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Tsunami

2011-06-06T06:40:00.000-07:00

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For other uses, see Tsunami (disambiguation).

A destroyed town in Sumatra after being hit by a tsunami, caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

A tsunami (plural: tsunamis or tsunami; from Japanese: 津波, lit. "harbor wave";^[1] English pronunciation: /suːˈnɑːmi/ soo-nah-mee or /tsuːˈnɑːmi/ tsoo-nah-mee^[2]), also called a tsunami wave train,^[3] and at one time referred to as a tidal wave, is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, usually an ocean, though it can occur in large lakes. Tsunamis are a frequent occurrence in Japan; approximately 195 events have been recorded.^[4] Owing to the immense volumes of water and the high energy involved, tsunamis can devastate coastal regions.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides glacier calvings^[5] and other mass movements, meteorite ocean impacts or similar impact events, and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.
The Greek historian Thucydides was the first to relate tsunami to submarine earthquakes,^[6]^[7] but the understanding of a tsunami's nature remained slim until the 20th century and is the subject of ongoing research. Many early geological, geographical, and oceanographic texts refer to tsunamis as "seismic sea waves."
Some meteorological conditions, such as deep depressions that cause tropical cyclones, can generate a storm surge, called a meteotsunami, which can raise tides several metres above normal levels. The displacement comes from low atmospheric pressure within the centre of the depression. As these storm surges reach shore, they may resemble (though are not) tsunamis, inundating vast areas of land.

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Etymology and history

Lisbon earthquake and tsunami in 1755

The Russians of Pavel Lebedev-Lastochkin in Japan, with their ships tossed inland by a tsunami, meeting some Japanese in 1779

The term tsunami comes from the Japanese 津波, composed of the two kanji 津 (tsu) meaning "harbor" and 波 (nami), meaning "wave". (For the plural, one can either follow ordinary English practice and add an s, or use an invariable plural as in the Japanese.^[8])
Tsunami are sometimes referred to as tidal waves. In recent years, this term has fallen out of favor, especially in the scientific community, because tsunami actually have nothing to do with tides. The once-popular term derives from their most common appearance, which is that of an extraordinarily high tidal bore. Tsunami and tides both produce waves of water that move inland, but in the case of tsunami the inland movement of water is much greater and lasts for a longer period, giving the impression of an incredibly high tide. Although the meanings of "tidal" include "resembling"^[9] or "having the form or character of"^[10] the tides, and the term tsunami is no more accurate because tsunami are not limited to harbours, use of the term tidal wave is discouraged by geologists and oceanographers.
There are only a few other languages that have an equivalent native word. In the Tamil language, the word is aazhi peralai. In the Acehnese language, it is ië beuna or alôn buluëk^[11] (Depending on the dialect. Note that in the fellow Austronesian language of Tagalog, a major language in the Philippines, alon means "wave".) On Simeulue island, off the western coast of Sumatra in Indonesia, in the Defayan language the word is smong, while in the Sigulai language it is emong.^[12]

Main article: Historic tsunami

As early as 426 B.C. the Greek historian Thucydides inquired in his book History of the Peloponnesian War about the causes of tsunami, and was the first to argue that ocean earthquakes must be the cause.^[6]^[7]

The cause, in my opinion, of this phenomenon must be sought in the earthquake. At the point where its shock has been the most violent the sea is driven back, and suddenly recoiling with redoubled force, causes the inundation. Without an earthquake I do not see how such an accident could happen.^[13]

The Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus (Res Gestae 26.10.15-19) described the typical sequence of a tsunami, including an incipient earthquake, the sudden retreat of the sea and a following gigantic wave, after the 365 A.D. tsunami devastated Alexandria.^[14]^[15]
While Japan may have the longest recorded history of tsunamis, the sheer destruction caused by the 2004 earthquake and tsunami event mark it as the most devastating of its kind in modern times, killing around 230,000 people. The Sumatran region is not unused to tsunamis either, with earthquakes of varying magnitudes regularly occurring off the coast of the island.^[16]

Generation mechanisms

The principal generation mechanism (or cause) of a tsunami is the displacement of a substantial volume of water or perturbation of the sea.^[17] This displacement of water is usually attributed to either earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions,glacier calvings or more rarely by meteorites and nuclear tests.^[18]^[19] The waves formed in this way are then sustained by gravity. Tides do not play any part in the generation of tsunamis.

Tsunami generated by seismicity

Tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with the Earth's crustal deformation; when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position.^[20] More specifically, a tsunami can be generated when thrust faults associated with convergent or destructive plate boundaries move abruptly, resulting in water displacement, owing to the vertical component of movement involved. Movement on normal faults will also cause displacement of the seabed, but the size of the largest of such events is normally too small to give rise to a significant tsunami.

Drawing of tectonic plate boundary before earthquake
Overriding plate bulges under strain, causing tectonic uplift.
Plate slips, causing subsidence and releasing energy into water.
The energy released produces tsunami waves.

Tsunamis have a small amplitude (wave height) offshore, and a very long wavelength (often hundreds of kilometers long, whereas normal ocean waves have a wavelength of only 30 or 40 metres),^[21] which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually about 300 millimetres (12 in) above the normal sea surface. They grow in height when they reach shallower water, in a wave shoaling process described below. A tsunami can occur in any tidal state and even at low tide can still inundate coastal areas.
On April 1, 1946, a magnitude-7.8 (Richter Scale) earthquake occurred near the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. It generated a tsunami which inundated Hilo on the island of Hawai'i with a 14 metres (46 ft) high surge. The area where the earthquake occurred is where the Pacific Ocean floor is subducting (or being pushed downwards) under Alaska.
Examples of tsunami originating at locations away from convergent boundaries include Storegga about 8,000 years ago, Grand Banks 1929, Papua New Guinea 1998 (Tappin, 2001). The Grand Banks and Papua New Guinea tsunamis came from earthquakes which destabilized sediments, causing them to flow into the ocean and generate a tsunami. They dissipated before traveling transoceanic distances.
The cause of the Storegga sediment failure is unknown. Possibilities include an overloading of the sediments, an earthquake or a release of gas hydrates (methane etc.)
The 1960 Valdivia earthquake (M_w 9.5) (19:11 hrs UTC), 1964 Alaska earthquake (M_w 9.2), 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake (M_w 9.2) (00:58:53 UTC) and 2011 Tōhoku earthquake (M_w9.0) are recent examples of powerful megathrust earthquakes that generated tsunamis (known as teletsunamis) that can cross entire oceans. Smaller (M_w 4.2) earthquakes in Japan can trigger tsunamis (called local and regional tsunamis) that can only devastate nearby coasts, but can do so in only a few minutes.
In the 1950s, it was discovered that larger tsunamis than had previously been believed possible could be caused by giant landslides. These phenomena rapidly displace large water volumes, as energy from falling debris or expansion transfers to the water at a rate faster than the water can absorb. Their existence was confirmed in 1958, when a giant landslide in Lituya Bay, Alaska, caused the highest wave ever recorded, which had a height of 524 metres (over 1700 feet). The wave didn't travel far, as it struck land almost immediately. Two people fishing in the bay were killed, but another boat amazingly managed to ride the wave. Scientists named these waves megatsunami.
Scientists discovered that extremely large landslides from volcanic island collapses can generate megatsunamis that can cross oceans.

Characteristics

When the wave enters shallow water, it slows down and its amplitude (height) increases.

The wave further slows and amplifies as it hits land. Only the largest waves crest.

Tsunamis cause damage by two mechanisms: the smashing force of a wall of water travelling at high speed, and the destructive power of a large volume of water draining off the land and carrying all with it, even if the wave did not look large.
While everyday wind waves have a wavelength (from crest to crest) of about 100 metres (330 ft) and a height of roughly 2 metres (6.6 ft), a tsunami in the deep ocean has a wavelength of about 200 kilometres (120 mi). Such a wave travels at well over 800 kilometres per hour (500 mph), but owing to the enormous wavelength the wave oscillation at any given point takes 20 or 30 minutes to complete a cycle and has an amplitude of only about 1 metre (3.3 ft).^[22] This makes tsunamis difficult to detect over deep water. Ships rarely notice their passage.
As the tsunami approaches the coast and the waters become shallow, wave shoaling compresses the wave and its velocity slows below 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph). Its wavelength diminishes to less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) and its amplitude grows enormously. Since the wave still has the same very long period, the tsunami may take minutes to reach full height. Except for the very largest tsunamis, the approaching wave does not break, but rather appears like a fast-moving tidal bore.^[23] Open bays and coastlines adjacent to very deep water may shape the tsunami further into a step-like wave with a steep-breaking front.
When the tsunami's wave peak reaches the shore, the resulting temporary rise in sea level is termed run up. Run up is measured in metres above a reference sea level.^[23] A large tsunami may feature multiple waves arriving over a period of hours, with significant time between the wave crests. The first wave to reach the shore may not have the highest run up.^[24]
About 80% of tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean, but they are possible wherever there are large bodies of water, including lakes. They are caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic explosions glacier calvings, and bolides.

Drawback

Wave animation showing the initial "drawback" of surface water

If the first part of a tsunami to reach land is a trough—called a drawback—rather than a wave crest, the water along the shoreline recedes dramatically, exposing normally submerged areas.
A drawback occurs because the water propagates outwards with the trough of the wave at its front. Drawback begins before the wave arrives at an interval equal to half of the wave's period. Drawback can exceed hundreds of metres, and people unaware of the danger sometimes remain near the shore to satisfy their curiosity or to collect fish from the exposed seabed.

Scales of intensity and magnitude

As with earthquakes, several attempts have been made to set up scales of tsunami intensity or magnitude to allow comparison between different events.^[25]

Intensity scales

The first scales used routinely to measure the intensity of tsunami were the Sieberg-Ambraseys scale, used in the Mediterranean Sea and the Imamura-Iida intensity scale, used in the Pacific Ocean. The latter scale was modified by Soloviev, who calculated the Tsunami intensity I according to the formula

where

H a v

is the average wave height along the nearest coast. This scale, known as the Soloviev-Imamura tsunami intensity scale, is used in the global tsunami catalogues compiled by the NGDC/NOAA and the Novosibirsk Tsunami Laboratory as the main parameter for the size of the tsunami.

Magnitude scales

The first scale that genuinely calculated a magnitude for a tsunami, rather than an intensity at a particular location was the ML scale proposed by Murty & Loomis based on the potential energy.^[25] Difficulties in calculating the potential energy of the tsunami mean that this scale is rarely used. Abe introduced the tsunami magnitude scale $M t$ , calculated from,

where h is the maximum tsunami-wave amplitude (in m) measured by a tide gauge at a distance R from the epicenter, a, b & D are constants used to make the M_t scale match as closely as possible with the moment magnitude scale.^[26]

Warnings and predictions

Forecast of tsunami attack probability

Kunihiko Shimazaki (University of Tokyo), a member of Earthquake Research committee of The Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion of Japanese government, mentioned the plan to public announcement of tsunami attack probability forecast at Japan National Press Club on 12 May 2011. The forecast includes tsunami height, attack area and occurrence probability within 100 years ahead. The forecast would integrate the scientific knowledge of recent interdisciplinarity and aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. As the plan, announcement will be available from 2014.^[30]^[31]^[32]

Mitigation

As a weapon

There have been studies and at least one attempt to create tsunami waves as a weapon. In World War II, the New Zealand Military Forces initiated Project Seal, which attempted to create small tsunamis with explosives in the area of today's Shakespear Regional Park; the attempt failed.^[35]

Footnotes

^ "Tsunami Terminology". NOAA. http://nthmp-history.pmel.noaa.gov/terms.html. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
^ Wells, John C. (1990). Longman pronunciation dictionary. Harlow, England: Longman. p. 736. ISBN 0582053838. Entry: "tsunami"
^ Fradin, Judith Bloom and Dennis Brindell (2008). Witness to Disaster: Tsunamis. Witness to Disaster. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. pp. 42, 43. http://shop.nationalgeographic.com/product/977/4389/971.html.
^ "Answers.com". Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/tsunami. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
^ Barbara Ferreira (April 17, 2011). "When icebergs capsize, tsunamis may ensue". Nature. http://blogs.nature.com/barbaraferreira/2011/04/17/when-icebergs-capsize. Retrieved 2011-04-27.
^ ^a ^b Thucydides: “A History of the Peloponnesian War”, 3.89.1–4
^ ^a ^b Smid, T. C. (Apr., 1970). 'Tsunamis' in Greek Literature. 17 (2nd ed.). pp. 100–104.
^ [a. Jap. tsunami, tunami, f. tsu harbour + nami waves.— Oxford English Dictionary]
^ "Tidal", The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 11 November 2008.Dictionary.reference.com
^ -al. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved November 11, 2008, Dictionary.reference.com
^ "Acehrecoveryforum.org". Acehrecoveryforum.org. 2007-11-06. http://www.acehrecoveryforum.org/en/index.php?action=ARFNews&no=73. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
^ JTIC.org^{[dead link]}
^ Thucydides: “A History of the Peloponnesian War”, 3.89.5
^ Kelly, Gavin (2004). "Ammianus and the Great Tsunami". The Journal of Roman Studies 94 (141): 141–167. doi:10.2307/4135013. JSTOR 4135013.
^ Stanley, Jean-Daniel & Jorstad, Thomas F. (2005), "The 365 A.D. Tsunami Destruction of Alexandria, Egypt: Erosion, Deformation of Strata and Introduction of Allochthonous Material"
^ The 10 most destructive tsunamis in history, Australian Geographic, March 16, 2011.
^ Haugen K, Løvholt F, Harbitz C, K; Lovholt, F; Harbitz, C (2005). "Fundamental mechanisms for tsunami generation by submarine mass flows in idealised geometries". Marine and Petroleum Geology 22 (1-2): 209–217. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.016.
^ Margaritondo, G (2005). "Explaining the physics of tsunamis to undergraduate and non-physics students". European Journal of Physics 26 (3).
^ Voit, S.S (1987). "Tsunamis". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1): 217–236. Bibcode 1987AnRFM..19..217V. doi:10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.001245.
^ "How do earthquakes generate tsunamis?". University of Washington. http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/general/physics/earthquake.html.
^ Facts and figures: how tsunamis form, Australian Geographic, March 18, 2011.
^ Earthsci.org, Tsunamis
^ ^a ^b "Life of a Tsunami". Western Coastal & Marine Geology. United States Geographical Survey. 22 October 2008. http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/basics.html. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
^ Prof. Stephen A. Nelson (28-Jan-2009). "Tsunami". Tulane University. http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/tsunami.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
^ ^a ^b Gusiakov V.. "Tsunami Quantification: how we measure the overall size of tsunami (Review of tsunami intensity and magnitude scales)". http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/presentations/jtc/gusiakov.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
^ Abe K. (1995). Estimate of Tsunami Run-up Heights from Earthquake Magnitudes. ISBN 9780792334835. http://books.google.com/?id=5YjaGdQOJIwC&pg=PA21&dq=abe+magnitude+scale+tsunami+1981&q=abe%20magnitude%20scale%20tsunami%201981. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
^ Chanson, H. (2010). Tsunami Warning Signs on the Enshu Coast of Japan. Shore & Beach, Vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 52-54. ISSN 4237 0037 4237.
^ Lambourne, Helen (2005-03-27). "Tsunami: Anatomy of a disaster". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4269847.stm.
^ Kenneally, Christine (2004-12-30). "Surviving the Tsunami: What Sri Lanka's animals knew that humans didn't". Slate Magazine. http://www.slate.com/id/2111608.
^ Forecast of earthquake probability is within 30 years ahead, however Tsunami attack probability is much lower than earthquake so that the plan is set to be within 100 years ahead. Yomiuri Shimbun 2011-05-13 ver.13S page 2, "津波の襲来確率、初の公表へ…地震調査委員会 [Newly public announce of Tsunami attack probability...Earthquake Research committee of Japan]" (in Japanese). Yomiuri Shimbun. 2011-05-12. http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/science/news/20110512-OYT1T00947.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
^ IndiaTimes Kunihiko Shimazaki speaks during a press conference in Tokyo Thursday, May 12, 2011
^ "Experts: Early warnings mitigated Japan disaster". The Miami Herald. 2011-05-12. http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/05/12/2213495/experts-early-warnings-mitigated.html. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
^ http://content.hks.harvard.edu/journalistsresource/pa/society/health/tsunami-japan/
^ "1993年7月12日　北海道南西沖地震" (in Japanese). http://library.skr.jp/19930712_nanseioki.htm.
^ "The Hauraki Gulf Marine Park, Part 2". Inset to The New Zealand Herald: p. 9. 3 March 2010.

References

IOC Tsunami Glossary by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) at the International Tsunami Information Centre (ITIC) of UNESCO
Tsunami Terminology at NOAA
abelard.org. tsunamis: tsunamis travel fast but not at infinite speed. retrieved March 29, 2005.
Dudley, Walter C. & Lee, Min (1988: 1st edition) Tsunami! ISBN 0-8248-1125-9 website^{[dead link]}
Iwan, W.D., editor, 2006, Summary report of the Great Sumatra Earthquakes and Indian Ocean tsunamis of December 26, 2004 and March 28, 2005: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, EERI Publication #2006-06, 11 chapters, 100 page summary, plus CD-ROM with complete text and supplementary photographs, EERI Report 2006-06. ISBN 1-932884-19-X website
Kenneally, Christine (December 30, 2004). "Surviving the Tsunami." Slate. website
Lambourne, Helen (March 27, 2005). "Tsunami: Anatomy of a disaster." BBC News. website
Macey, Richard (January 1, 2005). "The Big Bang that Triggered A Tragedy," The Sydney Morning Herald, p 11—quoting Dr Mark Leonard, seismologist at Geoscience Australia.
The NOAA's page on the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Tappin, D; 2001. Local tsunamis. Geoscientist. 11–8, 4–7.
Girl, 10, used geography lesson to save lives, Telegraph.co.uk
Philippines warned to prepare for Japan's tsunami, Noypi.ph

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tsunami

Animation of DART tsunami detection system
Can HF Radar detect Tsunamis? – University of Hamburg HF-Radar.
Envirtech Tsunami Warning System – Based on seabed seismics and sea level gauges.
Geology.com The highest tsunami was caused by rockfall
IOC Tsunami Glossary by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) at the International Tsunami Information Centre (ITIC) of UNESCO
How to survive a tsunami – Guide for children and youth
International Centre for Geohazards (ICG)
ITSU – Coordination Group for the Pacific Tsunami Warning System.
Jakarta Tsunami Information Centre
National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program Coordinated U.S. Federal/State effort
NOAA Center for Tsunami Research (NCTR)
NOAA Tsunami – General description of tsunamis and the United States agency NOAA's role
NOVA: Wave That Shook The World – Site and special report shot within days of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
Pacific Tsunami Museum
Science of Tsunami Hazards journal
Tsunami scientific publications list
Scientific American Magazine (January 2006 Issue) Tsunami: Wave of Change What we can learn from the Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004.
Social & Economic Costs of Tsunamis in the United States from "NOAA Socioeconomics" website initiative
Tsunami Centers – United States National Weather Service.
Tsunami database with detailed statistics
Interactive map of recent and historical tsunami events with links to graphics, animations and data
Tsunami Warning – Tsunami warnings via mobile phone.
Tsunamis and Earthquakes
USGS: Surviving a tsunami (United States)
Impact of Tsunami on groundwater resources IGRAC International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre
Tsunami Surges on Dry Coastal Plains: Application of Dam Break Wave Equations, Coastal Engineering Journal, 48 4: 355-370

Images, video, and animations

Amateur Camcorder Video Streams of the December 26, 2004 tsunami that hit Sri Lanka, Thailand and Indonesia (search on tsunamis)
Animation of 1960 tsunami originating outside coast of Chile
Animations of actual and simulated tsunami events from the NOAA Center for Tsunami Research
CBC Digital Archives – Canada's Earthquakes and Tsunamis
Computer-generated animation of a tsunami
Origin of a Tsunami – animation showing how the shifting of continental plates in the Indian Ocean created the catastrophe of December 26, 2004.
Photos and Videos of Humanitarian Assistance to Tsunami-hit areas by the Singapore Armed Forces
Tsunami Aftermath in Penang and Kuala Muda, Kedah.
Satellite Images of Tsunami Affected Areas High resolution satellite images showing the effects of the 2004 tsunami on the affected areas in Indonesia, Thailand and Nicobar island of India.
The Survivors – A moving travelogue full of stunning images along the tsunami ravaged South-Western Coast of India (Unavailable)
Animations of tsunami propagation model results for actual tsunami events
2004 Boxing Day Tsunami at YouTube
Raw Video: Tsunami Slams Northeast Japan, a video of the 2011 Tōhoku (Japan) earthquake tsunami by Associated Press at YouTube, showing the wave from a tsunami engulfing a town and farmlands.

[hide] Physical oceanography – Waves and Currents

Waves	Airy wave theory · Ballantine Scale · Boussinesq approximation · Breaking wave · Clapotis · Cnoidal wave · Cross sea · Dispersion · Infragravity waves · Edge wave · Equatorial waves · Fetch · Freak wave · Gravity wave · Internal wave · Kelvin wave · Luke's variational principle · Mild-slope equation · Radiation stress · Rogue wave · Rossby wave · Rossby-gravity waves · Sea state · Seiche · Significant wave height · Sneaker wave · Soliton · Stokes drift · Surf wave · Swells · Tsunami · Undertow · Ursell number · Wave base · Wave–current interaction · Wave height · Wave power · Wave shoaling · Wave radar · Wave turbulence · Waves and shallow water · Shallow water equations · Wind wave · Wind wave model · More...

Circulation	Atmospheric circulation · Baroclinity · Boundary current · Coriolis effect · Downwelling · Eddy · Ekman layer · Ekman spiral · Ekman transport · El Niño-Southern Oscillation · Geostrophic current · Gulf Stream · Halothermal circulation · Humboldt Current · Hydrothermal circulation · Global circulation model · Langmuir circulation · Longshore drift · Loop Current · Maelstrom · Ocean current · Ocean dynamics · Ocean gyre · Rip current · Thermohaline circulation · Shutdown of thermohaline circulation · Subsurface currents · Sverdrup balance · Whirlpool · Upwelling · GLODAP · MOM · POM · WOCE · More...

Tides	Amphidromic point · Earth tide · Head of tide · Internal tide · Lunitidal interval · Perigean spring tide · Rule of twelfths · Slack water · Spring/neap tide · Tidal bore · Tidal force · Tidal power · Tidal race · Tidal range · Tidal resonance · Tide · Tide gauge · Tideline · More...

[show] Physical oceanography – Other

[show]v · d · eNatural disasters

Land movement	Avalanches • Earthquakes • Lahar • Mudflows • Volcanic eruptions

Water	Floods • Limnic eruptions • Tsunami

Weather	Blizzards • Cyclonic storms • Droughts • Hailstorms • Heat waves • Tornadoes

Fire	Wildfire

Health and diseases	Epidemic • Famine

Space	Gamma-ray burst • Impact events • Solar flares • Supernova • Hypernova

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami"

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Dealing With Aggression

2011-05-31T17:49:00.000-07:00

Sometimes life can be very confusing. We strive to walk a spiritual path, being accepting and forgiving. We smile and send blessings unselfishly to all that cross our path. We meditate and pray, but how do we deal with negative people when their wrath is directed at us?
We are all still human, and we have feelings, and yes, egos. When aggressive, angry people confront us, it is sometimes hard to keep that ego in check. Dealing with someone who is acting out of fear and insecurity can also be very tough. How do we gently thwart an abusive aggressor and still hold true to our beliefs and spirituality? It is a hard road, but I can offer some basic suggestion, which have helped my tremendously over the years.
Let spirit guide you.
Always trust your higher self to guide you to the correct course of action. Listen to your inner voice and discern what your emotions are telling you. Separate ego thoughts of retaliation and defense from those loving, caring emotions of your soul. Remember the ego will always defend by attacking or withdrawing, so we must know and curb our ego and settle into our spiritual higher selves. When we think and act out of love, we will always pick the correct actions.
Try to See and agree with their point.
We sometimes can understand the motives behind peoples actions if we give thought to their situation. Remember there is no right or wrong, there is only different points of view and opinion. So seek to see the other side of the disagreement. If you know the abuse towards you is unwarranted, and you cannot see the truth or motivation behind the situation, just calmly listen to what they have to say. You don't have to agree with them, but do strive to know why they are acting the way they are. Listen intently to what they are saying. You can rebut with something like; "I understand that you are felling a certain way, and that I perhaps did something to provoke these feeling, but I did not intend to cause this situation. That was not my intention and I apologize. I hope that you feel better soon, and if there is something I can do to help, please let me know" Simple as that.

Let them speak, and be truly interested in what they say.
The ego is a simple thing to understand. Give it your undivided attention, and it is happy. If you are sincere when listening to others, it satisfies the basic need of attention and they will be less aggressive (most of the time, anyway). Like I said before, sometimes people just want to be heard and noticed. So listen and let them know you see them and are truly interested in their plight, even if the problem is with you. When responding, always use their name in the sentence. This makes them feel important, and may lessen their anger even more. Responses like. "Lisa, I understand what you are saying." Or maybe; "I can see where you are coming from, Lisa." And remember eye contact! Nothing says you are interested in what someone says more than direct eye contact.
Accept responsibility for your actions.
If you actually did do something to create the problem, and the complaint is legitimate, take responsibility for your actions. Apologize. Offer reciprocity or ask them if you can do anything to make them feel better. Most of the time, people just want to be heard and apologized to.
Do not accept their gift of anger-keep your cool.
One of my favorite Buddha stories goes like this: One day a disciple came to the Enlightened One. This student was angry and confronted the Buddha. The Buddha sat quietly in meditation while his student raved on. Finally, the student asked the Buddha if he could hear him and way was he not reacting with anger? The Buddha opened his eyes and politely said; "If I do not accept your gift of anger, does it not still make it your own?" By keeping your cool and acting calmly during an angry confrontation, you will not give fuel to the fire. It takes two to tango, so if you do not armor up, the potential confrontation is merely one person venting. When in this situation, remember the other points in this article.
Defuse their anger...
By apologizing and letting them know that you understand that your actions led them to this stress. If someone is about to push you, you can either back away or confront their advances. Confronting their advances only deepens the well of discord and creates a fight, but by intelligently backing off, their aggression is immediately defused. By removing the motivation for their advance, you can defuse the situation before it gets out of hand. When you feel your anger rising in defense of your ego, immediately take a deep breath and find your center. Know that the anger and negativity within your attacker is only a reflection of what is inside of them, and not inside you. You are not the negative things this person says about you. This only makes your abuser a person that needs to be negative out of insecurity and inner fears. Forgive them, for they know not what they do or how to act in accordance with universal law.
Knowledge is power.
Know they really feel they have a reason for their negativity and aggression, but they do not know how to maturely convey the message to you. Thank them for letting you know how they feel. Let them know you appreciate them having the courage to let this matter out. Respond accordingly, but always reply out of love and respect and not retaliation, protection and fear.
The things people say may hurt our feeling, but as spiritual beings we can choose our actions to these negative situations and let it go. Your ego may want to let the person know they hurt you, but this is not the time. After the situation has been defused, you will have the chance at a later date to speak your truth. If the person is someone you whish not to speak with, a letter written from a place of love a nd compassion is a great tool to honor what you believe.
As we walk a spiritual path, we are not immuned from the negativity of the world, but we can choose to act in accordance with spiritual law. We will always be uplifted when we choose the right action and not retaliate in defense of our egos. The Bible says the meek will inherit the earth. A Course in Miracles expands that thought by saying that the meek will take over the earth with their passive inner strength. So remember these words and the above suggestions the next time you are confronted with aggression and anger. Be passive-take the high road, and let your spirit and inner strength rule the situation.

False Sense Of Security

2011-05-31T17:43:00.001-07:00

Working my usual weekend gig as a bouncer in a night club an attractive blond approaches me and asks if I can walk her though the club, because 15 minutes before a male grabbed her arm a told her that she had to dance with him. She refused and pulled away; the male grabbed her harder then, pulling her to the dance floor. Lucky for her another bouncer spotted this and took care of her problem. I decide to give her my business card, TACT SELF DEFENSE it reads, she tells me that she as a brown belt in the martial arts but everything she's learned, she couldn't remember and just blanked out. I tell her that this is normal, it is the effects of adrenaline. Most self defense programs do not think about these effects when training someone. That is why 95% of self defense programs do not work and will get you hurt or killed. I proceed to tell her most of my clients are martial artists or had some type of self-defense training in the past. She nods in agreement, understanding what I mean. The next day she gives me a call for self-defense training.

That is a very high percentage and considering many people still believe in these systems, thinking they are effective, this also includes "reality based systems" or "no holds barred" people need to be educated. It is amazing what is being taught out there in self defense schools, joint locks, cross legged arm bars which require you to go on the ground. I have seen self defense instructors teach students to kick to the head or grapple with an attacker, step here, turn this way, twist his wrist that way. Bottom line to many movements to remember, which are to complicated to work for ANYONE in a high stress situation of a violent street attack.

You are being lied to, ripped off of your hard-earned money and given a false sense of security. What is being taught is to complicated to even work for a seasoned martial artist. It's like going to culinary school and your instructor has never cooked or even turned on an oven before, how is he supposed to know how to make the meal, let alone teach you. Unfortunately people who have trained in these self-defense programs learn in horror after being assaulted the hard truth. Most self-defense instructors also do not understand the effects of adrenaline and how it affects the mind, or motor skill performance. Top it off most instructors have not even been in a violent street confrontation, so how would they know what to do?

Many systems use joint locks and pressure points that require years of training to properly execute. Some techniques even when applied properly to someone who has an unusual amount of joint flexibility or high pain tolerance such as someone high on drugs will not work. A lot of self defense techniques also have to be altered to work if environments change such as being in a small space or if there is snow on the ground causing slippery conditions. Think someone is going to remember all that while they are being attacked. I don't think so.

Here are some tips on finding a realistic self defense program:

Pick an instructor who is average or small in build they will focus on leverage techniques not on there strength, that is important if you are small or a woman.
Make sure you check your instructor's credentials, ask to see his black belt certificate it will state what federation he is under and when he got it. If the instructor says he doesn't have one than he's a fake. There are a lot of people who will watch self defense instructional tapes or train in the martial arts, get an orange belt and start up a school. Anyone can go to a store a buy a black belt.
Do you wear loose clothing and are barefoot when you train and wear protective gear? Conditions that are completely different from the streets. If you answered yes, find a new self-defense program. Training should be as real as possible or be condition stimulus training. While training, wear clothing that you wear when you go out, not gym pants. This includes shoes or boots. This will give you a realistic feel on how to move.
Do you train under situation specific scenarios. Do they have to change if your attacker does something different or if he does this, than do that? And then you ask what if he does this question making everything too hard to remember and confusing.
Do methods consider every type of enviroment? Street, bus, rain, living room, in confined spaces.
Can you perform these techniques even if you are injured?
Do these self defense methods require constant practice? Do you have to separate techniques for empty hand, weapons or multiple attackers. Bottom line - techniques should be quick and easy to remember.
Training should be focused equally in physical techniques and mindset conditioning.

How you train is how you will respond in the real world. Training should be as real as possible so you can get out alive.

Advertising Agency Software

2011-05-31T17:25:00.000-07:00

There are many different types of software that an advertising agency needs to conduct business efficiently. Here are some examples of tasks that can be supported by software that is currently available to agencies:

Create estimates and quotes, invoices and schedules for client approval
Prepare drafts of a new brochure, print ad, or annual report for review
Manage client feedback on direct mail materials
Track key project milestone dates
Prepare and review media plans
Prepare a storyboard presentation for a client
Prepare market research
Schedule project tasks
Review rough cuts
Create project timelines
Manage external client and prospect requests
Schedule media
Time tracking
Track expenses against estimates
Plan and analyze resources usage
Accounting and bookkeeping

To meet these needs, an advertising agency should consider the following advertising agency software (www.trichys.com/agency/agency-extranet-collaboration.vm):

Graphic Design Software
The agency will need a creative design Application Suite like Macromedia Design Suite or Adobe Creative Suite to do the basic graphic design, storyboarding and other more creative aspects of producing
advertising material.

Audio and Video Editing Software
If they do the mockups of their radio and television commercials in-house they will need to be able to edit them for client review before they turn everything over to the actual production company that produces the final versions.

Office Applications
Most companies use Microsoft Office for word processing, spreadsheet and presentation software since it has become the standard for businesses.

Contact Manager
The agency needs a good contact manager to keep track of all of their client information. Larger agencies may want to opt for a sophisticated customer relations management (CRM) system instead.

Email Client
An agency needs a good email client. Although there are a lot of good email clients available, Outlook is the business standard and has scheduling capabilities for meetings, distribution lists, public folders, the ability to flag all correspondence from specific individual clients and basic content management capabilities.

Project management, Time & Expense Tracking Software
Because they work on individual projects, an agency needs software that can track all of the costs associated with each project. The software should be able to track employee time with the ability to use split rates and multiple rates, raw materials, outsourced invoices, etc.

Accounting Software
They need standard accounting software that provides invoicing, accounts receivable, accounts payable and general ledger functions. Larger agencies may need the software to handle multiple currencies and tax codes.

New Possibilities

With the advent of extranets, special software suites have been developed specifically for advertising agencies. They include programs that can provide contact management, time & expense tracking, project management, scheduling and email management. Some of the applications can even interface directly with the firm's accounting software.

Another innovation is the client service extranet. They have replaced email as the favored forum for sharing and organizing the vast number of documents that are part of all client/agency relationships.

Using an extranet allows all employees, vendors, suppliers, clients and others on the project team to have real time access to all of the pertinent project details from anywhere in the world. Best of all, an extranet makes it possible to share the design documents, audio and video clips with the project online in real time. No more waiting for courier delivery or a face-to-face meeting providing better customer service than ever before possible.

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Registry cleaner comparison blog

2011-05-31T17:12:00.000-07:00

Performing Windows XP registry tweaks is a great way to improve the speed in which your computer runs. But what causes the need for Windows XP registry tweaks? There are a lot of RegCure reviews on the internet, and many of them rate RegCure as the number one registry repair product available today. I will offer you a totally unbiased review of RegCure, so you can decide for yourself.

The software will automatically suggest that the measures may be taken for errors. It is best if you follow the suggestions of the software to remove the incorrect entries and repair the registry.

This tool is mainly run system scans to study these bad files from the registry. Then, after finding them in the wrong files, repair tool registry clean their decision. Windows 7 for registration problems are often at risk and lead to corrupt databases, the issues is greater.

must choose one with CR: - support from well-known ethical company a clean and easy to use interface-Free 24 / 7 technical support scannings features-Repair-Backup software updates Common accurate, however, still difficult to know what CR is the safest and most effective without thorough product testing. You do not want to waste time cleaning that you can install viruses, malware and spyware do? Fortunately, experts conducts research and testing different cleaning 100s. Only a handful of CR effective and very safe to use.

There are some advantages and disadvantages to both. Let us learn from them so we can make a better decision about the value.

This will eventually result in fewer symptoms, such as error messages, system crashes and loss of performance. You should use the tools of a free registry cleaner for at least four times a week or more to get the most out of them, which helps keep your computer in top shape. Reg Cure is rated as the best registry cleaner free web today, and will continue positive reviews around the web, with its powerful capabilities. If you are interested in obtaining the latest free version can be found on the link below to download directly.

This scan identifies your computer has a problem. Then, if you want to correct the mistakes, you will need to purchase the software.

Where modern computers were using Windows software need to use a cleaning tool to correct, fix and hold the hub or central database called the Windows registry is necessary because the central database that stores all relevant information necessary for computers to work properly. Registration data collection to establish personal login information, setup and configuration options root application that. problem with recording is that while there is so much information that is passed through numerous files that break and damage resulting from blue screen errors and crashes. Although the latest edition of Windows is more stable than Vista, the registry needs regular cleaning and maintenance in order to keep your computer running at full speed.

The best remedy for this problem so that effective registry cleaner. Very easy to download a registry cleaner program at various sites on the Internet. They can choose a freeware or shareware version, always depends on budget availability and necessary functions. Free Registry Cleaner is a powerful, but still comes to the minimum functions, so good just to give you an easy maintenance of the register, but not entirely eliminate bad entries.

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Antique Vs Collector's Item

2011-05-30T20:39:00.000-07:00

I have been a registered Clinical Psychologist for nearly six years now and I am interested in the difference between psychological disorder and psychic ability. During my psychology studies no-one ever mentioned the possibility of psychic ability, yet across the world there is a whole community of well respected psychics. The energy on Earth or vibrational level of Earth has increased significantly over the last few years and there are more people than ever who are more sensitive and reporting psychic phenomena. There needs to be some discussion between these two groups about where the boundaries really are.

Homosexuality used to be diagnosed as a ‘mental illness’ until only a few decades ago. Psychic ability also needs to be considered as a real phenomenon. Currently anyone who mentions that they are ‘seeing things’ or ‘hearing voices’ would be diagnosed with something and given medication. I personally think this is ridiculous in this day and age when there are so many highly functioning people who have psychic ability. So why are certain people able to ‘listen’ to entities as and when they choose and have conscious control over the process and some are not? Psychic people may also see things that other people are not aware of and this is not a concern for them, yet for ‘mentally disordered’ individuals these sightings may be unpleasant or even frightening. A key difference between these two groups of people appears to be in functionality and knowledge. People who are psychic are aware that what they are experiencing is spiritual phenomena and make sense of the information, whereas people who are ‘mentally unwell’ are not.

A lot of people see collecting antiques as an extravagant hobby. Such activity is a source of fulfillment and contentment that no amount of money can ever surpass for enthusiasts. Antique collection for purpose of buying and selling on the other hand, is a lucrative business especially if such finds are of great monetary value and interest to the collecting public.

This is a complicated undertaking as there are no schools or overseeing bodies that educate a novice and there are no blueprint rules define boundaries and scope of limitations in which categorize whether an item is actually antique or not. There's a big difference between a collectors item and a classic.

First, we have to draw a collection between an antique and a collectors item. An old-fashioned is an old collectible product, 100 years or older that represents a point of an era or period of time in the history and gathered because of its beauty, uniqueness, rarity, condition, extraordinariness and preciousness passed down being an estate or heirloom. In addition, not all antiques are of immense value as some could be as cheap as a dollar and as expensive as thousands of dollars since the value of an antique is determined by its appeal, rarity and social acceptance and pricing is difficult as exactly what may be rare, priceless and distinctive to a person may not always apply to all.

A collectors item on the contrary, does not necessarily be a classic. Such items are created without deliberate intention to make it as a collectors item but it will become one due its uniqueness, creation flaw and sometimes human error and circumstances that brought the creation making it a sought-after item due to the fact of its monetary value. The number of manufacturing therefore, commands the price of the collectors merchandise. Most often, it is the collecting physique that dictates whether an item is collectible or not even if the manufacturer says it therefore but the public does not find something extraordinary to it.

Among the most widely used items for antique selection are furniture of varying types and periods that they were made, from selected wood such as mahogany, oak, pinus radiata, walnut, rosewood and elm. Style of collectibles depends on where and when it was created such that the most famous styles include Victorian, Georgian, Regency American Pastoral and among others.

Included among the list of antique collection tend to be coins from different dynasties or time which were made from precious factors such as gold, silver, bronze and the sort. The monetary value of such coins is dependent upon the number of production and some unusual features. Coins which were mass-produced during such period of time are not of great interest to collectors.