-C):

Mixed colors
Average strength
Occasional bark and soft specks allowable
free from runners
Slightly croppy and gummy tops permissible
Well cut and hackled but free from black root ends.

Bangla Tossa-D(BT-D):

Mixed colors
Average strength
Occasional bark and specks allowable
Free from runners
croppy and gummy tops permissible
Rough cut and hackled
Free from black root ends

Bangla Tossa-E(BT-E):

Any color
Any strength but free from unretted jute
Stick and perished fibers
Rough cut and hackled bark and hard Centre permissible

Kutcha Grading:

Raw jute from which roots have not been cut.

Kutcha bales are graded as follows-

Tops
Middle
Bottoms
B-bottoms
C-bottoms
X-bottoms

Tops:

Very strong fiber
Excellent color and luster
Free from all defects
Cutting not more than (White 15% Tossa 10%)

Middle:

Strong sound fibers
Average color and luster
Free from all specks runners and harsh crop end (White 25% Tossa 15%)

Bottoms:

Sound fibers
Medium strength
Free from all hard centered jute (White 30% Tossa 20%)

B-bottoms:

Sound fiber
Medium strength
Not suitable for higher grade(White 35% Tossa 25%)

C-bottoms:

Medium strength
Any color
Free from runners and choppiness.

X-bottoms:

Weak, harsh jute
Free from tagled jute and stick

Habijabi:

Tangled jute
Free from any dust and cuttings

Jute Yarn Manufacturing Process | Production Process of Jute Yarn

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 14 Jan 2013 06:32:00 +0000

Manufacturing Process of Jute Yarn:

Raw Jute:

Raw jute in the form of bales are processed in jute mills to produce hessian, sacking, jute yarn, bags, and other useful products. Raw jute bales from jute fields or suppliers, carried by trucks are unloaded are stacked in the jute mills gowdown.

Selection of Raw Jute:

In the selection process, raw jute bales are opened to find out any defect and to remove the defective portion from the mora by experienced workers. Raw jute bales are of two types i.e. 150 kg weight and 180 kg weight with or without top portion cutting. The bales are assorted according to end use like Hessiean weft, Sacking wrap, Sacking weft etc. After selection, jute bales are carried to softning section by workers called Gariwala and Bajawala.

Softning Process Jute:

In softning process jute morahs are made soft and pileable. Two methods are used for softning; use of softening machine and use of jute good spreader. Generally an emulsion plant with jute softner machine is used to lubricate and soften the bark and gummy raw jute. The emulsion plant consists of gear pump, motor, vat, jet sprayer, nozzles, emulsion tank and the jacket. In this softning process jute becomes soft and pileable and suitable for carding.

Carding:

Carding is a combining operation where jute reeds are splitted and extraneous matters are removed. Jute fibres are formed into ribbon called "sliver". There are three different carding sections:

(i)Breaker carding
(ii)Inner carding
(iii)Finisher carding

In the Breaker carding machine soften jute after piling is feed by hand in suitable weight. The machine by action with different rollers turns out raw jute in the form of jute sliver for finisher carding. In this process root cutting is necessary before feeding the material to the hand feed breaker carding machine.

Finisher carding machine make the sliver more uniform and regular in length and weight obtained from the Breaker carding machine.

Finisher carding machine is identical to the Breaker carding machine, having more pair of rollers, staves, pinning arrangement and speed.

Nearly 4 to 12 slivers obtained from Breaker carding machine is fed on this machine.

The material thus obtained is send to drawing section.

Drawing:

Drawing is a process for reducing sliver width and thickness by simultaneously mixing 4 to 6 sliver together. There are three types of Drawing Frame machine. In most mills 3 Drawing passages are used in Hessian and 2 Drawing passages are used in Sacking.

The slivers obtained from finisher carding machine is fed with four slivers on to the first drawing frame machine. The first drawing frame machines makes blending, equalizing the sliver and doubling two or more slivers, level and provide quality and color. This machines includes delivery roller, pressing roller, retaining roller, faller screw sliders, check spring, back spring, crimpling box etc..

In second drawing, the Second Drawing Frame machine obtain the sliver from the First drawing machine and use six slivers and deliveries per head. The Second Drawing machine makes more uniform sliver and reduce the jute into a suitable size for third drawing.

In the third drawing, the Third Drawing frame machine uses the sliver from second drawing. The Third Drawing machine is of high speed makes the sliver more crimpled and suitable for spinning. The comparison of the three drawing process:

Drawing Process	Efficiency Range(%)	Productivity Mt/mc/shift
1st Drawing	55 - 73	1.75 – 2.2
2nd Drawing	64 - 74	1.62 – 1.9
3rd Drawing	67 - 70	1.31 – 1.4

Spinning:

Spinning is the process for producing yarn from sliver obtained from Third drawing. The jute spinning frame machine is fitted with slip draft zone and capable of producing quality yarns at high efficiency with auto-dofting arrangements also.

Classification of Jute Fiber

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 14 Jan 2013 06:29:00 +0000

Classification of Jute:
Classification of jute according to the quality (Geographical distribution according to Bangladesh):

Jat
District
Northern

Jat:

Jat is the finest quality jute with firm
It has good color and length
It has good luster

This type of jute fiber grows in the district of Mymensingh, Dhaka and Comilla.

District:
District jute is close to jat in quality.

The fiber is not uniform in textures and strands
Its color varies from light ream to dull grey
Its length is shorter.

There are two types of District jute. They are-

Hard district
Soft district

Hard district:
The hard district jute is better than the soft district.It mainly grows in the district of Faridpur

Soft district:
This type of jute grows in district of Noakhali,Pabna,Barisal,Jessor,Khulna,Sylhet,Lower Comilla,Chittagong and some part of Dhaka.

Northern:

Northern jute is of somewhat inferior quality.
The fiber is dull-colored fluffy hairy and barky
Generally medium length and weak.

This type of jute grows in District of Rangpur, Dinajpur, Bogra and Rajshahi.

Jute Products | Some Important Products of Jute

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 14 Jan 2013 06:26:00 +0000

Jute Products:
Jute has versatile use in our day to day life. Some products of jutes are highlighted in below:

Jute Bags : Jute Hand Bags , Jute Beach Bags, Jute Shopping Bags, Jute Sling Bags, Jute Christmas Bags, Jute Sacking Bag, Jute Promotional Bags, Jute Bottle Bags, Jute Hessian Cloth Bags, Jute Hydro-Carbon Free Bags, Jute Food Grade Bags

Jute Handicrafts: Notebook, Pen holder, Greeting cards, Photo frame, file folder, Gift Box, Memo Box, Tissue Box, Slip Pad Holder, Jute Wall Hangings, Jute Coasters, Jute Table Mats, Jute Hammocks, Jute Lamp Shades, Jute Stationery

Jute Textile: Jute Hessian Cloth or Burlap, Jute Geo Textiles, Jute Yarn, Jute Hydro-Carbon Free Cloth, Jute Carpet Backing Cloth (CBC), Jute Canvas,

Jute Apparel: Jute Jacket, Jute Footwear, Jute Fashion Accessories

Jute Furnishings: Jute Mats & Durries, Jute Cushion Covers, Jute Fabrics, Jute Blinds, Jute Rugs, Jute Carpets

Industrial Jute Goods: Jute Felt, Jute Webbing

Chemical Modification of Jute Fiber

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 14 Jan 2013 06:19:00 +0000

jute fiber

Jute is a natural biodegradable fiber with advantages such as high tensile strength, excellent thermal conductivity, coolness, ventilation function et al.1-2. Recently, due to the improvement of people’s living standards and need for environmental protection, the demand of natural biodegradable and eco-friendly fibers is rising worldwide day by day. Ramie, flax, hemp and some other vegetable fibers have been used as textile materials, but jute fiber is basically used for traditional purposes such as manufacture of sackings, hessian, carpet backing and the like. Taking account of the costliness of ramie and the shortage in sources of flax, and the challenges from the synthetic fibers in the traditional jute products market, if jute could be used to replace ramie and flax partially as textile material, not only the cost could be reduced but also a new market would be provided for jute products.

Jute fiber is a bast fiber obtained from the bark of jute plant containing three main categories of chemical compounds namely cellulose (58~63%), hemicellulose (20~24%) and lignin (12~15%), and some other small quantities of constituents like fats, pectin, aqueous extract, et al. Jute fiber is composed of small units of cellulose surrounded and cemented together by lignin and hemi-cellulose10-11. The low cellulose content, coarseness, stiffness, low extensibility, low grip performance and some other disadvantages seriously restrict the raw jute fiber from spinning. So a series of wet chemical processing sequences are needed to improve the spinnability of jute. The qualities of the fiber and yarn mostly depend on the degumming effect. So degumming is one of the most important sequences in the chemical processing of jute.

Generally, there are three methods for degumming, i.e., mechanical, chemical and biological methods. The mechanical methods such as steam explosion2,14, microwave and ultrasonic 15 have very limited effect on improving the spinnability of jute fiber. Biodegumming is an eco-friendly method has some advantages viz. mild conditions and high efficiency. However, the application of enzymes for degumming is hindered by some factors such as high substrate specificity, low activity stability, high cost, and low total gum decomposition16-18. The chemical method is the most commonly used method for degumming, but this traditional method has some major disadvantages like serious environmental pollution, lengthy time required and high cost 19. Taking account of these problems, it is urgent to improve the degumming method for natural fibers.

In our previous study, the pre-chlorite treatment of jute fiber before degumming has been reported to lighten the burden of degumming and enhance delignification20. In this paper, we report the chemical degumming of the pre-chlorite treated jute fiber. Both the gum decomposition and the spinnabilities viz. fineness, breaking strength and breaking extension were tested to optimize the conditions for degumming. Changes in the constituent content of the treated jute fiber were also analyzed.

Materials and Method:
Materials
Jute:
Lightly combed and dewaxed raw jute fiber.

Chemicals:
Sodium chlorite and sodium silicate, Acetic acid, sodium acetate, sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid , Penetrating agent TF-107B and degumming agent TF-125A .

Methods
Pre-chlorite treatment
The samples were treated in a bath with sodium chlorite 1.5g/L, pH 3, liquor ratio 1:10, and kept at 30℃ for 30 min. and then thoroughly washed.

Scouring
The pre-chlorite treated jute fiber was treated with sodium hydroxide 5-30g/L, sodium silicate 1.0-5.0g/L, TF-107B 0.5-6.0g/L, TF-125A 1.0-8.0g/L, and kept at 60-100℃ for 60-240 min. with fiber to liquor ratio 1:10-1:40. At the end of the desired treatment, the fibers were neutralized with sulphuric acid, and then thoroughly washed with distilled water.

Testing
Breaking strength and breaking extension were tested using a XQ-1 fiber breaking strength machine in a constant 20℃ temperature and 65% relative humidity room (in accordance with ASTM Method D-5035). The fineness was tested according to GB/T12411.3. The constituent contents were tested according to GB/5889–86.

Physical Properties of Cotton Fiber | End Uses of Cotton Fiber

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 14 Jan 2013 06:15:00 +0000

Cotton Fiber:

Among the seed and fruit fibres, cotton has grown in stature as the most important textile fibre in the world. In fact, cotton is the backbone and basic foundation of the world’s textile trade and industry. Cotton is a natural vegetable fibre produced in the cotton plant in many countries of the world even in Bangladesh also.

Properties of Cotton Fibres:

Properties of cotton fiber can be divided into two parts, one is according to physical structure and another is using process.

A. According to physical structure:

Length of cotton fiber:
Physically the individual cotton fibres consist of a single long tubular cell. Its length is about 1200-1500 times than its breadth. Length of cotton fibre varies from 16mm to 52 mm depending upon the type of cotton.

Indian cotton- 16-25 mm
American cotton- 20-30 mm
Sea Island- 38-52 mm
Egyptian cotton- 30-38 mm

Fineness of cotton fiber:
Longer the fibre, finer the fibre in case of cotton fibre. It is expressed in term of decitex and it varies from 1.1 to2.3 decitex.

Indian= 2.2-2.3dtex
American= 2.1-2.2 dtex
Egyptian= 1.2-1.8 dtex
Sea Island= 1.0-1.1 dtex

Fineness may be more in case of immature fibre. So it is necessary to express maturity with fineness.

Strength and extension of cotton fiber:
Cotton fibre is fairly among natural fibres in relation to tenacity which is 3-3.5g/dtex. Its tensile strength is between wool and silk fibre but disadvantage is low extension at break which is 5-7%.

Elastic properties of cotton:
Recovery from deformation of cotton fibre, yarn or fabric from applied load is very low. By applying heat it can’t be achieved. This property can be achieved by -1.Chemical treatment to improve crease recovery, but the problem is the materials become harsher due to chemical treatment 2. blending or mixing of cotton with elastic fibre, e.g. polyester, blend ratio depends on the end use of the fabric. The initial modulus is fairly high=0
5 g/dtex (wool=0.25 g/dtex)

Cross-section:
Cross-section of cotton fibre is some what ribbon like. The cell wall is rather thin and the lumen occupies about two-third of the entire breadth and shows up very prominent in polarized light. Fibre cross-section becomes round when mercerized.

Appearance:
Cotton fibre is fairly short, fine and creamy white color. Color of the fibre depends on soil of growth. By adding chemicals in the soil, color of the cotton fibre may be varied.

Crimp:
Cotton fibre is more or less twisted on its longitudinal axis which cab not be seen from out side is called convolution. The twist in the fibre does not to be continuous in one direction i.e. if at first right direction, then left direction. This property of cotton fibre helps in spinning.

B. According to using process:

Comfortable:

Cotton fiber has large amorphous portion and this is why the air can be in and out through cotton fiber. So, the fabric made by cotton fiber is quite comfortable to use.

Soft Hand:

Cotton fiber is too much regular fiber and if properly ginned; this fibre can be the best soft hand feeling fibre amongst the others.

Absorbent:

Cotton fiber has high absorbency power and this is why this fiber can be died properly and without any harassment.

Good Color Retention:

If the printing is applied on cotton fiber, it seems it doesn’t spread the color outside the design. So printing efficiency is good on cotton fibre.

Machine Washable & Dry Cleanable:

It is seen that some fibers can’t be dried or washed due to it’s sensitivity and weak fastness properties but in case of Cotton fiber you will have large number of options to choose. You can easily wash the cotton made fabric by machines and even you will be able to dry this fiber by using electronic drier.

Good Strength:

If you want to seek an average strength which might be enough for you; then cotton fiber can be your ultimate choice. The strength of cotton fiber is quite good.

Cotton Fibre Drapes Well:

The drape-ability of cotton fibre is awesome. You can use the cotton fibre made fabric in any kind of wear which needs more flexibility and drapes.

Sewing & Handling Is Easy:

The sewing efficiency on Cotton made fabric is easier and comfortable than other fiber. This is why the demand of cotton made fabric is higher in all over the world.

Uses of Cotton Fiber:

Cotton fiber is a versatile fibre which has wide variety of uses. But the Cotton fibre is mostly used on the Apparel Industry to make the wearing cloth like Sweaters, Skirts, Shirts, Swimwear, Kids wear, Blouses, Pants, Hosiery and to make other type of dresses.

Chemical Composition of Textile Fiber (Natural) | Chemical Composition of Cotton Fiber/Jute Fiber/Linen/Flax Fiber/Hemp Fiber/Sisal Fiber/Coir Fiber/Wool Fiber/Silk Fiber

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 14 Jan 2013 06:13:00 +0000

Chemical Composition of Natural Fiber:
Every fiber consists of some chemical elements. Such as cotton contains cellulose, protein, pectin etc. Wool contains keratin, dirt, suint etc. Chemical composition of natural fibers are given below:

Chemical Composition of Cotton Fiber:

Cellulose 94%
Protein 1.3%
Ash 1.2%
Pectin 1.2%
Oil, Fat and Wax 0.6%
Sugar 0.3%
Pigment trace
Others 1.4%

Chemical Composition of Jute Fiber:

Cellulose 65.2%
Hemicellulose 22.2%
Lignin 10.8%
Water soluble 1.5%
Fats and wax 0.3%

Chemical Composition of Linen/Flax Fiber:

Cellulose 92%
Hemicellulose 2%
Lignin 4%
Others 2%

Chemical Composition of Hemp Fiber:

Cellulose 77.77%
Hemicellulose 10%
Lignin 6.8%
Pectin 2.9%
Fat & wax 0.90%
Water soluble 1.73%

Chemical Composition of Sisal Fiber:

Cellulose 71.5%
Hemicellulose 18%
Lignin 6%
Pectin 2.3%
Fat & wax 0.5%
Water soluble 1.7%

Chemical Composition of Coir Fiber:

Husk 14%
Fiber 22%
Pith 16%
Kernel 30%
Water 18%

Chemical Composition of Wool Fiber:

Keratin 33%
Dirt 26%
Suint 28%
Fat 12%
Mineral matter 1%

Chemical Composition of Keratin:

Carbon 50%
Hydrogen 12%
Oxygen 10%
Nitrogen 25%
Sulfher 3%

Chemical Composition of Silk Fiber:

Fibroin 76%
Sericin 22%
Fat & wax 1.5%
Mineral salt 0.5

Bale Management | Object of Bale Management | Specification of a Cotton Bale

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 14 Jan 2013 06:10:00 +0000

Bale Management:

Testing, sorting and mixing bales according to the properties of fibre for producing specific good quality of yarn at minimum cost is called Bale management.

Object of Bale Management:
1. An evening out of the quality characteristics of a yarn.
2. A means of avoiding quality jumps.
3. A possibility of reducing costs as a result of an improved knowledge of the fibre characteristics.

Specification of a Cotton Bale:
1. Origin: CIS( UZ bekistan) raw cotton
2. Crop year: 2008-2009
3. Bale weight: 215-220 kgs(approximately).
4. Staple length: 1 inches
5. Micronaire: 4.0 – 4.8
6. Strength : 24-29 gram/tex
7. Grade: SMW( Strict middling white)
8. Price: 65.5 usc/lb

Managing Bales:
To manage the bales we need four modules of fibers and the relation exist between fibers and yarn. They are:

Strength
Length
Color grade and
Micronaire value

Production of Cotton Fiber From Field to Mill

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 14 Jan 2013 06:07:00 +0000

Cotton Fiber

Cotton:

Cotton, the purest form of cellulose found in the nature is the seed hair of the plants of the genus Gossypium. It is classified as natural, cellulosic, mono-cellular, staple fiber. Cotton has been cultivated for more than 5000 years. Archeologists found that it was grown and used for textile purposes in the Indus Valley well before 2100 BC, and in Mexico by 3500 BC Cotton has been of service to mankind for so long that its versatility is almost unlimited and new uses are constantly being discovered.

Cultivation: Cotton requires about two hundred days of continuous warm weather with adequate moisture and sunlight; frost is harmful to the plant. Usually in March or April selected cottonseeds are planted. The flowers in cotton plants appear in June or July and the cotton is usually ripe for gathering between August and October. The seasons may differ in the different places of the world. As the flower withers it is succeeded by a closed pod. This contains seeds, which are wrapped up in young actively growing hairs. Each cottonseed may produce as many as 20,000 fibres. When the seeds are nearly ripe the pod burst open and the cotton hairs project, forming a white fluffy mass called a boll. During this period, the plant is subject to attack by many insects (e.g. Boll weevil, Boll worm, Caterpillar). Insecticides are sprayed to protect the plants at this stage. The fibers are now exposed to the sun when they complete their ripening, and the cell gradually dries up, leaving the cotton in fit state for harvesting.

Harvesting: The ripe bolls having matured fibers are picked by machines in developed countries and by hand in developing countries. Mechanical picking, a faster and cost-effective method of harvesting, has some disadvantages as machine picks the immature bolls, as well as leaves, stem fragments with the matured bolls. On the other hand higher grade of cotton is obtained by a selective and good hand picking. An expert picker can easily trace out the matured bolls and does not pick leaves or stem fragments with it. This method is slower and the most expensive in developed countries but better for developing countries.

Ginning: After the crop has been gathered the fibers are separated from the seeds by a process known as ginning. Gins (i.e. ginning machines) may be classified into two types the saw gin and the roller gin. A saw gin consists of a series of circular saws having specially shaped teeth and used mainly for short and medium staple cottons.

Modern gins have 80-120 saws mounted on a long, horizontal shaft at suitable intervals. Seed cotton is fed through a hopper and the saws operate against it as the fibres known as lints become separated from the seed. In a roller gin, a knife jerks the seed from the fibre while the latter is pulled away between a roller and a fixed knife. McCarthy gin is a special type of roller gin. Roller ginning which is often preferred for longer fibres is slower and more costly process.

Cotton linters are the short, fuzzy hair-like fibres that remain on the seeds after ginning has been done. The cotton linters are removed by a second ginning process. They are used in the manufacture of viscose (or rayons) and acetates, plastics, shatter proof glass, photographic film and for other purposes.

Baling: After ginning, the lints are compressed into rectangular bales, which are covered with jute or polypropylene bagging and bound with iron bands. The bales generally weigh about 480 or 500 pounds each. These bales are then sent to the yarn manufacturing mills

Grading: The assessment of cotton is carried out traditionally by the cotton classer, who depends upon personal skill and long experience in judging cotton quality by inspection and feel. The assessment is based on (1) the staple length, (2) the colour and (3) the amount of impurity in the cotton. The classer works usually by a hand-examination of the cotton. Staple length is judged by taking a sample and pulling it to display a filmy web of fibre.

Humayun Ahmed’s dead body arrives on Monday and burial at Nuhash Palli

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 27 Jul 2012 22:47:00 +0000

Bangladeshi legendary writer Humayun Ahmed’s dead body will arrive in Dhaka on Monday mornning.Humayun’s wife Sawon and sons and close reatives will accompany the dead body on an Emirates Airlines flight.He might be buried at Nuhash Palli under “Lichu Bagan” in Gazipur as per his last wish.Several thousands fans and admirers joined the first janaza of the enormously popular novelist which was held at Jamaica Muslim Centre on Friday after Juma prayers.
After reaching home, his body would be taken to the Central Shaheed Minar for people to pay their last tribute.Aged 64, the litterateur died at Manhattan’s Bellevue Hospital in New York Thursday night after suffering from colon cancer, leaving behind millions of fans and well-wishers.

Humayun Ahmed Biography

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 27 Jul 2012 22:44:00 +0000

Bangladeshi most popular writer, director Humayan Ahmed has died on 19 July.Here we will try to write his short life history.Humayun Ahmed personal profile, famous TV serial, famous film name and most popular book name you will get here.This novelist has written many more famous novel by different style.
Humayun Ahmed personal profile:
Ahmed was 1st married to Gultekin, granddaughter of Principal Ibrahim Khan in 1973 and after long time marriage the couple got divorced in 2003.
And later Ahmed married his long time affair a TV actress Meher Afroz Shaon in 2003 and who was friend of his 2nd daughter Shila Ahmed.There is two son.
Humayun Ahmed born in 1948, he studied chemistry at the Dhaka University and later taught chemistry in his alma mater. He left teaching when he became a full time writer and filmmaker.
Humayun Ahmed Best books in english:
# 1971: A Novel. In Blissfull Hell. Gouripur Junction.
Humayun Ahmed Best book in Bangla:
1971 (HA),1971 [eng],70 Doshoker Nirbachito Paachti Uponnash, 80 Doshoker Nirbachito Paachti Uponnash, 90 Doshoker Nirbachito Paachti Uponnash, A Few Youths In The Moon, Aguner Proshmoni,Aj Ami Kothao Jabo Na ,Aj Chitrar Biye, Aj Dupure Tomar Nimontron.
And he is most popular for “Himu” and “Mishir Ali” series.
Most TV drama and serial :
Humayun Ahmed was an extra-ordinary and extremely talented dramatist. And his television dramas as well as, Akdin Hothat, Abong Einstein, Aj Jorir Biye, Aj Robibar / Serial, Akti Oloukik Vromon Kahini, Ai Boishakhe, Ai Borshai, Ai Shob Din Ratri / Serial, Amra Tin Jon / Sequel, Ayomoy / Serial, Antorar Baba, Angti, Badol Diner Prothom Kodom Ful, Badla Diner Gaan, Bank Draft, Bhoot Bilash, Bon Kumari, Bon Batashi, Brihonnola, Bohubrihi / Serial, Bonoo, Bua Bilash, Chader Aloy Koyekjon Jubok, Cherager Doitto, Chipa Voot, Chele Dekha, Chor, Choitro Diner Gaan, Chondro Grohon, Chondro Karigor, Chondro Grosto, Durotto, Dui Du Konay Char, Eka, Eki Kando, Enayet Alir Sagol, Goni Shaheber Shesh Kichudin, Gondho, Griho Shukh Private Limited, Gunin, Habiber Shongshar, Hablonger Bazar, Hamid Miar Ijjot, Himu / Sequel, Iblish, Jahir Karigor, Jibon, Japon, Josnar Fool, Joota Baba, Jootar Baksho, Joituri Jomunar Jol Dekhte Kalo, Jol Torongo, Jolay Bhasha Podmo, Kala Koitor / Serial, Kakaru, Khoab Nogor, Kothao Keo Naei / Serial, Konay Dekha, Kuhok, Majhe Majhe Tobo Dekha Pai, Megh Boleche Jabo Jabo / Serial, Missed Call, Mofiz Miar Choritro, Montri Mohodoyer Agomom, Natto Mongoler Kotha, Nim Ful, Nogoray Doitto, Nitu Tomake Valobashi / 2 Episodes, Nuruddin Shorno Podok, Ochin Ragini / 3 Episodes, Onushondhan, Openti Bioscope, Oporanho, Otoppor Shuvo Bibaho, Paap, Pathor, Project Himalaya, Podmo, Pushpo Kotha, Rumali / Serial Rupkotha, Rupar Ghonta, Rupali Ratri / 3 Episodes, Shonar Kolosh, Shobai Geche Bonay Showkot Shaheber Gari Kena, Rubiks Cube, Rupali Nokhkhotro / 3 Episodes, Shopno Abong Shopno Bhongo, Shomudro Bilash Private Limited, Suri, Tara Tin Jon / Sequel, Tritio Noyon, Turuper Tash, Vejabo Chokh Shomudrer Jolay, Wang Pi, Zinda Kobor, 24 Carat Man.
Humayun Ahmed Film name:
Doi Duary, Amar Ase Jol, Aguner Porsmony, Sarabon Megher Din. His last directed film is “Ghetu Potro Komla”.

Somapura Mahavihara Naogaon District in Bangladesh

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 12 Jul 2012 16:58:00 +0000

Somapura Mahavihara (Sanskrit; Bengali: সোমপুর মহাবিহার Shompur Môhabihar) in Paharpur, Badalgachhi Upazila, Naogaon District, Bangladesh (25°1'51.83"N, 88°58'37.15"E) is among the best known Buddhist viharas in the Indian Subcontinent and is one of the most important archeological sites in the country. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985.

Architecture:

The quadrangular structure consists of 177 cells and a traditional Buddhist stupa in the center. The rooms were used by the monks for accommodation and meditation. In addition to the large number of stupas and

shrines of various sizes and shapes, terracotta plaques, stone sculptures, inscriptions, coins, ceramics etc. have been discovered.
The site houses the architectural remains of a vast Buddhist monastery, Somapura Mahavihara, covering 27 acres (110,000 m²). It was an important intellectual centre for Dharmic Traditions such as Buddhists (Buddha Dharma), Jains (Jaina Dharma) and Hindus (Sanatana Dharma) alike. The 21 acre (85,000 m²) complex has 177 cells, viharas, numerous stupas, temples and a number of other ancillary buildings. The outside walls with ornamental terracotta palques still display the influence of these three religions.
In terms of acreage, Somapura was the largest of the mahaviharas. It was also quite unusual architecturally. As one scholar described, the complex was dominated by a temple, which was not typical, and further, the temple had "none of the characteristic features of Indian temple architecture, but is strongly reminiscent of Buddhist temples of Burma, Java and Cambodia, reproducing the cruciform basement, terraced structure with inset chambers and gradually dwindling pyramid form . . during the age of the Palas some sort of intercourse between eastern India and south-east Asia existed . . but how this temple type, represented in India by this solitary example, became the standard of Buddhist temple architecture is not known."Another commented, "there can be no doubt that this style of architecture has most profoundly influenced that of Burma, Java and Cambodia. The nearest approximation to the plan and the superstructure of the Paharpur temple is afforded by the temples known as Chandi Loro Jongrang and Chandi Sevu of Prambanam in Central Java.

History:

A number of monasteries grew up during the Pāla period in ancient Bengal and Magadha. According to Tibetan sources, five great Mahaviharas stood out: Vikramashila, the premier university of the era; Nalanda, past its prime but still illustrious, Somapura Mahavihara, Odantapurā, and Jaggadala. The five monasteries formed a network; "all of them were under state supervision" and there existed "a system of co-ordination among them . . it seems from the evidence that the different seats of Buddhist learning that functioned in eastern India under the Pāla were regarded together as forming a network, an interlinked group of institutions," and it was common for great scholars to move easily from position to position among them.
The excavation at Paharpur, and the finding of seals bearing the inscription Shri-Somapure-Shri-Dharmapaladeva-Mahavihariyarya-bhiksu-sangghasya, has identified the Somapura Mahavihara as built by the second Pala king Dharmapala (circa 781-821) of Pāla Dynasty. Some clay seals from the ruins bear the inscription Shri-Somapure-Shri-Dharmapaladeva-Mahavihariyarya-bhiksu-sangghasya.^[7] Tibetan sources, including Tibetan translations of Dharmakayavidhi and Madhyamaka Ratnapradipa, Taranatha's history and Pag-Sam-Jon-Zang, mention that Dharmapala's successor Devapala (circa 810—850) built it after his conquest of Varendra. The Paharpur pillar inscription bears the mention of 5th regnal year of Devapala's successor Mahendrapala (circa 850—854) along with the name of Bhiksu Ajayagarbha. Taranatha's Pag Sam Jon Zang records that the monastery was repaired and renovated during the reign of Mahipala (circa 995—1043 AD).
The Nalanda inscription of Vipulashrimitra records that the monastery was destroyed by fire, which also killed Vipulashrimitra's ancestor Karunashrimitra, during a conquest by the Vanga army in the 11th century, assumed to be an army of the Varman rulers.About a century later Vipulashrimitra renovated the vihara and added a temple of Tara. The restoration work was alluded to as jagatang netraika vishrama bhuh (a singular feast to the eyes of the world).
Atisha Dipankar Srijnan stayed here for many years and translated the Madhyamaka Ratnapradipa into Tibetan. Over time Atish's spiritual preceptor, Ratnakara Shanti served as a sthavira of the vihara, Mahapanditacharya Bodhibhadra served as a resident monk, and several other scholars spent some part of their lives at this monastery including Kalamahapada, Viryendra and Karunashrimitra. Many Tibetan monks visited the Somapura between 9th and 12th centuries
During the rule of the Sena dynasty, known as Karnatadeshatagata Brahmaksatriya, in the second half of the 12th century the vihara started to decline for the last time. It was finally abandoned during the 13th century, when the area came under Muslim occupation.One scholar writes, "The ruins of the temple and monasteries at Pāhāpur do not bear any evident marks of large-scale destruction. The downfall of the establishment, by desertion or destruction, must have been sometime in the midst of the widespread unrest and displacement of population consequent on the Muslim invasion."

Protection:

Somapura was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985. Since then, a series of UNESCO missions has regularly visited the site and helped with the project. Moreover, the UN body also prepared a master plan, involving 5.6 million dollars.
The various terracotta artworks within the site have suffered from serious damage as a result of "lack of proper maintenance, shortage of manpower, fund constraint and heavy rainfall." Furthermore, poor water drainage in the site accompanied by high levels of salinity in the soils has also contributed to decay the terracotta sculptures.Other threats include uncontrolled vegetation, vandalism, climatic conditions, and public trespassing and encroachment.

Central Temple:

The purpose of this central structure at the midst of the courtyard remains unsolved since its discovery. Hence most of the debates generated hitherto on the architecture of Sompur Mahavihara are cantered on the identification its missing superstructure. The reason may be manifold, but the most important one is the non-availability of substantial amount of first hand resource including a comprehensive architectural documentation at the disposal of the researchers. There are different arguments regarding the terminating top of the central structure of Sompur Mahavihara.
Consequently, most of works done so far are mainly based on the findings of the archaeological excavation and studying the artefacts from the archaeological perspective. The first ever study on this monument with documentation was been carried by archaeologist K.N. Dikhist in his, Paharpur, Memoirs of Archaeological Survey in India (1938). Dikhsit was not only concerned with documentation of the archaeological findings, but also concentrates on their interpretation and analysis. He also made an attempt to suggest a probable architectural treatment of the missing parts of the structure through studying the archaeological remains. Till today, this study is considered as the most authentic record of the Sompur Mahavihara.
Prudence R. Myer published the first of such studies in 1969 as a journal paper, in which he proposed the missing superstructure as a stupa and illustrated the possible three-dimensional articulations. Myer embarked on his proposal through a diachronic study of the Stupa and Stupa shrines in India. He took Sompur Mahavihara as an example to elaborate his study and did a conjectural restoration of the central structure in support of his analysis.
The second work was published around thirty years after Myer's proposition. A team of architects from Khulna University lead by Mohammed Ali Naqi has proposed another theoretical reconstruction of the central structure as well as some parts of the peripheral block (mainly the entrance hall) in 1999. This work was also presented in the "International Seminar on Elaboration of an Archaeological Research Strategy for Paharpur World Heritage Site and Its Environment" jointly organized by UNESCO and Department of Archaeology of Bangladesh in 2004. Muhammad Ali Naqi proposed a temple-like spire at the top by considering the central mound as a ‘Stupa-Shrine’ with a ‘Shikhara’ type stupa in his reconstruction.

Travel:

Sompur Bihar at Paharpur is about 270 km by road from Dhaka and it will take about 6 hours to reach Paharpur by bus/taxi/private car if no major stops are made along the way. If one starts from Dhaka, the route shall be Dhaka - Savar - Chandra - Tangail - Jamuna Bridge - Hatikamrul - Bogra - Joypurhat - Paharpur. The best way to tour the site is to first reach Bogra and visit Mahasthangarh and stay at Parjatan Hotel overnight and then hire a taxi to go to Paharpur via Joypurhat on the next day. Sompur Bihar is about 68 km from Bogra via Joypurhat and it will take about two hours to reach the site by taxi.

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