<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" media="screen" href="/~d/styles/atom10full.xsl"?><?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" media="screen" href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~d/styles/itemcontent.css"?><feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/" xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0" xmlns:feedburner="http://rssnamespace.org/feedburner/ext/1.0" gd:etag="W/&quot;Ak8GR38yfCp7ImA9WhRbEUg.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076</id><updated>2012-02-02T14:00:26.194+09:00</updated><category term="번역동네 | 시장과 인간" /><category term="학이시습 | 트랜스미러" /><category term="자료동네 | 기타" /><category term="자료동네 | 심리. 철학. 사회. 역사" /><category term="자료동네 | 경제사. 이론. 제도" /><category term="자료동네 | 금융. 투자" /><category term="마음동네 | 인연" /><category term="마음동네 | 자연" /><category term="학이시습 | 외국어.우리말.언어" /><category term="번역동네 | 투자와 금융" /><category term="생각동네 | 시장과 인간" /><category term="한소리 | 미디어" /><category term="생각동네 | 투자와 금융" /><title>번역가 김홍식의 블로그입니다</title><subtitle type="html">투자와 금융을 공부하고 시장과 인간을 다시&lt;br&gt;생각합니다.</subtitle><link rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/" /><link rel="next" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false&amp;v=2" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><generator version="7.00" uri="http://www.blogger.com">Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>3304</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><atom10:link xmlns:atom10="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/blogspot/xviwY" /><feedburner:info uri="blogspot/xviwy" /><atom10:link xmlns:atom10="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" rel="hub" href="http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/" /><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;Ak4GRH86eyp7ImA9WhRbEEo.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-1921296314198758499</id><published>2012-02-01T15:47:00.006+09:00</published><updated>2012-02-01T15:48:45.113+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-02-01T15:48:45.113+09:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="학이시습 | 외국어.우리말.언어" /><title>Dic: ─ㄹ밖에(어미) vs 밖(명사)</title><content type="html">&lt;br /&gt;
▷ ─ㄹ밖에: [어미]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(‘이다’의 어간, 받침 없는 용언의 어간, ‘ㄹ’ 받침인 용언의 어간 또는 어미 ‘-으시-’ 뒤에 붙어) 해할 자리에 쓰여, ‘-ㄹ 수밖에 다른 수가 없다’의 뜻을 나타내는 종결 어미.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;선생님이 시키는데 할밖에.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;어른들이 다 가시니 나도 갈밖에.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;자식들이 속을 썩이니 어머니가 저렇게 늙으실밖에.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
.... 국립국어원 표준국어대사전&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
▷ 밖: [명사]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[Ⅰ]&lt;br /&gt;
1. 선이나 경계를 넘어선 쪽.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;창문 밖이 희미하게 밝아 오고 있었다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
2. 겉이 되는 쪽이나 부분.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;콩팥에서는 몸 속의 찌꺼기를 걸러 방광을 통하여 몸 밖으로 내보낸다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
3. 집이 아닌 다른 곳. 자기가 있는 곳이 아닌 곳.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;밖이 아무리 추운 날씨라고 해도 아랫목만 따스하면 그 곳은 천국이다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[Ⅱ] [의존적으로 쓰이어]&lt;br /&gt;
1. 어떤 범위나 한도를 넘어선 것.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;전혀 예상 밖의 일이라 제가 좀 당황했나 봐요.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
2. [&lt;b&gt;‘-을/ㄹ 밖에 없다’&lt;/b&gt;의 꼴로 쓰이어] (앞의 관형절이 나타내는 상태나 행동의 방법만이) ‘있을 뿐이다’의 뜻을 나타냄.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;고생이 많으니 늙을 밖에.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
.... 연세한국어사전&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-1921296314198758499?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/YTNeo4h91jbnkwkkEMh0_PmgoDc/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/YTNeo4h91jbnkwkkEMh0_PmgoDc/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/YTNeo4h91jbnkwkkEMh0_PmgoDc/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/YTNeo4h91jbnkwkkEMh0_PmgoDc/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/yxeu00Skzjw" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/1921296314198758499/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=1921296314198758499&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/1921296314198758499?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/1921296314198758499?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/yxeu00Skzjw/dic-vs.html" title="Dic: ─ㄹ밖에(어미) vs 밖(명사)" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/02/dic-vs.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;C0MHR34yeyp7ImA9WhRUGU4.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-2352706063494938433</id><published>2012-01-30T22:44:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-30T22:50:36.093+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-30T22:50:36.093+09:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="학이시습 | 외국어.우리말.언어" /><title>Dic: pay(-)off</title><content type="html">&lt;br /&gt;
▷payoff:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7) the &lt;b&gt;final settlement, esp in retribution&lt;/b&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;the payoff came when the gang besieged the squealer's house&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
8) &lt;i&gt;informal&lt;/i&gt;. the &lt;b&gt;climax, consequence, or outcome&lt;/b&gt; of events, a story, etc., esp when unexpected or improbable&lt;br /&gt;
9) the final payment of a debt, salary, etc&lt;br /&gt;
10) the time of such a payment&lt;br /&gt;
11) &lt;i&gt;informal&lt;/i&gt;. a bribe&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
▷ payoff (also pay-off)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1 [N-COUNT] oft N from n △The payoff from an action is the &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;advantage or benefit&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; that you get from it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;If such materials became generally available to the optics industry the payoffs from such a breakthrough would be enormous...&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
2 [N-COUNT] oft N from n&amp;nbsp;△A payoff is a payment which is made to someone, &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;often secretly or illegally&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, so that they will not cause trouble.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Soldiers in both countries supplement their incomes with payoffs from drugs exporters.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
3 [N-COUNT]&amp;nbsp;△A payoff is a large payment made to someone by their employer when the person has been forced to leave their job.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The ousted chairman received a £1.5 million payoff from the loss-making oil company.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
..... Collins, Cobuild&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-2352706063494938433?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/UfB-oURQW0QvfBNQwGsCIqdne9s/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/UfB-oURQW0QvfBNQwGsCIqdne9s/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/it_x4KWk2C4" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/2352706063494938433/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=2352706063494938433&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/2352706063494938433?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/2352706063494938433?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/it_x4KWk2C4/dic-pay-off.html" title="Dic: pay(-)off" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/01/dic-pay-off.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DkEFRnc_eip7ImA9WhRUGU0.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-1419050811987390658</id><published>2012-01-30T15:23:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-30T15:23:37.942+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-30T15:23:37.942+09:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="자료동네 | 경제사. 이론. 제도" /><title>[자료] 마이크로소프트 반독점 소송</title><content type="html">&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
자료 1:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://onepark.khu.ac.kr/Data/Micro.htm"&gt;마이크로소프트社에 대한 反獨占 소송&lt;/a&gt; (출처: &lt;a href="http://onepark.khu.ac.kr/"&gt;박훤일의 국제거래법 포럼&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
자료 2:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/f3800/msjudgex.htm"&gt;http://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/f3800/msjudgex.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-1419050811987390658?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/B_BG-noKklFR9Ks5vmk5ogTqsTk/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/B_BG-noKklFR9Ks5vmk5ogTqsTk/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
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▷ three cheers :&amp;nbsp;three shouts of hurrah given in unison by a group to honour someone or celebrate something&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
▷&amp;nbsp;three cheers for sb!&amp;nbsp;spoken. used to tell a group of people to shout three times as a way of showing support, happiness, thanks etc&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Three cheers for the birthday girl!&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
.... Collins, LDOCE&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
CF. two cheers for something, not three.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-7674447644410464350?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/TtayVREwITgpzxpUMynV8Zrb_ZI/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/TtayVREwITgpzxpUMynV8Zrb_ZI/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/TtayVREwITgpzxpUMynV8Zrb_ZI/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/TtayVREwITgpzxpUMynV8Zrb_ZI/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/ZfQuhwGECXE" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/7674447644410464350/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=7674447644410464350&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/7674447644410464350?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/7674447644410464350?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/ZfQuhwGECXE/dic-three-cheers-for-someone-or.html" title="Dic: three cheers (for someone or something)" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/01/dic-three-cheers-for-someone-or.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;A04GRnk_eip7ImA9WhRUF0w.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-5956616118014137240</id><published>2012-01-28T12:03:00.001+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-28T12:05:27.742+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-28T12:05:27.742+09:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="학이시습 | 외국어.우리말.언어" /><title>Dic: competitive</title><content type="html">&lt;span style="text-align: justify;"&gt;▷&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;involving or determined by rivalry:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;competitive sports&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;sufficiently low in price or high in quality to be successful against commercial rivals&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;relating to or characterized by an urge to compete:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;a competitive personality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
.... Collins&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
▷&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
1 [ADJ]&amp;nbsp;Competitive is used to describe situations or activities in which people or firms compete with each other.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Only by keeping down costs will America maintain its competitive advantage over other countries...&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Japan is a highly competitive market system...&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Universities are very competitive for the best students.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;He's now back up on the slopes again, skiing competitively in events for the disabled.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style="text-align: justify;"&gt;2 [ADJ]&amp;nbsp;A competitive person is eager to be more successful than other people.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;He has always been ambitious and fiercely competitive...&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;I'm a very competitive person and I was determined not be beaten.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;They worked hard together, competitively and under pressure.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;I can't stand the pace, I suppose, and the competitiveness, and the unfriendliness.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style="text-align: justify;"&gt;3 [ADJ]&amp;nbsp;Goods or services that are at a competitive price or rate are likely to be bought, because they are less expensive than other goods of the same kind.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Only those homes offered for sale at competitive prices will secure interest from serious purchasers.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;...a number of early Martin and Gibson guitars, which were competitively priced.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;It is only on the world market that we can prove the competitiveness and quality of our goods.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
...... Cobuild&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-5956616118014137240?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/AQMXFXbdjwZDdicP46MUPfz2HGk/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/AQMXFXbdjwZDdicP46MUPfz2HGk/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/AQMXFXbdjwZDdicP46MUPfz2HGk/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/AQMXFXbdjwZDdicP46MUPfz2HGk/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/gsbLiFNzLw4" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/5956616118014137240/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=5956616118014137240&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/5956616118014137240?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/5956616118014137240?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/gsbLiFNzLw4/dic-competitive.html" title="Dic: competitive" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/01/dic-competitive.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DUEMQX85eyp7ImA9WhRUFks.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-4693778918064805124</id><published>2012-01-27T21:33:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-27T21:34:40.123+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-27T21:34:40.123+09:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="자료동네 | 경제사. 이론. 제도" /><title>[자료] 토지세의 경제학: 미신과 현실</title><content type="html">자료:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #009933; font-family: dotum, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://prof.ysu.ac.kr/pds_update/%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C14%EC%9E%A5(%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4).ppt"&gt;prof.ysu.ac.kr/pds_update/경제학_제14장(영어).ppt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
지은이: 김정호 (한국경제연구원 세미나 자료, 1996)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-4693778918064805124?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/aBbFXIE93a6hPLYibChBvhohpPg/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/aBbFXIE93a6hPLYibChBvhohpPg/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/aBbFXIE93a6hPLYibChBvhohpPg/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/aBbFXIE93a6hPLYibChBvhohpPg/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/-0bXdzRZDOs" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/4693778918064805124/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=4693778918064805124&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/4693778918064805124?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/4693778918064805124?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/-0bXdzRZDOs/blog-post_27.html" title="[자료] 토지세의 경제학: 미신과 현실" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/01/blog-post_27.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;CUcBQHozeyp7ImA9WhRVGUk.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-6453123100882512826</id><published>2012-01-19T12:17:00.001+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-19T12:17:31.483+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-19T12:17:31.483+09:00</app:edited><title>[메모] 어떤 메일</title><content type="html">메일 제목:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"&gt;Thanks for acting to save the Internet -- let's build the pressure!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Thank you for taking action to save the Internet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Now please help amplify the impact of this campaign. The US Senate is scheduled to vote on the bill in just 6 days -- the more of us join, the more powerful it becomes! Send the email below to friends and family, and post this link on your Facebook wall.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.avaaz.org/en/save_the_internet_action_center_b/?tta" style="background-color: white; color: #0000cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.avaaz.org/en/save_&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;the_internet_action_center_b/?&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;tta&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Thanks again for your help,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;The Avaaz team&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;--------&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Dear friends,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Today could be the day we save the free Internet.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;The US Congress was poised to pass a law allowing the US to censor access to any website around the world. But after we delivered our 1.25 million strong petition to the White House, it came out against the bill and with public pressure at boiling point even some bill backers are switching sides. Now, the Wikipedia led blackout protest has rocketed the public campaign to the top of the news.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;We are turning the tide. But the dark forces of censorship are trying to revive the bill right now. Let’s bury it for good today. Click to sign this emergency petition to save the Internet now and if you've signed already, to email, call, Facebook, and tweet Congressional and corporate targets. Then send this to everyone:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.avaaz.org/en/save_the_internet_action_center_b/?tta" style="background-color: white; color: #0000cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.avaaz.org/en/save_&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;the_internet_action_center_b/?&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;tta&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;The bill would make the US one of the worst Internet censors in the world -- joining the ranks of countries like China and Iran. The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and PROTECT IP Act (PIPA) would allow the US government to block any of us from accessing sites like YouTube, Google, or Facebook.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;We got the White House to switch sides and now our global campaign and the growing public pressure is forcing Congress to abandon the bill. Last weekend Senator Cardin, who cosponsored the legislation, announced he will vote against it! Then six prominent Republicans penned a letter requesting that the bill be shelved. Now the lower house vote is reportedly on ice.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Just days ago we were told it was impossible to stop the corporate censorship cabal, but now this is at a tipping point and amazingly we could win! Let’s stop the dark forces of censorship today. Sign this emergency petition to save the internet now and forward it to everyone:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.avaaz.org/en/save_the_internet_action_center_b/?tta" style="background-color: white; color: #0000cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.avaaz.org/en/save_&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;the_internet_action_center_b/?&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;tta&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;This US legislation could infringe on all of our freedoms. But if we win, we will show that when people unite with one voice from all over the world we can stop the abuse of power anywhere. We have brought this bill back from the brink. Now, if we amplify our voices today, we can put an end to the most powerful Internet censorship threat that the world has ever seen.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;With hope,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Dalia, Ian, Alice, Ricken, Diego, David, and the Avaaz Team&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Sources:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;White House statement:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;a href="https://secure.avaaz.org/whitehouse_internet_statement" style="background-color: white; color: #0000cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" target="_blank"&gt;https://secure.avaaz.org/&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;whitehouse_internet_statement&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Wikipedia joins web blackout in Sopa protest (BBC):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.avaaz.org/bbc_sopa_wikipedia" style="background-color: white; color: #0000cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.avaaz.org/bbc_sopa_&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;American Censorship's fact sheet on SOPA:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;a href="http://americancensorship.org/infographic.html" style="background-color: white; color: #0000cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" target="_blank"&gt;http://americancensorship.org/&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;infographic.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Everything you need to know about Congress's online piracy bills in one post (Washington Post):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/everything-you-need-to-know-about-congresss-online-piracy-bills-in-one-post/2011/12/16/gIQAz4ggyO_blog.html" style="background-color: white; color: #0000cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.washingtonpost.com/&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;blogs/ezra-klein/post/&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;everything-you-need-to-know-&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;about-congresss-online-piracy-&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;bills-in-one-post/2011/12/16/&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;gIQAz4ggyO_blog.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;SOPA and PIPA sponsors caving in to opposition (Talking Points Memo):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;a href="http://idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2012/01/sopa-and-pipa-sponsors-caving-into-opposition.php" style="background-color: white; color: #0000cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" target="_blank"&gt;http://idealab.&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;talkingpointsmemo.com/2012/01/&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;sopa-and-pipa-sponsors-caving-&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;into-opposition.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;White House will not support SOPA, PIPA (Huffington Post):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/14/white-house-sopa-pipa_n_1206347.html" style="background-color: white; color: #0000cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;2012/01/14/white-house-sopa-&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;pipa_n_1206347.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Controversial online piracy bill ‘shelved’ until consensus is found (The Hill):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;a href="http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/204167-sopa-shelved-until-consensus-is-found" style="background-color: white; color: #0000cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" target="_blank"&gt;http://thehill.com/blogs/&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;hillicon-valley/technology/&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;204167-sopa-shelved-until-&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;consensus-is-found&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(이하 공용 및 개인화 메시지 및 연락처를 언급한 하단 블록 생략)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-6453123100882512826?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/wNGNLzBPTaFnUqtarw68p35BlLo/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/wNGNLzBPTaFnUqtarw68p35BlLo/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/wNGNLzBPTaFnUqtarw68p35BlLo/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/wNGNLzBPTaFnUqtarw68p35BlLo/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/vVFam6bzkQ0" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/6453123100882512826/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=6453123100882512826&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/6453123100882512826?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/6453123100882512826?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/vVFam6bzkQ0/blog-post_19.html" title="[메모] 어떤 메일" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/01/blog-post_19.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DkMDQ3Y-fip7ImA9WhRVGEU.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-6939889021591477400</id><published>2012-01-18T20:01:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-18T20:01:12.856+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-18T20:01:12.856+09:00</app:edited><title>[메모] Building Income pyramid with some kind of money-blocks</title><content type="html">&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
1.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(...) As one economist put it: "If we made an income pyramid out of a child's buiding blocks, with each layer portraying $1000 of income, the very richest would be far higher than the Eiffel tour, but almost all of us would be within a yard off the ground."&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
.... &lt;a href="http://books.google.co.kr/books?id=jKVMol7_sJ8C&amp;amp;pg=PA60&amp;amp;lpg=PA60&amp;amp;dq=%22income+pyramid%22+%22layer%22+%22building+blocks%22&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=c160jR2dav&amp;amp;sig=uJPx_2PLrV9zGC94OpXEl6oxzxQ&amp;amp;hl=ko&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=f54WT4_nEoLMmAWN2MzSAw&amp;amp;ved=0CEYQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=%22income%20pyramid%22%20%22layer%22%20%22building%20blocks%22&amp;amp;f=false"&gt;링크&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
2.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(...) If we construct an income pyramid of children's building blocks with each layer of blocks representing $1000, the peak of the pyramid (the highest incomes) would be higher than the Eiffel Tower; most people would be less than six feet from the ground.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
... &lt;a href="http://www.cabrillo.edu/~mmoore/inequality.html"&gt;http://www.cabrillo.edu/~mmoore/inequality.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
3.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(...) In 1948 Nobel laureate Paul Samuelson had attempted to illustrate the extent of inequality in his popular economics textbook with the following example:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;
“If we made . . . an income pyramid out of a child’s play blocks with each layer portraying $1,000 of&amp;nbsp;income, the peak would be far higher than the Eiffel Tower, but almost all of us would be within a yard of the ground.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
By the closing years of the century, Samuelson found that the Eiffel Tower no longer adequately expressed the orders of magnitude involved. He replaced it with Mount Everest.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
... &lt;a href="http://www.garalperovitz.com/PPPQ_gar-only.pdf"&gt;http://www.garalperovitz.com/PPPQ_gar-only.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
4.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(...)&amp;nbsp;The well-known economist Paul Samuelson, writing in the first edition of his Introductory Economics textbook in 1948, noted that if we made an income pyramid out of a child's building blocks, with each layer representing a $1,000 of income, the peak would be somewhat higher than the Eiffel Tower but most of us would be within a yard or so of the ground. That was in 1948. By the time of the 2001 edition of Samuelson's textbook, most of us would still be within a yard or so of the ground, but the Eiffel Tower would now have to be replaced with Mount Everest in order to represent those at the top of the income distribution.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
... &lt;a href="http://academic.udayton.edu/health/syllabi/disparities/07WealthInequality/wealth03.htm"&gt;링크&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-6939889021591477400?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/toVNi9tIDhXIqzgNaVkxFKBWLLI/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/toVNi9tIDhXIqzgNaVkxFKBWLLI/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/toVNi9tIDhXIqzgNaVkxFKBWLLI/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/toVNi9tIDhXIqzgNaVkxFKBWLLI/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/8orXgVXJeWg" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/6939889021591477400/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=6939889021591477400&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/6939889021591477400?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/6939889021591477400?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/8orXgVXJeWg/building-income-pyramid-with-some-kind.html" title="[메모] Building Income pyramid with some kind of money-blocks" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/01/building-income-pyramid-with-some-kind.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;AkINSXo9fCp7ImA9WhRVGEg.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-2646903111208243998</id><published>2012-01-18T12:49:00.002+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-18T12:49:58.464+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-18T12:49:58.464+09:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="자료동네 | 기타" /><title>[자료] 미국 연방세금 보고의 기초</title><content type="html">&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
자료:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://sorine.kseane.org/sorine_tax_faq.html#DeductionCredit"&gt;http://sorine.kseane.org/sorine_tax_faq.html#DeductionCredit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-2646903111208243998?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/_lAf3ZWGBSHiNCSD4ZtX3thLLb0/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/_lAf3ZWGBSHiNCSD4ZtX3thLLb0/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/_lAf3ZWGBSHiNCSD4ZtX3thLLb0/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/_lAf3ZWGBSHiNCSD4ZtX3thLLb0/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/KgTx9niCiT0" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/2646903111208243998/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=2646903111208243998&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/2646903111208243998?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/2646903111208243998?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/KgTx9niCiT0/blog-post_18.html" title="[자료] 미국 연방세금 보고의 기초" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/01/blog-post_18.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;C0IDQHo9cCp7ImA9WhRVF0U.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-2289492171961054841</id><published>2012-01-17T15:26:00.001+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-17T15:26:11.468+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-17T15:26:11.468+09:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="자료동네 | 경제사. 이론. 제도" /><title>[자료] TOPIC 4: GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE: COMPOSITION AND INCIDENCE</title><content type="html">&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
자료: &lt;a href="http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=t&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=%22government%22+%22exhaustive+expenditure%22&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=16&amp;amp;ved=0CFUQFjAFOAo&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fstudent.fnu.ac.fj%3A82%2FCommerce%2FFIN702%2FLecture%2520Notes%2Ffin702%2520topic%25204.doc&amp;amp;ei=AhMVT-7ANanImAWdv5TZCQ&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNEd3JWLW-Nmod5QPba7FhQbStnm2Q&amp;amp;sig2=kgAM4gAAKuPIldyX7N3EuA"&gt;링크&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(...)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Public sector expenditure as it appears in the national income accounts can be classified in two main categories:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1)&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;exhaustive expenditure vs transfer payments/expenditure&lt;br /&gt;
2)&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;operating vs capital expenditure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Exhaustive Expenditure&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;: This refers to expenditure by government that consumes or exhausts the purchasing power of the money it spends, hence the name. Included are purchases of inputs used in government’s own production of goods and services, and purchases of outputs from the private sector. It also includes investment in fixed assets such as roads, machinery, buildings, etc. Also known as government income producing payments, exhaustive expenditure represents the purchase of goods or services by the government and therefore it results in the creation of employment and income.　As a result, it has a profound effect on people’s standard of living and life chances or opportunities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Transfer payments/expenditure: These refer to expenditure where the government does not purchase factors of production or use resources. Instead it involves the transfer of money from government to individuals in the society. These include subsidies, interest payments, loans, welfare payments, pensions, etc. Transfer payments represent the mere transfer of funds from the government to individuals and do not involve any employment or income creation activity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Operating Expenditure: Operating expenditure, also known as consumption expenditure, includes all expenditure involved in sustaining the government machinery. It includes salaries and wages, travel and communications, maintenance and operations, purchase of goods and services, operating grants and transfers, pensions, allowances and debt charges.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Capital Expenditure: This expenditure includes all payments made by the state to raise the productive capacity of the economy. This expenditure will provide a sustained source of returns for the economy. Expenditure in this category includes capital construction, capital purchase and capital grants and transfers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are two other categories of fiscal policy changes, automatic expenditure (or built-in change) and discretionary expenditure changes. =&amp;gt; Built-in changes are expenditure that happens automatically. In other words, the government does not have exact control over the level of this type of expenditure.&lt;br /&gt;
=&amp;gt; The most obvious example of this is spending on benefits. The government sets regulations for who is entitled to benefits, and it sets the level of the benefits. However, the one thing that it cannot dictate is the number of people who may then be entitled to them, as this will often depend on the state of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
=&amp;gt;As the economy goes into recession and people lose their jobs, more people will be entitled to benefits. This will mean government expenditure will rise—not because the government chose to spend more, but simply because of the state of the economy. This spending is therefore automatic spending.&lt;br /&gt;
=&amp;gt; However, discretionary spending is, by contrast, spending the government chooses to make. In a time of recession, it may choose to spend more to try to boost the level of aggregate demand &amp;nbsp;and therefore equilibrium output.&lt;br /&gt;
=&amp;gt; At other times, it may choose to lower the level of expenditure to avoid 'crowding out’ private sector spending. Either way, it is said to be operating a discretionary fiscal policy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-2289492171961054841?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/GhXsZmnQPy5pm9pqyQH7X7OAghg/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/GhXsZmnQPy5pm9pqyQH7X7OAghg/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/Fh50RHVddas" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/2289492171961054841/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=2289492171961054841&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/2289492171961054841?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/2289492171961054841?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/Fh50RHVddas/topic-4-government-expenditure.html" title="[자료] TOPIC 4: GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE: COMPOSITION AND INCIDENCE" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/01/topic-4-government-expenditure.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;C0MMRng5eip7ImA9WhRVF0U.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-7130742272556201993</id><published>2012-01-17T14:22:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-17T15:24:47.622+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-17T15:24:47.622+09:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="자료동네 | 기타" /><title>[용어메모] 미국의 노인의료보험(Medicare), 국민의료보장(Medicaid)</title><content type="html">미국의&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
노인의료보험(Medicare): 고령층 의료보장&lt;br /&gt;
국민의료보장(Medicaid): 빈곤층 및 장애인 의료보장&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-7130742272556201993?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/C2pRAK59on4o4VH-L2tj5VHY6Os/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/C2pRAK59on4o4VH-L2tj5VHY6Os/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/GGbikoQg6no" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/7130742272556201993/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=7130742272556201993&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/7130742272556201993?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/7130742272556201993?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/GGbikoQg6no/medicare-medicaid.html" title="[용어메모] 미국의 노인의료보험(Medicare), 국민의료보장(Medicaid)" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/01/medicare-medicaid.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DkMFR3wzfSp7ImA9WhRVF0s.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-8822607967596999267</id><published>2012-01-17T10:31:00.005+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-17T10:40:16.285+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-17T10:40:16.285+09:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="학이시습 | 외국어.우리말.언어" /><title>Search: from apple(s) to zither(s)</title><content type="html">&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
1.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
It's important that the article writer you choose has experience. There are two types of experienced article writers: those with experience in your specific subject, and those with experience in a wide range of subjects.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
The first type is desirable, because they'll have an in-depth knowledge of your industry and may be able to bring their own knowledge and ideas to the table. A writer with a solid background in your industry starts with a base knowledge about your product and audience that other writers may not have. These are often the best choice if you need in-depth articles for an expert audience.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
The second type is desirable because they're a whiz at research. A writer who's written-and written well-on &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;everything from apples to zithers&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt; clearly loves to learn new things, and will dive into your project with enthusiasm. A talented generalist is usually very good at making complex topics easy to understand, and they're preferable if you need articles for a general audience.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
... &lt;a href="http://voices.yahoo.com/seven-things-look-hiring-article-writer-504351.html"&gt;http://voices.yahoo.com/seven-things-look-hiring-article-writer-504351.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
2.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Goods that are both rival and exclusive are pure private goods and tend to be efficiently provided by the marketplace. &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Most goods, from apples to zithers,&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt; are pure private goods. Pure public goods are both nonexclusive and nonrival.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
... &lt;a href="http://www.unc.edu/depts/econ/byrns_web/Economicae/Essays/Goods_characteristics.htm"&gt;http://www.unc.edu/depts/econ/byrns_web/Economicae/Essays/Goods_characteristics.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
3.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
It’s not just a small coterie of people here who shop online, either. ComScore reported that over 60 percent of Singapore’s internet users shop online, and data from both Comscore and MasterCard last year showed that more women than men shop online.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
While it’s true that consumers made nearly 60 percent of their online purchases at overseas websites, the volume on local websites is also growing.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
And even though a big percentage of the purchases are still airline tickets and hotel reservations, Singaporeans buy &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;everything from apples to zithers&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt; online. 13 percent of the shopping was for fashion items, according to a Nielsen survey, and another 13 percent was for entertainment.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
... &lt;a href="http://www.singaporekopitiam.sg/blogs/richard-hartung/item/1007-cyberspace-is-the-new-shopping-frontier"&gt;http://www.singaporekopitiam.sg/blogs/richard-hartung/item/1007-cyberspace-is-the-new-shopping-frontier&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
4.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Since virtually all commercial goods are moved via truck, rail, or airline, this translates into significant cost inflation for &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;everything from apples to zithers&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
... &lt;a href="http://blogs.opisnet.com/archive/2007/11/08/twelve-oil-questions-that-merit-straight-answers.aspx"&gt;http://blogs.opisnet.com/archive/2007/11/08/twelve-oil-questions-that-merit-straight-answers.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
5.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(...) By listing &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;object from apple to zither&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, or &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;people from archer to zany&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(jester), "alphabet arrays" seem to index the world, rendering it, in Patricia Crain'w words, "graspable, and most strikingly, obtainable." As such, the alphabet book "initiates the individual into that world."&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
... &lt;a href="http://books.google.co.kr/books?id=f_mgPpS-xXsC&amp;amp;pg=PA75&amp;amp;lpg=PA75&amp;amp;dq=%22from+apple+to+zither%22&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=SKVOcn0Q9J&amp;amp;sig=ajd0q7uZ5JSayQ9a2dSnr61RKzI&amp;amp;hl=ko&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=r88UT_TxL4udiAf3vrHNCQ&amp;amp;ved=0CEYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=%22from%20apple%20to%20zither%22&amp;amp;f=false"&gt;링크&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-8822607967596999267?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/eRYrqwM06x30j-b4HJ2qMysKLKg/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/eRYrqwM06x30j-b4HJ2qMysKLKg/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/eRYrqwM06x30j-b4HJ2qMysKLKg/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/eRYrqwM06x30j-b4HJ2qMysKLKg/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/bd_RJm5800E" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/8822607967596999267/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=8822607967596999267&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/8822607967596999267?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/8822607967596999267?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/bd_RJm5800E/search-from-apples-to-zithers.html" title="Search: from apple(s) to zither(s)" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/01/search-from-apples-to-zithers.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DU4BR3o5cSp7ImA9WhRVFk0.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-1209324926637168198</id><published>2012-01-15T15:12:00.002+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-15T15:12:36.429+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-15T15:12:36.429+09:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="자료동네 | 경제사. 이론. 제도" /><title>[용어] 지급준비금(reserve)</title><content type="html">&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
자료 1: &lt;a href="http://www.koexbank.co.kr/b2b/minor/dic/90149.htm"&gt;국제금융외환용어사전&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
예금은행이 보유하고 있는 시재금(vault cash)과 중앙은행에 대한 예치금의 합계를 &lt;b&gt;실제보유지급준비금(actual reserve)&lt;/b&gt; 또는 &lt;b&gt;총지급준비금(total reserve)&lt;/b&gt;이라고 하며, 이를 간략히 &lt;b&gt;지급준비금(reserve)&lt;/b&gt;이라고 부른다.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
이에 대하여 &lt;b&gt;필요지급준비금(required reserve)&lt;/b&gt;은 예금은행이 예금주의 현금인출에 대비하여 반드시 예금잔액의 일정비율을 보유하도록 법령에 의해 규정되어 있는 준비금으로서 &lt;b&gt;법정지급준비금(legal reserve)&lt;/b&gt;이라고도 하는데 예금총액에 중앙은행이 결정하는 &lt;b&gt;법정지급준비율&lt;/b&gt;을 곱하여 산출한다.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
실제로 예금은행들은 필요지급준비금을 초과하여 다소 여유 있게 지급준비금을 보유하는데 이때 실제보유 지급준비금에서 필요지급준비금을 차감한 것을 &lt;b&gt;초과지급준비금(excess reserve)&lt;/b&gt;이라 하며, 우리나라에서는 이것이 부(-)가 되면 중앙은행으로부터 과태료가 부과된다.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
한편 법정지급준비금의 부족분을 메우기 위하여 중앙은행으로부터 차입하는 경우 이 몫을 &lt;b&gt;차입지급준비금(borrowed reserve)&lt;/b&gt;이라 한다. 또한 초과지급준비금에서 차입지급준비금을 공제한 것을 &lt;b&gt;순자유지급준비금(net free reserve)&lt;/b&gt;이라 하는데 동 준비금은 금리의 변동에 극히 예민하게 움직인다. 즉 금리상승(하락)은 순자유지준금의 감소(증가)를 통하여 통화량의 증가(감소)를 초래하게 된다.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-1209324926637168198?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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자료: &lt;a href="http://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/71018/1/0x701997.pdf"&gt;글로벌 금융위기와 금융산업의 구조재편: 금융산업의 역사와 발전전략&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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지은이: 金 和 鎭 (서울대학교 법과대학⋅법학대학원 부교수)&lt;/div&gt;
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출처: 『서울대학교 法學』 제51권 제3호 2010년 9월&lt;/div&gt;
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※ 발췌:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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1. 은행의 기원&lt;/div&gt;
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가. 상업은행과 이자&lt;/div&gt;
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통상 ‘은행’(bank)이라고 할 때 상업은행(commercial bank)을 말한다. 은행법 제2조&lt;/div&gt;
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제1항 1호는 “은행업”이라 함은 예금의 수입, 유가증권 기타 채무증서의 발행에&lt;/div&gt;
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의하여 불특정다수인으로부터 채무를 부담함으로써 조달한 자금을 대출하는 것을&lt;/div&gt;
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업으로 행하는 것을 말한다고 하고, 3호는 “상업금융업무”라 함은 대부분 요구불&lt;/div&gt;
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예금의 수입에 의하여 조달한 자금을 1년 이내의 기한으로 대출하거나 금융위원&lt;/div&gt;
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회가 예금총액을 고려하여 정하는 최고대출한도를 초과하지 아니하는 범위 안에서&lt;/div&gt;
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1년 이상 3년 이내의 기한으로 대출하는 업무를 말한다고 한다. 즉, 상업은행업의&lt;/div&gt;
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핵심적 구성요소는 ① 불특정다수인으로부터 예금(deposit)의 형식으로 금전을 수취,&lt;/div&gt;
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② 금전의 이체(transfer)를 집행, ③ 대출의 집행 등 3가지이다.61)&lt;/div&gt;
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14세기 메디치은행을62) 포함한 이탈리아의 은행들이 현대적 의미에서의 최초의&lt;/div&gt;
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은행들이었다. 그 후 머천트뱅크가 생기고 상업은행업에서 오늘날 투자은행들이&lt;/div&gt;
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하는 업무가 분가해 나오면서 상업은행과 투자은행의 구별이 생겼다. 은행은 위와&lt;/div&gt;
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같은 상업은행업무를 포함하여 금융과 관련된 모든 업무를 시장에서의 필요에 따라&lt;/div&gt;
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추가하면서 발달해 왔다. 한 금융기관이 상업은행업무와 투자은행업무를 동시에&lt;/div&gt;
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할 수 있는 것을 유니버설뱅크라고 특별한 것처럼 부르지만 사실은 은행의 원래 모습이 유니버설뱅크라고 해야 할 것이다. 도이치은행, 스위스의 UBS 등 유럽의&lt;/div&gt;
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대형 은행들이 이런 모델을 채택하고 있다 － 채택한 것이 아니라, 원래의 은행&lt;/div&gt;
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모습을 유지하고 있다고 하는 것이 보다 정확한 표현일 것이다.&lt;/div&gt;
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상업은행업은 이자가 없이는 성립할 수 없다. 지구상의 모든 경제활동뿐 아니라&lt;/div&gt;
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인류 생활의 모든 면을 지배한다고 볼 수 있는 것이 금리다.63) 금리가 0%라면 아&lt;/div&gt;
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마도 다른 인센티브가 있지 않는 한 누구도 남에게 돈을 빌려주려 하지 않을 것&lt;/div&gt;
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이다. 즉, 자신이 필요한 것 이상으로 경제력을 보유한 주체에서 경제력이 부족한&lt;/div&gt;
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주체에게로 돈의 흐름이 발생하지 않을 것이다. 중세 유럽에서는 교회가 원칙적으&lt;/div&gt;
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로 이자를 금지했다.64) 15세기 무렵까지만 해도 이자의 징수는 교회법에 의하면&lt;/div&gt;
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신의 뜻에 어긋나는 행동이었다. 성 아우구스티누스는 이자를 받는 행동을 범죄로&lt;/div&gt;
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규정했고 이에는 종교개혁가인 마르틴 루터도 동의했다. 이자를 받고 돈을 빌려주&lt;/div&gt;
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는 자는 교회에서 파문되어야 한다는 것이었다. 중세 사람들에게 있어서 교회에서&lt;/div&gt;
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파문을 당한다는 것은 천국에 갈 수 없다는 의미였으므로 현대인이 느끼는 것과는&lt;/div&gt;
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천양지차가 있었을 것이다. 그야말로 공포의 대상이었고 가장 엄한 형벌이었다.&lt;/div&gt;
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그러나, 상거래와 금융의 필요성은 그 때라 해서 없지 않았으므로, 사람들은 교회&lt;/div&gt;
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가 금지하는 이자를 사용하지는 않되 같은 효과를 거둘 수 있는 방법을 만들어&lt;/div&gt;
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내는데 골몰했다. 투자은행을 포함한 현대의 금융기관들이 구사하는 다양한 금융&lt;/div&gt;
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상품인 국채, 리포(Repo), 주택담보부증권 등등은 사실 그 기원을 교회의 이자징&lt;/div&gt;
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수금지 회피수단에서 찾을 수 있다.65) 상업은행의 존재 근거가 되는 이자를 대체&lt;/div&gt;
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할 방법을 찾아 현대의 투자은행이 구사하는 첨단 금융기법들의 기원이 생성된&lt;/div&gt;
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것은 역설적이다.&lt;/div&gt;
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어음의 할인(discount)은 미래의 금전가치를 현재의 가치로 환산하는 기법이다.&lt;/div&gt;
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이는 사실상 이자를 징수하는 것과 같지만 이자의 징수는 아니므로 널리 활용되&lt;/div&gt;
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었다. 즉, 100원을 빌려주면서 1년 후에 110원을 받는 행동은 사악한 행동으로서&lt;/div&gt;
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금지되지만, 1년 후에 110원을 받기로 하는 문서를 오늘 100원에 판매하는 행동은&lt;/div&gt;
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교회의 금지목록에 없다. 이는 오늘 날 정부가 발행하는 채권(Treasury Bill)의 기원&lt;/div&gt;
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이다. 또, 한 달 후에 101원에 되사기로 약속하면서 오늘 어떤 물건을 100원에 판다면 그 결과는 한 달에 1%의 이자를 주기로 하고 돈을 빌리는 것과 같지만 이&lt;/div&gt;
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또한 이자는 아닌 것이다. 같은 가격에 물건을 되사기로 약속할 수도 있다. 소 열&lt;/div&gt;
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마리를 팔고 1년 후에 같은 가격에 되사기로 하되 그 사이에 출생한 송아지는 매&lt;/div&gt;
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수인의 소유로 한다. 이 방법은 오늘날 투자은행들이 사용하는 리포(Repo)거래의&lt;/div&gt;
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기원이다. 리포시장은 지구상에서 가장 큰 단기자금 시장이며 리포거래가 없다면&lt;/div&gt;
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현대의 투자은행은 존재할 수 없다.66)&lt;/div&gt;
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나. 머천트뱅크67)&lt;/div&gt;
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현대적 형태의 투자은행은 미국 경제의 산물이다.68) 미국에서 본격적인 투자은&lt;/div&gt;
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행이 출현한 것은 남북전쟁(1861-1865) 이후 대규모 산업화가 진행되면서였다. 이&lt;/div&gt;
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투자은행의 전 단계가 유럽의 머천트뱅크다. 물품의 교역과 연계되어서 발생한 금&lt;/div&gt;
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융을 머천트-뱅킹(merchant banking)이라고 부르며 ‘Merchant Banker’는 ‘Merchant&lt;/div&gt;
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and Banker’에서 유래한다. 상인이 거래상대방에게 현금이 아닌 어음을 받는 순간&lt;/div&gt;
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그 상인은 머천트-뱅커가 되는 셈이다. 물품의 거래와 관련된 신용을 창출했기 때&lt;/div&gt;
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문이다. 이렇게 금융을 필요로 하는 상인들이 많을수록 금융을 그 자체 사업으로 하는 상인이 생겨난다.&lt;/div&gt;
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이렇게 근대적 의미에서의 머천트뱅크는 무역금융에서 출발했으며 로스차일드와&lt;/div&gt;
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베어링을 가장 오래된 머천트뱅크라고 부른다. 베어링(Barings Bank)은 1762년에&lt;/div&gt;
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설립되었다. 베어링은 그 뿌리를 네덜란드에 두었으나 영국은행이다. 19세기 초엽에&lt;/div&gt;
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베어링은 이미 유럽에서 가장 강력한 은행으로서의 지위를 보유했다. 다른 금융자&lt;/div&gt;
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본들과 마찬가지로 베어링도 혁명과 전쟁이라는 역사의 격동기에 급성장 했으며&lt;/div&gt;
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특히 영국정부에 금융을 제공하면서 일약 최고 은행의 자리에 올랐다. 베어링의&lt;/div&gt;
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유일한 경쟁자는 프랑크푸르트에 뿌리를 둔 로스차일드뿐이었다. 베어링은 프랑스&lt;/div&gt;
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가 루이지애나 주를 미국에 매각하는 거래도 중개하였다. 1820년 이후에 유럽 금&lt;/div&gt;
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융의 주도권이 로스차일드로 넘어가면서 베어링은 다소 조용해졌으나 최고 금융&lt;/div&gt;
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가문의 지위를 상실한 것은 아니었다. 2차 대전 중에도 영국정부는 전비를 조달하&lt;/div&gt;
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기 위해 베어링의 도움을 받았다. 전쟁 후 글로벌 금융시장의 성장으로 베어링의&lt;/div&gt;
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중요성은 감소했으나 명성있는 은행 종가집의 위치는 변하지 않았다. 그러나, 베&lt;/div&gt;
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어링은 1995년에 싱가폴 지점 직원이 선물거래에서 투기로 14억불을 잃으면서 단&lt;/div&gt;
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1 파운드에 네덜란드의 ING에 인수되어 ING Barings가 되었다가 2001년에 250년&lt;/div&gt;
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의 역사를 남기고 사라지게 된다.69) ING가 베어링을 회사 이름에서 떼내기로 결&lt;/div&gt;
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정한 것은 베어링이라는 이름을 달고 있는 것이 득이 아니라 실이라고 판단했기&lt;/div&gt;
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때문이라 한다.&lt;/div&gt;
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로스차일드는 베어링의 경쟁자로 출발했다가 19세기 초에 유럽 금융시장을 장&lt;/div&gt;
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악한 머천트-뱅크다.70) 로스차일드도 베어링과 마찬가지로 역사의 격동기에 왕실과&lt;/div&gt;
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정부에 금융을 제공하면서 성장하였다. 20세기에 들어와서는 로스차일드가 이렇다&lt;/div&gt;
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할 뉴스거리를 만들어 내거나 거대 금융기관으로서의 활동을 보인 바는 없다. 로&lt;/div&gt;
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스차일드가 현대 글로벌 금융시장의 큰 손이라고 느낄만한 활동은 없으나 이 가&lt;/div&gt;
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문은 19세기 유럽의 금융시장에서 지존이었고 그 파워로 미국의 산업을 건설하였&lt;/div&gt;
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다. 그 과정에서 현대적 의미의 투자은행이 탄생하였다. 즉, 투자은행들은 로스차&lt;/div&gt;
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일드의 자금을 신흥 미국의 산업 발전으로 연결해 준 중개인들이었던 것이다. 로&lt;/div&gt;
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스차일드의 이름은 아직도 유럽의 중형 투자은행의 브랜드에 남아있다.&lt;/div&gt;
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(...)&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-6352110027010137895?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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자료: &lt;a href="http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=t&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=%22monetary%20aggregate%22&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=17&amp;amp;ved=0CFQQFjAGOAo&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fynucc.yeungnam.ac.kr%2F~bwlee%2Fnotes%2Fmaggre.hwp&amp;amp;ei=ydwPT8uGJ-eKmQXS8bD9Aw&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNEwg7CF0hvkCk-CRS7wKjs--3CZFA&amp;amp;sig2=tAQSF-cIDsqadMHHXU6h5w"&gt;이병완 교수의 화폐금융론 강의자료 2003, Volume 2&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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※ 유익한 자료를 인터넷에 공개해주신 이병완 교수께 감사드린다.&lt;/div&gt;
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※ 발췌:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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1. 통화지표의 개념과 의의&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;통화량 또는 통화공급량(money supply)&lt;/b&gt;은 ‘중앙은행&amp;nbsp;바깥에서 유통되고 있는 돈의 존재량’을 가리키는 개념이다. 즉, &lt;b&gt;‘시중에 풀려있는 돈의 총량’&lt;/b&gt;을 말한다. 아래에서 거론하겠지만 현금과 함께 현금에 매우 가까운 것들도 ‘돈’으로 간주해야 할 것이므로 통화량은 또한 ‘시중 유동성’으로 불리기도 한다. 통화지표는 이러한 시중 유동성의 크기, 즉, 통화량을 측량하는 잣대라고 할 수 있다. 통화량이 경제에 미치는 영향이 대단히 중요한 만큼 중앙은행은 늘 잘 짜여진 통화지표 편제 체계를 갖추기 위해 노력하게 된다. 만일 통화지표가 어떤 이유로 시중 유동성을 정확히 반영하지 못하고 있다면 ‘돈이 많이 풀리고 적게 풀리고의 문제’를 제대로 따지기 어렵다. 통화정책당국은 그로 인해 정책을 수립하고 집행하는데 어려움을 겪게 될 것이고 경제분석가들도 통화량을 주요 설명변수로 하는 분석을 시행하는데 있어 제약에 직면하게 될 것이다.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;
통화량 = 통화공급량=&amp;nbsp;중앙은행 바깥에서 유통되고 있는 돈의 존재량&amp;nbsp;= 시중 유동성&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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통화지표(monetary aggregate) : 시중 유동성을&amp;nbsp;나타내는 척도&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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‘돈’이라고 하면 우리는 지폐나&amp;nbsp;동전 같은 현금을 먼저 떠올리게 된다. 이들은 틀림없는 &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; ‘돈’이다. 그러나 사람들이 보유하고 있는 지폐와 동전을&amp;nbsp;모두 합산 - 이렇게 하면 현금통화가 구해진다 - 한다고 해서 시중에 풀려 있는 ‘돈’의 총량이 모두 파악되는 것은 아니다. 당장은 현금의 모습이 아니더라도 현금으로 쉽게 변신할 수 있는 &lt;b&gt;‘잠재적 현금’&lt;/b&gt;이 훨씬 더 많이 존재하기 때문이다. 필요할 때마다 자유롭게 현금으로 인출해 지급결제에 사용할 수 있는 &lt;b&gt;‘금융기관에 맡겨둔 돈’&lt;/b&gt;이 대표적인 예다. 불편함이나 손해를 겪지 않고 현금으로 쉽사리 바꿀 수 있는, 즉, 유동성이 높은 금융상품들은 모두 ‘돈’의 범주에 포함될 수 있는 자격을 갖고 있다.&lt;/div&gt;
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금융혁신(financial innovation)과&amp;nbsp;정보통신기술의 발달에 힘입어 최근에는 유동성이 높으면서 동시에 높은 이자수익이나 실적배당수익을 얻을 수 있는 금융상품들도 많이 등장하게 되었다. 지급결제수단의 기능도 하고 동시에 가치저장수단의 기능도 훌륭히 수행하는 이들 금융상품들은 금융기관들이 벌이고 있는 수신확대경쟁의 주요 수단이기도하다. 돈의 기능을 하는 금융상품의 범위가 이와 같이 확대되면서 어디까지를 돈으로 간주해야 할지 선을 긋기가 보다 어려워지게 되었다. 또한 금융상품의 종류가 다양해 진만큼 이들의 유동성 차이도 크게 다양해졌다. 그러므로 유동성이 높은 것부터 시작해 점차 포괄범위를 넓혀 가면서 여러 개의 선을 조심스럽게 그음으로써 ‘돈의 척도’를 여러 개 갖출 수밖에 없다고 하겠다. 따라서 각 국 중앙은행들은 모두 포괄범위를 달리하는 여러 종류의 통화지표를 편제하고 있으며 이들 중 실정에 맞는 지표를 선정해 이를 중심으로 통화량을 관리하고 있다.&lt;/div&gt;
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금융자산의 종류와 속성 및&amp;nbsp;금융시장 상황은 나라마다 차이가 있기 마련이다. 따라서 금융상품의 이름이 같다고 해서 유동성이나 시장에서 차지하는 비중이 서로 같을 수는 없다. 게다가 통화지표 편제 내역도 나라에 따라 약간씩 차이기 있기 때문에 같은 이름의 통화지표라고 해도 유동성 반영의 정도는 나라에 따라 서로 큰 차이를 보이기도 한다.&lt;/div&gt;
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어느 나라던 통화지표 편제내역이&amp;nbsp;장기간 아무런 변화 없이 고정된 상태는 아니다. 금융시장의 변화와 금융시스템의 변화를 반영해 종종&amp;nbsp;새롭게 수정되기 때문이다. 우리나라의 경우 아래에서 설명하겠지만 2002년 4월부터 시중 유동성 수준을 더 잘 반영할 수 있도록 新M1(협의의 통화), 新M2(광의의 통화)라는 새로운 통화지표들을 편제해 발표하고 있다.&lt;/div&gt;
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2. 기존 통화지표의 종류와 문제점&lt;/div&gt;
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한국은행은 2002년 4월부터 금융기관&amp;nbsp;중심으로 작성되고 있는 현 통화지표를 바꿔 시중유동성 규모를 보다 정확하게 파악할 수 있도록 ‘협의의 통화(신M1)’와 ‘광의의 통화(신M2)로 개편했다. 새 통화지표는 국제통화기금(IMF) 지침에 따른 것으로 그동안 달라진 금융상품의 특징을 반영해 시중 유동성을 파악하는데 더 효과적일 것으로 평가된다.&lt;/div&gt;
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새로운 통화지표 편제 시스템을&amp;nbsp;설명하기 앞서&amp;nbsp;기존의 통화지표 편제체계부터 살펴보기로 한다. 기존의 통화지표 편제 체계는&amp;nbsp;은행권을 중심으로 짜여져 있다는 점에 주목하기 바란다. 80년대 후반이후 제2금융권의 단기수신고가 커져갈수록 이러한 통화지표체재의 문제점은 심화돼왔고 특히 중심 통화지표인 M2는 시중유동성을 제대로 반영하지 못하고 있었음에도 오랫동안 통화량조절의 목표변수로 사용돼왔다. 요컨대 통화지표 편제 시스템이 금융환경 급변을 적절히 따라잡지 못한 상태가 오래 지속돼왔다고 할 수 있다.&lt;/div&gt;
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(1) M1(통화)&lt;/div&gt;
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M1 = 현금통화 &amp;nbsp;+ 예금통화 &amp;nbsp; = &amp;nbsp;C + D&lt;/div&gt;
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가장 포괄범위가 좁은 통화지표로&amp;nbsp;유동성이&amp;nbsp;가장 높은 것들만 포함하고 있다. 금융기관이 지금처럼 다양화되기 훨씬 이전인 60년대에는 통화정책의 중심지표로 사용되기도 했다. 지금은 하나의 보조지표로 활용되고 있다.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;현금통화&lt;/b&gt;는 한국은행과 예금은행을 제외한&amp;nbsp;여타의&amp;nbsp;경제주체들이 보유하고 있는 현금을 말하며 &lt;b&gt;민간화폐보유액(C: Currency in circulation among the non-bank public)&lt;/b&gt;이라고도 부른다. 한국은행이 공급한 통화 가운데 한국은행으로 되돌오게 된 부분(금융기관 지준예치금)과 예금은행들에 보유되는 부분(즉, 시재금)을 제외한 나머지가 곧 현금통화이다.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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예금통화는 예금은행들이 취급하는 입출금에&amp;nbsp;제한이 없는(그 대신 이자는 아주 낮거나 없는)예금, 즉, &lt;b&gt;요구불예금(D: Demand Deposit)&lt;/b&gt;을 말한다. &amp;nbsp;아래와 같은 예금들이 여기에 해당한다. 이들 예금의 잔액은 오래 머물지 않는 것이 특징이다. &amp;nbsp;이들 예금 통장은 마치 현금을 넣어두는 은행고객들의 안주머니와 같다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 현금형태로 안주머니에 넣어둔 돈이나 이들 예금통장에 들어있는 돈이나 마찬가지의 ‘돈’이라고 보게 되는 것이다.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
▶ 당좌예금: 수표나&amp;nbsp;약속어음 발행을 위한 예금. 일정한 자격요건을 갖춘 법인 또는 사업자등록증을 가진 개인이 이용할 수 있는데 특히 외상거래에 매우 편리하게 활용되는 대신 이자율은 0이다.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
▶ 가계당좌예금: 신용도가 인정되는 개인고객이 이용할&amp;nbsp;수 있는 예금으로 가계수표를 발행할 수 있으며 일반 당좌예금과는 달리 1%정도의 이자를 지급하고 있다. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
▶ 보통예금: 거래대상, 예치금액,&amp;nbsp;입출금 회수 등에 아무런 제한이 없는 그야말로 보통예금. 이자율은 연 1.0%다.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
▶ 별단예금(temporary deposit): 은행의 예수금 가운데&amp;nbsp;다른 계정으로 곧 이체하거나 지급된 자금을 일시적으로 모아두는 과도기적 예금. 대부분 자기앞 수표 발행대금을 처리하는 계정으로 이용된다. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
▶ 공공예금: 각종 공과금을 수납 받아 일시적으로 모아두기 위한 계정이다.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(2) M2(총통화)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;M2 = M1 &amp;nbsp;+ &amp;nbsp;(저축성예금 + 거주자 외화예금)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;= M1 &amp;nbsp;+ &amp;nbsp;준통화&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;= &amp;nbsp;C &amp;nbsp;+ &amp;nbsp;D &amp;nbsp;+ &amp;nbsp;T &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; 단. T는 준통화임&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
당장 현금과 같이 사용할 수 있는 통화, 즉, M1 뿐만&amp;nbsp;아니라 어느 정도의 이자만 포기하면 즉시 현금화하여 이용 가능한 저축성 예금까지를 돈으로 본 것이다. 지불수단으로서뿐만 아니라 화폐의 가치저장수단으로서의 기능까지를 중시한 보다 넓은 의미의 지표이다. 이것은 79년이래 96년까지 통화정책을 수행하는데 있어 중심관리지표로 활용돼 온 지표다.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
총통화에 포함되는 금융상품, 즉, 요구불예금과&amp;nbsp;저축성 예금 및 거주자 외화예금은 예금은행(시중은행, 지방은행, 외국은행 국내지점 및 특수은행)에서 주로 취급하고 있다. 제2금융권의 산업은행과 같은 개발기관이나 체신관서, 상호신용금고 등에서도 이러한 예금을 취급하고 있지만 예금은행에 비하면 그 비중이 매우 작아서 M2에 포함시켜 주지 않고 있고(그러나 M3에는 포함된다) 지준예치 의무마저 부과하지 않고 있다. 따라서 총통화(즉, M2)가 늘고 주는 것은 결국 한국은행과 예금은행의 테두리 내에서 이루어지는 것이라 할 수 있으며 이러한 이유로 &lt;b&gt;한국은행과 예금은행을 합해 통화금융기관으로 분류&lt;/b&gt;하고 있는 것이다. 즉, 통화금융기관 비통화금융기관을 구분지을 때의 ‘통화’는 ‘M2'를 의미하는 것이라 보면 된다.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
저축성예금과 거주자 외화예금을 합한 것을&amp;nbsp;준통화(T로 표시하기로 하자)라고 부른다. 거주자란 우리나라 사람 및 우리나라에 6개월 이상 거주하고 있는 외국인을 말한다. 거주자 외화예금도 쉽게 원화로 인출 가능한 유동성이 높은 예금이므로 당연히 통화지표에 잡혀야 한다.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
저축성예금의 종류는 아래와 같다. 이들 예금가운데 저축예금과 자유저축예금 및 기업자 &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; 유예금 같은 것은 사실상 당좌예금이나 보통예금과 같은 요구불예금과 거의 차이가 없을 &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; 정도로 유동성이 높다. 즉, 이들 예금 구좌에 남아있는 잔액은 요구불예금과 마찬가지로 &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; 빈번하게 입출금이 이루어지는 그런 돈이어서 민간이 보유하는 현금과 별 차이가 없다고 &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; 할 수 있다. &amp;nbsp;이에 반해 가령 만기가 5년인 적금이나 부금 통장에 입금돼 있는 돈은 유동성이 상대적으로 크게 떨어진다. &amp;nbsp;만기이전에 현금화하려면 해지수수료가 적용돼 이자를 거의 포기해야하므로 대개 만기 때까지 묶여 있다고 봐야 한다. 요컨대 저축성예금은 종류별로 유동성이 크게 차이가 나지만 구분 없이 합산되어 총통화, 즉, M2에 포함되고 있는 것이다.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
저축성예금:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(1) 예금:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&amp;nbsp;(1.1) 저축예금, 자유저축예금, 기업자유예금, MMDA&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&amp;nbsp;(1.2) 정기예금&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(2) 정기적금&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(3) 부금: 상호부금, 주택부금 등&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
☞ &lt;b&gt;MMDA(Money Market Deposit Account: 시장금리부 수시입출식 예금)&lt;/b&gt; : 일정액의 최저 통장 잔고(보통 5백만원)를 넘을 경우&amp;nbsp;시중 실세금리에 따라 높은 이자를 지급하는 저축예금의 일종으로 외환위기 이후 도입되었다. 보통 5백만원, 1천만원, 3천만원, 5천만원, 1억원 등을 기준으로 금리가 차등 정해진다.&amp;nbsp;최근 시중의 단기 부동자금을 유치하는 은행의 주요 수단으로 부상했지만 실세금리를 반영하는 제2금융권의 단기 고수익 금융상품들이 많아 서로 경쟁이 치열함을 볼 수 있다. 즉, 종합금융사의 CMA(Cash Management Account: 어음관리계좌), 투자신탁회사에서 주로 취급하는 MMF(Money Market Fund), SMMF(신종 MMF) 등이 나름대로의 이점을 앞세워 MMDA와 경합하고 있다. 그러나 MMDA는 은행상품이므로 통장이용이 편리하다는 점, 예금자 보호 대상인 상품인 점, 확정금리부 상품이므로 운용자산 부실로 인한 지급제한 등의 문제가 발생할 수 없다는 점(즉, 대우사태때 MMF와 SMMF에 대해 환매 제한이 가해졌던 것과 같은 일은 생기지 않는다는 점) 등을 장점으로 갖고 있다.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(3) M2A (이하 생략)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-6300376629738541915?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/xdRhuoEm-9TvPUNAh6y6mTHbnS4/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/xdRhuoEm-9TvPUNAh6y6mTHbnS4/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/pS3hAHtERhM" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/6300376629738541915/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=6300376629738541915&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/6300376629738541915?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/6300376629738541915?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/pS3hAHtERhM/blog-post_1662.html" title="[자료] 통화지표 (이병완 교수)" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/01/blog-post_1662.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;CEIAR3s_eSp7ImA9WhRVFkQ.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-4859344036661488157</id><published>2012-01-13T12:57:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-16T14:42:26.541+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-16T14:42:26.541+09:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="자료동네 | 경제사. 이론. 제도" /><title>[자료] 미국, 연방준비제도 관련 명칭</title><content type="html">&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
자료:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://weirdhat.net/xe/index.php?mid=oldbox&amp;amp;document_srl=10478"&gt;http://weirdhat.net/xe/index.php?mid=oldbox&amp;amp;document_srl=10478&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
자료 속 원출처: 강만수, 현장에서 본 한국경제&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
※ 발췌:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
1. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System(FRB):&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;이걸 줄여서 Federal Reserve Board 라고 부른다(이 독자. 이하 발췌).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;연방준비제도위원회 (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, FRB)2)는 &lt;b&gt;연방관청(a federal government agency)&lt;/b&gt;이다. 완전히 일치하지는 않지만 우리의 중앙선거관리위원회와 유사한 성격의 공무원으로 구성된 관청이다. 우리나라 금융통화위원회가 특수법인인 한국은행에 설치된 것과 다르다. 우리와 반대로 &lt;b&gt;FRB는 연방준비은행(Federal Reserve Bank) 위에 있는 관청&lt;/b&gt;이다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;연방준비제도위원회를 연방준비제도이사회3)라고 부르는 것은 잘못이다&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. 지역별 연방준비은행에 법인의 이사결정기구로서 &lt;b&gt;연방준비은행이사회(Board of directors of the Federal Reserve Bank)&lt;/b&gt;4)가 따로 있다. 행정관청인 Board of Governors를 이사회라고 부르는 것은 틀린 것이다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
CF. 의견(이 독자):&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Governor&lt;/b&gt;는 미국에서 &lt;b&gt;주지사&lt;/b&gt;를 가리킬 때 쓰는 용어이기도 하고, 영국의 영란은행 &lt;b&gt;총재&lt;/b&gt;를 &amp;nbsp;가리킬 때 쓰는 용어이기도 하며, 식민지를 지배하는 우두머리를 뜻하는 &lt;b&gt;총독&lt;/b&gt;을 가리킬 때 쓰는 말이기도 하다(&lt;a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/governor"&gt;American Heritage 외&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://goo.gl/YD844"&gt;위키피디아&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://goo.gl/TYNIS"&gt;위키피디아&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;..). 그 밖에 학교 교장을 가리킬 때도 쓰는 듯하다(바빠서 출처 확인은 나중으로)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;요컨대, Governor의 일차적이고 기본적 의미는 ‘행정 등 여러 분야를 포괄해 총괄적 통치권을 행사하는 권한이 부여된 사람’이란 뜻이다.&amp;nbsp;따라서 Board of Governors라는 표현의 일차적(즉 사회관습적 맥락을 제거한 어의상의 기본적) 의미는 그러한 총괄적 권한을 행사하는 사람들의 모임이라고 이해한다. 미국의 법제도가 FRB를 &lt;b&gt;위원회(board of commissioners)&lt;/b&gt;이라고 표현하지 않고 board of governors라고 표현한 데는 그런 의미가 있을 것이다.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;연방준비제도이사회라는 용어가 옳은 번역어라고 우길 생각은 없지만, 연방준비제도위원회라는 용어 역시 적합한 번역어는 아니라고 생각한다.&amp;nbsp;연방준비제도이사회란 용어는 글자 그대로 연방준비은행이사회와는 다르다. 전자는&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;연방준비제도(Federal Reserve System)&lt;/b&gt;를 관리하는 사람들이고, 후자는 12개&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;연방준비은행(Federal Reserve Banks)&lt;/b&gt;을 각각 관리하는 사람들이다. 전자는 연방준비은행들의 업무와 기능을 연방 즉 국가 차원에서 관리하는 것이고, 후자는 개별 연방준비은행 차원의 기능을 관리하는 것일 테니 관리의 수준이 다르다. 위원이나 이사냐 총재냐 하는 용어 차이에서 역어를 선정할 일은 아니라고 본다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
CF. 기타 의견/자료:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/08/07/2011080701127.html"&gt;[빨강펜 아저씨의 경제용어] FRB (연방준비위원회)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;..&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
2.&amp;nbsp;Federal Reserve Bank&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
연방준비은행(Federal Reserve Bank)은 의회의 인가로 설립되며 상업은행(commercial banks)들이 출자한 민간기구(privately owned by the member banks)5)이고 보스턴에서 샌프란시스코까지 12개가 있다. 한국은행은 민간기구인 특수법인이라는 점에서 연방준비은행과 같은 성격이라고 해석할 수 있다.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
※ 주석 발췌:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
The Board of Goberners of the Federal Reserve System은 7명의 위원(governor)으로 구성된 의회(Congress)소속의 위원회제 연방관청(a federal government agency)이다. 연방준비제도(the Federal Reserve System)는 중앙정부관청(a central, governmental agency)인 위원회(the Board of Governors, Washington, D.C.)와 보스턴, 뉴욕에서 샌프란시스코까지 지역별로 12개의 주식회사인 연방준비은행(twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks)로 구성되어 있다. 7명의 위원은 대통령이 임명하고 임기는 14년이다. 그 중에서 임기 4년의 의장(the Chairman of the Board of Governors)도 대통령이 임명한다(the Federal Reserve System, Pirpose &amp;amp; Function-1994, page 3, 4).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&amp;nbsp;the Board of Governors를 직역하면 '총재회'는 될 수 있어도 '이사회'는 될 수 없다. 일본이 '이사회'로 쓰고 있는데 일본은 우리의 이사에 해당하는 말로 '취체역'을 쓴다.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
연방준비은행이사회는 9인의 이사(director)로 구성되고 이사들이 FRB의 승인을 얻어 차례로 행장(president)을 지명한다. 회원인 상업은행은 은행을 대표하는 3인 이사(Class A directors)와 공익을 대표하는 3인 이사(Class B directors)를 선임하고, FRB는 공익을 대표하는 3인 이사(Class C directors)를 지명한다. 의장(chairman)은 FRB가 Class C directors 중에서 선임한다.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Federal Reserve Bank는 12개 federal reserve district별로 member commercial bank들이 자기자본의 3%를 출자한 주식회사이고 FRB의 operation arm이다. 엄무는 공적이고 소유는 민간(combine both public and private)이며 배당은 6%로 규정되어 있고 연방준비은행이사회의 이사선임투표권이 있다(Principles of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, page 192, 193).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-4859344036661488157?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/8l1AmeXc4anOEW7p46LY4QDgqpI/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/8l1AmeXc4anOEW7p46LY4QDgqpI/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/8l1AmeXc4anOEW7p46LY4QDgqpI/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/8l1AmeXc4anOEW7p46LY4QDgqpI/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/XwXHcdtN9Eo" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/4859344036661488157/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=4859344036661488157&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/4859344036661488157?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/4859344036661488157?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/XwXHcdtN9Eo/blog-post_13.html" title="[자료] 미국, 연방준비제도 관련 명칭" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/01/blog-post_13.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DUYBQ30-eip7ImA9WhRVE0o.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-5330243883245142526</id><published>2012-01-12T23:01:00.005+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-12T23:05:52.352+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-12T23:05:52.352+09:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="학이시습 | 외국어.우리말.언어" /><title>Dic: 막상, 정작</title><content type="html">&lt;br /&gt;
▷ 막상【부사】 &amp;nbsp; (전에 생각하거나 짐작했던 것과는 달리) 실지로. 정작.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;한층 더 괴이한 것은 그렇게도 노래를 시키려고 애쓰던 사람들이 막상 노래가 시작되면 별로 경청를 하지 않는다는 점이다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
▷&amp;nbsp;정작[정ː작]【부사】 &lt;br /&gt;
[Ⅰ]&lt;br /&gt;
1. 그 전에 생각했던 바와는 달리.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;정작 그의 관심을 끈 것은 사회면의 해설 기사였다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
2. 어떤 일에 부닥쳐서 실지로.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;사건의 은폐를 꾀하는 짓거리는 혐오스러웠지만 정작 그들과 대면하면 마음이 흔들리곤 했었다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
3. 사실상.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;그 서글픈 사건을 통해 정작 죄의식을 느껴야 할 사람이 있었다면 첫째가 그 집의 주인이요 그 다음은 그래도 밥술이나 먹을 수 있었던 우리 부부였다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[Ⅱ] [명사적으로 쓰이어]&lt;br /&gt;
1. 사실이거나 진짜인 것.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;정작은 지금부터였으니, 나기주가 탄 배가 산지포를 벗어날 무렵 보성리에서 교인들에 의한 인명 살상이 발생했다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
2. [‘정작으로’의 꼴로 쓰이어] 진짜로.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;그 소동 가운데서 정작으로 내가 알고 싶은 것은 아직 해답이 나타나질 않고 있었다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
.... 연세한국어사전&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-5330243883245142526?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/AbOQFuRIexqtBfLT2C7FtEtvtkQ/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/AbOQFuRIexqtBfLT2C7FtEtvtkQ/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/AbOQFuRIexqtBfLT2C7FtEtvtkQ/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/AbOQFuRIexqtBfLT2C7FtEtvtkQ/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/DFlRvlGOjr0" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/5330243883245142526/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=5330243883245142526&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/5330243883245142526?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/5330243883245142526?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/DFlRvlGOjr0/dic_12.html" title="Dic: 막상, 정작" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/01/dic_12.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;D04FQnozeCp7ImA9WhRVE0o.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-1204965799083286412</id><published>2012-01-12T22:45:00.001+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-12T22:45:13.480+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-12T22:45:13.480+09:00</app:edited><title>[미주한국일보] 연방기준금리와 모기지금리 (2007.10)</title><content type="html">&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
기사 링크:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.koreatimes.com/article/print/409471"&gt;http://www.koreatimes.com/article/print/409471&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-1204965799083286412?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/1Nx5ZO-tQedu4cdipULR_W0foCQ/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/1Nx5ZO-tQedu4cdipULR_W0foCQ/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/1Nx5ZO-tQedu4cdipULR_W0foCQ/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/1Nx5ZO-tQedu4cdipULR_W0foCQ/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/-WPVkM4j3pE" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/1204965799083286412/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=1204965799083286412&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/1204965799083286412?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/1204965799083286412?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/-WPVkM4j3pE/200710.html" title="[미주한국일보] 연방기준금리와 모기지금리 (2007.10)" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/01/200710.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;CU8CQ3ozeyp7ImA9WhRVEkU.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-5972397225241960656</id><published>2012-01-11T20:36:00.002+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-11T21:11:02.483+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-11T21:11:02.483+09:00</app:edited><title>[자료] Credit Aggregates from the Flow of Funds Accounts</title><content type="html">&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
자료:&amp;nbsp;Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, &lt;a href="http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=t&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=%22flow%20of%20funds%20accounts%22%20%22credit%20market%20instruments%22&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=4&amp;amp;ved=0CGQQFjAD&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.203.2516%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&amp;amp;ei=-HENT9D9OoqziQevi4n4BQ&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNHq1wNKUOxckJe9Ak5Qf7Sy53vxYA&amp;amp;sig2=pdZNQNNNob9-yzL9h3VS7w"&gt;Economic Quarterly, Volume 79/3 Summer 1993&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
※ 발췌:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
The leading source of data on credit aggregates is the &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Flow of Funds Accounts&amp;nbsp;(FOFA)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;. This article provides an introduction to the accounts.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The first&amp;nbsp;section describes the nature, history, and availability of the accounts.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Section 2&amp;nbsp;explains the accounts’ organization by sector and transaction.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The third section&amp;nbsp;traces the behavior over time of various credit measures from the FOFA.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Section&amp;nbsp;4 highlights features of the accounts that warrant caution, and&amp;nbsp;finally&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Section&amp;nbsp;5 provides suggestions for additional readings that provide a more thorough&amp;nbsp;discussion of the accounts.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(...)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
2. STRUCTURE OF THE ACCOUNTS&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
The FOFA are organized along two dimensions: by economic sector and by&amp;nbsp;transaction type. The FOFA partition the economy into financial and nonfinancial&amp;nbsp;sectors. The nonfinancial sector is then divided further into three categories:&amp;nbsp;Private Domestic Nonfinancial, U.S. Government, and Foreign. Thus, the FOFA&amp;nbsp;split the economy into four broad sectors:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Financial,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Private Domestic Nonfinancial,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;U.S. Government, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Foreign.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
In contrast, the NIPA traditionally&amp;nbsp;break down the economy into four different sectors:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Consumer,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Business,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Government,&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Foreign.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
The FOFA also are organized by the types of transactions among these&amp;nbsp;sectors.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Financial claims, such as demand deposits, bonds, corporate equities,&amp;nbsp;and mortgages, represent different financial transaction categories.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Nonfinancial&amp;nbsp;capital transactions, which consist of saving and investment flows, constitute&amp;nbsp;another transaction category. Estimates of the nonfinancial capital flows come&amp;nbsp;directly from the NIPA.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Data on income, transfer payments, and expenditures&amp;nbsp;on goods and services, are not included in the FOFA, except to the extent that&amp;nbsp;saving is the balance of current receipts less current outlays.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
In addition to being organized along those two dimensions, the FOFA also&amp;nbsp;report data in two different but related ways:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;for stocks of financial assets and&amp;nbsp;liabilities and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;for financial and nonfinancial capital flows.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
For each sector, the&amp;nbsp;reported stocks provide a balance sheet of the financial assets and liabilities of&amp;nbsp;that sector. The reported flows record the change in balance sheet holdings of&amp;nbsp;financial assets and liabilities between the current period and the previous one.&amp;nbsp;The flow data also report nonfinancial capital transactions from the NIPA.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
A. Sectors&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Figure 1 shows the level of credit market debt owed by each sector from 1952:1&amp;nbsp;to 1993:1. Descriptions of each sector follow.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(1)&amp;nbsp;Private Domestic Nonfinancial Sector&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(1.1)&amp;nbsp;Households.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(1.2)&amp;nbsp;Nonfinancial Business&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(1.3)&amp;nbsp;State and Local Governments.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(2) Foreign&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(3)&amp;nbsp;U.S. Government :&amp;nbsp;The U.S. government sector includes the activities of all agencies that are&amp;nbsp;part of the budget of the United States and all off-budget activities, with the&amp;nbsp;exception of certain financial activities. The Federal Reserve System is not&amp;nbsp;included in this sector, nor are certain Treasury accounts related to monetary&amp;nbsp;policy. Also, some federally sponsored credit agencies are not considered part&amp;nbsp;of the United States government sector. Specifically, the financial sector includes&amp;nbsp;the activities of the Federal Home Loan Banks, Federal Home Loan&amp;nbsp;Mortgage Corporation, Federal National Mortgage Association, Federal Land&amp;nbsp;Banks, Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, and Banks for Cooperatives.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(4)&amp;nbsp;Financial Sector&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(4.1)&amp;nbsp;Federally Sponsored Credit Agencies and Federally Sponsored Mortgage Pools.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Federally sponsored credit agencies are considered private financial institutions&amp;nbsp;despite their close legal association with the federal government. These institutions&amp;nbsp;typically engage in very specific lending activities (e.g., the making of&amp;nbsp;residential mortgages and farm loans). Federally sponsored mortgage pools include&amp;nbsp;the Government National Mortgage Corporation, the Federal Home Loan&amp;nbsp;Mortgage Corporation, and the Farmers Home Administration. These agencies&amp;nbsp;raise funds by issuing securities that are backed by a pool of mortgages.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(4.2)&amp;nbsp;Monetary Authority.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
This sector includes the Federal Reserve System and&amp;nbsp;certain Treasury accounts related to the conduct of monetary policy.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(4.3)&amp;nbsp;Commercial Banking.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
The commercial banking sector includes all banks that&amp;nbsp;have head offices in the 50 states, U.S. branches of foreign banks, Edge Act&amp;nbsp;and agreement corporations, U.S. agencies of foreign banks, bank holding companies,&amp;nbsp;and banks in U.S. territories and possessions.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(4.4)&amp;nbsp;Private Nonbank Finance.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Private nonbank finance includes all private financial&amp;nbsp;institutions that are not part of the commercial banking sector. Included in&amp;nbsp;this sector are deposit-taking firms such as savings and loan associations, mutual&amp;nbsp;savings banks, and credit unions. In addition, insurance companies, private&amp;nbsp;pension funds, state and local government employee retirement funds, finance&amp;nbsp;companies, real estate investment trusts, money market and other mutual funds,&amp;nbsp;and securities brokers and dealers are among those counted in this sector.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
B. Transaction Categories&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
The FOFA are also organized by transaction categories. Transaction categories&amp;nbsp;are broadly divided into two subcategories: nonfinancial and financial. The&amp;nbsp;nonfinancial subcategory includes current transactions and capital transactions.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FuGDJLcwGM0/Tw15lprTP-I/AAAAAAAAArM/G5Cc8vojz_k/s1600/Financial_liabilities.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="486" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FuGDJLcwGM0/Tw15lprTP-I/AAAAAAAAArM/G5Cc8vojz_k/s640/Financial_liabilities.JPG" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
In the FOFA, current transactions are summarized by total saving for each&amp;nbsp;sector as in the NIPA, where saving is defined as the excess of current receipts&amp;nbsp;over current outlays. Saving then enters as a source of funds for each sector&amp;nbsp;in the capital account. Investment expenditures are the other half of the capital&amp;nbsp;account. Financial transactions account for the remainder of the transactions&amp;nbsp;in the FOFA. Figure 2 shows the level of financial liabilities for the major&amp;nbsp;financial transaction categories.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Financial Transaction Categories&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(1)&amp;nbsp;Monetary Reserves.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Monetary reserves are financial assets that can be used&amp;nbsp;for intervention in foreign exchange markets by monetary authorities and for&amp;nbsp;settlement of international transactions. The primary financial instruments included&amp;nbsp;in this transactions category are gold, foreign currencies, and special&amp;nbsp;drawing rights (SDRs). Transactions in these instruments occur among the&amp;nbsp;U.S. government, monetary authorities, and the foreign sector.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(2)&amp;nbsp;Insurance and Pension Fund Reserves.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Financial assets held by insurance&amp;nbsp;companies and pension plans for payment of claims to household beneficiaries&amp;nbsp;are included in this category.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(3)&amp;nbsp;Net Interbank Claims.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Interbank claims involve transactions occurring between&amp;nbsp;depository institutions and either the Federal Reserve or the foreign&amp;nbsp;sector. Loans by the Federal Reserve to member banks, as well as depository&amp;nbsp;institution reserves and vault cash held at the Federal Reserve, are included in&amp;nbsp;this category. Federal funds and security repurchase agreements, however, are&amp;nbsp;not included.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(4)&amp;nbsp;Deposit Claims on Financial Institutions.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Deposit claims can be held in a&amp;nbsp;number of different forms, including demand deposits, time deposits, federal&amp;nbsp;funds, and money market fund shares. In all instances, the deposit claim is&amp;nbsp;a liability of the financial institution receiving the funds and an asset of the&amp;nbsp;individual or institution that lends or deposits the money.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(5)&amp;nbsp;Credit Market Instruments.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Credit market instruments represent the primary&amp;nbsp;source of funds to the nonfinancial sector. Instances of both &lt;b&gt;direct and indirect&amp;nbsp;finance&lt;/b&gt; are included in this category. One example of direct finance occurs when&amp;nbsp;corporations issue &lt;b&gt;bonds&lt;/b&gt; directly to the nonfinancial sector. The auctioning of&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;U.S. government securities&lt;/b&gt; to private firms is another example of direct finance.&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Home mortgages&lt;/b&gt;, on the other hand, are an example of indirect finance where&amp;nbsp;funds flow through the financial sector; mortgages are typically issued by a&amp;nbsp;financial company using money that has been deposited with the institution by&amp;nbsp;the nonfinancial sector.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(6)&amp;nbsp;Corporate Equities.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Corporate equities are not debt. Instead, equities represent&amp;nbsp;claims of ownership on a corporation. Unlike the treatment of most other&amp;nbsp;financial instruments in the FOFA, equity issues are considered an asset of the&amp;nbsp;holder, but not a liability of the issuer.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(7)&amp;nbsp;Other Claims.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Any financial transaction that is not included in any transaction&amp;nbsp;category described above is included in the “other claims” category. Security&amp;nbsp;credit, trade credit, and equity in noncorporate business are among the items&amp;nbsp;included in this category.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(...)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-5972397225241960656?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
자료: &lt;a href="https://www2.bc.edu/~irelandp/ec261/chapter2.pdf"&gt;Chapter 2: An Overview of the Financial System&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
자료:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www2.bc.edu/~irelandp/ec261/chapter3.pdf"&gt;Chapter 3: What Is Money?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
자료:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www2.bc.edu/~irelandp/ec261/chapter4.pdf"&gt;Chapter 4: Understanding Interest Rates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
출처: Lecture Notes on MONEY, BANKING, AND FINANCIAL MARKETS&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
By Peter N. Ireland, Department of Economics, Boston College&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
※ 발췌:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(...)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
2 Structure of Financial Markets&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
2.1 Debt and Equity Markets&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(1) Debt instrument = a contractual agreement by the issuer of the instrument (the borrower) to pay the holder of the&amp;nbsp;instrument (the lender) fixed dollar amounts (interest and principal payments) at regular intervals until a specified date&amp;nbsp;(maturity date) when a final payment is made.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Examples: Government and corporate bonds.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Maturity = number of years or months until the expiration date.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Short-term = maturity of less than one year.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Long-term = maturity of more than ten years.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Intermediate-term = maturity between one and ten years&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(2) Equity = a contractual agreement representing claims to a share in the income and assets of a business.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Example: Corporate stock.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;May pay regular dividends.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Have no maturity date; hence are considered long-term securities.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Since equity holders own the firm, they are entitled to elect members of the firm’s board of directors and vote on major&amp;nbsp;issues concerning how the firm is managed.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
A key feature distinguishing equity from debt is that the equity holders are the residual claimants: the firm must make&amp;nbsp;payments to its debt holders before making payments to its equity holders.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
2.2 Primary and Secondary Markets&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(1) Primary market = market in which newly-issued securities are sold to initial buyers by the corporation or government&amp;nbsp;borrowing the funds.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Example: US Treasury issues a new US Government bond, and sells it to&amp;nbsp;JP Morgan .&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Investment banks play an important role in many primary market transactions by underwriting securities: they guarantee a&amp;nbsp;price for a corporation’s securities and then sell those securities to the public.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(2) Secondary market = market in which previously-issued securities are traded.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Example: JP Morgan sells the existing US government bond to Merrill Lynch.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Brokers and dealers play an important role in secondary markets:&lt;br /&gt;(a) Brokers = facilitate secondary-market transactions by matching buyers with sellers.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Dealers = facilitate secondary-market transactions by standing ready to buy and sell securities.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Note that the originally issuer or borrower receives funds only when its securities are first sold in the primary market; the&amp;nbsp;issuer does not receive funds when its securities are traded in the secondary market.&amp;nbsp;Nevertheless, secondary markets perform two essential functions:&amp;nbsp;They allow the original buyers of securities to sell them before the maturity date, if necessary. That is, they make the&amp;nbsp;securities more liquid.&amp;nbsp;They allow participants in the primary markets to make judgements about the value of newly-issued securities by looking at&amp;nbsp;the prices of similar, existing securities that are traded in the secondary markets.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
2.3 Exchanges and Over-the-Counter Markets&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(1) Exchange = buyers and sellers meet in a central location. (Example: New York Stock Exchange.)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(2) Over-the-Counter (OTC) Market = dealers at di?erent locations trade via computer and telephone networks.&amp;nbsp;Examples: NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers’ Automated Quotation System); US Government bond market.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2.4 Money and Capital Markets&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(1) &lt;b&gt;Money market&lt;/b&gt; = only short-term debt instruments are traded.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
(2) &lt;b&gt;Capital market&lt;/b&gt; = intermediate-term debt, long-term debt, and equities traded.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
3. Financial Instruments&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
3.1 &lt;b&gt;Money Market Instruments&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
The principal money market instruments are:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;US Treasury Bills&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Negotiable Bank Certificates of Deposit&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Commercial Paper&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Banker’s Acceptances&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Repurchase Agreements&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Federal Funds&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Eurodollars&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
All of these money market instruments are, by definition, &lt;b&gt;short-term debt instruments,&amp;nbsp;with maturities less than one year&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
3.2 &lt;b&gt;Capital Market Instruments&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
The principal capital market instruments are:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Corporate Stocks&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Residential, Commercial, and Farm Mortgages&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Corporate Bonds&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;US Government Securities (Intermediate and Long-Term)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;State and Local Government (Municipal) Bonds&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;US Government Agency Bonds&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bank Commercial and Consumer Loans&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
All of these capital market instruments are, by definition, intermediate-term debt&amp;nbsp;instruments, long-term debt instruments, or equities.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-2646242631843174098?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/JexxmSkCCzEXVX3PDQbtRKzIFQQ/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/JexxmSkCCzEXVX3PDQbtRKzIFQQ/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/JexxmSkCCzEXVX3PDQbtRKzIFQQ/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/JexxmSkCCzEXVX3PDQbtRKzIFQQ/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/IpX5YdoE3KE" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/2646242631843174098/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=2646242631843174098&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/2646242631843174098?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/2646242631843174098?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/IpX5YdoE3KE/lecture-note-overview-of-financial.html" title="[Lecture Note] An Overview of the Financial System" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/01/lecture-note-overview-of-financial.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DU8MQH8yfCp7ImA9WhRVEks.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-3562142514070145131</id><published>2012-01-11T16:44:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-11T16:44:41.194+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-11T16:44:41.194+09:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="자료동네 | 금융. 투자" /><title>[자료] What specifically are "dollar-denominated assets?"</title><content type="html">&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;자료: &lt;a href="http://mises.org/Community/forums/t/7052.aspx"&gt;http://mises.org/Community/forums/t/7052.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;* * *&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;I often see this phrase. I know it encompasses US treasuries, money markets, and FRNs. &amp;nbsp;However, does this term also include US corporate debt, US equities, and ADRs or anything else traded on the US markets?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-align: center;"&gt;* * *&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Stocks are not dollar denominated assets&lt;/b&gt;. &amp;nbsp;They are &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;assets that have value related to the capital and equity in the company&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &amp;nbsp;The NYSE has Canadian and other stocks on it from other countries. &amp;nbsp;For example, Yamana gold mining comany. &amp;nbsp;Its stock is probably $12 CDN on the Toronto stock exchange while it is $10 on the NYSE. &amp;nbsp;The currency conversion is 1.2:1 . &amp;nbsp;You exchange your US dollar for an equity share of the company. &amp;nbsp;If the US dollar goes down then the stock will still be $12 CDN but will likely cost $11 USD because the USD went down 9% in value.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;As for &lt;b&gt;Bonds, Treausries, CD's, Life insurance policies,&lt;/b&gt; their &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;value are based on what they pay back in US dollars&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &amp;nbsp;If you own them then "you're in US dollars". &amp;nbsp;Say you buy a 1-year treasury at $100 today and today bread also costs $2/loaf. &amp;nbsp;Then in 12 months a loaf of bread may costs $4. &amp;nbsp;When the gov't pays you back your $100 it can only buy half as much bread. &amp;nbsp;Therefore, your treasury is worth half as much in one year from now. &amp;nbsp;Similar goes for the amount the CD or life insurance or pension fund promises you to repay you in the future. &amp;nbsp;If you own Yamana gold shares, in one year it could take $20 USD to buy that equity share. &amp;nbsp;You can sell that share and go buy 5 loafs of bread in one year. &amp;nbsp;Just as today you can buy 5 loafs of bread with one share at $10 USD today.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Gold and Silver are similar to owning equity shares. &amp;nbsp;If may cost $1000 USD/oz or $1200 CDN/oz to buy gold. (or $14/oz USD for silver). &amp;nbsp;In one year the gold could still cost $1200 CDN/oz or it may cost $2000 USD/oz. &amp;nbsp;You can sell your gold and get back twice as many US dollars in one year. &amp;nbsp;But, it will take twice as many dollars in one year to buy the same stuff today... so assets like gold are a way to lock in your purchasing power of today's money because gov't can't create / counterfit gold.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Keep in mind, gold and equity shares in companies are all susceptible to change in value when compared to the value of US dollars. &amp;nbsp;Prices don't only move up or only move down. &amp;nbsp;Prices swing up/down.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-3562142514070145131?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/ZR_PGKXxCxYqaWJE9mKMuGHA3mY/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/ZR_PGKXxCxYqaWJE9mKMuGHA3mY/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/ZR_PGKXxCxYqaWJE9mKMuGHA3mY/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/ZR_PGKXxCxYqaWJE9mKMuGHA3mY/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/rDP4YPTF3s8" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/3562142514070145131/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=3562142514070145131&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/3562142514070145131?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/3562142514070145131?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/rDP4YPTF3s8/what-specifically-are-dollar.html" title="[자료] What specifically are &quot;dollar-denominated assets?&quot;" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/01/what-specifically-are-dollar.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DEENRno4cSp7ImA9WhRVEks.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-9099987469686593931</id><published>2012-01-11T16:24:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-11T16:24:57.439+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-11T16:24:57.439+09:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="자료동네 | 금융. 투자" /><title>[자료] 자산유동화증권 발행 및 평가(한국신용평가, 2011.12)</title><content type="html">&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;자료: &lt;a href="http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=t&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=%EA%B8%88%EC%9C%B5%EC%9E%90%EC%82%B0%20%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%98%20%EC%B2%AD%EA%B5%AC%EA%B6%8C&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=12&amp;amp;ved=0CDwQFjABOAo&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kisrating.com%2Finclude%2Fpdf_view.asp%3Fmenu%3DR4%26gubun%3D%26filename%3Drm20111205-4.pdf%26title%3D%25EC%259E%2590%25EC%2582%25B0%25EC%259C%25A0%25EB%258F%2599%25ED%2599%2594%25EC%25A6%259D%25EA%25B6%258C%2B%25EB%25B0%259C%25ED%2596%2589%2B%25EB%25B0%258F%2B%25ED%258F%2589%25EA%25B0%2580&amp;amp;ei=dS8NT-DsPMb4mAXBovSdBg&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNE72mlFye-BriJyrkuwXaF5qX8Zvg&amp;amp;sig2=IkQeHi8lPmONa-v7IBPaqA"&gt;한국신용평가&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;※ 부분 발췌:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;I. 자산유동화 개요&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;1. 자산유동화의 정의&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;자산유동화는 1930년대 미국의 주택저당채권 유동화를 효시로 하여 1980년대에 카드채권, 리스채권, 오토론 등으로 대상을 확대하면서 새로운 형태의 자금조달수단으로 크게 각광받아 왔다. 우리나라에서는 1997년말 외환위기를 겪으면서 금융기관의 구조조정과 부실자산 처리를 주된 목적으로 하여 1998년 9월 자산유동화에 관한 법률이 제정되면서 도입되었다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;자산유동화란 과거에는 &lt;b&gt;자산의 증권화(Asset Securitization)라는 협의의 개념&lt;/b&gt;으로 해석되는 것이&amp;nbsp;일반적이었으나, 최근에는 자산보유자, 투자자, 자산관리자 등 다수의 이해관계자들, 기초자산으로부터의 현금흐름 및 상환재원 확보, 제3자에 의한 신용보강 등을 체계적으로 구조화한다는 점에서&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;구조화금융(Structured Finance)이라는 보다 넓은 의미&lt;/b&gt;로 이해되고 있다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;“ 자산유동화에 관한 법률” 제2조에서는 자산유동화를 다음과 같이 정의하고 있다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;유동화전문회사(자산유동화업무를 전업으로 하는 외국법인을 포함한다)가 자산보유자로부터 &lt;b&gt;유동화자산을 양도&lt;/b&gt;받아 이를 기초로 &lt;b&gt;유동화증권을 발행&lt;/b&gt;하고, 당해 유동화자산의 관리·운용·처분에 의한 수익이나 차입금 등으로 유동화증권의 원리금 또는 배당금을 지급하는 일련의 행위&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;「자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률」에 따른 신탁업자가 자산보유자로부터 유동화자산을 신탁받아 이를 기초로 유동화증권을 발행하고, 당해 유동화자산의 관리·운용·처분에 의한 수익이나 차입금&amp;nbsp;등으로 유동화증권의 수익금을 지급하는 일련의 행위&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;신탁업자가 유동화증권을 발행하여 신탁받은 금전으로 자산보유자로부터 유동화자산을 양도받아&amp;nbsp;당해 유동화자산의 관리·운용·처분에 의한 수익이나 차입금 등으로 유동화증권의 수익금을 지급하는 일련의 행위&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;유동화전문회사 또는 신탁업자가 다른 유동화전문회사 또는 신탁업자로부터 유동화자산 또는 이를&amp;nbsp;기초로 발행된 유동화증권을 양도 또는 신탁받아 이를 기초로 하여 유동화증권을 발행하고 당초에&amp;nbsp;양도 또는 신탁받은 유동화자산 또는 유동화증권의 관리·운용·처분에 의한 수익이나 차입금 등으로&amp;nbsp;자기가 발행한 유동화증권의 원리금· 배당금 또는 수익금을 지급하는 일련의 행위&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;한편, 이러한 자산유동화법상 개념 외에 &lt;b&gt;자산유동화&lt;/b&gt;란 금융기관 또는 일반 기업이 보유한 &lt;b&gt;비유동성자산&lt;/b&gt;을 &lt;b&gt;시장에서 판매가능한 형태의 증권으로 변환&lt;/b&gt;시켜 이를 &lt;b&gt;시장으로부터 현금화하는 일련의&amp;nbsp;과정&lt;/b&gt;으로 이해하는 것이 자산유동화의 보다 일반적인 개념이라 하겠다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;2. 자산유동화의 구조&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;１) 양도와 신탁&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;가장 기본적인 형태의 자산유동화 구조는 채권, 부동산, 기타 재산권 등의 자산을 보유한 자가 당해 자산을 유동화전문회사에 양도 또는 신탁하고 이를 담보로 하여 유동화증권을 발행하여 자산보유자로 하여금 자금조달을 가능케 하고, 투자자는 유동화자산의 현금흐름으로부터 원리금을 상환 받을 수 있도록 구조화하는 것이다. 이러한 자산유동화 구조를 설계함에 있어서 핵심적으로 고려해야 할 사항은 다음과 같다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;첫째, 기초자산으로부터 창출되는 현금흐름을 바탕으로 유동화증권의 원리금이 적기에 상환될수 있도록 구조화하는 것이 중요하다. 유동화증권 원리금의 1차적인 상환재원이 기초자산으로부터의 현금흐름인 점을 감안한 구조설계가 필요하며, 경우에 따라서는 유동화증권 원리금의&amp;nbsp;적기상환 가능성을 높이기 위해 신용보강이 이루어지도록 구조화할 필요가 있다.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;둘째, 자산유동화 과정에는 다수의 이해관계자가 존재하게 되며, 이해관계자들 간에 분쟁이 생기지 않도록 법률적 관계를 명확히 할 필요가 있다. 이해당사자들 간에 법률적 이슈가 발생하게 되면 유동화증권의 원리금 상환에 차질이 발생할 수 있으며, 이러한 리스크를 회피할 수 있도록 법률적 권리관계를 사전적으로 명확히 해야만 한다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;셋째, 시장 수요를 창출하기 위해서는 시장의 요구에 부응하여 유동화증권의 만기 구조, 선·후순위 규모, 조기상환옵션 등을 정해야만 한다. 유동화증권에 대한 활발한 투자가 이루어지고 원활한 유통이 가능하도록 수요자 중심의 상품을 설계해야만 한다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LgUAISFWhhc/Tw02bd_1VXI/AAAAAAAAAq4/jsFMOJK4Z80/s1600/%25EC%259E%2590%25EC%2582%25B0%25EC%259C%25A0%25EB%258F%2599%25ED%2599%25941.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="378" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LgUAISFWhhc/Tw02bd_1VXI/AAAAAAAAAq4/jsFMOJK4Z80/s640/%25EC%259E%2590%25EC%2582%25B0%25EC%259C%25A0%25EB%258F%2599%25ED%2599%25941.JPG" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;유동화전문회사가 유동화자산에 대한 권리를 확보하는 방법은 자산을 직접 자산보유자로부터 유동화전문회사가 양수하는 &lt;b&gt;직접양수도&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;방식&lt;/b&gt;과 자산보유자가 신탁회사에 기초자산을 신탁하고 이를&amp;nbsp;기초로 신탁회사가 발행한 수익권증서를 유동화전문회사가 양수하는 &lt;b&gt;신탁 방식&lt;/b&gt;이 있다. 직접양수도 방식은 앞의 [그림 1]과 같다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;한편, 신탁이란 &lt;b&gt;신탁설정자(위탁자)&lt;/b&gt;와 &lt;b&gt;신탁을 인수하는 자(수탁자)&lt;/b&gt;와의 특별한 신임관계에 근거하여 위탁자가 수탁자에게 특정 재산권을 이전하거나 기타의 처분을 하고 수탁자로 하여금 일정한&amp;nbsp;자(수익자)의 이익을 위해 또는 특정의 목적을 위해 그 재산권을 관리·처분하게 하는 법률관계로서 직접양도방식과는 달리 신탁회사를 매개로 자산유동화가 이루어지게 된다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wfyZnqR9Y3E/Tw03E_ZrB8I/AAAAAAAAArA/AQACmEJdL9M/s1600/%25EC%259E%2590%25EC%2582%25B0%25EC%259C%25A0%25EB%258F%2599%25ED%2599%25942.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wfyZnqR9Y3E/Tw03E_ZrB8I/AAAAAAAAArA/AQACmEJdL9M/s640/%25EC%259E%2590%25EC%2582%25B0%25EC%259C%25A0%25EB%258F%2599%25ED%2599%25942.JPG" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;２) 유동화자산(Underlying Assets)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;유동화가 가능한 자산은 채권, 부동산, 기타의 재산권 등으로 현금흐름을 창출할 수 있는 자산은&amp;nbsp;거의 제한 없이 인정되고 있다.&amp;nbsp;우리나라에서의 자산유동화는 당초 금융기관의 구조조정과 부실자산 처리를 위해 도입되어 초기에는 특정 자산 중심으로 유동화가 이루어졌으나, 자산유동화가 직접금융시장에서 새로운 형태의&amp;nbsp;자금조달방식으로 널리 인식되면서 유동화자산의 종류가 크게 다양해지고 있다. 현재 전형적인 형태의 유동화자산은 금융기관의 &lt;b&gt;대출채권&lt;/b&gt;, 일반기업의 &lt;b&gt;매출채권&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;자동차할부금융채권&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;신용카드채권&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;리스채권&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;주택저당채권&lt;/b&gt; 등이며, 이외에 고속도로 통행료, 임대보증금 등도 유동화가 가능한&amp;nbsp;자산으로 인정되고&amp;nbsp;있다.&amp;nbsp;자산유동화시장이 발전하면서 유동화가 가능한 자산의 종류가 다양해지고 확대되는 것은 당연한&amp;nbsp;현상이나, 보다 용이하게 자산유동화가 이루어지기 위해서는 대상자산이 다음과 같은 점을 충족시켜야 한다&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;첫째, 양도 및 등록이 가능한 자산이어야 한다. &lt;b&gt;실질적 양도(True Sale)&lt;/b&gt;가 이루어질 수 있는&amp;nbsp;형태의 자산이어야만 자산유동화 본연의 의미가 유지될 수 있다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;둘째, 현금흐름을 창출할 수 있는 자산이어야만 한다. 유동화증권의 일차적인 원리금 상환재원은 기초자산으로부터 창출되는 현금흐름이며, 이러한 관점에서 현금흐름을 창출할 수 있는 자산만이 대상자산이 될 수 있다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;셋째, 유동화 시점에 자산가액을 확정할 수 있는 자산이어야 한다. 경우에 따라서는 유동화기간의 특정시점까지 자산가액을 합리적으로 추정할 수 있는 자산도 유동화가 가능하다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;유동화자산은 자산종류에 따라 특성, 현금흐름 등이 다양하기 때문에 이는 자산유동화 구조 설계에 크게 영향을 미치게 된다. 또한, 유동화자산은 당해 자산을 기초로 하여 자산유동화가 이루어지면 향후 유동화증권의 일차적인 원리금 상환재원이 된다는 점에서 중요성이 있다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;(...)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;3. 자산유동화증권의 종류&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;자산유동화법에 따르면 유동화증권은 유동화전문회사 등이 유동화자산을 기초로 하여 자산유동화&amp;nbsp;계획에 따라 발행되는 출자증권, 사채, 수익증권, 기타의 증권 또는 증서라고 정의되고 있다. 유동화증권은 양도 또는 신탁 받은 유동화자산의 매입가액 또는 평가가액을 한도로 하여 발행되며, 여러 종류의 증권을 동시에 발행하거나, 선순위, 후순위 및 만기 구조를 달리한 증권의 발행도 가능하다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;유동화증권은 그 유형이나 기초자산의 종류 및 지급 방식의 특성에 따라 분류할 수 있으며, 구체적인 내용은 다음과 같다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;１) 증권 유형에 따른 분류&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;출자증권:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;유동화전문회사는 상법상의 유한회사임에도 불구하고 자산유동화계획에 따라 사원의 지분에&amp;nbsp;관한 무기명식의 증권(출자증권)을 발행할 수 있다. 자산유동화법에서는 유동화전문회사 설립의 편의성 및 비용절감을 위하여 회사의 형태를 유한회사로 정하였으며, 이에 따라 상법상의&amp;nbsp;규정에도 불구하고 예외적용을 통해 유동화전문회사의 출자증권 발행을 허용하고 있다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;사채:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;유동화전문회사는 유한회사이지만 사채를 발행할 수 있다. 선순위채권, 후순위채권 등 원리금&amp;nbsp;상환의 우선순위를 달리하는 사채를 발행할 수 있으며, 다양한 만기 구조의 사채 발행 또한 가능하다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;기업어음:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;유동화전문회사는 기업어음 형태로 유동화증권을 발행할 수 있다. 한편, 2005 년 이후 PF&amp;nbsp;Loan 유동화가 활성화되는 과정에서 최근까지 상법상의 유한회사 및 주식회사 형태로 설립된&amp;nbsp;SPC 의 기업어음 발행이 일반화되었으며, 유동화증권의 대부분을 차지하고 있다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;수익증권:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;신탁회사(은행신탁 포함)는 금전신탁의 경우에만 금감위의 인가를 받아 수익증권 발행을 허용하는 신탁업법의 적용을 받지 않고, 자산유동화법에 의거하여 수익증권을 발행할 수 있다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;２) 기초자산에 따른 분류&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mortgage-Backed Securities(MBS):&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;주택담보부대출채권이나 상업용부동산에 대한 저당권부대출채권을 기초로 하여 발행되는 유동화증권을 말하며, 전자를 RMBS(Residential MBS), 후자를 CMBS(Commercial MBS)라 칭한다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Consumer Asset-Backed Securities:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;신용카드채권, 소액개인대출, 오토론, 오토리스 등 소비자금융자산을 기초로 하여 발행되는 유동화증권을 의미한다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Corporate Asset-Backed Securities:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;일반기업이 채무자가 되는 기업매출채권, 리스채권, 렌탈채권 등을 기초로 하여 발행되는 유동화증권이다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Non-Performing Asset-Back Securities:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;금융기관이 보유하고 있는 무수익여신을 기초로 하여 발행되는 증권이다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;CDO (Collateralized Debt Obligations):&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;회사채, 대출채권 등 기업의 채무를 기초로 하여 발행되는 증권을 말한다. 기초자산이 회사채이면 &lt;b&gt;CBO(Collateralized Bond Obligation)&lt;/b&gt;, 금융기관의 대출채권이면 &lt;b&gt;CLO(Collateralized&amp;nbsp;Loan Obligation)&lt;/b&gt;, 이미 발행된 ABS, MBS, CDO 등을 기초자산으로 하면 &lt;b&gt;CDO Squared(또는&amp;nbsp;CDO of ABS)&lt;/b&gt;라고 한다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;기타:&amp;nbsp;상기 분류 이외에도 건설회사의 Project Financing 을 위한 대출채권을 기초로 한 PF Loan 유동화, CDS(Credit Default Swap) 계약 등을 기초로 한 유동화 등이 있다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;３) 지급 방식에 따른 분류&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pass-through 형:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;기초자산에서 생성되는 현금유입분을 비정기적으로 그때 그때마다 발행채권의 원리금 상환에&amp;nbsp;충당하는 것을 의미한다. 협의의 개념으로는 기초자산에서 발생할 현금흐름이 불확실할 경우,&amp;nbsp;예를 들면 부실채권의 유동화시 기초채권의 회수시점과 가액의 추정이 어렵거나 MBS 의 기초채권인 주택저당채권의 조기상환율이 현금유입에 큰 영향을 미치는 경우, 발행채권의 원금을&amp;nbsp;일정한 기준과 조건 하에서 기초자산에서 생성되는 현금흐름에 따라 점차적으로 상환(Amortization)시키는 방식을 말한다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pay-through 형:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;기초자산의 불규칙한 현금유입을 사전적으로 정해진 유동화증권의 원리금상환 스케쥴에 맞추는 구조이다. 기초자산의 현금유입과 상관없이 유동화증권의 원리금 상환시점과 금액이 확정되어 있는 구조로 국내에서 발행되는 대부분의 유동화증권이 이에 해당된다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;4. 자산유동화 관련 법률&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;１) 자산유동화법&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;금융기관과 일반기업의 원활한 자금조달 지원과 재무구조 건전성 제고 등을 목적으로 1998년 발효된 “ 자산유동화에 관한 법률” 은 유동화전문기업의 사채발행한도 완화와 세제상 혜택, 자산양도와 관련한 특례조항 등을 규정하여 국내 자산유동화시장의 발전에 크게 기여해 왔다. 최근 국가&amp;nbsp;및 지방자치단체를 포함하는 자산보유자 확대, 포괄 유동화의 허용, 특례제도 개선 등을 주요 골자로 한 법개정이 논의 중에 있다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;２) 신탁의 판례&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;신탁 방식이 자산유동화에 활발히 이용되는 이유는 다음의 법률관계에 기인하고 있는데, 즉 신탁법 제21조에 의하면 신탁 전의 원인으로 발생하는 권리 또는 신탁사무의 처리상 발생한 권리에&amp;nbsp;기한 경우를 제외하고는 신탁재산에 대하여는 강제집행 또는 경매를 할 수 없다. 대법원은 '신탁&amp;nbsp;전의 원인으로 발생하는 권리'란 신탁 전에 이미 신탁재산에 저당권이 설정된 경우 등 신탁재산&amp;nbsp;그 자체를 목적으로 하는 채권이 발생되었을 때를 의미하는 것이고, 신탁 전에 위탁자에 대하여&amp;nbsp;생긴 모든 채권이 이에 포함된다고 할 수 없다고 판시하고 있다1.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;이는 진정한 신탁의 경우 대내외적으로 소유권이 수탁자에게 완전히 이전되고 위탁자에게 유보되어 있지 않다는 신탁의 법리에 기초한 내용으로서, 회생절차가 개시된 또는 파산선고된 채무자에게 속하지 아니하는 재산을 채무자로부터 환취할 수 없기 때문에2 이미 신탁된 목적물은 위탁자의&amp;nbsp;회생절차 및 파산절차로부터 완전히 절연되어 있다고 해석할 수 있다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;또한, 담보 목적으로 부동산신탁계약을 맺은 경우라도 수탁자에게 소유권이 이전되었다면 신탁부동산의 진정한 소유자는 수탁자이며, 설령 신탁자가 회사정리절차 중이더라도 수탁자는 신탁자의&amp;nbsp;채권자에 대하여 제3자로서 담보를 제공한 것에 해당하기 때문에 채권자의 수익권에 대한 권리는&amp;nbsp;정리계획에 의해 제한을 받지 않는다는 요지의 대법원 판례3도 신탁행위의 안정성을 확보할 수 있는 법률해석이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 신탁의 법적 안정성에 기인하여 특정 자산의 유동화에서는&amp;nbsp;신탁구조가 일반화되어 있다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;３) 기업구조조정촉진법&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;기업구조조정촉진법(이하 “ 기촉법” )은 기업구조조정이 신속하고 원활하게 추진될 수 있도록 필요한 사항을 규정함으로써 시장기능에 의한 상시적인 기업구조조정이 촉진될 수 있도록 함을 목적으로 설립되었으며, 최초 2001년 8월 공표 이후 실효, 재 시행 등의 과정을 거쳐 현재는 2011년 5월 19일 다시 시행되고 있다.4&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;기촉법에서는 채권금융기관5, 신용공여6 등에 대한 정의를 규정하고 있으며, 주채권은행 등에 의해&amp;nbsp;부실징후기업으로 지정된 기업7에 대해서 채권금융기관의 채권행사가 유예되고, 이후 채권금융기관&amp;nbsp;협의회를 거쳐 경영정상화를 위한 채권금융기관 공동관리절차가 진행된다. 채권금융기관은 부실징후기업의 경영정상화를 위하여 필요하다고 판단되는 경우에는 협의회의 의결8 에 따라 해당&amp;nbsp;기업에 대하여 채권재조정9 또는 신규 신용공여를 할 수 있다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;결국 자산유동화 과정에서 기촉법이 규정하고 있는 채권재조정이 문제가 될 수 있는데, 유동화전문회사에 대한 유동화자산의 완전한 양도 또는 매각이 아니라 차주에 대한 대출채권의 형태로 유동화가 이루어진 경우에는 유동화전문회사도 기촉법의 영향을 받을 가능성이 존재한다. 유동화 과정에서기촉법 관련 법률위험을 회피 또는 통제하기 위한 각종 유동화구조가 논의되고, 실제 적용되고 있으나, 기촉법 이슈와 관련해서는 명확한 대법원판례가 없기 때문에 기촉법 관련 법률위험은 일정부분 계속될 수 밖에 없으며, 당분간은 법무법인의 의견과 금융시장의 과거 사례 등을 참고하여 기촉법 관련 법률위험 통제노력이 이루어질 수 밖에 없을 것이다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;(...)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-9099987469686593931?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/t-NSgmckCAPOMVve_wwcXRV7hh8/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/t-NSgmckCAPOMVve_wwcXRV7hh8/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/t-NSgmckCAPOMVve_wwcXRV7hh8/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/t-NSgmckCAPOMVve_wwcXRV7hh8/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/M1t0lGyHJCA" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/9099987469686593931/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=9099987469686593931&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/9099987469686593931?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/9099987469686593931?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/M1t0lGyHJCA/201112.html" title="[자료] 자산유동화증권 발행 및 평가(한국신용평가, 2011.12)" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LgUAISFWhhc/Tw02bd_1VXI/AAAAAAAAAq4/jsFMOJK4Z80/s72-c/%25EC%259E%2590%25EC%2582%25B0%25EC%259C%25A0%25EB%258F%2599%25ED%2599%25941.JPG" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/01/201112.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DkIMRHc7eCp7ImA9WhRVEks.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-8805712365902157685</id><published>2012-01-11T15:49:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-11T15:49:45.900+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-11T15:49:45.900+09:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="자료동네 | 기타" /><title>[금융실명거래 및 비밀보장에 관한 법률] 금융자산과 금융거래 등의 정의</title><content type="html">자료: &lt;a href="http://taxinfo.nts.go.kr/docs/customer/search/total_search.jsp?body=&amp;amp;url=&amp;amp;mode=&amp;amp;sd_mode=none&amp;amp;coll=total&amp;amp;query=%B1%DD%C0%B6%C0%DA%BB%EA"&gt;국세법령정보시스템&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
※ 발췌:&lt;br /&gt;
제2조【정의】이 법에서 사용하는 용어의 뜻은 다음과 같다.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. "금융회사등"이란 다음 각 목의 것을 말한다. (...)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. "금융자산"이란 금융회사등이 취급하는 예금ㆍ적금ㆍ부금(부금)ㆍ계금(계금)ㆍ예탁금ㆍ출자금ㆍ신탁재산ㆍ주식ㆍ채권ㆍ수익증권ㆍ출자지분ㆍ어음ㆍ수표ㆍ채무증서 등 금전 및 유가증권과 그 밖에 이와 유사한 것으로서 총리령으로 정하는 것을 말한다.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. "금융거래"란 금융회사등이 금융자산을 수입(수입)ㆍ매매ㆍ환매ㆍ중개ㆍ할인ㆍ발행ㆍ상환ㆍ환급ㆍ수탁ㆍ등록ㆍ교환하거나 그 이자, 할인액 또는 배당을 지급하는 것과 이를 대행하는 것 또는 그 밖에 금융자산을 대상으로 하는 거래로서 총리령으로 정하는 것을 말한다.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. "실지명의"란 주민등록표상의 명의, 사업자등록증상의 명의, 그 밖에 대통령령으로 정하는 명의를 말한다.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-8805712365902157685?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/A5U8cpcXaZTzSmLa7yuvBURzhEs/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/A5U8cpcXaZTzSmLa7yuvBURzhEs/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~4/-GxewN6cxaw" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/feeds/8805712365902157685/comments/default" title="댓글" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3859952503356641076&amp;postID=8805712365902157685&amp;isPopup=true" title="0개의 덧글" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/8805712365902157685?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3859952503356641076/posts/default/8805712365902157685?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/xviwY/~3/-GxewN6cxaw/blog-post.html" title="[금융실명거래 및 비밀보장에 관한 법률] 금융자산과 금융거래 등의 정의" /><author><name>도훈(필명)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11402894386006903976</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="29" height="32" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJXq1D7m6gU/TksbspEmg6I/AAAAAAAAAmE/t-SHtxHBlx0/s220/photo50.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2012/01/blog-post.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;AkENR3s4fSp7ImA9WhRVEUo.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859952503356641076.post-3439393610887338964</id><published>2012-01-10T15:50:00.001+09:00</published><updated>2012-01-10T15:58:16.535+09:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-10T15:58:16.535+09:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="자료동네 | 경제사. 이론. 제도" /><title>[자료] Understanding Open Market Operations (1997)</title><content type="html">자료:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://research.stlouisfed.org/aggreg/meeks.pdf"&gt;http://research.stlouisfed.org/aggreg/meeks.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By M. A. Akhtar&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FRB of New York, 1997&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-3439393610887338964?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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a) to grow without cultivation or care&lt;br /&gt;
b) to behave without restraint&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
▷ run wild :&amp;nbsp;If someone, especially a child runs wild, they behave as they want to and no one controls them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
▷&amp;nbsp;If something or someone, especially a child, runs wild, they behave in a natural, free, or uncontrolled way.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Everything that could grow was running wild for lack of attention...&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;▷&amp;nbsp;run riot and run wild:&amp;nbsp;Fig. to get out of control.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The dandelions have run riot in our lawn.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The children ran wild at the birthday party and had to be taken home.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;▷&amp;nbsp;run riot&lt;br /&gt;
1. if people run riot, they behave in a way that is not controlled, running in all directions or being noisy or violent&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;I dread them coming round because they let their kids run riot.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;2. if your imagination runs riot, you have a lot of strange, exciting, or surprising thoughts&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;My imagination was running riot, thinking of all the ways that I could spend the money.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;... Collins, CALD, Cobuild, &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;McGraw-Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;Cambridge Idioms Dictionary&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3859952503356641076-6668206492369880788?l=hsalbert.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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