Tech-Forever learn 5G /NR/ 4G

3GPP Release 9 – Date 2009

2020-05-29T21:43:00.001+05:30

3GPP Release 9 – Date 2009

Release 9 brought a number of refinements to features introduced in Release 8, along with new developments to the network architecture and new service features. These included:

introduction of LTE femtocells in the form of the Home eNodeB (HeNB)
self-organizing network (SON) features, such as optimization of the random access channel
evolved multimedia broadcast and multicast service (eMBMS) for the efficient delivery of the same multimedia content to multiple destinations
location services (LCS) to pinpoint the location of a mobile device.
Femto Cell as LTE Home eNodeB
MIMO Beam-forming
LTE Positioning Services
Public Warning System Enhancement – Commercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS)

Femtocell is actually alittle cell utilized in offices or homes and connected to providers’ networks through landline broadband connection. LTE femtocell new requirements were added to release 9 to use LTE within the small cell deployments

Reference

1 https://www.unwiredinsight.com/2012/3gpp-lte-releases

2 https://www.3gpp.org/specifications/releases/71-release-9

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3GPP Release 9 – Date 2009

2020-05-29T21:43:00.000+05:30

3GPP Release 9 – Date 2009

Release 9 brought a number of refinements to features introduced in Release 8, along with new developments to the network architecture and new service features. These included:

introduction of LTE femtocells in the form of the Home eNodeB (HeNB)
self-organizing network (SON) features, such as optimization of the random access channel
evolved multimedia broadcast and multicast service (eMBMS) for the efficient delivery of the same multimedia content to multiple destinations
location services (LCS) to pinpoint the location of a mobile device.
Femto Cell as LTE Home eNodeB
MIMO Beam-forming
LTE Positioning Services
Public Warning System Enhancement – Commercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS)

Reference

1 https://www.unwiredinsight.com/2012/3gpp-lte-releases

2 https://www.3gpp.org/specifications/releases/71-release-9

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3GPP Release 8 – Date 2008

2020-05-29T21:41:00.002+05:30

3GPP Release 8 – Date 2008

Release 8 introduced in 2008

LTE for the first time, with a completely new radio interface and core network, enabling substantially improved data performance compared with previous systems. Highlights included:

§ High peak data rates: up to 300Mbit/s downlink and 75Mbit/s uplink

§ latency down to 10ms

§ implementation in bandwidths of 1.4, 3,5 , 10, 15 or 20MHz, to allow for different deployment scenarios

§ orthogonal frequency domain multiple access (OFDMA) downlink

§ single-carrier frequency domain multiple access (SC-FDMA) uplink

§ multiple input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas

§ flat radio network architecture, with no equivalent to the GSM BSC or UMTS RNC, and functionality distributed among the base stations (eNodeBs)

§ all IP core network, the System Architecture Evolution (SAE).

Reference

1 https://www.3gpp.org/specifications/67-releases

2 https://www.unwiredinsight.com/2012/3gpp-lte-releases

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3GPP Release 8 – Date 2008

2020-05-29T21:41:00.001+05:30

3GPP Release 8 – Date 2008

Release 8 introduced in 2008

LTE for the first time, with a completely new radio interface and core network, enabling substantially improved data performance compared with previous systems. Highlights included:

§ High peak data rates: up to 300Mbit/s downlink and 75Mbit/s uplink

§ latency down to 10ms

§ implementation in bandwidths of 1.4, 3,5 , 10, 15 or 20MHz, to allow for different deployment scenarios

§ orthogonal frequency domain multiple access (OFDMA) downlink

§ single-carrier frequency domain multiple access (SC-FDMA) uplink

§ multiple input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas

§ flat radio network architecture, with no equivalent to the GSM BSC or UMTS RNC, and functionality distributed among the base stations (eNodeBs)

§ all IP core network, the System Architecture Evolution (SAE).

Reference

1 https://www.3gpp.org/specifications/67-releases

2 https://www.unwiredinsight.com/2012/3gpp-lte-releases

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3GPP Release 10 –Date 2011

2020-05-29T21:40:00.002+05:30

3GPP Release 10 –Date 2011

Release 10 provided a substantial uplift to the capacity and throughput of the LTE system and also took steps to improve the system performance for mobile devices located at some distance from a base station. Notable features included:

up to 3Gbit/s downlink and 1.5Gbit/s uplink
carrier aggregation (CA), allowing the combination of up to five separate carriers to enable bandwidths up to 100MHz
higher order MIMO antenna configurations up to 8×8 downlink and 4×4 uplink
relay nodes to support Heterogeneous Networks (“HetNets”) containing a wide variety of cell sizes
enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC) to improve performance towards the edge of cells.

reference

1 https://www.3gpp.org/specifications/releases/70-release-10

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3GPP Release 10 –Date 2011

2020-05-29T21:40:00.001+05:30

3GPP Release 10 –Date 2011

up to 3Gbit/s downlink and 1.5Gbit/s uplink
carrier aggregation (CA), allowing the combination of up to five separate carriers to enable bandwidths up to 100MHz
higher order MIMO antenna configurations up to 8×8 downlink and 4×4 uplink
relay nodes to support Heterogeneous Networks (“HetNets”) containing a wide variety of cell sizes
enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC) to improve performance towards the edge of cells.

reference

1 https://www.3gpp.org/specifications/releases/70-release-10

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3GPP Release 11 – Date 2013

2020-05-29T21:39:00.002+05:30

3GPP Release 11 – Date 2013

Release 11 will build on the platform of Release 10 with a number of refinements to existing capabilities, including:

enhancements to Carrier Aggregation, MIMO, relay nodes and eICIC
introduction of new frequency bands
coordinated multipoint transmission and reception to enable simultaneous communication with multiple cells
advanced receivers.

reference

1 https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Information/WORK_PLAN/Description_Releases/

2 https://www.unwiredinsight.com/2012/3gpp-lte-releases

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3GPP Release 11 – Date 2013

2020-05-29T21:39:00.001+05:30

3GPP Release 11 – Date 2013

Release 11 will build on the platform of Release 10 with a number of refinements to existing capabilities, including:

enhancements to Carrier Aggregation, MIMO, relay nodes and eICIC
introduction of new frequency bands
coordinated multipoint transmission and reception to enable simultaneous communication with multiple cells
advanced receivers.

reference

1 https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Information/WORK_PLAN/Description_Releases/

2 https://www.unwiredinsight.com/2012/3gpp-lte-releases

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3GPP Release 12 – Date 2014

2020-05-29T21:38:00.001+05:30

3GPP Release 12 – Date 2014

Release 12 was largely completed on-time in March 2015, with a few exceptional features allowed an extension to later in the year.

Other important features completed in Release 12 include: Small cells and Network densification, D2D, LTE TDD-FDD joint operation including Carrier Aggregation, Security Assurance Methodology (SECAM) for 3GPP Nodes and the integration of WiFi in to mobile operator's offerings

Potential features for Release 12 were discussed at a 3GPP workshop in Slovenia in June 2012. A strong requirement was the need to support the rapid increase in mobile data usage, but other items included the efficient support of diverse applications while ensuring a high quality user experience. Some of the candidates for Release 12 included:

enhanced small cells for LTE, introducing a number of features to improve the support of HetNets
inter-site carrier aggregation, to mix and match the capabilities and backhaul of adjacent cells
new antenna techniques and advanced receivers to maximise the potential of large cells
interworking between LTE and WiFi or HSPDA
further developments of previous technologies.

reference

1 https://www.3gpp.org/specifications/releases/68-release-12

2 https://www.3gpp.org/specifications/releases/

3 https://www.unwiredinsight.com/2012/3gpp-lte-releases

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3GPP Release 12 – Date 2014

2020-05-29T21:38:00.000+05:30

3GPP Release 12 – Date 2014

Release 12 was largely completed on-time in March 2015, with a few exceptional features allowed an extension to later in the year.

enhanced small cells for LTE, introducing a number of features to improve the support of HetNets
inter-site carrier aggregation, to mix and match the capabilities and backhaul of adjacent cells
new antenna techniques and advanced receivers to maximise the potential of large cells
interworking between LTE and WiFi or HSPDA
further developments of previous technologies.

reference

1 https://www.3gpp.org/specifications/releases/68-release-12

2 https://www.3gpp.org/specifications/releases/

3 https://www.unwiredinsight.com/2012/3gpp-lte-releases

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3GPP Release 14 - 2017

2020-05-28T22:01:00.001+05:30

3GPP Release 14 - 2017

3GPP wont to maintain Release Descriptions here for all different releases but have stopped doing that since 2014. For Release-14, a replacement document "3GPP TR 21.914: Release 14 Description; Summary of Rel-14 Work Items" is now available here.

Release 14 focusses on the following items:

Improving the Mission Critical aspects, especially with the introduction of Video and Data services
Introducing the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) aspects, especially the Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2)
Improving the Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) aspects, with 2G, 3G and 4G support of Machine-Type of Communications (MTC)
Improving the radio interface, especially by enhancing the aspects associated with coordination with WLAN and unlicensed spectrum
A set of uncorrelated improvements, e.g. on Voice over LTE (VoLTE), IMS, Location reporting.
Performance enhancements for high speed
Multi-Band BS testing with three or more bands
Measurement Gap Enhancement for LTE
Radiated performance requirements for the verification of multi-antenna reception of UEs
LTE bandwidth flexibility enhancements

The continuation of this document provides an exhaustive view of all the things specified by 3GPP in Release 14.

Reference : -

1 https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/21_series/21.914/

2 https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Information/WORK_PLAN/Description_Releases/

3 http://www.techplayon.com/3gpp-release-14/

4 https://blog.3g4g.co.uk/2017/12/summary-of-3gpp-release-14-work-items.html

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3GPP Release 14 - 2017

2020-05-28T22:01:00.000+05:30

3GPP Release 14 - 2017

Release 14 focusses on the following items:

Improving the Mission Critical aspects, especially with the introduction of Video and Data services
Introducing the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) aspects, especially the Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2)
Improving the Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) aspects, with 2G, 3G and 4G support of Machine-Type of Communications (MTC)
Improving the radio interface, especially by enhancing the aspects associated with coordination with WLAN and unlicensed spectrum
A set of uncorrelated improvements, e.g. on Voice over LTE (VoLTE), IMS, Location reporting.
Performance enhancements for high speed
Multi-Band BS testing with three or more bands
Measurement Gap Enhancement for LTE
Radiated performance requirements for the verification of multi-antenna reception of UEs
LTE bandwidth flexibility enhancements

The continuation of this document provides an exhaustive view of all the things specified by 3GPP in Release 14.

Reference : -

1 https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/21_series/21.914/

2 https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Information/WORK_PLAN/Description_Releases/

3 http://www.techplayon.com/3gpp-release-14/

4 https://blog.3g4g.co.uk/2017/12/summary-of-3gpp-release-14-work-items.html

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3GPP Release 13 – Date 2016

2020-05-28T21:58:00.001+05:30

3GPP Release 13 – Date 2016

3GPP Release 13 first release was frozen in March 2016. It was delivered to reality with quite extensive set of latest functionalities as compared to LTE-Advanced. They are summarized below.

LTE in unlicensed spectrum

Carrier Aggregation enhancements

LTE enhancements for Machine-Type Communications (MTC)

Enhancements for D2D

Elevation Beamforming / Full-Dimension MIMO

Indoor positioning

Single-cell Point-to-Multipoint (SC-PTM)

Reference

1 https://www.3gpp.org/news-events/1628-rel13

2 http://www.techplayon.com/3gpp-release-13/

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3GPP Release 13 – Date 2016

2020-05-28T21:58:00.000+05:30

3GPP Release 13 – Date 2016

3GPP Release 13 first release was frozen in March 2016. It was delivered to reality with quite extensive set of latest functionalities as compared to LTE-Advanced. They are summarized below.

LTE in unlicensed spectrum

Carrier Aggregation enhancements

LTE enhancements for Machine-Type Communications (MTC)

Enhancements for D2D

Elevation Beamforming / Full-Dimension MIMO

Indoor positioning

Single-cell Point-to-Multipoint (SC-PTM)

Reference

1 https://www.3gpp.org/news-events/1628-rel13

2 http://www.techplayon.com/3gpp-release-13/

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3GPP Release 15 - Date 2018

2020-05-28T21:57:00.001+05:30

3GPP Release 15 - 2018

After initial delivery in late 2017 of ‘Non-Stand-Alone’ (NSA) NR new radio specifications for 5G, a lot of effort centered in 2018 on timely completion of 3GPP unharness fifteen – the primary full set of 5G standards – and on work to pass the first milestones for the 3GPP submission towards IMT-2020.

2019 NR schedule late drop pic3While initial specifications enabled non-standalone 5G radio systems integrated in previous-generation LTE networks, the scope of unharness fifteen expands to hide ‘standalone’ 5G, with a brand new radio system complemented by a next-generation core network. It additionally embraces enhancements to LTE and, implicitly, the Evolved Packet Core (EPC). this significant way-point permits vendors to progress quickly with chip style and initial network implementation throughout 2019.

Peak data rates

The ability to transmit gargantuan amounts of knowledge at a faster, smoother rate may be a big part of Release 15’s bragging rights. this is often mentioned as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), and its goal as a part of the 5G network is to deliver up to 10 Gbps peak throughput, 1 Gbps throughput in high mobility, and a lower cost per bit per hertz transmitted.

URLLC and MTC

eMBB is merely one among some ways network standards are improving. Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications and large Machine Type Communication (mMTC) also are included in Release 15. URLLC and mMTC are specifically designed to facilitate communication between devices and things (IoT), instead of facilitating communication between people. Though they need different functional necessities than eMBB, these two communication types are vital in an evolving world of IoT and key to the longer term of automation.

Wider bandwidths

Release 15 also will propagate wider bandwidths for 5G NR. Wi-Fi and cellular networks are inherently limited by the sort and amount of spectrum they support. Hence the millimeter wavelengths related to 5G NR network–these millimeter wavelengths accompany massive channel sizes that are necessary to deliver multi-gigabit connectivity.

Network capacity expansion

To facilitate the continued and continued expansion of knowledge volume, operators are investing massively in network densification efforts. While this trend is additionally prevalent in LTE networks, 5G networks, particularly those using millimeter-wave frequencies, would require massive densification at the street-level driven by small cell installation.

New signal processing practices

The requirements of 5G NR are complex, and therefore the need for a mixture of low-latency and high algorithm density has caused the event of latest and advanced signal processing practices. this may allow 5G to hide more ground faster, and, over a broader range of devices.

3GPP Release 15 is offering huge advancements within the way we communicate with one another, and therefore the way the devices we use a day hook up with the planet around us.

reference

1 https://www.rcrwireless.com/20181211/5g/3gpp-release-15

2 https://www.3gpp.org/release-15

3 https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regional-Presence/AsiaPacific/SiteAssets/Pages/ITU-ASP-CoE-Training-on-/session7_5G%20networks%20and%203GPP%20release%2015.pdf

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3GPP Release 15 - Date 2018

2020-05-28T21:57:00.000+05:30

3GPP Release 15 - 2018

Peak data rates

URLLC and MTC

Wider bandwidths

Network capacity expansion

New signal processing practices

3GPP Release 15 is offering huge advancements within the way we communicate with one another, and therefore the way the devices we use a day hook up with the planet around us.

reference

1 https://www.rcrwireless.com/20181211/5g/3gpp-release-15

2 https://www.3gpp.org/release-15

3 https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regional-Presence/AsiaPacific/SiteAssets/Pages/ITU-ASP-CoE-Training-on-/session7_5G%20networks%20and%203GPP%20release%2015.pdf

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3GPP Release 16 - Date 2019

2020-05-28T21:56:00.002+05:30

3GPP release 16 - Date 2019

The most notable enhancements to existing features in release 16 are within the areas of multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) and beamforming enhancements, dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS), dual connectivity (DC), and carrier aggregation (CA), and user equipment (UE) power saving.

Multiple-input, multiple-output and beamforming enhancements

Release 16 introduces enhanced beam handling and channel-state information (CSI) feedback, likewise as support for transmission to one UE from multiple transmission points (multi-TRP) and full-power transmission from multiple UE antennas within the uplink (UL). These enhancements increase throughput, reduce overhead, and/or provide additional robustness. Additional mobility enhancements enable reduced handover delays, particularly when applied to beam-management mechanisms used for deployments in millimeter (mm) wavebands.

Dynamic spectrum sharing

DSS provides an economical and efficient solution for enabling a smooth transition from 4G to 5G by allowing LTE and NR to share the identical carrier. In release 16, the quantity of rate-matching patterns available in NR has been increased to permit spectrum sharing when CA is employed for LTE.

Dual connectivity and carrier aggregation

Release 16 reduces latency for setup and activation of CA/DC, thereby resulting in improved system capacity and therefore the ability to attain higher data rates. Unlike release 15, where measurement configuration and reporting doesn't happen until the UE enters the fully connected state, in release 16 the connection may be resumed after periods of inactivity without the requirement for extensive signaling for configuration and reporting . Additionally, release 16 introduces aperiodic triggering of CSI reference signal transmissions just in case of the aggregation of carriers with different numerology.

User equipment power saving

To reduce UE power consumption, release 16 includes a reveille together with enhancements to regulate signaling and scheduling mechanisms .

5G NR release 16 – new verticals and deployment scenarios

The most notable new verticals and deployment scenarios addressed in release 16 are within the areas of:

Integrated access and backhaul (IAB)
Features associated with Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC)
Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and vehicle-to-anything (V2X) communications
Positioning.
Integrated access and backhauling
5GS Enhanced support of Vertical and LAN Services
Cellular IoT support and evolution
Advanced V2X support
5G Location and Positioning Services
UE radio capability signaling optimization
Satellite Access in 5G
Enablers for Network Automation Architecture for 5G
Wireless and Wireline Convergence Enhancement
Mission Critical, Public Warning, Railways and Maritime
Streaming and TV
User Identities, Authentication, multi-device
(Network) Slicing
Other cross-TSG Release 16 Features
NR-related Release 16 Features
Release 16 Features impacting both LTE and NR
LTE-related Release 16 Features

IAB provides an alternate to fiber backhaul by extending NR to support wireless backhaul [8]. As a result, it's possible to use NR for a wireless link from central locations to distributed cell sites and between cell sites. this will simplify the deployment of small cells, for instance, and be useful for temporary deployments for special events or emergency situations. IAB may be utilized in any waveband during which NR can operate. However, it's anticipated that the mm-wave spectrum is the foremost relevant spectrum for the backhaul link. Furthermore, the access link may either operate within the same waveband because of the backhaul link (known as inband operation) or by employing a separate waveband (out-of-band operation).

reference

1 https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-papers/ericsson-technology-review/articles/5g-nr-evolution?gclid=CjwKCAjwh472BRAGEiwAvHVfGshdglBYObt2dtsYsrJPRYs-7EWhMIRQgfLV63XVd78VQLUKs9YbYBoCeoEQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds

2 https://www.3gpp.org/release-16

3 https://techblog.comsoc.org/2019/10/06/3gpp-release-16-update-5g-phase-2-including-urllc-to-be-completed-in-june-2020/

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3GPP Release 16 - Date 2019

2020-05-28T21:56:00.001+05:30

3GPP release 16 - Date 2019

Multiple-input, multiple-output and beamforming enhancements

Dynamic spectrum sharing

Dual connectivity and carrier aggregation

User equipment power saving

To reduce UE power consumption, release 16 includes a reveille together with enhancements to regulate signaling and scheduling mechanisms .

5G NR release 16 – new verticals and deployment scenarios

The most notable new verticals and deployment scenarios addressed in release 16 are within the areas of:

Integrated access and backhaul (IAB)
Features associated with Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC)
Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and vehicle-to-anything (V2X) communications
Positioning.
Integrated access and backhauling
5GS Enhanced support of Vertical and LAN Services
Cellular IoT support and evolution
Advanced V2X support
5G Location and Positioning Services
UE radio capability signaling optimization
Satellite Access in 5G
Enablers for Network Automation Architecture for 5G
Wireless and Wireline Convergence Enhancement
Mission Critical, Public Warning, Railways and Maritime
Streaming and TV
User Identities, Authentication, multi-device
(Network) Slicing
Other cross-TSG Release 16 Features
NR-related Release 16 Features
Release 16 Features impacting both LTE and NR
LTE-related Release 16 Features

reference

2 https://www.3gpp.org/release-16

3 https://techblog.comsoc.org/2019/10/06/3gpp-release-16-update-5g-phase-2-including-urllc-to-be-completed-in-june-2020/

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3GPP release 17 - 2020

2020-05-28T21:54:00.003+05:30

3GPP release 17 - 2020

The work items approved by the 3GPP in December 2019 will end in the introduction of recent features for the three main use case families: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), URLLC, and large machine-type communications (mMTC). the aim is to support the expected growth in mobile data traffic, additionally as customizing NR for automotive, logistics, public safety, media, and manufacturing use cases. The enhancements to existing features introduced in release 17 are for functionality already deployed in live NR networks or relate to specific new requirements that are emerging within the market. The table presented in Table 1 summarizes the scope of the enhancements to existing NR features in release 17, while the table in Table 2 summarizes the scope of the new features

3GPP release 17

The increase in 3GPP releases 16 and 17 will play a key role in increasing both the supply and usefulness of 5G New Radio and can utilize a large range of recent applications and cases in both industry and public services. so as to more easily digest the small print of those two releases, we've got identified what we fancy to be the foremost important enhancements and are divided into two categories: enhancements to existing features and features that provide new vertical and deployment scenarios Allows.

reference

1 https://techblog.comsoc.org/2019/10/06/3gpp-release-16-update-5g-phase-2-including-urllc-to-be-completed-in-june-2020/

2 https://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/FeatureListFrameSet.htm

3 https://www.3gpp.org/images/articleimages/Releases/rel_17_overviewonly.jpg

4 https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-papers/ericsson-technology-review/articles/5g-nr-evolution?gclid=CjwKCAjwh472BRAGEiwAvHVfGshdglBYObt2dtsYsrJPRYs-7EWhMIRQgfLV63XVd78VQLUKs9YbYBoCeoEQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds

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3GPP release 17 - 2020

2020-05-28T21:54:00.002+05:30

3GPP release 17 - 2020

3GPP release 17

reference

1 https://techblog.comsoc.org/2019/10/06/3gpp-release-16-update-5g-phase-2-including-urllc-to-be-completed-in-june-2020/

2 https://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/FeatureListFrameSet.htm

3 https://www.3gpp.org/images/articleimages/Releases/rel_17_overviewonly.jpg

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How is 5G better than 4G?

2020-05-22T08:16:00.004+05:30

How is 5G better than 4G?

There are several reasons that 5G are visiting be better than 4G:

• 5G is much faster than 4G

• 5G has quite 4G capacity

• 5G has significantly lower latency than 4G

• 5G is an integrated platform that's more efficient than 4G

• Uses 5G spectrum better than 4G

https://pixabay.com/illustrations/the-internet-5g-technology-free-4899254/

5G is an integrated platform that's more efficient than 4G.

While 4G LTE has focused on delivering mobile broadband services much faster than 3G, 5G has been made an integrated, more capable platform that not only enhances mobile broadband experiences, but also the mission. -It also supports critical communications and large-scale new services like IoT. 5G can support basically all spectrum types (licensed, shared, unlicensed) and band (low, middle, high) with deployment models (from traditional macro-cells to hotspots), and a decent range of interconnecting. New methods (such as devices) -to-devices and multi-hop meshes).

5G uses better spectrum than 4G.

5G is additionally available in an exceedingly big selection of accessible spectrum regulatory paradigms and there are bands from the lower band of the middle band ranging from 1 GHz to 6 GHz for each band to urge the foremost out of the spectrum for each band. because the milia wave. (MmWave).

5G is quicker than 4G.

5G is also significantly faster than 4G, delivering 20 gigabits-per-second (Gbps) peak data rates and 100+ megabits-per-second (Mbps) average data rates.

5G has more capacity than 4G.

The 5G is meant to support a 100-fold increase in traffic capacity and network efficiency. 1

5G incorporates a lower latency than 4G.

5G has significantly lower latency to provide more instantaneous, real-time access: a 10x reduction in end-to-end latency of up to 1ms.1

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How is 5G better than 4G?

2020-05-22T08:16:00.003+05:30

How is 5G better than 4G?

There are several reasons that 5G are visiting be better than 4G:

• 5G is much faster than 4G

• 5G has quite 4G capacity

• 5G has significantly lower latency than 4G

• 5G is an integrated platform that's more efficient than 4G

• Uses 5G spectrum better than 4G

https://pixabay.com/illustrations/the-internet-5g-technology-free-4899254/

5G is an integrated platform that's more efficient than 4G.

5G uses better spectrum than 4G.

5G is quicker than 4G.

5G is also significantly faster than 4G, delivering 20 gigabits-per-second (Gbps) peak data rates and 100+ megabits-per-second (Mbps) average data rates.

5G has more capacity than 4G.

The 5G is meant to support a 100-fold increase in traffic capacity and network efficiency. 1

5G incorporates a lower latency than 4G.

5G has significantly lower latency to provide more instantaneous, real-time access: a 10x reduction in end-to-end latency of up to 1ms.1

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What is 5G?

2020-05-20T21:17:00.007+05:30

What is 5G?

5G is that the fifth-generation technology. it's many advanced features which are sufficient to unravel many problems of our earthly life. this can be beneficial for the govt., because it can make governance easier; for college kids, because it can make advanced courses, classes, and materials available online; it's also easy for the people, because it can provide the internet facility everywhere. So, this tutorial is split into different chapters and explained thoroughly about 5G technology, its applications, challenges etc.

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5G standardization

Like all widely used systems, 5G is governed by a range of mobile communication standards. Building on 2G GSM, 3G UMTS, and then 4G LTE, the 5G standards fall under the auspices of the 3GPP - Third Generation Partnership Project.

3GPP consists of many different working groups, each addressing different elements of the required standards. They attract industry experts who serve their time and are sponsored by relevant mobile communications companies. In this way standards are written and developed.

By being a core industry organization that controls standards, interested parties are able to influence standards to ensure that the required functionality is achieved. Even as a standard international not only different companies work on different elements of the system and know that they will work for each other, but also for the user, capabilities such as roaming are available, and as a result phone, call Etc. costs are reduced. Saving scale, etc.

The 3GPP standards are updated as specific releases - each release refining elements that are already described, and introducing new functionality. Previous releases were GSM, UMTS, and LTE standards. As 5G began to evolve, it also joined the standards.

reference

1 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/5g/index.htm

2 https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/5g/what-is-5g

3 https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/connectivity/5g-mobile-wireless-cellular/technology-basics.php

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What is 5G?

2020-05-20T21:17:00.006+05:30

What is 5G?

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5G standardization

reference

1 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/5g/index.htm

2 https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/5g/what-is-5g

3 https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/connectivity/5g-mobile-wireless-cellular/technology-basics.php

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5G Frequency bands and channel bandwidths

2020-05-19T22:51:00.003+05:30

5G Frequency bands and channel bandwidths

the NR bands are defined with a prefix of "n". When the NR band is overlapping with the 4G LTE band, they share the same band number.

Frequency Range 1

Frequency Range 2

Frequency range designation	Corresponding frequency range
FR1	410 MHz – 7125 MHz
FR2	24250 MHz – 52600 MHz

Frequency Range 1

NR operating band	Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive / UE transmit F_{UL_low} – F_{UL_high}	Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit / UE receive F_{DL_low} – F_{DL_high}	Duplex Mode
n1	1920 MHz – 1980 MHz	2110 MHz – 2170 MHz	FDD
n2	1850 MHz – 1910 MHz	1930 MHz – 1990 MHz	FDD
n3	1710 MHz – 1785 MHz	1805 MHz – 1880 MHz	FDD
n5	824 MHz – 849 MHz	869 MHz – 894 MHz	FDD
n7	2500 MHz – 2570 MHz	2620 MHz – 2690 MHz	FDD
n8	880 MHz – 915 MHz	925 MHz – 960 MHz	FDD
n12	699 MHz – 716 MHz	729 MHz – 746 MHz	FDD
n14	788 MHz – 798 MHz	758 MHz – 768 MHz	FDD
n18	815 MHz – 830 MHz	860 MHz – 875 MHz	FDD
n20	832 MHz – 862 MHz	791 MHz – 821 MHz	FDD
n25	1850 MHz – 1915 MHz	1930 MHz – 1995 MHz	FDD
n26	814 MHz – 849 MHz	859 MHz – 894 MHz	FDD
n28	703 MHz – 748 MHz	758 MHz – 803 MHz	FDD
n29	N/A	717 MHz – 728 MHz	SDL
n30³	2305 Mhz – 2315 MHz	2350 MHz – 2360 MHz	FDD
n34	2010 MHz – 2025 MHz	2010 MHz – 2025 MHz	TDD
n38	2570 MHz – 2620 MHz	2570 MHz – 2620 MHz	TDD
n39	1880 MHz – 1920 MHz	1880 MHz – 1920 MHz	TDD
n40	2300 MHz – 2400 MHz	2300 MHz – 2400 MHz	TDD
n41	2496 MHz – 2690 MHz	2496 MHz – 2690 MHz	TDD
n48	3550 MHz – 3700 MHz	3550 MHz – 3700 MHz	TDD
n50	1432 MHz – 1517 MHz	1432 MHz – 1517 MHz	TDD¹
n51	1427 MHz – 1432 MHz	1427 MHz – 1432 MHz	TDD
n53	2483.5 MHz – 2495 MHz	2483.5 MHz – 2495 MHz	TDD
n65	1920 MHz – 2010 MHz	2110 MHz – 2200 MHz	FDD⁴
n66	1710 MHz – 1780 MHz	2110 MHz – 2200 MHz	FDD
n70	1695 MHz – 1710 MHz	1995 MHz – 2020 MHz	FDD
n71	663 MHz – 698 MHz	617 MHz – 652 MHz	FDD
n74	1427 MHz – 1470 MHz	1475 MHz – 1518 MHz	FDD
n75	N/A	1432 MHz – 1517 MHz	SDL
n76	N/A	1427 MHz – 1432 MHz	SDL
n77	3300 MHz – 4200 MHz	3300 MHz – 4200 MHz	TDD
n78	3300 MHz – 3800 MHz	3300 MHz – 3800 MHz	TDD
n79	4400 MHz – 5000 MHz	4400 MHz – 5000 MHz	TDD
n80	1710 MHz – 1785 MHz	N/A	SUL
n81	880 MHz – 915 MHz	N/A	SUL
n82	832 MHz – 862 MHz	N/A	SUL
n83	703 MHz – 748 MHz	N/A	SUL
n84	1920 MHz – 1980 MHz	N/A	SUL
n86	1710 MHz – 1780 MHz	N/A	SUL
n89	824 MHz – 849 MHz	N/A	SUL
n90	2496 MHz – 2690 MHz	2496 MHz – 2690 MHz	TDD⁵
n91	832 MHz – 862 MHz	1427 MHz – 1432 MHz	FDD⁹
n92	832 MHz – 862 MHz	1432 MHz – 1517 MHz	FDD⁹
n93	880 MHz – 915 MHz	1427 MHz – 1432 MHz	FDD⁹
n94	880 MHz – 915 MHz	1432 MHz – 1517 MHz	FDD⁹
n95⁸	2010 MHz – 2025 MHz	N/A	SUL

NOTE 1: UE that complies with the NR Band n50 minimum requirements in this specification shall also comply with the NR Band n51 minimum requirements.

NOTE 2: UE that complies with the NR Band n75 minimum requirements in this specification shall also comply with the NR Band n76 minimum requirements.

NOTE 3: Uplink transmission is not allowed at this band for UE with external vehicle-mounted antennas.

NOTE 4: A UE that complies with the NR Band n65 minimum requirements in this specification shall also comply with the NR Band n1 minimum requirements.

NOTE 5: Unless otherwise stated, the applicability of requirements for Band n90 is in accordance with that for Band n41; a UE supporting Band n90 shall meet the requirements for Band n41. A UE supporting Band n90 shall also support band n41.

NOTE 6: A UE that supports NR Band n66 shall receive in the entire DL operating band.

NOTE 7: A UE that supports NR Band n66 and CA operation in any CA band shall also comply with the minimum requirements specified for the DL CA configurations CA_n66B and CA_n66(2A) in the current version of the specification.

NOTE 8: This band is applicable in China only.

NOTE 9: Variable duplex operation does not enable dynamic variable duplex configuration by the network, and is used such that DL and UL frequency ranges are supported independently in any valid frequency range for the band.

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Frequency Range 2

Band	ƒ (GHz)	Common name	Subset of band	Uplink / Downlink^{[B 1]} (GHz)	Channel bandwidths^[5] (MHz)
n257	28	LMDS		26.50 – 29.50	50, 100, 200, 400
n258	26	K-band		24.25 – 27.50	50, 100, 200, 400
n260	39	Ka-band		37.00 – 40.00	50, 100, 200, 400
n261	28	Ka-band	n257	27.50 – 28.35	50, 100, 200, 400

Reference

1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G_NR_frequency_bands#Frequency_Range_2

2 3GPP TS 38.101-1V16.3.0(2020-03)

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