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Vybornov"/><category term="Alexander SAQ Grimeton Friendship Association"/><category term="Alexanderson"/><category term="Alexanderson Alternator"/><category term="Ali Ebrahim"/><category term="Almanah Tehnium 1987"/><category term="Almenara"/><category term="Aluminum Base"/><category term="Amateur Data Interchange Format File"/><category term="Ameritron AL                                                                             -811"/><category term="Amplifier"/><category term="Andorra"/><category term="Andrei Buta"/><category term="Angel"/><category term="Angel Rojo Gonzalez"/><category term="Anglia"/><category term="Antene pentru radioamatori"/><category term="Antenna Book"/><category term="Antonio Marlon Goncalves"/><category term="Antrea"/><category term="Applications Antenna"/><category term="Aradoaei Marian"/><category term="Array Solutions"/><category term="Asia"/><category term="Asociația de prietenie Grimeton"/><category term="Association reference manual"/><category term="Associazione Radioamatori Italiana"/><category term="Associazione Radioamatori Italiani"/><category term="Asturias"/><category term="Asturias 2024"/><category term="Atenuatoare RF"/><category term="Atomium"/><category term="Australia"/><category term="Auto Morse Keyer"/><category term="Automatic Key"/><category term="Autotron"/><category term="BG0CAB"/><category term="BN-61-002"/><category term="BOGOMIR MIRKO VODOVNIK"/><category term="BORNEO ISLAND"/><category term="BW2/JP1RIW"/><category term="Bahrain"/><category term="Balearic Islands"/><category term="Baris"/><category term="Barry Feierman"/><category term="Barry de Graaff"/><category term="Be"/><category term="BeO"/><category term="Beijing"/><category term="Belarus"/><category term="Belgium"/><category term="Beli Ojea"/><category term="Bessel"/><category term="Bihor"/><category term="Billi Brynjolfur Jonsson"/><category term="Bob"/><category term="Bosnia and Herzegovina"/><category term="Bouvet Island"/><category term="Braila"/><category term="Bruno Letizia"/><category term="Brussels"/><category term="Bucuresti"/><category term="Butterworth"/><category term="C31KC"/><category term="CEPT Entry-Class"/><category term="CH340"/><category term="CLUB STATION ORARI 79 INDEPENDENT INDONESIA"/><category term="CN8NS"/><category term="CPK-1"/><category term="CPK-3 FM"/><category term="CQ WPX CW 2023"/><category term="CQ:7"/><category term="CR-77"/><category term="CT2FZZ"/><category term="CT7ANO) si Dick (W3OA)"/><category term="CTE International"/><category term="CTR2-Mini +"/><category term="CW Academy YO8RCD"/><category term="CW Transceiver"/><category term="CW skimmer"/><category term="CW/LSB/USB/AM/FM"/><category term="Cabrillo"/><category term="Calsign Trainer"/><category term="Campionatul Mondial de Telegrafie viteza"/><category term="Canada"/><category term="Caracas"/><category term="Carsten"/><category term="Cauer"/><category term="Cecina"/><category term="Ceuta"/><category term="Cezar Trifu"/><category term="Charley - W5BAA"/><category term="Chebyshev"/><category term="Chris"/><category term="Christchurch"/><category term="Christine Binder"/><category term="Christmas"/><category term="Christmas transmission"/><category term="Christophe Rainbault"/><category term="Cipru"/><category term="Circuit de Adaptare a Impedanței"/><category term="Class E PA"/><category term="Claudio Luzi"/><category term="CoaxTrap"/><category term="Code Key"/><category term="Como"/><category term="Conny Axelsson"/><category term="Constant-K"/><category term="Constructii Homebrew"/><category term="Cordeau"/><category term="Core i7"/><category term="Craciun fericit"/><category term="Creta"/><category term="Cristian Colonati"/><category term="Cronologia"/><category term="CuEm 0.8mm"/><category term="Cushcraft"/><category term="D. 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term="verde"/><category term="versiuni regionale"/><category term="vertica"/><category term="verticale"/><category term="veterani"/><category term="vid"/><category term="video transmisie"/><category term="vis"/><category term="vizibilitate"/><category term="vizita"/><category term="vizualizare"/><category term="vobuloscop"/><category term="vocal"/><category term="voce digitala"/><category term="volt-ampermetru digital"/><category term="vorbitor"/><category term="vreme"/><category term="vrtical"/><category term="vu3prx"/><category term="vulpe"/><category term="vw19"/><category term="w1fb"/><category term="wGØAT"/><category term="wa0itp"/><category term="war"/><category term="warc"/><category term="wattmetru rf"/><category term="watts"/><category term="wb4nwv"/><category term="web"/><category term="web to app"/><category term="whip"/><category term="women"/><category term="worked"/><category term="working mode"/><category term="wpx"/><category term="wswr"/><category term="x6200"/><category term="x64"/><category term="x86"/><category term="yo3ac"/><category term="yo3ccc"/><category term="yo3cjl"/><category term="yo3ff"/><category term="yo3nd"/><category term="yo3np"/><category term="yo3qk"/><category term="yo3ram"/><category term="yo3rje"/><category term="yo4dcf"/><category term="yo4hw"/><category term="yo4kak"/><category term="yo4si"/><category term="yo4uq"/><category term="yo4xf"/><category term="yo6srs"/><category term="yo6tjj"/><category term="yo8bam"/><category term="yo8sjp"/><category term="yo9agm"/><category term="yosdr"/><category term="yp3a"/><category term="yr100r/am"/><category term="z match"/><category term="zBitx"/><category term="zambet"/><category term="zener"/><category term="zgomot local"/><category term="zi nastere"/><category term="ziua internationala"/><category term="zm-2 atu"/><category term="zona"/><category term="zone"/><category term="©"/><category term="© YO8RCD"/><category term="©YO8RCD"/><category term="µbitx"/><category term="µi"/><category term="¼λ"/><category term="Ștefan Fenyo"/><category term="Ω"/><category term="λ/2"/><category term="λ/4"/><category term="Г-807"/><category term="ГУ-50"/><category term="Слава Украины"/><category term="ЭМФ"/><category term="ЭМФ-5Д-500-0"/><category term="ЭМФ-Д-500-ЗВ"/><category term="ЭМФДП-5Р-500 0"/><category term="Электрон-2М"/><category term="лампа"/><category term="типы"/><category term="электронная"/><category term="„Fir Aleatoriu”"/><title type='text'>YO8RCD</title><subtitle type='html'>YO8RCD, operator Costin, QTH Barlad, KN36UF. Radio ID 2260467. Statie de radioamator, ham radio, hobby, tehnica, trafic radio, competitii, echipamente, rig, scheme si experimente electronice, manuale tehnice, software, informatii utile, comunitate, propagare. </subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>901</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-4496981785382502408</id><published>2026-11-09T00:22:15.631+02:00</published><updated>2026-11-09T00:39:16.032+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="configurare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="IC-7300"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Icom"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="modem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="setare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="VARA HF"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="verificare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Winlink"/><title type='text'>Configurare aplicația VARA HF cu Icom IC-7300 și Winlink Express</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; 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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Pentru a configura VARA HF cu Icom IC-7300 și Winlink Express, este nevoie de stabilirea conexiunii CAT (pentru comanda PTT/Schimbare frecvență) și ruta audio prin placa de sunet USB a transceiverului.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pasul 1: Verificarea setărilor pe Icom IC-7300&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Asigurați-vă că transceiverul este pregătit pentru funcționare în moduri digitale pe USB:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Mod de lucru: USB-D.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Acces de meniu: MENU -&amp;gt; SET -&amp;gt; Connectors:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;DATA MOD: USB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;USB MOD Level: 20% – 30% (evită supra-modularea)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;CI-V Baud Rate: 19200 (sau valoarea configurată în PC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;CI-V Address: 94h (implicit)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Dezactivați compresia (COMP -&amp;gt; OFF).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pasul 2: Configurare VARA HF Modem&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Deschideți aplicația independentă VARA.exe și accesați meniul de setări:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Configurare Soundcard: Audio I/O.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Accesați Soundcard -&amp;gt; Soundcard Setup. Selectați intrările și ieșirile audio produse de driverul Silicon Labs:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Device Input: Microphone (USB Audio CODEC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Device Output: Speakers (USB Audio CODEC)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Click OK.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Verificare: Indicatorul VU-meter din VARA indică zgomotul de fond (culoare verde) când radioul este pe o frecvență liberă.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Configurare Licență și Indicativ: Opțional.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Accesați Setup -&amp;gt; VARA Setup. Introduceți indicativul și cheia de licență (dacă dețineți una).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Verificare: În colțul din dreapta jos al modemului apare statusul &quot;Registered&quot;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pasul 3: Configurare în Winlink Express&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Deschideți Winlink Express și parcurgeți pașii de conectare PTT și CAT:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;1. Deschiderea sesiunii VARA HF: Winlink Express.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;În ecranul principal Winlink Express, selectați din lista derulantă din dreapta VARA HF Winlink și apăsați Open Session.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Verificare: Fereastra de sesiune se deschide și lansează automat modemul VARA HF în fundal.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;2. Configurarea PTT și CAT: Settings Radio.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;În fereastra sesiunii VARA HF Winlink, accesați Settings&amp;nbsp; -&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp; Radio Setup:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Radio Model: Icom IC-7300&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Radio Control Port: Portul COM asignat interfeței USB (verificabil în Windows Device Manager).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Baud Rate: 19200 (trebuie să coincidă cu setarea din IC-7300).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;CI-V Address: 94 (hex).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;PTT Port: Selectați CI-V sau Same as Radio Control Port.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;PTT Mode: CI-V (sau DTR/RTS dacă folosiți al doilea port virtual).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Click Save Radio Settings.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Verificare: La schimbarea frecvenței din Winlink, ecranul IC-7300 se actualizează instantaneu pe noua frecvență.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;3. Testarea semnalului de emisie (Tune) și ALC: Calibrare Nivel Emisie.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;În fereastra modemului VARA HF, accesați Soundcard -&amp;gt; Tune. IC-7300 va trece în emisie. Reglați volumul din mixerul Windows sau USB MOD Level din IC-7300 până când indicatorul ALC pe ecranul radioului este exact pe 0.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Verificare: Radioul emite o putere stabilă (ex: 30W - 50W), fără nicio bară aprinsă pe instrumentul ALC.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/4496981785382502408/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/11/configurare-aplicatia-vara-hf-cu-icom.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/4496981785382502408'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/4496981785382502408'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/11/configurare-aplicatia-vara-hf-cu-icom.html' title='Configurare aplicația VARA HF cu Icom IC-7300 și Winlink Express'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZYAePs_4qPZDkroTq6xkyLJOLwf1FtH5llf8CLf2d1eo_oXEKsiktwEJL2Ayz6-6SflVBy7pavQbtKb4UIrua8epBwpe6M-qC9MKldPazGPnh7SKwzvq7KssdiWklULrFFrrSH-xea46nYvpZsYYErqYl3AEGt7tylU_wDurK5cXIgZOIkjl7cLOec3go/s72-w400-h196-c/Configurare%20VARA%20IC-7300.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-884127468729373247</id><published>2026-11-08T23:18:13.862+02:00</published><updated>2026-11-08T23:31:22.896+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Amateur Radio Digital Open Protocol"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ARDOP"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="comparație"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="demonstratie practica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="VARA HF"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="videoclip"/><title type='text'>ARDOP vs. VARA HF</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEQ2jq_wQHZZNwErYvwuuExKd2YBtqa5JEZ0PYv64WD_t2T5hTdn9Ob-dEA0trxHJuKWuLou8wpnSKWi3uiv_9AMBhBm2yur6G1CDQqrFrhmjeTGc55xvJCj4MxfGBUtseDFRM7VFZYBVYkwM4cVUffqjangGbjk_aF-IG651px4Rwn99QblntTXPJiZ2W/s1600/ardop-vara.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;335&quot; data-original-width=&quot;600&quot; height=&quot;224&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEQ2jq_wQHZZNwErYvwuuExKd2YBtqa5JEZ0PYv64WD_t2T5hTdn9Ob-dEA0trxHJuKWuLou8wpnSKWi3uiv_9AMBhBm2yur6G1CDQqrFrhmjeTGc55xvJCj4MxfGBUtseDFRM7VFZYBVYkwM4cVUffqjangGbjk_aF-IG651px4Rwn99QblntTXPJiZ2W/w400-h224/ardop-vara.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Diferența principală dintre ARDOP (Amateur Radio Digital Open Protocol) și VARA HF constă în arhitectura modulației, eficiența spectrală și algoritmii de corecție a erorilor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;În timp ce ARDOP este un protocol open-source dezvoltat de comunitate, VARA HF este un modem comercial (proprietary, dezvoltat de EA5HVK) optimizat agresiv pentru condiții dificile de propagare și viteze mari de transfer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div _ngcontent-ng-c4205201750=&quot;&quot; aria-busy=&quot;false&quot; aria-live=&quot;polite&quot; class=&quot;markdown markdown-main-panel md-content enable-luminous-fast-follows enable-updated-hr-color&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; id=&quot;model-response-message-contentr_861548c03f416297&quot; inline-copy-host=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;--animation-duration: 400ms; --fade-animation-function: ease-out; animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;h3 data-path-to-node=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Comparație tehnică și performanță&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;table data-path-to-node=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 32px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 32px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Caracteristică / Parametru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;ARDOP HF&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;VARA HF (Licențiat)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;VARA HF (Versiunea Free)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,1,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;4,1,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Viteza maximă teoretică&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,1,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;~2.000 – 3.000 bps&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,1,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;4,1,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Până la ~7.000 bps&lt;/b&gt; (la 2700 Hz BW)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,1,3,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Limitată la ~175 bps&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,2,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;4,2,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Lățime de bandă (BW)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,2,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;200 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,2,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;4,2,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;500 Hz / 2700 Hz&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,2,3,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;500 Hz / 2700 Hz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,3,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;4,3,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Tip modulație&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,3,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;FSK, PSK, QAM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,3,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;4,3,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;OFDM&lt;/b&gt; (până la 52 purtătoare paralele)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,3,3,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;OFDM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,4,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;4,4,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Robustete la SNR scăzut&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,4,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Performanță medie pe semnale slabe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,4,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;4,4,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Excelentă&lt;/b&gt; (funcționează sub pragul de zgomot)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,4,3,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Excelentă&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,5,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;4,5,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Toleranță la Multipath / QSB&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,5,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Sensibil la fading rapid și ecou&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,5,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;4,5,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Foarte ridicată&lt;/b&gt; (datorită OFDM și prefix ciclic)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,5,3,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Foarte ridicată&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,6,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;4,6,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Model de licențiere&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,6,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;100% Gratuit / Open-Source&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,6,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Licență comercială (~15 USD pe viață)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,6,3,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-size: medium; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Gratuită, dar cu limitare de viteză&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;De ce este VARA HF considerabil mai rapid și mai stabil?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Modulația OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;VARA HF împarte semnalul în zeci de sub-purtătoare paralele modulate QAM. Acest lucru permite menținerea legăturii chiar dacă anumite frecvențe din banda de 2.7 kHz sunt afectate de fading selectiv sau interferențe locale. ARDOP folosește un număr mult mai mic de purtătoare.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Adaptarea dinamică a vitezei (Auto-Speed Adapt)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;În timpul sesiunii ARQ, VARA adaptează aproape instantaneu schema de modulație și rata de codare în funcție de raportul semnal/zgomot (SNR) raportat de stația de la capătul celălalt. Dacă condițiile se deteriorează, scade viteza fără a pierde conexiunea; dacă condițiile se îmbunătățesc, urcă rapid la viteze maxime.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Penetrare mai bună în condiții QRP / SNR negativ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;VARA HF poate stabili și menține o legătură stabilă chiar și atunci când semnalul este complet acoperit de zgomotul de fond (SNR de până la -12 dB sau mai slab pe profilele extrem de robuste), unde ARDOP nu mai poate sincroniza cadrul inițial de ARQ (handshake).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Când să folosești fiecare protocol?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Folosește &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;VARA HF&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/i&gt;dacă d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;orești viteze maxime de transfer pentru mesaje lungi sau atașamente, lucrezi pe benzi aglomerate cu zgomot ridicat sau vrei conexiuni rapide și stabile cu serverele RMS.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Folosește &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;ARDOP&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/i&gt;dacă utilizezi clienți bazați pe browser (cum este clientul Web/Chromium al lui DL2MAN), folosești sisteme unde nu poți rula emulatoare/binare Windows sau dorești o soluție 100% open-source care nu necesită licențiere pentru deblocarea vitezei maxime.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Demonstrație practică, &lt;/b&gt;comparații de viteză și performanță, direct pe undă între cele două protocoale.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;center&gt;
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&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/884127468729373247/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/11/ardop-vs-vara-hf.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/884127468729373247'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/884127468729373247'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/11/ardop-vs-vara-hf.html' title='ARDOP vs. VARA HF'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEQ2jq_wQHZZNwErYvwuuExKd2YBtqa5JEZ0PYv64WD_t2T5hTdn9Ob-dEA0trxHJuKWuLou8wpnSKWi3uiv_9AMBhBm2yur6G1CDQqrFrhmjeTGc55xvJCj4MxfGBUtseDFRM7VFZYBVYkwM4cVUffqjangGbjk_aF-IG651px4Rwn99QblntTXPJiZ2W/s72-w400-h224-c/ardop-vara.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-4931075029265716941</id><published>2026-10-28T21:17:07.651+02:00</published><updated>2026-10-28T22:11:01.176+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Amateur Radio Digital Open Protocol"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ARDOP Winlink"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Chrome"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="dl2man"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="e-mail"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Edge"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ghid"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="HF"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Manuel"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="navigator"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="transceiver"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="unde radio"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="utilizare"/><title type='text'>ARDOP Winlink - trimite e-mail prin unde radio</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcWsfupTAMRLXRL-BUrudOHk4GsUbOJlqLBGmrAOp0RDSh2ytwHUbkw7fDeFDAL8Okc9G2zOkDY2qtKcc_HqNzGHerjm_ZLxERL625DREDbG4BJclVjGQKqA09VCkhhJY4eakx2FGuyE1Y7sBVIqdDjQvoYilJIzguW63FH3McDwojjOjh-EVnygtDJdEj/s1600/ARDOP.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;262&quot; data-original-width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;219&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcWsfupTAMRLXRL-BUrudOHk4GsUbOJlqLBGmrAOp0RDSh2ytwHUbkw7fDeFDAL8Okc9G2zOkDY2qtKcc_HqNzGHerjm_ZLxERL625DREDbG4BJclVjGQKqA09VCkhhJY4eakx2FGuyE1Y7sBVIqdDjQvoYilJIzguW63FH3McDwojjOjh-EVnygtDJdEj/w400-h219/ARDOP.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;ARDOP Winlink&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;este un pachet complet (modem ARDOP, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Amateur Radio Digital Open Protocol -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;DL2MAN&lt;span style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;, stivă de protocoale, client de e-mail) care rulează nativ în browser. Odată deschis prima dată online (prin HTTPS), aplicația poate fi instalată ca o aplicație de sine stătătoare și rulează complet offline (fără conexiune la internet, bazându-se doar pe legătura radio HF).&amp;nbsp;Se conectează la nodurile Winlink RMS pe unde scurte (HF) folosind ARDOP, trimite/primește mesaje cu atașamente, controlează frecvența, modul și PTT-ul transceiver-ului via CAT și folosește placa de sunet USB a radioului.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Contul trebuie creat în prealabil pe &lt;a href=&quot;https://winlink.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;WINLINK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(nu poate fi creat direct din aplicație). Indicativul și parola se introduc în setările clientului.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt; Browser compatibil&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge sau alt browser bazat pe Chromium (cu suport pentru Web Serial / WebUSB).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Conexiune fizică&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Un transceiver conectat la PC printr-un singur cablu USB care oferă atât port serial virtual (pentru CAT/PTT), cât și placă de sunet USB.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: large; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Atenție!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Nu este compatibil cu iOS/Safari (deoarece Apple nu oferă acces la porturile seriale/USB în browser) și nu este un client VARA (funcționează strict în protocolul ARDOP).&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: large; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ghid Rapid de Utilizare&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Configurare&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Setează indicativul, parola Winlink și locatorul în secțiunea Settings.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Conectare TRX&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Selectează modelul radioului și conectează dispozitivul USB din bara de sus (Connect TRX).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Nivelul audio (RX Level)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Reglează nivelul de recepție pe radio astfel încât să fie stabil, ferit de clipping (zona roșie), dar suficient de puternic pentru decodare.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Alegerea Gateway-ului&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Selectează un nod RMS apropiat în funcție de bandă și propagare.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Trimiterea mesajelor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Scrie mesajul în secțiunea Compose (mutat automat în Outbox) și pornește sesiunea radio (Connect Gateway). Aplicația gestionează automat legătura, trimiterea și recepția, încheind sesiunea la final.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dl2man.de&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;SURSA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/4931075029265716941/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/10/ardop-winlink-trimite-e-mail-prin-unde.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/4931075029265716941'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/4931075029265716941'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/10/ardop-winlink-trimite-e-mail-prin-unde.html' title='ARDOP Winlink - trimite e-mail prin unde radio'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcWsfupTAMRLXRL-BUrudOHk4GsUbOJlqLBGmrAOp0RDSh2ytwHUbkw7fDeFDAL8Okc9G2zOkDY2qtKcc_HqNzGHerjm_ZLxERL625DREDbG4BJclVjGQKqA09VCkhhJY4eakx2FGuyE1Y7sBVIqdDjQvoYilJIzguW63FH3McDwojjOjh-EVnygtDJdEj/s72-w400-h219-c/ARDOP.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-6299930071008781600</id><published>2026-10-28T21:00:49.342+02:00</published><updated>2026-10-28T21:49:51.661+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="acces"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Chrome"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Edge"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="eroare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="HTTP 500"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="limita maxima utilizatori."/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="probleme"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="suprasarcina"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="WebSDR"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="YO3GGX"/><title type='text'>YO3GGX WebSDR - probleme accesare</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-sig0QxQHRMXQGXlDi9uxGIWC6dIkxE9_NT4QelQSVeMCV3HeSrs5jLpmAPzMFtgz3XhEMnqcMQMmyoFXhnggA5-Bw7DTP41wi133vgTuI_Bb_3xCZWIMaEI92NTsqpkMcwoYKTSGd4mVI2CdAWKzWnvFjqcnYFK-hprqxyTqsYHO7_AP4Hlh0So1MX6D/s1600/YO3GGX.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;259&quot; data-original-width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;173&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-sig0QxQHRMXQGXlDi9uxGIWC6dIkxE9_NT4QelQSVeMCV3HeSrs5jLpmAPzMFtgz3XhEMnqcMQMmyoFXhnggA5-Bw7DTP41wi133vgTuI_Bb_3xCZWIMaEI92NTsqpkMcwoYKTSGd4mVI2CdAWKzWnvFjqcnYFK-hprqxyTqsYHO7_AP4Hlh0So1MX6D/s1600/YO3GGX.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Serverul WebSDR YO3GGX&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, administrat de Dan, este o soluție de receptie atunci când ești departe de stație. Aud în ultimul timp că mulți utilizatori nu-l mai pot accesa pe Chrome.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Eroarea afișată este: &lt;i&gt;HTTP ERROR 500&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ce poți face în această situație?&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Accesează site-ul pe Edge&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/i&gt; De obicei pe acest navigator functionează corect.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Acceseaza site-ul intr-o fereastra Chrome incognito&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Funcționarea într-o fereastră Incognito în Chrome confirmă cu certitudine ipoteza. Problema este legată strict de cache-ul corupt, cookie-uri vechi sau date de sesiune salvate în profilul tău principal din Chrome pentru acea adresă/port.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Modul Incognito izolează complet sesiunea, ignorând cookie-urile, cache-ul de stocare locală și datele de autentificare anterioare care dădeau bătăi de cap serverului de la portul 8765.&amp;nbsp;Pentru a nu fi nevoit să folosești mereu fereastra incognito pentru acest site, poți curăța datele salvate doar pentru acel domeniu în profilul tău normal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cum cureți datele specifice în Chrome (fără să pierzi alte setări)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Deschide o filă normală în Chrome și accesează adresa site-ului (chiar dacă dă eroarea 500).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Apasă pe lăcățelul sau pe iconița de setări din stânga barei de adrese (unde scrie URL-ul).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Apasă pe Site settings (Setări site).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;În pagina care se deschide, caută butonul Clear data (Șterge datele) și confirmă. Aceasta va șterge complet cache-ul, stocarea locală și cookie-urile păstrate pentru acel domeniu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Închide tab-ul, redeschide-l și încearcă din nou accesarea normală. Acum ar trebui să funcționeze corect.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/6299930071008781600/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/10/yo3ggx-websdr-probleme-accesare.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/6299930071008781600'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/6299930071008781600'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/10/yo3ggx-websdr-probleme-accesare.html' title='YO3GGX WebSDR - probleme accesare'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-sig0QxQHRMXQGXlDi9uxGIWC6dIkxE9_NT4QelQSVeMCV3HeSrs5jLpmAPzMFtgz3XhEMnqcMQMmyoFXhnggA5-Bw7DTP41wi133vgTuI_Bb_3xCZWIMaEI92NTsqpkMcwoYKTSGd4mVI2CdAWKzWnvFjqcnYFK-hprqxyTqsYHO7_AP4Hlh0So1MX6D/s72-c/YO3GGX.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-4561933944400275549</id><published>2026-10-23T19:06:03.599+03:00</published><updated>2026-10-23T19:29:19.031+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="10W"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="am"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="analizor spectri"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="aplicatii mobile"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cb"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="CW"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="FM"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="GPS/APRS"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="LSB"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Radtel"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="RT-950 Pro"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="SW"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="UHF"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="usb"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="USB-C"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="VHF"/><title type='text'>Radtel RT-950 Pro</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis1wBnURT1QR9As1eoQKC_gAMpY-_3cUojbLxbaxLQMxMRpRoYAXsv4ffeYDav4RUzhSxavOHc7SsaCJQ7TvtZ_7CZni0LWXzv5fPL3_Eu0tmqyydIgJvv9pVu1uvMmdfU503rL8WpOHX39EYTqHHQvJW9_SXjc6ZwhXt4QCU4hu7Ts1jTyqZpZjaUo6hy/s572/Screenshot%202026-10-23%20184701.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;519&quot; data-original-width=&quot;572&quot; height=&quot;363&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis1wBnURT1QR9As1eoQKC_gAMpY-_3cUojbLxbaxLQMxMRpRoYAXsv4ffeYDav4RUzhSxavOHc7SsaCJQ7TvtZ_7CZni0LWXzv5fPL3_Eu0tmqyydIgJvv9pVu1uvMmdfU503rL8WpOHX39EYTqHHQvJW9_SXjc6ZwhXt4QCU4hu7Ts1jTyqZpZjaUo6hy/w400-h363/Screenshot%202026-10-23%20184701.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Caracteristici principale:&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;1) Programare prin aplicatie PC sau mobil (Bluetooth)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;2) Putere mare de ieșire (10W)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Comunicare stabilă, pe rază lungă de acțiune, cu o transmisie puternică de 10 wați, ideală pentru medii solicitante.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3) Trimiterea poziției GPS/APRS&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4) Analizor de spectru integrat&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Analiza semnalului în timp real ajută la monitorizarea și optimizarea eficientă a frecvenței.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;5) Încărcător tip C și încărcător de birou&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Poate fi încărcată rapid și convenabil prin USB tip C sau cu stația de încărcare de birou.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;6) Copiere frecvență wireless&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Setările de frecvență pot fi copiate între dispozitive, fără fir, fără a fi necesare cabluri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;7) Asigura asistență pentru canalul meteo NOAA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;8) Recepție pe unde scurte&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Acceptă recepția în banda de unde scurte (SW), oferind acces la o gamă mai largă de comunicații și transmisii.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;9) Funcția Zonei de Canal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Se pot organiza eficient canalele cu ajutorul grupării Zonei, facilitând comutarea între diferite grupuri de utilizatori sau operațiuni.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;10) Ecran color&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Are un ecran color vibrant, de înaltă rezoluție, care îmbunătățește vizibilitatea chiar și în lumină puternică.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Frecvențe, moduri de lucru:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Transmisie/Recepție: 27Mhz (doar modulație FM)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Recepție: 49-53 MHz&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Transmisie/Recepție: 136-174 MHz&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Transmisie/Recepție: 400-520 MHz&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Recepție AM/FM: 18-620&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Recepție la 27 MHz: -121 dB&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Modulație recepție: AM/FM/SSB/CW&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;SW: Recepție 2.3-30Mhz&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;MW: Recepție 520-1710 kHz&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;LW: 153-279 kHz RX&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pentru informații suplimentare, accesați &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.radtels.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;producătorul&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/4561933944400275549/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/10/radtel-rt-950-pro.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/4561933944400275549'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/4561933944400275549'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/10/radtel-rt-950-pro.html' title='Radtel RT-950 Pro'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis1wBnURT1QR9As1eoQKC_gAMpY-_3cUojbLxbaxLQMxMRpRoYAXsv4ffeYDav4RUzhSxavOHc7SsaCJQ7TvtZ_7CZni0LWXzv5fPL3_Eu0tmqyydIgJvv9pVu1uvMmdfU503rL8WpOHX39EYTqHHQvJW9_SXjc6ZwhXt4QCU4hu7Ts1jTyqZpZjaUo6hy/s72-w400-h363-c/Screenshot%202026-10-23%20184701.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-9168328522863699612</id><published>2026-10-18T23:15:30.571+03:00</published><updated>2026-10-18T23:20:37.543+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Desktop"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="home made"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="OM0ET"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="portabil"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Quansheng"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="transceiver"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="UV-K5"/><title type='text'>Transformare portabilă Quansheng</title><content type='html'>&lt;center&gt;
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Turnurile gemene Liblice B din Cehia, de 355 de metri, mai înalte decât Turnul Eiffel, care deserveau cele mai puternice emițătoare MW din Europa Centrală, cu o putere de 1,5 MW, au fost dărâmate simultan, după aproape 50 de ani. Au fost construite în 1976, iar lifturile lor de serviciu funcționau cu motoare termice. Tehnicienii aveau nevoie de aproximativ 45 de minute pentru a ajunge în vârf. Pe măsură ce giganții radio de la sol cedează locul sateliților și fibrei optice, aceste repere inginerești unice au dispărut în aproximativ zece secunde.&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtC514RPZI59IYfI-gVsbEmVVOtopG0En9rbQtf12V2B6b8I-EC6Gx43Q4xQCy-ICP3ec8qhEHeiuGXbtnIMDlJSrMkBl3ytWRNBW7mJol_dEQodgUVVNcGTOhp9XSDbfY3oEyINxh1gq5XjwncCzqF5_epWBxqb3P854T36GKtFiXt46s9nEnxK35Jm0Y/s1345/turnuri%20Cehia%20demolare.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;702&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1345&quot; height=&quot;334&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtC514RPZI59IYfI-gVsbEmVVOtopG0En9rbQtf12V2B6b8I-EC6Gx43Q4xQCy-ICP3ec8qhEHeiuGXbtnIMDlJSrMkBl3ytWRNBW7mJol_dEQodgUVVNcGTOhp9XSDbfY3oEyINxh1gq5XjwncCzqF5_epWBxqb3P854T36GKtFiXt46s9nEnxK35Jm0Y/w640-h334/turnuri%20Cehia%20demolare.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Turnurile Librice B în cădere&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://x.com/robertmueller74/status/2110795215779115065?s=20&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Sursa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/6794569391191829911/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/10/50-de-ani-in-10-secunde.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/6794569391191829911'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/6794569391191829911'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/10/50-de-ani-in-10-secunde.html' title='50 de ani în 10 secunde'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjioiYTDgUdhu449TET1Vwn0-nox0R2kglbFLhkccxSyIqeTWecXgjIW2dARhisvH9cbxMUohhEm6qMGlmkt3T_DnqiGw3yz2Gq2Yl6FfJWUl7JzrgOW71QVkZqxG96n0Ug03P2MdHYpqQgdBQWYtEZzt0txlY8Dtkjvm1zwvf-suvaRJc5_gXbYDUJesV8/s72-c/turnuri%20Cehia.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-4115641915209702701</id><published>2026-10-02T19:47:31.165+03:00</published><updated>2026-10-28T10:10:47.994+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="abordare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="antena"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="balun"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="choke"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="dx"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="masuratori"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="random wire"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="rf"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="soc"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="transformatoare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="unun"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="„Fir Aleatoriu”"/><title type='text'>Antena „Fir Aleatoriu”</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; 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border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Atunci când suntem în portabil sau când spațiul din curte/bloc nu ne permite instalarea unor dipoli rezonanți pe fiecare bandă, prima tentativă este adesea aceeași: &lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;165&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;întindem un fir de cupru cât mai lung și încercăm să ieșim în eter.&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Însă, de la un simplu fir aruncat peste un copac și până la un semnal curat la recepție și emisie este o cale pe care mulți începători o parcurg prin încercări repetate și de multe ori frustrante.&lt;br /&gt;Să plecăm de la un scenariu clasic.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span data-index-in-node=&quot;36&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;„Am întins o sârmă de o lungime aleatorie.”&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Care ar fi primele „mutări” ale radioamatorului?&lt;br /&gt;Adăugăm repede un transformator de adaptare de 9:1 sau 64:1?&amp;nbsp;Punem imediat un șoc de radiofrecvență (choke balun)?&amp;nbsp;Încercăm disperați să obținem un SWR mic învârtind de butoanele cuplorului de antenă (ATU)?&amp;nbsp;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Răspunsul scurt este: NU!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Graba de a pune transformatoare „standard” fără să știm ce avem pe fir este una dintre cele mai frecvente greșeli. Un SWR mic obținut artificial în cuplor nu înseamnă neapărat că antena radiază eficient - de multe ori înseamnă doar că puterea emițătorului se transformă în căldură pe linie sau în transformator.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pasul 1&lt;i&gt;: Măsurătoarea înainte de toate (NanoVNA)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;După ce am ancorat și întins firul, &lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;36&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;prima mișcare obligatorie este verificarea parametrilor cu ajutorul unui analizor vectorial de rețea (NanoVNA)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;sau al unui analizor de antenă similar.&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;De ce?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Pentru că parametrii reali ai oricărei antene multifilare/fir lung sunt puternic influențați de mediul local:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;15,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;- Înălțimea față de sol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;15,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;- Tipul și conductivitatea solului&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;15,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;- Relieful local&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;15,3,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;- Obstacolele, vegetația și clădirile din apropiere&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Doar după ce conectăm analizorul direct la capătul firului (raportat la o priză de pământ sau la o contragreutate) și citim valorile de &lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;136&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;16&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Impedanță (&lt;span class=&quot;math-inline&quot; data-index-in-node=&quot;147&quot; data-math=&quot;Z = R + jX&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;$Z = R + jX$&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/b&gt; pe benzile de interes, suntem în măsură să apreciem:&lt;br /&gt;Dacă lungimea aleasă este într-adevăr una favorabilă (evitând lungimile rezonante la jumătate de undă &lt;span class=&quot;math-inline&quot; data-index-in-node=&quot;102&quot; data-math=&quot;\lambda/2&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;$\lambda/2$&lt;/span&gt; pe benzile dorite, unde impedanța devine extrem de mare).&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ce fel de adaptare este necesară (transformator 4:1, 9:1 sau alt raport).&amp;nbsp;Ce componentă reactivă (&lt;span class=&quot;math-inline&quot; data-index-in-node=&quot;24&quot; data-math=&quot;jX&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;$jX$&lt;/span&gt;) trebuie compensată.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pasul 2:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ce căutăm pe NanoVNA și cum alegem lungimea?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Deși i se spune „fir aleatoriu” (&lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;33&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;20&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Random Wire&lt;/i&gt;), lungimea firului &lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;64&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;20&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;nu trebuie să fie chiar complet la întâmplare&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;21,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;- Ce trebuie să evităm&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Lungimi care reprezintă multipli de jumătate de undă (&lt;span class=&quot;math-inline&quot; data-index-in-node=&quot;76&quot; data-math=&quot;\lambda/2&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;$\lambda/2$&lt;/span&gt;) pentru benzile de lucru. La aceste lungimi, impedanța la capătul firului ajunge la mii de ohmi (3000–5000 &lt;span class=&quot;math-inline&quot; data-index-in-node=&quot;193&quot; data-math=&quot;\Omega&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;$\Omega$&lt;/span&gt;), iar un transformator obișnuit 9:1 va lucra extrem de ineficient, generând pierderi mari prin căldură.&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;21,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;- Ce căutăm&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Lungimi care oferă pe benzile dorite o impedanță de capăt moderată (între &lt;span class=&quot;math-inline&quot; data-index-in-node=&quot;85&quot; data-math=&quot;300\,\Omega&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;$300\,\Omega$&lt;/span&gt; și &lt;span class=&quot;math-inline&quot; data-index-in-node=&quot;100&quot; data-math=&quot;600\,\Omega&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;$600\,\Omega$&lt;/span&gt;), cu o componentă reactivă redusă.&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;22,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;- Lungimi recomandate (m)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Câteva lungimi clasice recunoscute în practica Radioamatoricească pentru acoperirea benzilor HF (evitând rezonanțele &lt;span class=&quot;math-inline&quot; data-index-in-node=&quot;117&quot; data-math=&quot;\lambda/2&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;$\lambda/2$&lt;/span&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;22,2&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;9.45 m (31 ft)&lt;/b&gt; | &lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;17&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;22,2&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;10.8 m (35.5 ft)&lt;/b&gt; | &lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;36&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;22,2&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;12.5 m (41 ft)&lt;/b&gt; | &lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;53&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;22,2&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;16.2 m (53 ft)&lt;/b&gt; | &lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;70&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;22,2&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;22 m (72 ft)&lt;/b&gt; | &lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;85&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;22,2&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;25.6 m (84 ft)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pasul 3:&lt;i&gt; Adaptarea și proiectarea transformatorului&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Când NanoVNA ne indică pe plaja de frecvențe o impedanță reală medie în jur de &lt;span class=&quot;math-inline&quot; data-index-in-node=&quot;79&quot; data-math=&quot;450\,\Omega&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;$450\,\Omega$, atunci u&lt;/span&gt;n &lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;3&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;26,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;UNUN 9:1&lt;/b&gt; (Unbalanced to Unbalanced) va aduce impedanța aproape de cei &lt;span class=&quot;math-inline&quot; data-index-in-node=&quot;73&quot; data-math=&quot;50\,\Omega&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;$50\,\Omega$&lt;/span&gt; ai transceiverului (&lt;span class=&quot;math-inline&quot; data-index-in-node=&quot;104&quot; data-math=&quot;450 / 9 = 50\,\Omega&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;$450 / 9 = 50\,\Omega$&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Dacă măsurătorile arată o impedanță mult mai mare (peste &lt;span class=&quot;math-inline&quot; data-index-in-node=&quot;57&quot; data-math=&quot;1000–2000\,\Omega&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;$1000–2000\,\Omega$&lt;/span&gt;), atunci un &lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;87&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;26,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;UNUN 49:1 sau 64:1&lt;/b&gt; (specific antenelor EFHW - &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;133&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;26,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;End-Fed Half-Wave&lt;/i&gt;) este alegerea corectă.&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Proiectarea torului (alegerea materialului de ferită — de ex. FT140-43 / FT240-43) se va face în funcție de puterea de emisie și de benzile pe care lucrăm.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pasul 4: &lt;i&gt;Contragreutatea și șocul RF (RF Choke)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O antenă cu alimentare la capăt are nevoie neapărat de &lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;55&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;30&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;cale de întoarcere pentru curentul de RF&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;31,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Contragreutatea / Pământare&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Un fir de câteva metri întins la sol (sau conectați la o priză de pământ bună) conectat la masa UNUN-ului. Aceasta stabilizează impedanța și reduce zgomotul la recepție.&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;31,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Șocul RF (Choke Balun)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Plasat pe cablul coaxial la o anumită distanță de UNUN (sau imediat după el dacă avem contrapondere dedicată). Acesta împiedică curenții de mod comun să se întoarcă pe exteriorul tresei cablului coaxial în camera echipamentului, prevenind „RF-ul în casă”, blocarea tastaturii/mouse-ului și perturbațiile TV/audio.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Memento pentru radioamatorul începător:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;34,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;- Întinde firul&lt;/span&gt; cât mai sus și cât mai departe de obstacole;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;34,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;- Măsoară cu NanoVNA&lt;/span&gt; (notează &lt;span class=&quot;math-inline&quot; data-index-in-node=&quot;28&quot; data-math=&quot;R&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;$R$&lt;/span&gt; și &lt;span class=&quot;math-inline&quot; data-index-in-node=&quot;33&quot; data-math=&quot;X&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;$X$&lt;/span&gt; pe benzile care te interesează);&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;34,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;- Ajustează lungimea&lt;/span&gt; firului dacă ai nimerit o rezonanță nefavorabilă (&lt;span class=&quot;math-inline&quot; data-index-in-node=&quot;69&quot; data-math=&quot;\lambda/2&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;$\lambda/2$&lt;/span&gt;);&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;34,3,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;- Alege/construiește transformatorul (UNUN)&lt;/span&gt; potrivit pe baza măsurătorilor reale, nu din presupuneri, nu cum s-au potrivit la altii;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;34,4,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;- Adaugă o contragreutate și un șoc RF&lt;/span&gt; pe cablul coaxial;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;34,5,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;- Folosește cuplorul de antena (ATU)&lt;/span&gt; doar pentru acordul fin de pe bandă, nu pentru a „forța” un fir nepotrivit.&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;35&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;35&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;35&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;35&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Spor la construcții și legături cât mai îndepărtate!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;35&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;35&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;73 de YO8RCD!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: left; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/4115641915209702701/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/10/antena-fir-aleatoriu.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/4115641915209702701'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/4115641915209702701'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/10/antena-fir-aleatoriu.html' title='Antena „Fir Aleatoriu”'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhxUJXZq8vRdGEtnqsui0t3Zb6D-Vr4luuNwsuKiiU8bnnrcZUWb51b-eMhzbd3izg8f02Ds73a0MANPynz-nxaNSFVOdCMCKdBdm3LZjTHzDrV3LKPOGFuAX--KIr6Os4CRYTcQvV6HyqHFIdSoJSrS2jXI8BA9E30-9thkN9pau8uCoO0ZNPegd4fvUb_=s72-w400-h219-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-528748051169033399</id><published>2026-09-30T13:48:28.930+03:00</published><updated>2026-10-14T19:10:55.302+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="IC-706MKIIG"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Icom"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="service manual"/><title type='text'>IC-706MKIIG, service manual</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL2mIe-n5XgiD25Y5u34Ayhg8JBLKbAPpSe192cuDDFEVtzmpk_ZZXaGirrAOVmP7_Mq6XwrmjQ_-zDYdrEiWRd6z8eYmc2GgoN_y1EVdxz7KeYVbo9gaQuuWqgPqTAugGc2nJhdujcl_ehaqsNBYqPmErpK5zGUSB-oOgFX_LEHftIGr1H01Jlgwnv-pl/s1600/IC-706MKIIG.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;206&quot; data-original-width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;171&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL2mIe-n5XgiD25Y5u34Ayhg8JBLKbAPpSe192cuDDFEVtzmpk_ZZXaGirrAOVmP7_Mq6XwrmjQ_-zDYdrEiWRd6z8eYmc2GgoN_y1EVdxz7KeYVbo9gaQuuWqgPqTAugGc2nJhdujcl_ehaqsNBYqPmErpK5zGUSB-oOgFX_LEHftIGr1H01Jlgwnv-pl/w400-h171/IC-706MKIIG.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;IC-706MKIIG, manual service&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rigpix.com/icom/ic706mkiig.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Download, PDF, 13,3 MB&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rigpix.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Sursa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/528748051169033399/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/ic-706mkiig-service-manual.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/528748051169033399'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/528748051169033399'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/ic-706mkiig-service-manual.html' title='IC-706MKIIG, service manual'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL2mIe-n5XgiD25Y5u34Ayhg8JBLKbAPpSe192cuDDFEVtzmpk_ZZXaGirrAOVmP7_Mq6XwrmjQ_-zDYdrEiWRd6z8eYmc2GgoN_y1EVdxz7KeYVbo9gaQuuWqgPqTAugGc2nJhdujcl_ehaqsNBYqPmErpK5zGUSB-oOgFX_LEHftIGr1H01Jlgwnv-pl/s72-w400-h171-c/IC-706MKIIG.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-2042908726689104485</id><published>2026-09-30T10:26:25.683+03:00</published><updated>2026-09-30T10:33:33.432+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="20m"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="3A2MW"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="foto"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Franco Lucioni"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="FT8"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Monaco"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="qsl"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="QSO"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="yo8rcd"/><title type='text'>3A2MW</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiukfnKAFCX5S-3ZplJI6NgtNbrEBD-_4wATpGKsEM76ay0xZFmwG2ePqVSl54f4ZvhaT3Cvl4fKrWq8_acGsR8arOtGYTyI0n_I0f-MVFKoTn65ugtEM7OGPcnlBmQ3GgkSGjkawbrJvtm37Fji4Wp7qL5RbXZ0y44TqNOGf11F9DT5NUitTj9aYRbx6W6=s528&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;336&quot; data-original-width=&quot;528&quot; height=&quot;255&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiukfnKAFCX5S-3ZplJI6NgtNbrEBD-_4wATpGKsEM76ay0xZFmwG2ePqVSl54f4ZvhaT3Cvl4fKrWq8_acGsR8arOtGYTyI0n_I0f-MVFKoTn65ugtEM7OGPcnlBmQ3GgkSGjkawbrJvtm37Fji4Wp7qL5RbXZ0y44TqNOGf11F9DT5NUitTj9aYRbx6W6=w400-h255&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; 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style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgbUTMplpGPGii6DpN1WzoxkSl1RveY0g8gV1OQIuHdJ8sFkqzKhRdA_C5zMKcXaqrnK-u4v9eUqCtDRTapsfIYoqKL0MLQQdhGgajeHq2leiDAtcehdCfU2WbkSYsp5lJuJldG1AQOmp04J4d5Ya8xUTzRaBMWFFMBTduM8rNsnElEoUxcLmFqbjDHKu4J&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;452&quot; data-original-width=&quot;800&quot; height=&quot;226&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgbUTMplpGPGii6DpN1WzoxkSl1RveY0g8gV1OQIuHdJ8sFkqzKhRdA_C5zMKcXaqrnK-u4v9eUqCtDRTapsfIYoqKL0MLQQdhGgajeHq2leiDAtcehdCfU2WbkSYsp5lJuJldG1AQOmp04J4d5Ya8xUTzRaBMWFFMBTduM8rNsnElEoUxcLmFqbjDHKu4J=w400-h226&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;De la un puls electric prins într-un cablu de la Washington la Baltimore, până la semnalele care încă brăzdează ionosfera noaptea - o cronologie a celui mai rezistent limbaj tehnic din istorie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;I. Prologul Transmisiei&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Înainte de voce, înainte de imagine, a fost un puls.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Într-o dimineață de iarnă a anului 1844, un semnal electric a străbătut 64 de kilometri de cablu și a schimbat relația omenirii cu distanța. Nu era o voce și nici o imagine - era un ritm. Un puls care spunea: „What hath God wrought”&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(Ce a facut Dumnezeu)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Codul Morse s-a născut dintr-o necesitate tehnică - cum transmiți informație printr-un fir care poate fi doar închis sau deschis și a devenit, timp de peste un secol, coloana vertebrală a comunicațiilor globale. De la telegrafie la radio, de la transatlantice la navele în derivă, de la rezistența din cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial la stațiile radioamatorilor care încă ascultă noaptea ionosfera, codul Morse a fost martor și instrument al istoriei.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Aceasta nu este o simplă listă de date. Este o cronologie a pulsului - un omagiu adus limbajului care a învățat omenirea că informația se reduce, în esență, la două stări: prezență și absență. Semnal și tăcere.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;II. Fluxul Cronologic -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;O axă a timpului,&amp;nbsp;măsurată în puncte și linii&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;1836 - Samuel Morse &amp;amp; Alfred Vail&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Samuel F. B. Morse, împreună cu mecanicul Alfred Vail, încep dezvoltarea unui telegraf electromagnetic la New Jersey. Vail contribuie decisiv la simplificarea codului, transformând semnele complexe într-un alfabet binar de puncte și linii.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;1844 - „What hath God wrought”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pe 24 mai, prima linie telegrafică comercială transmite de la Washington la Baltimore mesajul biblic „What hath God wrought”. Codul Morse devenea limbajul oficial al comunicațiilor la distanță.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;1851 -&amp;nbsp;Codul Continental (ITU)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Conferința europeană adoptă o variantă standardizată &lt;i&gt;Codul Continental&lt;/i&gt; care înlocuiește literele cu diacritice și devine baza internațională recunoscută ca și Cod Morse Internațional (ITU).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;1866 -&amp;nbsp;Cablul transatlantic&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;După mai multe eșecuri, cablul telegrafic transatlantic permanent leagă Europa de America. Codul Morse traversează oceanul fizic, reducând un mesaj de la săptămâni la minute.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;1905 -&amp;nbsp;Adoptarea SOS&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Conferința internațională de la Berlin adoptă SOS (· · · — — — · · ·) ca semnal universal de urgență. Continuitatea sa ritmică îl face recognoscibil chiar și în condiții de recepție extrem de slabă.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;1912 -&amp;nbsp;Titanic și valoarea semnalului&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Tragedia Titanicului demonstrează crucialitatea telegrafiei fără fir: stațiile de coastă și navele din zonă recepționează semnalele Morse care salvează 705 de oameni. Dezastrul reformează reglementările radio maritime.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;1927 -&amp;nbsp;Era radioamatorilor&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Reglementările internaționale de frecvență recunosc oficial radioamatorii. Codul Morse devine limba comună a operatorilor pe unde scurte, permițând contacte (QSO) între continent pe puteri de câțiva wați.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;1939 -&amp;nbsp;Al Doilea Război Mondial&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Morse devine instrument tactic: transmisii cifrate, rețele de rezistență, comunicații navale. Simplitatea sa permite operațiuni în condiții de bruiaj intens și echipamente minime.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;1999 -&amp;nbsp;Sfârșitul erei maritime&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Sistemul&amp;nbsp;GMDSS (Global Maritime Distress and Safety System sau Sistemul Global de Primejdie și Siguranță Maritimă) înlocuiește oficial codul Morse ca standard de urgență maritimă. Ultima stație de coastă care renunță la monitorizarea pe tonuri este cea japoneză, închizând un capitol de 155 de ani.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;2026 -&amp;nbsp;Pulsul vieții&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;În epoca digitală, codul Morse rămâne viu în comunitatea radioamatorilor, în asistența asistivă și în protocoale experimentale. Simplitatea sa binară prefigurează însăși logica calculatorului modern.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;III · Anatomia unui Puls -&amp;nbsp;Două stări, infinit de&amp;nbsp;posibilități&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Geniul codului Morse nu stă în complexitate, ci în economia sa. Un dit - puls scurt. Un dah - puls de trei ori mai lung. Între ele, tăceri măsurate care separă literele și cuvintele.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Alfred Vail, adesea uitat de istorie, a fost cel care a raționalizat codul inițial al lui Morse. În loc să atribuie semne complexe fiecărei litere, Vail a numărat frecvența literelor în tiparnițele ziarelor și a asociat cele mai scurte secvențe celor mai folosite litere: „E” a devenit un singur punct, „T” o singură linie. A fost, poate, primul algoritm de compresie din istorie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Standardizarea din 1851 a eliminat variațiile regionale și a creat Codul Continental, recunoscut astăzi ca Cod Morse Internațional (ITU). Deși „codul american” al lui Morse a supraviețuit o vreme, varianta ITU a devenit limba comună a operatorilor din întreaga lume - o limbă care nu cunoaște granițe naționale și care poate fi transmisă prin lumină, sunet, curent electric sau unde radio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;„··· — — — ···” - un strigăt fără cuvinte, recunoscut de orice operator, în orice limbă, în orice noapte. „SOS” este&amp;nbsp; semnal universal de urgență din 1905.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;III. Lexiconul Keyer-ului -&amp;nbsp;Alfabetul pulsului,&amp;nbsp;redat ca ritm&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Fiecare caracter este o frază ritmică.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Litere - A–Z&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;A ·— di-dah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;B —··· dah-di-di-dit&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;C —·—· dah-di-dah-di&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;D —·· dah-di-dit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;E · dit &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;F ··—· di-di-dah-di&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;G — —· dah-dah-dit&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;H ···· di-di-di-dit&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I ·· di-dit&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;J ·— — — di-dah-dah-dah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;K —·— dah-di-dah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;L ·—·· di-dah-di-dit&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;M — — dah-dah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;N —· dah-dit&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;O — — — dah-dah-dah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;P ·— —· di-dah-dah-dit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Q — —·— dah-dah-di-dah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;R ·—· di-dah-dit&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;S ··· di-di-dit&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;T — dah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;U ··— di-di-dah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;V ···— di-di-di-dah W ·— — di-dah-dah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;X —··— dah-di-di-dah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Y —·— — dah-di-dah-dah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Z — —·· dah-dah-di-dit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cifre - 0–9&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;1·— — — — di-dah-dah-dah-dah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;2 ··— — — di-di-dah-dah-dah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;3 ···— — di-di-di-dah-dah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;4 ····— di-di-di-di-dah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;5 ····· di-di-di-di-dit&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;6 —···· dah-di-di-di-dit&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;7 — —··· dah-dah-di-di-dit&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;8 — — —·· dah-dah-dah-di-dit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;9 — — — —· dah-dah-dah-dah-dit&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;0 — — — — — dah-dah-dah-dah-dah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;emne p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;unctuație&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;. ·—·—·— di-dah-di-dah-di-dah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;, — —··— — dah-dah-di-di-dah-dah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;? ··— —·· di-di-dah-dah-di-dit&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;! —·—·— — dah-di-dah-di-dah-dah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;/ —··—· dah-di-di-dah-dit&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;@ ·— —·—· di-dah-dah-di-dah-dit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;: — — —··· dah-dah-dah-di-di-dit&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;( —·— —· dah-di-dah-dah-dit&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;) —·— —·— dah-di-dah-dah-di-dah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;- —····— dah-di-di-di-di-dah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Convenție: „dit&quot; = punct, „dah&quot; = linie (de 3× durata unui dit). Pauza între litere = 3 dits; între cuvinte = 7 dits. Pentru tonul redat se folosește frecvența standard de 700 Hz.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Observație.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Operatorii din marină obișnuiau să folosească un raport 1/3,5 pentru a mări inteligibilitatea în condiții de QRM.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;V. Moștenirea -&amp;nbsp;De ce un cod de 180 de ani&amp;nbsp;mai trăiește&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;În 1999, când Codul Morse a fost oficial retras din sistemul internațional de urgență maritimă, mulți au crezut că pulsul se stinge. S-au înșelat. În comunitatea radioamatorilor - și YO8RCD face parte din ea - codul Morse rămâne un mod de transmisie activ, apreciat pentru eficiența sa extraordinară în condiții de recepție dificilă.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Un semnal Morse poate fi decodat pe unde scurte acolo unde vocea digitală se pierde în zgomot. Câțiva wați, o antenă simplă și o cheie - atât este nevoie pentru un contact (QSO) între continente. Această robustețe l-a făcut limbajul de rezervă al comunicațiilor de urgență și al expedițiilor în locuri izolate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Mai profund, codul Morse a fost prima demonstrație că informația poate fi codificată, comprimată și transmisă independent de mediul fizic. Fiecare SMS, fiecare pachet de date, fiecare bit care circulă prin cablurile de fibră optică poartă în sine moștenirea acelui puls de la Washington la Baltimore. Tăcerea dintre semnale nu este absență - este structură. Iar pulsul, după aproape două secole, continuă.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;tația de radioamator&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;YO8RCD păstrează memoriei telegrafiei. Codul Morse nu este un vestigiu - este un limbaj viu, transmis noapte de noapte pe frecvențele undelor scurte.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pulsul continuă!&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Costin, YO8RCD&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/4583888669309767845/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/inainte-de-voce.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/4583888669309767845'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/4583888669309767845'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/inainte-de-voce.html' title='Înainte de voce'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgbUTMplpGPGii6DpN1WzoxkSl1RveY0g8gV1OQIuHdJ8sFkqzKhRdA_C5zMKcXaqrnK-u4v9eUqCtDRTapsfIYoqKL0MLQQdhGgajeHq2leiDAtcehdCfU2WbkSYsp5lJuJldG1AQOmp04J4d5Ya8xUTzRaBMWFFMBTduM8rNsnElEoUxcLmFqbjDHKu4J=s72-w400-h226-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-6203051626455707931</id><published>2026-09-22T12:42:27.993+03:00</published><updated>2026-09-22T18:43:32.401+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="calculator"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="date"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="dimensionare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="formule"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ghid teoretic"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="monofazat"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="parametri"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="responsiv"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="rezultat"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="salvare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="tole E+I"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="trafo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="transformator"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="yo8rcd"/><title type='text'>Transformatoare monofazate (E+I) - calculator</title><content type='html'>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html lang=&quot;ro&quot;&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
    &lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0&quot;&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;Calculator Transformatoare de Rețea&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.tailwindcss.com&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
    &lt;style&gt;
        input[type=&quot;number&quot;]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,
        input[type=&quot;number&quot;]::-webkit-outer-spin-button {
            -webkit-appearance: none;
            margin: 0;
        }
        input[type=&quot;number&quot;] {
            -moz-appearance: textfield;
        }
    &lt;/style&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body class=&quot;bg-gray-100 text-gray-800 font-sans p-2 sm:p-4&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;max-w-4xl mx-auto bg-white rounded-xl shadow-lg border border-gray-200 overflow-hidden&quot;&gt;
    
    &lt;!-- HEADER PROFESIONIST CU ACCENT PORTOCALIU SI SEMNATURA --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;bg-slate-900 text-white p-5 sm:p-6 border-b-4 border-amber-500 relative&quot;&gt;
        &lt;h1 class=&quot;text-2xl sm:text-3xl font-extrabold text-white tracking-wide text-center&quot;&gt;
            Calculator Transformatoare de Rețea &lt;span class=&quot;text-amber-400&quot;&gt;(E+I)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/h1&gt;
        &lt;p class=&quot;text-slate-300 text-xs sm:text-sm mt-1.5 font-medium text-center&quot;&gt;
            Dimensionare rapidă, alegere tole din stoc și verificare fereastră de bobinaj
        &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;text-right mt-2 text-xs font-semibold text-amber-400 tracking-wider&quot;&gt;
            by YO8RCD
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- ZONA CALCULATOR --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;p-4 sm:p-6 grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-6&quot;&gt;
        
        &lt;!-- INTRODUCERE DATE --&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;space-y-4&quot;&gt;
            &lt;h3 class=&quot;text-base font-bold text-slate-800 border-b-2 border-slate-200 pb-1.5 flex items-center gap-2&quot;&gt;
                &lt;span class=&quot;w-2 h-4 bg-amber-500 inline-block rounded-sm&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 1. Date Electrice de Intrare
            &lt;/h3&gt;
            
            &lt;div class=&quot;grid grid-cols-2 gap-3&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div&gt;
                    &lt;label class=&quot;block text-xs font-semibold text-gray-700 mb-1&quot;&gt;Tensiune Primar U1 (V)&lt;/label&gt;
                    &lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;u1&quot; value=&quot;230&quot; class=&quot;w-full border border-gray-300 rounded p-2 focus:ring-2 focus:ring-amber-500 outline-none text-sm font-medium&quot;&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;div&gt;
                    &lt;label class=&quot;block text-xs font-semibold text-gray-700 mb-1&quot;&gt;Frecvență (Hz)&lt;/label&gt;
                    &lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;freq&quot; value=&quot;50&quot; class=&quot;w-full border border-gray-300 rounded p-2 focus:ring-2 focus:ring-amber-500 outline-none text-sm font-medium&quot;&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;

            &lt;div class=&quot;grid grid-cols-2 gap-3&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div&gt;
                    &lt;label class=&quot;block text-xs font-semibold text-gray-700 mb-1&quot;&gt;Tensiune Secundar U2 (V)&lt;/label&gt;
                    &lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;u2&quot; value=&quot;12&quot; class=&quot;w-full border border-gray-300 rounded p-2 focus:ring-2 focus:ring-amber-500 outline-none text-sm font-medium&quot;&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;div&gt;
                    &lt;label class=&quot;block text-xs font-semibold text-gray-700 mb-1&quot;&gt;Curent Secundar I2 (A)&lt;/label&gt;
                    &lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;i2&quot; step=&quot;0.1&quot; value=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;w-full border border-gray-300 rounded p-2 focus:ring-2 focus:ring-amber-500 outline-none text-sm font-medium&quot;&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;

            &lt;div class=&quot;grid grid-cols-2 gap-3&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div&gt;
                    &lt;label class=&quot;block text-xs font-semibold text-gray-700 mb-1&quot;&gt;Densitate Curent J (A/mm²)&lt;/label&gt;
                    &lt;select id=&quot;j_val&quot; class=&quot;w-full border border-gray-300 rounded p-2 focus:ring-2 focus:ring-amber-500 outline-none text-sm bg-white font-medium&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;option value=&quot;2.0&quot;&gt;2.0 A/mm² (Regim continuu / Rece)&lt;/option&gt;
                        &lt;option value=&quot;2.5&quot; selected&gt;2.5 A/mm² (Standard uzual)&lt;/option&gt;
                        &lt;option value=&quot;3.0&quot;&gt;3.0 A/mm² (Intermitent / Compact)&lt;/option&gt;
                    &lt;/select&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;div&gt;
                    &lt;label class=&quot;block text-xs font-semibold text-gray-700 mb-1&quot;&gt;Inducție B (Tesla)&lt;/label&gt;
                    &lt;select id=&quot;b_val&quot; class=&quot;w-full border border-gray-300 rounded p-2 focus:ring-2 focus:ring-amber-500 outline-none text-sm bg-white font-medium&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;option value=&quot;1.0&quot;&gt;1.0 T (Tole obișnuite / Vechi)&lt;/option&gt;
                        &lt;option value=&quot;1.2&quot; selected&gt;1.2 T (Tole E+I standard)&lt;/option&gt;
                        &lt;option value=&quot;1.4&quot;&gt;1.4 T (Tole siliciu de calitate)&lt;/option&gt;
                    &lt;/select&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;

            &lt;h3 class=&quot;text-base font-bold text-slate-800 border-b-2 border-slate-200 pb-1.5 pt-2 flex items-center gap-2&quot;&gt;
                &lt;span class=&quot;w-2 h-4 bg-amber-500 inline-block rounded-sm&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 2. Alegere Tolă E+I din Stoc
            &lt;/h3&gt;

            &lt;div&gt;
                &lt;label class=&quot;block text-xs font-semibold text-gray-700 mb-1&quot;&gt;Selectează Tolă Standard sau Introdu Manual&lt;/label&gt;
                &lt;select id=&quot;tole_select&quot; onchange=&quot;schimbaTola()&quot; class=&quot;w-full border border-amber-300 rounded p-2 focus:ring-2 focus:ring-amber-500 outline-none text-sm font-bold text-slate-900 bg-amber-50/50&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;option value=&quot;custom&quot;&gt;-- Introducere dimensiuni manuale --&lt;/option&gt;
                    &lt;option value=&quot;E12&quot;&gt;E 12 (Mied a = 12 mm | Fereastră 6 x 18 mm)&lt;/option&gt;
                    &lt;option value=&quot;E16&quot;&gt;E 16 (Mied a = 16 mm | Fereastră 8 x 24 mm)&lt;/option&gt;
                    &lt;option value=&quot;E20&quot; selected&gt;E 20 (Mied a = 20 mm | Fereastră 10 x 30 mm)&lt;/option&gt;
                    &lt;option value=&quot;E25&quot;&gt;E 25 (Mied a = 25 mm | Fereastră 12.5 x 37.5 mm)&lt;/option&gt;
                    &lt;option value=&quot;E32&quot;&gt;E 32 (Mied a = 32 mm | Fereastră 16 x 48 mm)&lt;/option&gt;
                    &lt;option value=&quot;E40&quot;&gt;E 40 (Mied a = 40 mm | Fereastră 20 x 60 mm)&lt;/option&gt;
                &lt;/select&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;

            &lt;div class=&quot;grid grid-cols-3 gap-2 bg-slate-50 p-3 rounded border border-slate-200&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div&gt;
                    &lt;label class=&quot;block text-xs font-semibold text-gray-600 mb-1&quot;&gt;Mied &#39;a&#39; (mm)&lt;/label&gt;
                    &lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;tola_a&quot; value=&quot;20&quot; class=&quot;w-full border border-gray-300 rounded p-1.5 text-sm bg-white font-semibold&quot;&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;div&gt;
                    &lt;label class=&quot;block text-xs font-semibold text-gray-600 mb-1&quot;&gt;Lățime Fer. H (mm)&lt;/label&gt;
                    &lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;tola_h&quot; value=&quot;10&quot; class=&quot;w-full border border-gray-300 rounded p-1.5 text-sm bg-white font-semibold&quot;&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;div&gt;
                    &lt;label class=&quot;block text-xs font-semibold text-gray-600 mb-1&quot;&gt;Înălțime Fer. L (mm)&lt;/label&gt;
                    &lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;tola_l&quot; value=&quot;30&quot; class=&quot;w-full border border-gray-300 rounded p-1.5 text-sm bg-white font-semibold&quot;&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;

            &lt;button onclick=&quot;calculeaza()&quot; class=&quot;w-full bg-slate-900 hover:bg-slate-800 text-amber-400 font-extrabold py-3 px-4 rounded shadow-md border-b-2 border-amber-500 transition duration-200 uppercase tracking-wider text-sm&quot;&gt;
                Calculează Transformator
            &lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;

        &lt;!-- REZULTATE CALCUL --&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;bg-slate-50 p-4 rounded-lg border border-slate-200 flex flex-col justify-between&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div&gt;
                &lt;h3 class=&quot;text-base font-bold text-slate-800 border-b-2 border-slate-200 pb-1.5 mb-3 flex items-center gap-2&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;w-2 h-4 bg-amber-500 inline-block rounded-sm&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 3. Rezultate Calcul
                &lt;/h3&gt;

                &lt;!-- Sumar Putere --&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;grid grid-cols-2 gap-2 mb-4&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;bg-white p-2.5 rounded border border-slate-200 text-center shadow-sm&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;span class=&quot;text-xs text-gray-500 block font-medium&quot;&gt;Putere Secundar (P2)&lt;/span&gt;
                        &lt;span id=&quot;res_p2&quot; class=&quot;text-base font-black text-slate-900&quot;&gt;0 W&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;/div&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;bg-white p-2.5 rounded border border-slate-200 text-center shadow-sm&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;span class=&quot;text-xs text-gray-500 block font-medium&quot;&gt;Secțiune Utilă Necesară&lt;/span&gt;
                        &lt;span id=&quot;res_s_nec&quot; class=&quot;text-base font-black text-amber-600&quot;&gt;0 cm²&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;

                &lt;!-- Dimensiuni Pachet Tole --&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;bg-amber-50/60 border border-amber-200 rounded p-3 mb-4 space-y-1.5 text-sm&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;font-bold text-slate-900 border-b border-amber-200 pb-1 mb-1&quot;&gt;Dimensionare Pachet Tole:&lt;/div&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;flex justify-between&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;span class=&quot;text-gray-700&quot;&gt;Lățime limba centrală (a):&lt;/span&gt;
                        &lt;span id=&quot;res_a&quot; class=&quot;font-bold text-slate-900&quot;&gt;0 mm&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;/div&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;flex justify-between&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;span class=&quot;text-gray-700&quot;&gt;Grosime necesară pachet (b):&lt;/span&gt;
                        &lt;span id=&quot;res_b&quot; class=&quot;font-black text-amber-700&quot;&gt;0 mm&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;/div&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;flex justify-between&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;span class=&quot;text-gray-700&quot;&gt;Număr aprox. tole (0.5 mm):&lt;/span&gt;
                        &lt;span id=&quot;res_n_tole&quot; class=&quot;font-bold text-slate-900&quot;&gt;0 buc&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;/div&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;flex justify-between&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;span class=&quot;text-gray-700&quot;&gt;Raport b/a (optim 1.0 - 1.5):&lt;/span&gt;
                        &lt;span id=&quot;res_raport_ba&quot; class=&quot;font-bold text-slate-900&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;

                &lt;!-- Bobinaje --&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;space-y-2 text-sm&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;bg-white p-2.5 rounded border border-slate-200 shadow-sm&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;div class=&quot;font-bold text-slate-800 text-xs uppercase mb-1 border-b pb-1 flex justify-between&quot;&gt;
                            &lt;span&gt;Bobinaj Primar&lt;/span&gt;
                            &lt;span class=&quot;text-amber-600 font-extrabold&quot;&gt;230V&lt;/span&gt;
                        &lt;/div&gt;
                        &lt;div class=&quot;flex justify-between mb-1&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Număr spire:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;res_w1&quot; class=&quot;font-bold text-slate-900&quot;&gt;0 spire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
                        &lt;div class=&quot;flex justify-between mb-1&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Diametru sârmă (Cu):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;res_d1&quot; class=&quot;font-bold text-slate-900&quot;&gt;0 mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
                        &lt;div class=&quot;flex justify-between&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Curent primar:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;res_i1&quot; class=&quot;text-gray-600&quot;&gt;0 A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
                    &lt;/div&gt;

                    &lt;div class=&quot;bg-white p-2.5 rounded border border-slate-200 shadow-sm&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;div class=&quot;font-bold text-slate-800 text-xs uppercase mb-1 border-b pb-1 flex justify-between&quot;&gt;
                            &lt;span&gt;Bobinaj Secundar&lt;/span&gt;
                            &lt;span class=&quot;text-amber-600 font-extrabold&quot;&gt;Secundar&lt;/span&gt;
                        &lt;/div&gt;
                        &lt;div class=&quot;flex justify-between mb-1&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Număr spire (+5% comp.):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;res_w2&quot; class=&quot;font-bold text-slate-900&quot;&gt;0 spire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
                        &lt;div class=&quot;flex justify-between&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Diametru sârmă (Cu):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;res_d2&quot; class=&quot;font-bold text-slate-900&quot;&gt;0 mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
                    &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;

                &lt;!-- Verificare Fereastră --&gt;
                &lt;div id=&quot;box_fereastra&quot; class=&quot;mt-4 p-3 rounded text-xs border shadow-sm&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;font-bold mb-1 text-sm&quot;&gt;Verificare Fereastră Bobinaj:&lt;/div&gt;
                    &lt;div id=&quot;res_fereastra_text&quot;&gt;Se așteaptă calculul...&lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;

            &lt;div class=&quot;text-xs text-gray-500 mt-4 text-center italic&quot;&gt;
                * Calculul include pierderi de 10% în miezul magnetic și 5% cădere de tensiune în sarcină.
            &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- SECTIUNE GHID TEORETIC (PLIABILA / ACCORDION) --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;border-t border-slate-200 bg-slate-50&quot;&gt;
        &lt;button onclick=&quot;toggleGhid()&quot; class=&quot;w-full p-4 text-left font-bold text-slate-800 flex justify-between items-center hover:bg-slate-100 transition duration-150&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;flex items-center gap-2 text-sm sm:text-base&quot;&gt;
                &lt;span class=&quot;w-2 h-4 bg-amber-500 inline-block rounded-sm&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
                Ghid Teoretic &amp; Formule de Calcul
            &lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span id=&quot;arrow_icon&quot; class=&quot;text-xs bg-slate-200 text-slate-700 px-2 py-1 rounded transition-transform duration-200&quot;&gt;
                ► Afișează Ghidul
            &lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/button&gt;

        &lt;div id=&quot;ghid_content&quot; class=&quot;hidden p-5 sm:p-6 pt-2 text-sm text-slate-700 space-y-4 border-t border-slate-200 bg-white&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div&gt;
                    &lt;h4 class=&quot;font-bold text-slate-900 mb-1&quot;&gt;1. Secțiunea Miezului Magnetic (S)&lt;/h4&gt;
                    &lt;p class=&quot;text-xs text-gray-600 mb-2&quot;&gt;Secțiunea utilă necesară a miezului depinde de puterea secundară P² = U2 × I2:&lt;/p&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;bg-slate-100 p-2 rounded border border-slate-200 font-mono text-xs mb-2&quot;&gt;S_nec [cm²] = 1.2 × √P2&lt;/div&gt;
                    &lt;p class=&quot;text-xs text-gray-600&quot;&gt;Secțiunea reală include factorul de împachetare al tolelor (k_i ≈ 0.9):&lt;/p&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;bg-slate-100 p-2 rounded border border-slate-200 font-mono text-xs&quot;&gt;S_reala = (a × b × 0.9) / 100&lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;

                &lt;div&gt;
                    &lt;h4 class=&quot;font-bold text-slate-900 mb-1&quot;&gt;2. Spire pe Volt &amp; Număr Spire&lt;/h4&gt;
                    &lt;p class=&quot;text-xs text-gray-600 mb-2&quot;&gt;Numărul de spire pe volt se deduce din formula inducției electromagnetice:&lt;/p&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;bg-slate-100 p-2 rounded border border-slate-200 font-mono text-xs mb-2&quot;&gt;Spire/Volt = 10⁴ / (4.44 × f × B × S_reala)&lt;/div&gt;
                    &lt;p class=&quot;text-xs text-gray-600&quot;&gt;La secundar adăugăm 5% spire suplimentare pentru compensarea căderilor de tensiune.&lt;/p&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;

                &lt;div&gt;
                    &lt;h4 class=&quot;font-bold text-slate-900 mb-1&quot;&gt;3. Diametrul Sârmei de Cupru&lt;/h4&gt;
                    &lt;p class=&quot;text-xs text-gray-600 mb-2&quot;&gt;Alegerea diametrului sârmei în funcție de densitatea de curent admisă J (A/mm²):&lt;/p&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;bg-slate-100 p-2 rounded border border-slate-200 font-mono text-xs&quot;&gt;d [mm] = 1.13 × √(I / J)&lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;

                &lt;div&gt;
                    &lt;h4 class=&quot;font-bold text-slate-900 mb-1&quot;&gt;4. Regula de Aur la Alegerea Tolelor&lt;/h4&gt;
                    &lt;p class=&quot;text-xs text-gray-600 mb-1&quot;&gt;• &lt;strong&gt;Raport pachet (b/a):&lt;/strong&gt; Optim între 1.0 și 1.5. Dacă raportul depășește 2.0, lungimea spirei crescătoare provoacă pierderi mari de căldură.&lt;/p&gt;
                    &lt;p class=&quot;text-xs text-gray-600&quot;&gt;• &lt;strong&gt;Factor de umplere:&lt;/strong&gt; Sârma izolată nu trebuie să depășească 35-40% din suprafața totală a ferestrei (H × L).&lt;/p&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;script&gt;
    const toleData = {
        &#39;E12&#39;: { a: 12, h: 6, l: 18 },
        &#39;E16&#39;: { a: 16, h: 8, l: 24 },
        &#39;E20&#39;: { a: 20, h: 10, l: 30 },
        &#39;E25&#39;: { a: 25, h: 12.5, l: 37.5 },
        &#39;E32&#39;: { a: 32, h: 16, l: 48 },
        &#39;E40&#39;: { a: 40, h: 20, l: 60 }
    };

    function toggleGhid() {
        const ghid = document.getElementById(&#39;ghid_content&#39;);
        const icon = document.getElementById(&#39;arrow_icon&#39;);
        
        if (ghid.classList.contains(&#39;hidden&#39;)) {
            ghid.classList.remove(&#39;hidden&#39;);
            icon.innerText = &#39;▼ Ascunde Ghidul&#39;;
        } else {
            ghid.classList.add(&#39;hidden&#39;);
            icon.innerText = &#39;► Afișează Ghidul&#39;;
        }
    }

    function schimbaTola() {
        const val = document.getElementById(&#39;tole_select&#39;).value;
        if (val !== &#39;custom&#39; &amp;&amp; toleData[val]) {
            document.getElementById(&#39;tola_a&#39;).value = toleData[val].a;
            document.getElementById(&#39;tola_h&#39;).value = toleData[val].h;
            document.getElementById(&#39;tola_l&#39;).value = toleData[val].l;
            calculeaza();
        }
    }

    function calculeaza() {
        // Citire date intrare
        const u1 = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;u1&#39;).value) || 230;
        const u2 = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;u2&#39;).value) || 12;
        const i2 = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;i2&#39;).value) || 0;
        const freq = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;freq&#39;).value) || 50;
        const j = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;j_val&#39;).value) || 2.5;
        const b_ind = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;b_val&#39;).value) || 1.2;

        const tola_a = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;tola_a&#39;).value) || 0; // mm
        const tola_h = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;tola_h&#39;).value) || 0; // mm
        const tola_l = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;tola_l&#39;).value) || 0; // mm

        // 1. Puteri
        const p2 = u2 * i2;
        const p1 = p2 / 0.9; // randament ~90%
        const i1 = p1 / u1;

        // 2. Sectiune necesara (cm²)
        const s_nec = 1.2 * Math.sqrt(p2);

        // 3. Calcul grosime pachet b (mm) bazat pe tola aleasa
        let b_mm = 0;
        let raport_ba = 0;
        let n_tole = 0;

        if (tola_a &gt; 0) {
            const a_cm = tola_a / 10;
            const b_cm = s_nec / (a_cm * 0.9);
            b_mm = Math.ceil(b_cm * 10); // rotunjim la mm
            raport_ba = (b_mm / tola_a).toFixed(2);
            n_tole = Math.ceil(b_mm / 0.5); // consideram tole standard de 0.5mm
        }

        const s_reala = (tola_a / 10) * (b_mm / 10) * 0.9; // sectiune magnetica utila reala

        // 4. Spire pe Volt &amp; Număr Spire
        const spire_pe_volt = 10000 / (4.44 * freq * b_ind * (s_reala &gt; 0 ? s_reala : s_nec));
        
        const w1 = Math.round(u1 * spire_pe_volt);
        const w2 = Math.round(u2 * 1.05 * spire_pe_volt); // +5% compensare pierderi

        // 5. Diametre Sârmă (mm)
        const d1 = 1.13 * Math.sqrt(i1 / j);
        const d2 = 1.13 * Math.sqrt(i2 / j);

        // 6. Verificare Fereastră Bobinaj
        const s_fereastra = tola_h * tola_l; 
        const s_cupru = (w1 * Math.pow(d1 * 1.08, 2)) + (w2 * Math.pow(d2 * 1.08, 2));
        const factor_umplere = s_fereastra &gt; 0 ? (s_cupru / s_fereastra) : 0;

        // Afisare Rezultate (Folosind innerHTML pentru randarea corecta a entitatilor HTML / cm²)
        document.getElementById(&#39;res_p2&#39;).innerHTML = p2.toFixed(1) + &quot; W&quot;;
        document.getElementById(&#39;res_s_nec&#39;).innerHTML = s_nec.toFixed(2) + &quot; cm&amp;sup2;&quot;;
        
        document.getElementById(&#39;res_a&#39;).innerHTML = tola_a + &quot; mm&quot;;
        document.getElementById(&#39;res_b&#39;).innerHTML = b_mm + &quot; mm&quot;;
        document.getElementById(&#39;res_n_tole&#39;).innerHTML = n_tole + &quot; buc&quot;;
        document.getElementById(&#39;res_raport_ba&#39;).innerHTML = raport_ba;

        document.getElementById(&#39;res_w1&#39;).innerHTML = w1 + &quot; spire&quot;;
        document.getElementById(&#39;res_d1&#39;).innerHTML = d1.toFixed(2) + &quot; mm&quot;;
        document.getElementById(&#39;res_i1&#39;).innerHTML = i1.toFixed(2) + &quot; A&quot;;

        document.getElementById(&#39;res_w2&#39;).innerHTML = w2 + &quot; spire&quot;;
        document.getElementById(&#39;res_d2&#39;).innerHTML = d2.toFixed(2) + &quot; mm&quot;;

        // Afisare status fereastra
        const boxFereastra = document.getElementById(&#39;box_fereastra&#39;);
        const textFereastra = document.getElementById(&#39;res_fereastra_text&#39;);

        if (s_fereastra &gt; 0) {
            const procent = (factor_umplere * 100).toFixed(1);
            if (factor_umplere &lt;= 0.40) {
                boxFereastra.className = &quot;mt-4 p-3 rounded text-xs border bg-green-50 border-green-300 text-green-900&quot;;
                textFereastra.innerHTML = `&lt;strong&gt;Bobinaj Posibil!&lt;/strong&gt; Suprafața ocupată de sârmă este de aprox. &lt;strong&gt;${procent}%&lt;/strong&gt; din fereastră (limita maximă practică cu carcasă este ~35-40%).`;
            } else {
                boxFereastra.className = &quot;mt-4 p-3 rounded text-xs border bg-red-50 border-red-300 text-red-900&quot;;
                textFereastra.innerHTML = `&lt;strong&gt;Atenție! Fereastră prea mică (${procent}%)&lt;/strong&gt;. Sârma NU va încapă pe carcasă. Alege o tolă mai mare sau mărește densitatea J.`;
            }
        }
    }

    // Event listeneri pentru calcul în timp real
    document.querySelectorAll(&#39;input, select&#39;).forEach(el =&gt; {
        el.addEventListener(&#39;input&#39;, calculeaza);
    });

    // Run inițial la încărcare
    calculeaza();
&lt;/script&gt;

&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/6203051626455707931/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/transformatoare-monofazate-ei-calculator.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/6203051626455707931'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/6203051626455707931'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/transformatoare-monofazate-ei-calculator.html' title='Transformatoare monofazate (E+I) - calculator'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-6175621081513598333</id><published>2026-09-21T21:12:51.402+03:00</published><updated>2026-09-22T11:01:15.796+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="40 m"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="80 m"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="aer"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="antena"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="balun"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="bobina"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="catarg"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="constructie"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="eR-iVdb-S"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fibra carbon"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="inverted V"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="practica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="scurtata"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="spatiu redus"/><title type='text'>Antena eR-iVdb-S (II) - realizare practică</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiG2FMw9fVknxdG2BgpwTezQogenCglVTLl1wg2OUAo5wWx3CZw2yPkgzYdaBfWNo69nhfQBFxjf5D_nJBIZk_dzBkcLqnoqXBSFm--p1axnfH39QUaqAd8T-IB8MxFlR9m6AoS3MAKNQujqQ7JGN-xiDiBDFIsVntNgVA2Jf5wxNbEWOOu7wAVRkwrCeHo&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;249&quot; data-original-width=&quot;320&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiG2FMw9fVknxdG2BgpwTezQogenCglVTLl1wg2OUAo5wWx3CZw2yPkgzYdaBfWNo69nhfQBFxjf5D_nJBIZk_dzBkcLqnoqXBSFm--p1axnfH39QUaqAd8T-IB8MxFlR9m6AoS3MAKNQujqQ7JGN-xiDiBDFIsVntNgVA2Jf5wxNbEWOOu7wAVRkwrCeHo&quot; width=&quot;308&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Am ales să folosesc cablu bifilar de difuzor (rosu-negru), cu sectiunea de 0,5 mm pătrați din aluminiu cuprat, datorită costului și, mai ales, al greutății.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Catargul, o undiță din fibră de carbon de 10 m, de la care nu am folosit cele mai subțiri 3 segmente din motiv de rezistență mecanică, a fost montat la o înălțime de aproximativ 2 m de sol pe un suport metalic în forma de „L” (suport de antena de satelit DTH).&amp;nbsp;Suportul de la bază asigură poziția verticală dar greutatea terminală face să se miște continuu balun-ul la orice adiere de vânt. Pentru că undița este foarte flexibilă, este necesară ancorarea în două puncte, la jumătatea înălțimii și&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;aproape de vârf, folosind ancore din material sintetic.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Sunt încrezător că va rezista în timp pentru că în locație mai există încă două antene (GP pentru 20m si dipol vertical pentru 10m) pe suport identic (7m) care au rezistat la intemperii și anotimpului rece.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Elementele antenei au fost pregătite la masa de lucru. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Desi firele din aluminiu cuprat pot fi cositorite cu usurință, am optat pentru terminale sertizate care se pot lipi usor cu cositor, fără a afecta rezistența mecanica a cablului. Bobinele de prelungire pentru banda de 80 m conțin, dintr-un fir, și segmentul de acord. După realizarea înfășurărilor am aplicat peste ele o bandă PVC autovulcanizantă pentru protecție. În tubul suport al bobinei centrale am montat inițial o mufă BNC mamă pentru conectarea cablului coaxial, dar pentru a nu stresa mecanic ultimul tronson al catargului am eliminat-o și am lipit capătul cablului coaxial direct la bobină. Am asigurat cablul cu două coliere din plastic, care ar trebui să reziste la intemperii cel puțin un an.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Am pregătit izolatori ușori din plexiglas. În funcție de rezistența catargului, voi sprijini bobinele de prelungire de doua segmente din teavă PVC înfipte în sol, iar tronsonul de acord pentru banda de 80 m va fi desfășurat orizontal din lipsa spațiului. Acest mod de instalare nu ar trebui să influențeze negativ funcționarea antenei.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Conectarea brațelor antenei de 40 m la bobina de prelungire se va face cu conectoare cu șurub (cleme sir) de la care se elimină învelișul de plastic pentru a putea proteja conexiunea cu tub termocontractabil și chit siliconic.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Inițial am vrut să folosesc conectori tip Wago (conectare/deconectare rapidă), dar ar fi fost mult mai greu de protejat la intemperii.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Acolo unde cablul radiant trece prin găuri (sus, la ieșire din balun), pentru creșterea rezistenței mecanice a primit două straturi de tub termocontractabil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Catargul trebuie asigurat pentru a rezista la intemperii. Dacă pătrunde apă la îmbinări și urmează îngheț, riscul de deteriorare este mare. Din acest motiv, după montare în suport se extinde segment cu segment și fiecare imbinare trebuie protejată cu banda PVC autovulcanizantă, înfăsurând strâns de pe segmentul mai gros către cel mai subțire pe o distanță de aproximativ 5 cm. Operația se poate face la sol, dacă spațiul permite manevrarea catargului întins.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Cablul coaxial trebuie fixat pe catarg la fiecare 50 cm cu banda PVC sau coliere din plastic.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJU__kEpPjfUebavVbx_f-3QE-GNjC2IkLU_UETm1zUXvNKB0fI9uHB1_yamOUpUmtRaYv-pzyaatTjGAgu2g1AQuKs8fM9yhhi55cwO7EQOyZqIZyznbLE6JxnW9rcZPLPwinnMHmb5X6omASrCOAmifxm9S5ghAj_8hA75N1m106lUW4yvI7i_VDqj3O/s600/IMG_20260819_201215_319.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;450&quot; data-original-width=&quot;600&quot; height=&quot;480&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJU__kEpPjfUebavVbx_f-3QE-GNjC2IkLU_UETm1zUXvNKB0fI9uHB1_yamOUpUmtRaYv-pzyaatTjGAgu2g1AQuKs8fM9yhhi55cwO7EQOyZqIZyznbLE6JxnW9rcZPLPwinnMHmb5X6omASrCOAmifxm9S5ghAj_8hA75N1m106lUW4yvI7i_VDqj3O/w640-h480/IMG_20260819_201215_319.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfn8_49weciP7RiR0G9sRPSjpELeQrPGEcSUwh4kH67N7hDS2hIA93eii9jystiO4-aaqpIh0ULGjjB41uoOnEC7s1OGGlo4XGFHc2H-zp-YXao8Mtm2qKrb24x2BiaSutEDyB2oDR-nRwbO3BuBNkC4ZPYvc5065EhVeG_QH8oVe8v_6cyb-dfZRyfZJq/s600/IMG_20260819_201007_531.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;351&quot; data-original-width=&quot;600&quot; height=&quot;374&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfn8_49weciP7RiR0G9sRPSjpELeQrPGEcSUwh4kH67N7hDS2hIA93eii9jystiO4-aaqpIh0ULGjjB41uoOnEC7s1OGGlo4XGFHc2H-zp-YXao8Mtm2qKrb24x2BiaSutEDyB2oDR-nRwbO3BuBNkC4ZPYvc5065EhVeG_QH8oVe8v_6cyb-dfZRyfZJq/w640-h374/IMG_20260819_201007_531.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPU_WGh7hPXLeSfl1tyeR90aCQ6eBTt9VzQhIVDxReljB2bFGvcTirGFlod0S1PALSdvxBRVQYr-VsQK7mgz2wt8H9lpTNpOTE1fEZtmi1A2jlukcwuFxOqLdn2QPda4yppECRoUvWhXhhskAPn7PynW2nuvyKHbvgzlVjuVFY_AYsY6zkCUfN_lAGfBiE/s600/IMG_20260819_200732_237.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;600&quot; data-original-width=&quot;450&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPU_WGh7hPXLeSfl1tyeR90aCQ6eBTt9VzQhIVDxReljB2bFGvcTirGFlod0S1PALSdvxBRVQYr-VsQK7mgz2wt8H9lpTNpOTE1fEZtmi1A2jlukcwuFxOqLdn2QPda4yppECRoUvWhXhhskAPn7PynW2nuvyKHbvgzlVjuVFY_AYsY6zkCUfN_lAGfBiE/w480-h640/IMG_20260819_200732_237.jpg&quot; width=&quot;480&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5qq26E5C4htyKXkC2aL5M19FPzz18DlzNcWL-Cc9zMDLTEMfPMHmUZvchVjaW-YGwW9rW4idwhHG-O7QOhih0XzJNRilh0zCDo5f5COcG9ZjLJ-tUqHWUMwDfm1Hc0VrBvn0jntgBpJXgCdWl3PyZ0cNgahZpij5j4ZaFVV5st6e9kEgxMN7vAnQomAKg/s600/IMG_20260819_200700_526.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;468&quot; data-original-width=&quot;600&quot; height=&quot;500&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5qq26E5C4htyKXkC2aL5M19FPzz18DlzNcWL-Cc9zMDLTEMfPMHmUZvchVjaW-YGwW9rW4idwhHG-O7QOhih0XzJNRilh0zCDo5f5COcG9ZjLJ-tUqHWUMwDfm1Hc0VrBvn0jntgBpJXgCdWl3PyZ0cNgahZpij5j4ZaFVV5st6e9kEgxMN7vAnQomAKg/w640-h500/IMG_20260819_200700_526.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgArFusiTFRhuFOkaIDZK2teUY2kNQD1aHkQEddRPqotQZTcHa9jP_FxAn2S700NkwMJ25pKK7CS2WB4rrGEoNz0KusTYJNIIMg_PNkugVhF5hWVPK3PS4kKi-C90Pmv2D7saYiFhKH-I-WzqUBGv4rhQaa4EyrOpNAZipKgZfz81zb9aoEqU3gv__EP-HQ/s600/IMG_20260819_201233_242.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;450&quot; data-original-width=&quot;600&quot; height=&quot;480&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgArFusiTFRhuFOkaIDZK2teUY2kNQD1aHkQEddRPqotQZTcHa9jP_FxAn2S700NkwMJ25pKK7CS2WB4rrGEoNz0KusTYJNIIMg_PNkugVhF5hWVPK3PS4kKi-C90Pmv2D7saYiFhKH-I-WzqUBGv4rhQaa4EyrOpNAZipKgZfz81zb9aoEqU3gv__EP-HQ/w640-h480/IMG_20260819_201233_242.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Deși erau adieri de vânt, am ridicat-o de unul singur. Nu este grea dar vântul plimba vârful în toate direcțiile. Pentru că era târziu și nu știam la ce ancoră să mai alerg, am fost nevoit să o cobor cu speranța că voi reuși să găsesc măcar un ajutor calificat. Am hotărât între timp s-o instalez întâi într-un loc mai larg, să fac măsuratori și abia apoi să revin la acest loc de instalare cu lecția învățată.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Orice progres va fi afișat pe blog.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Țineți aproape!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/6175621081513598333/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/antena-er-ivdb-s-ii-realizare-practica.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/6175621081513598333'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/6175621081513598333'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/antena-er-ivdb-s-ii-realizare-practica.html' title='Antena eR-iVdb-S (II) - realizare practică'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiG2FMw9fVknxdG2BgpwTezQogenCglVTLl1wg2OUAo5wWx3CZw2yPkgzYdaBfWNo69nhfQBFxjf5D_nJBIZk_dzBkcLqnoqXBSFm--p1axnfH39QUaqAd8T-IB8MxFlR9m6AoS3MAKNQujqQ7JGN-xiDiBDFIsVntNgVA2Jf5wxNbEWOOu7wAVRkwrCeHo=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-3949248801733042360</id><published>2026-09-20T21:27:26.927+03:00</published><updated>2026-09-21T15:35:13.896+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="2m"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="70cm"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="FM"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="IARU regiunea 1"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ituații Excepționale"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="reguli conduita"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Trafic de Urgență"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="UHF"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="VHF"/><title type='text'>Trafic de urgență și situații excepționale</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxMvqfZ0wesFQ6SfOUB3jF_JadryufP4JDauBpnxo0B-KWDVZJbyomagTw-YTUl-96i_6-IZm1Nes70q-l1XF3zgX1DEhlzLx68qwjnmfeJ94_ASkWwzkwGAvWjmK_IuNploA-BmONy5ZXpVYF-BqLEWTZXNaZ4gf5ntPXgfUS7bQ7ELU9K_3I374JF6MK/s983/SU.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;552&quot; data-original-width=&quot;983&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxMvqfZ0wesFQ6SfOUB3jF_JadryufP4JDauBpnxo0B-KWDVZJbyomagTw-YTUl-96i_6-IZm1Nes70q-l1XF3zgX1DEhlzLx68qwjnmfeJ94_ASkWwzkwGAvWjmK_IuNploA-BmONy5ZXpVYF-BqLEWTZXNaZ4gf5ntPXgfUS7bQ7ELU9K_3I374JF6MK/s320/SU.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Traficul radio de urgență și situații excepționale&lt;/b&gt; reprezintă transmiterea mesajelor radio în scopul salvării de vieți omenești, protejării bunurilor și coordonării operațiunilor de salvare în cazul unor catastrofe naturale, accidente majore sau crize umanitare. În aceste situații, radiocomunicațiile devin vitale, în special atunci când rețelele comerciale de telefonie mobilă sau internet pică din cauza suprasolicitării ori a distrugerii infrastructurii.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;În România&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;și în întreaga Regiune 1 IARU (Europa, Africa, Orientul Mijlociu și Asia de Nord), planul de frecvențe pentru benzile de radioamatori de 2 m și 70 cm (diferă de cel utilizat în Regiunea 2, America de Nord):&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Banda de 2 m (VHF)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Frecvența națională și internațională de apel în FM simplex este 145.500 MHz.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Banda de 70 cm (UHF)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Frecvența națională și internațională de apel în FM simplex este 433.500 MHz.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div _ngcontent-ng-c30796=&quot;&quot; aria-busy=&quot;false&quot; aria-live=&quot;polite&quot; class=&quot;markdown markdown-main-panel md-content enable-luminous-fast-follows enable-updated-hr-color&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; id=&quot;model-response-message-contentr_d098fa3a40e68087&quot; inline-copy-host=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;--animation-duration: 400ms; --fade-animation-function: ease-out; animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Detalii despre benzile de VHF/UHF în România (Regiunea 1 IARU)&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--more--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table data-path-to-node=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; 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mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Bandă&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Frecvență de apel FM Simplex&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Segmentul pentru FM Simplex&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,1,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;4,1,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;2 metri (VHF)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,1,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;4,1,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;145.500 MHz&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,1,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;145.200 – 145.5875 MHz (canale la pas de 12.5 kHz)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,2,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;4,2,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;70 centimetri (UHF)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,2,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;4,2,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;433.500 MHz&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;4,2,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;433.400 – 433.5875 MHz (canale la pas de 12.5 kHz)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pe lângă frecvențele standard de apel în FM simplex:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Echivalentul de urgență / trafic de dezastru (EMCOMM)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div _ngcontent-ng-c30796=&quot;&quot; aria-busy=&quot;false&quot; aria-live=&quot;polite&quot; class=&quot;markdown markdown-main-panel md-content enable-luminous-fast-follows enable-updated-hr-color&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; id=&quot;model-response-message-contentr_d098fa3a40e68087&quot; inline-copy-host=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;--animation-duration: 400ms; --fade-animation-function: ease-out; animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;În caz de urgență sau situații de dezastru, traficul local sau județean se desfășoară de obicei pe repetoarele locale din bandă (R0–R7 în VHF / RU70–RU89 în UHF) sau direct pe 145.500 MHz, urmând ca stațiile să treacă pe un canal secundar de lucru (ex. 145.525 MHz, 145.550 MHz) pentru a elibera frecvența de apel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Trafic de urgență în Unde Scurte (HF)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div _ngcontent-ng-c30796=&quot;&quot; aria-busy=&quot;false&quot; aria-live=&quot;polite&quot; class=&quot;markdown markdown-main-panel md-content enable-luminous-fast-follows enable-updated-hr-color&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; id=&quot;model-response-message-contentr_d098fa3a40e68087&quot; inline-copy-host=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;--animation-duration: 400ms; --fade-animation-function: ease-out; animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;În Regiunea 1, pentru situații de urgență se utilizează frecvențele din centrul de activitate pentru situații de urgență (CoA - Center of Activity):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border-color: currentcolor; border-image: none; border-style: none; border-width: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div _ngcontent-ng-c30796=&quot;&quot; aria-busy=&quot;false&quot; aria-live=&quot;polite&quot; class=&quot;markdown markdown-main-panel md-content enable-luminous-fast-follows enable-updated-hr-color&quot; id=&quot;model-response-message-contentr_d098fa3a40e68087&quot; inline-copy-host=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;--animation-duration: 400ms; --fade-animation-function: ease-out; animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;80 m -&amp;nbsp; 3.760 MHz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div _ngcontent-ng-c30796=&quot;&quot; aria-busy=&quot;false&quot; aria-live=&quot;polite&quot; class=&quot;markdown markdown-main-panel md-content enable-luminous-fast-follows enable-updated-hr-color&quot; id=&quot;model-response-message-contentr_d098fa3a40e68087&quot; inline-copy-host=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;--animation-duration: 400ms; --fade-animation-function: ease-out; animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;40 m -&amp;nbsp; 7.110 MHz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border-color: currentcolor; border-image: none; border-style: none; border-width: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;--animation-duration: 400ms; --fade-animation-function: ease-out; animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;20 m - 14.300 MHz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border-color: currentcolor; border-image: none; border-style: none; border-width: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;--animation-duration: 400ms; --fade-animation-function: ease-out; animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;--animation-duration: 400ms; --fade-animation-function: ease-out; animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: justify; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;17 m - 18.160 MHz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;15 m - 21.360 MHz&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Reguli de Conduită în Traficul de Urgență&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Dacă vă aflați în situația de a asista sau de a participa la un trafic radio de urgență, respectați cu strictețe aceste reguli stabilite prin ghidurile internaționale de radiocomunicații.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ascultați înainte de a emite!&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Nu interveniți dacă frecvența este deja ocupată de o stație care transmite o urgență, decât dacă puteți oferi asistență directă și imediată.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fiți conciși și clari. Eliminați cuvintele de curtoazie inutile sau detaliile irelevante. Transmiteți strict informațiile esențiale.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Urmați structura mesajului (M.E.T.H.O.D.*):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;- Cine sunteți: i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ndicativul dvs. sau numele.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Unde sunteți: locația exactă (coordonate GPS sau repere fixe).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Ce s-a întâmplat: natura urgenței (accident, incendiu, inundație, persoane rănite).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- De ce aveți nevoie: tipul de asistență medicală sau logistică solicitată.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Păstrați disciplina: respectați instrucțiunile stației de control a rețelei dacă există o coordonare organizată.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;*&amp;nbsp;Structura M.E.T.H.O.D.&lt;/b&gt; este un acronim utilizat în radiocomunicațiile de urgență pentru a ajuta operatorul să transmită informațiile vitale într-o ordine logică, clară și ușor de recepționat de către serviciile de salvare. Într-o situație de criză, adrenalina poate bloca gândirea limpede, iar acest șablon previne omiterea detaliilor salvatoare.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Fiecare literă din acronim reprezintă un element esențial al mesajului radio:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Descompunerea structurii M.E.T.H.O.D.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;M &lt;/b&gt;— Mike (Mission / Misiunea sau Natura Incidentului)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ce s-a întâmplat? Descrieți pe scurt tipul evenimentului (ex: accident rutier cu victime încarcerate, inundație majoră, persoană rănită pe munte, incendiu forestier).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;E&lt;/b&gt; — Echo (Exact Location / Locația Exactă)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Unde vă aflați? Este cel mai critic element. Se transmit coordonatele GPS, repere geografice fixe (ex: „vârful X, la 200 de metri sud de cabană”) sau kilometrul bornă de pe drum. Fără locație, restul detaliilor sunt inutile.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;T &lt;/b&gt;— Tango (Time / Ora incidentului)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Când s-a produs? Ora exactă sau aproximativă la care a avut loc evenimentul sau momentul în care starea victimei s-a agravat. Ajută salvatorii să evalueze urgența medicală sau evoluția unui fenomen natural.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;H&lt;/b&gt; — Hotel (Hazards / Pericole existente)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ce riscuri active sunt în zonă? Se menționează pericolele care pot amenința siguranța salvatorilor sau a victimelor (ex: fire de înaltă tensiune căzute, scurgeri de combustibil, risc de avalanșă, vizibilitate zero).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;O&lt;/b&gt; — Oscar (Obstacles / Obstacole de acces)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Cum se poate ajunge la fața locului? Se descriu dificultățile de teren sau logistice (ex: drum blocat de copaci căzuți, zonă accesibilă doar pedestru sau cu vehicule 4x4, prezența ceții dense care împiedică accesul unui elicopter).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;D&lt;/b&gt; — Delta (Duration / Durata și Resursele necesare)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;De ce este nevoie și cât timp se poate rezista? Se specifică numărul de victime, starea lor și tipul de suport tehnic sau medical solicitat (ex: „necesar ambulanță, echipaj de descarcerare, autonomie baterie stație radio de aproximativ 2 ore”).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;n6owBd awi2gc&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-copy-service-computed-style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif, &amp;quot;Noto Color Emoji&amp;quot;; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 12px 0px 16px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);&quot; data-hveid=&quot;CAAIBxAA&quot; data-processed=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; data-sfc-root=&quot;ep&quot; jsaction=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;TDBkbc#Ml18Xb&quot; jsuid=&quot;ycwKFe_o&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10); font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif, &amp;quot;Noto Color Emoji&amp;quot;; font-size: 16px; margin: 12px 0px 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href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/trafic-de-urgenta-si-situatii.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/3949248801733042360'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/3949248801733042360'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/trafic-de-urgenta-si-situatii.html' title='Trafic de urgență și situații excepționale'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxMvqfZ0wesFQ6SfOUB3jF_JadryufP4JDauBpnxo0B-KWDVZJbyomagTw-YTUl-96i_6-IZm1Nes70q-l1XF3zgX1DEhlzLx68qwjnmfeJ94_ASkWwzkwGAvWjmK_IuNploA-BmONy5ZXpVYF-BqLEWTZXNaZ4gf5ntPXgfUS7bQ7ELU9K_3I374JF6MK/s72-c/SU.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-1802434060778960770</id><published>2026-09-20T19:43:58.930+03:00</published><updated>2026-09-20T19:46:53.953+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="aprs"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="APRS-IS"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="automatic packet reporting system"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cautare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ce"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="conexiune internet"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cum"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="instrument"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="la ce este folosit"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="monitorizare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="partajare informatii"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pozitie gps"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="protocol"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="salvare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="sms"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="telemetrie"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="timp real"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="urgenta"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vizualizare"/><title type='text'>APRS - pe scurt</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNbk04yGPwNEI7PDxfUTSG4WR5Z_2NQ69DfWqxt0p76sSktTU3ZZerZK3T3nK7ZVvTofT3C0cLjayOQFDvBnwbfVNNyMMd-jRKKenOIH0GJpFQ8SULL9DzWfoxLzUAz8ArNgw0RmE8z4S7KANjLKH5jvvG5nIvzUT6q_8k-5D03NxFKV8mJ1MaDCbktY6Z/s595/aprsfi-largerlogo-blog-scaled.png&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;147&quot; data-original-width=&quot;595&quot; height=&quot;79&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNbk04yGPwNEI7PDxfUTSG4WR5Z_2NQ69DfWqxt0p76sSktTU3ZZerZK3T3nK7ZVvTofT3C0cLjayOQFDvBnwbfVNNyMMd-jRKKenOIH0GJpFQ8SULL9DzWfoxLzUAz8ArNgw0RmE8z4S7KANjLKH5jvvG5nIvzUT6q_8k-5D03NxFKV8mJ1MaDCbktY6Z/s320/aprsfi-largerlogo-blog-scaled.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;APRS este un sistem tactic de comunicații digitale în timp real utilizat în principal de radioamatori pentru a schimba informații locale.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;A fost creat de Bob Bruninga (WB4APR) la sfârșitul anilor 1980 și lansat oficial în 1992.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Spre deosebire de sistemele obișnuite de urmărire a vehiculelor, APRS se concentrează pe partajarea tuturor evenimentelor care au loc la nivel local pe rețea.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ce informații poate transmite APRS?&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Poziția GPS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Locația stațiilor fixe, mobile (mașini, aeronave, ambarcațiuni) și a obiectelor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Mesaje text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Comunicații text similare cu SMS-urile între stații.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Telemetrie și vreme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Date de la stații meteo, senzori la distanță și starea echipamentelor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Alerte și evenimente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Informații utile pentru urgențe, operațiuni de căutare și salvare și alte evenimente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cum funcționează APRS?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Generarea datelor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;O stație APRS (fixă, mobilă sau portabilă) generează un pachet de date.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Transmisia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pachetul este transmis prin radio utilizând protocolul AX.25.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Repetoare (Digipeaters)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Repetoarele digitale (digipeaters) primesc pachetul și îl retransmit pentru a extinde aria de acoperire.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Conexiunea la internet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Informațiile pot intra pe Internet prin APRS-IS (Internet System).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Vizualizarea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Datele pot fi vizualizate la nivel global pe hărți precum aprs.fi și în aplicații sau software compatibil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Protocolul utilizat&amp;nbsp;AX.25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;APRS folosește protocolul AX.25 pentru a transmite pachete radio într-un mod fiabil și eficient.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;La ce este folosit APRS?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Căutare și salvare&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Urgențe și dezastre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Activități în aer liber (drumeții și expediții)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Rețele radio locale&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Monitorizarea flotelor, evenimente și multe altele&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Vizualizare globală&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Informațiile APRS pot fi vizualizate în timp real pe hărți online precum &lt;i&gt;aprs.fi.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Concluzie&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;APRS este un instrument puternic pentru partajarea informațiilor în timp real, îmbunătățirea conștientizării situației și sprijinirea operațiunilor tactice și de urgență.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.aprs.fi/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Sursă grafică&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/1802434060778960770/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/aprs-pe-scurt.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/1802434060778960770'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/1802434060778960770'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/aprs-pe-scurt.html' title='APRS - pe scurt'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNbk04yGPwNEI7PDxfUTSG4WR5Z_2NQ69DfWqxt0p76sSktTU3ZZerZK3T3nK7ZVvTofT3C0cLjayOQFDvBnwbfVNNyMMd-jRKKenOIH0GJpFQ8SULL9DzWfoxLzUAz8ArNgw0RmE8z4S7KANjLKH5jvvG5nIvzUT6q_8k-5D03NxFKV8mJ1MaDCbktY6Z/s72-c/aprsfi-largerlogo-blog-scaled.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-4513773282700639137</id><published>2026-09-16T21:56:02.716+03:00</published><updated>2026-09-16T21:56:02.716+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="calculatoare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="emitator"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="evolutie"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Heath"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="heathkit"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="hm"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="home made"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="istorie"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="kit"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="lectie"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="manuale"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="osciloscoape"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="progres"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="radio receptoare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="radioamator"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="robot"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="sistem educational"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="transceiver"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Zenith Data Systems"/><title type='text'>Istoria Heathkit</title><content type='html'>&lt;center&gt;
  &lt;iframe width=&quot;560&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/Y6psaob1HJE?si=yAvWZLLVzbYH4OoP&quot; title=&quot;YouTube video player&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share&quot; referrerpolicy=&quot;strict-origin-when-cross-origin&quot; allowfullscreen&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/4513773282700639137/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/istoria-heathkit.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/4513773282700639137'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/4513773282700639137'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/istoria-heathkit.html' title='Istoria Heathkit'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/Y6psaob1HJE/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-5481745487488019921</id><published>2026-09-15T15:22:48.682+03:00</published><updated>2026-09-21T13:36:23.901+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="acoperire"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="aprs"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="APRS-IS"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="autentificare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="avantaje"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="banda rf"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="conectare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="conexiuni"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="despre"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="filtrare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="format date"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="internet"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="monitorizare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="protocol"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="tipuri"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="trafic"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="VHF"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="yo8rcd"/><title type='text'>APRS-IS</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: both; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 3px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgo9tCI6VRz3TLcDx_invmSZ36BJ_dIW2PFzuaOaIcOSCBQAf5eW6C1PFFftJyjKB2RbYO77Qdwt0sukObt7il8b9UCaH8-hZX0WQ7x8mQJGiTafeP9oOxXZrZfQ1BhmcgAZh758iibHpUIoXTmWwpA0ttLzSesazd6xOY6KVSxInoOyMUZzQnTAQ0Kzb9i&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;387&quot; data-original-width=&quot;516&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgo9tCI6VRz3TLcDx_invmSZ36BJ_dIW2PFzuaOaIcOSCBQAf5eW6C1PFFftJyjKB2RbYO77Qdwt0sukObt7il8b9UCaH8-hZX0WQ7x8mQJGiTafeP9oOxXZrZfQ1BhmcgAZh758iibHpUIoXTmWwpA0ttLzSesazd6xOY6KVSxInoOyMUZzQnTAQ0Kzb9i&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Automatic Packet Reporting System - Internet Service&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; (APRS-IS) este rețeaua backbone (structura principală a unei rețele informatice) bazată pe protocolul IP care conectează stațiile APRS locale din întreaga lume într-o singură bază de date globală, accesibilă în timp real.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;În timp ce sistemul APRS tradițional folosește frecvențe radio VHF (cum ar fi 144.800 MHz în Europa) și pachete AX.25 la 1200 baud, APRS-IS transportă aceste informații prin internet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Structura și fluxul de date&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Fluxul de date într-un sistem hibrid RF / APRS-IS funcționează astfel:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Emisie RF&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;O stație mobilă sau fixă emite un pachet APRS pe cale radio (VHF/UHF).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Recepție &amp;amp; IGate&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Un IGate (Internet Gateway) – o stație radio conectată la un calculator/microcontroller și la internet – recepționează pachetul RF.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Redirecționare&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;IGate-ul împachetează datele și le trimite către serverele centrale APRS-IS via TCP/IP.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Distribuție Globală&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Serverele APRS-IS sincronizează datele în câteva fracțiuni de secundă.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Vizualizare&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Informația devine vizibilă pe platforme web precum aprs.fi, în aplicații de mobil sau pe hartă în programe dedicate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tipurile de conexiuni în APRS-IS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;- RX-Only&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;- IGate&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;O stație care doar ascultă traficul APRS din RF și îl trimite către rețeaua APRS-IS. Nu emite nimic pe cale radio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Full IGate (Bidirecțional)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Recepționează date din RF și le trimite în internet, dar poate lua și mesaje destinate stațiilor radio din zonă din APRS-IS și să le retransmită pe cale radio (RF).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Direct IP Clients&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Dispozitive (sau aplicații software pe telefon/PC) care trimit pachete APRS direct în APRS-IS prin conexiune de date mobile/Wi-Fi, fără a folosi vreo cale radio VHF/UHF locală.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Principalele caracteristici tehnice&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Protocol de conectare&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Se folosește o conexiune TCP/IP simplă (de regulă pe portul 14580 pentru serverele regionale sau porturi filtrate).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Autentificare (Passcode)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pentru a trimite date (pachete) în APRS-IS cu un indicativ de radioamator, este necesară introducerea unui passcode derivat matematic din indicativ. Pentru recepție simplă de date nu este nevoie de autentificare.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Formatul datelor&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pachetele sunt transmise ca text clar (ASCII), conținând indicativul sursă, traseul (path), coordonatele geografice (latitudine/longitudine), pictograma (symbol) și date opționale (telemetrie, stații meteo, mesaje text).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Avantajele utilizării APRS-IS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Acoperire globală&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Elimina restricțiile legate de relief sau distanță ale undelor VHF/UHF.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Monitorizare în timp real&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Permite urmărirea poziției, stării meteo și mesajelor de oriunde din lume prin interfețe web.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Consum redus de bandă RF&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;IGate-urile inteligente pot filtra traficul din internet, retransmitând în RF doar mesajele strict necesare pentru stațiile locale&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/5481745487488019921/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/aprs-is.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/5481745487488019921'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/5481745487488019921'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/aprs-is.html' title='APRS-IS'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgo9tCI6VRz3TLcDx_invmSZ36BJ_dIW2PFzuaOaIcOSCBQAf5eW6C1PFFftJyjKB2RbYO77Qdwt0sukObt7il8b9UCaH8-hZX0WQ7x8mQJGiTafeP9oOxXZrZfQ1BhmcgAZh758iibHpUIoXTmWwpA0ttLzSesazd6xOY6KVSxInoOyMUZzQnTAQ0Kzb9i=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-1008780496441531148</id><published>2026-09-15T14:43:09.361+03:00</published><updated>2026-09-15T14:46:09.372+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Ecosistemul PoC și radioamatorismul, software-ul ca infrastructură radio</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNSJuLYVUueKRoyqHwQynEcTw1ded8h039Xsd2dO1R8ptE1rj9WrUbJdIepSjh4FPCeVkTEL9hWBSh2bQ2AT6T_osaYy2ZghzZR-Mexp6w46iL-ST-UFULmL3BvHod9yb0IzkgBS_MOJ6CAdG7le5N0kbjBqhYcxANkO2wOaaiWGvBxKwqbyaO6e-05eRh&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;941&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1672&quot; height=&quot;225&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNSJuLYVUueKRoyqHwQynEcTw1ded8h039Xsd2dO1R8ptE1rj9WrUbJdIepSjh4FPCeVkTEL9hWBSh2bQ2AT6T_osaYy2ZghzZR-Mexp6w46iL-ST-UFULmL3BvHod9yb0IzkgBS_MOJ6CAdG7le5N0kbjBqhYcxANkO2wOaaiWGvBxKwqbyaO6e-05eRh=w400-h225&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Tehnologia Push-to-Talk over Cellular &lt;/b&gt;(PoC)&lt;/i&gt; a depășit faza de simplu „walkie-talkie pe SIM”. Deși la bază vorbim despre o combinație între un terminal robust și o rețea de date mobile (4G/5G sau Wi-Fi), adevărata valoare a unui astfel de echipament constă în ecosistemul software care gravitează în jurul lui.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;În loc de clasicul lanț RF:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Stație A ➔ Repetor Fizic (RF) ➔ Stație B (limitat de propagare, relee și relief)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Arhitectura bazată pe IP funcționează astfel:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Terminal PoC ➔ Rețea IP (4G/LTE/Wi-Fi) ➔ Serviciu / Platformă Cloud ➔ Rețea Clienți / Interfață Gateway&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.refs.cc/yMobQ6Fh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Cumpară terminale PoC de la această adresă!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cele mai populare aplicații folosite în ecosistemul PoC&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Un echipament bazat pe PoC funcționează ca un punct flexibil de acces către o varietate de rețele:&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;- EchoLink:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pentru radioamatorii autorizați, este o modalitate excelentă de accesare a nodurilor și repetoarelor din întreaga lume direct din terminalul PoC.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Traseu semnal: Terminal PoC ➔ Aplicație EchoLink ➔ Nod/Repetor RF local ➔ Radioamatori în RF.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Zello:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Una dintre cele mai răspândite platforme PTT la nivel mondial. Deși nu este un serviciu de radioamatorism, este extrem de utilizată pentru canale de discuții (Network Radios), grupuri de urgență sau activități off-road/overland.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;- APRS (APRS-IS):&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Prin modulele GPS integrate și conexiunea de date, terminalele PoC pot trimite date de poziție către serviciul APRS-IS fără a necesita un modulație TNC sau un canal VHF/UHF activ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Interfațarea cu Rețele Digitale&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt; (DMR / BrandMeister):&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Una dintre cele mai interesante aplicații este puntea (cross-mode gateway) între PoC și DMR. Prin intermediul unui RoIP Gateway, vocea transmisă de pe un terminal PoC ajunge direct într-un TalkGroup (TG) din rețeaua BrandMeister și este retransmisă prin repetoarele DMR RF clasice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Platforme Profesionale de Dispecerat (SuperPTT, RealPTT, WalkieFleet):&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Destinate flotelor comerciale, serviciilor de paza sau echipelor de intervenție, oferind management centralizat, monitorizare GPS în timp real și canale private securizate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Consumul de date mobile – Cât consumă un radio PoC?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;O întrebare frecventă legată de terminalele PoC este dacă necesită abonamente mari de date. În realitate, protocoalele PTT optimizate pentru voce folosesc codecuri audio foarte eficiente. Consumul de date la o utilizare moderată spre intensă rămâne redus, fiind ușor de susținut chiar și de cea mai mică opțiune de date mobile sau de o cartelă prepaid minimă.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Concluzie&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Înlocuiește PoC legătura RF clasică?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Răspunsul scurt este nu. PoC nu înlocuiește satisfacția unei legături direct pe HF/VHF/UHF sau propagarea pură pe calea undelor. Însă oferă un punct complementar de acces (Access Point) extrem de flexibil și robust, permițând conectarea facilă la infrastructuri digitale și la rețele globale, indiferent de relief sau de acoperirea repetoarelor RF locale.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.refs.cc/yMobQ6Fh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Sursă&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/1008780496441531148/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/ecosistemul-poc-si-radioamatorismul.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/1008780496441531148'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/1008780496441531148'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/ecosistemul-poc-si-radioamatorismul.html' title='Ecosistemul PoC și radioamatorismul, software-ul ca infrastructură radio'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNSJuLYVUueKRoyqHwQynEcTw1ded8h039Xsd2dO1R8ptE1rj9WrUbJdIepSjh4FPCeVkTEL9hWBSh2bQ2AT6T_osaYy2ZghzZR-Mexp6w46iL-ST-UFULmL3BvHod9yb0IzkgBS_MOJ6CAdG7le5N0kbjBqhYcxANkO2wOaaiWGvBxKwqbyaO6e-05eRh=s72-w400-h225-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-9170214139238451899</id><published>2026-09-03T02:24:48.737+03:00</published><updated>2026-09-03T02:24:48.738+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="coeficient de reflexie"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="detalii"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="download"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="free"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="gratuit"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="linia de transmisie"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pierdere de retur"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="specificatii"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="swr"/><title type='text'>TLDetails - Detalii despre linia de transmisie  </title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMkMY-w01b6ZEjNNdK9DCde-qaHREyn_18-2WRDlOj1yNBWNlBIcOhBMesTEBTmbHbPHOhuv1b62343n_dLpE2NOsqxgt1Zq664_XvpoacfKkyIf6UCcunPs_Mcqx4yhtVLUsJH9ySjVpd-74APG_L6EqeDP1we8LxCrrCoCdrH7qFBhzWvxLt-EHAdAPJ/s943/TL.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;701&quot; data-original-width=&quot;943&quot; height=&quot;297&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMkMY-w01b6ZEjNNdK9DCde-qaHREyn_18-2WRDlOj1yNBWNlBIcOhBMesTEBTmbHbPHOhuv1b62343n_dLpE2NOsqxgt1Zq664_XvpoacfKkyIf6UCcunPs_Mcqx4yhtVLUsJH9ySjVpd-74APG_L6EqeDP1we8LxCrrCoCdrH7qFBhzWvxLt-EHAdAPJ/w400-h297/TL.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Acest program utilitar afișează parametrii impedanței și coeficientului de reflexie (SWR, coeficientul de reflexie Rho sau pierderea de retur RL în dB) la ambele capete ale unei linii de transmisie și detaliile pierderii de putere în linie. Include specificații încorporate pentru aproximativ 100 de tipuri diferite de linii. Puteți modifica specificațiile pentru a vedea cum micile modificări afectează rezultatele sau pentru a specifica linii personalizate. Toate intrările programului pot fi modificate direct sau puteți utiliza butoanele pentru a face modificări&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;TLDetails este gratuit. Rulează ca program Visual Basic independent. Poate fi descărcat de pe &lt;a href=&quot;https://ac6la.com/tldetails1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;pagina oficială&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/9170214139238451899/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/tldetails-detalii-despre-linia-de.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/9170214139238451899'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/9170214139238451899'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/09/tldetails-detalii-despre-linia-de.html' title='TLDetails - Detalii despre linia de transmisie  '/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMkMY-w01b6ZEjNNdK9DCde-qaHREyn_18-2WRDlOj1yNBWNlBIcOhBMesTEBTmbHbPHOhuv1b62343n_dLpE2NOsqxgt1Zq664_XvpoacfKkyIf6UCcunPs_Mcqx4yhtVLUsJH9ySjVpd-74APG_L6EqeDP1we8LxCrrCoCdrH7qFBhzWvxLt-EHAdAPJ/s72-w400-h297-c/TL.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-7389407997667595139</id><published>2026-08-22T01:50:02.705+03:00</published><updated>2026-08-23T01:25:22.750+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Cabrillo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="CAT"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="configurare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="export"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fisier"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Icom IC-7300"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="log"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="N1MM Logger+"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pas cu pas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="setari"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="surse"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Vaslui"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="yo8rcd"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="YODX HF Contest"/><title type='text'>N1MM Logger+ pentru YODX HF Contest</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8ewHEapUuv0KyjZkNlB0jTUrOS1x0w_N0-P4ksG6wUvjeTdQ27KbPahCHkw1TdINX6H00s3_xw5zJ_CptuvvNsJw_tnGqtPukQ89Qi8kKQ4Vk22Gqt25Z5AjSQHpsg0kHDIUPGhVitEG-znWZLmX1UHKu4dyGuJSRKnCItVqsiGUpzB4lKfMdxJt96u3Y&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;819&quot; data-original-width=&quot;769&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8ewHEapUuv0KyjZkNlB0jTUrOS1x0w_N0-P4ksG6wUvjeTdQ27KbPahCHkw1TdINX6H00s3_xw5zJ_CptuvvNsJw_tnGqtPukQ89Qi8kKQ4Vk22Gqt25Z5AjSQHpsg0kHDIUPGhVitEG-znWZLmX1UHKu4dyGuJSRKnCItVqsiGUpzB4lKfMdxJt96u3Y&quot; width=&quot;225&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Configurarea programului N1MM Logger+ pentru YODX HF Contest și exportul corect al fișierului Cabrillo implică câțiva pași simpli, dar esențiali pentru validarea scorului.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Configurarea concursului în N1MM Logger+&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Înainte de a începe concursul sau imediat după finalizarea acestuia (dacă introduceți logul manual), trebuie să setați corect parametrii:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;1. Deschideți N1MM Logger+.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;2. În fereastra principală (Entry Window), mergeți la File ➔ New Log in Database.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;3. În fereastra care apare (Contest Setup Dialog):&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;* Log Type: Selectați YODX din lista derulantă.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; * Category: Alegeți categoria dorită (ex. SINGLE-OP, ALL bands, SSB, HIGH sau LOW power).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; * Sent Exchange:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;* &lt;i&gt;Dacă sunteți stație din România (YO)&lt;/i&gt;:&lt;/b&gt; introduceți abrevierea județului din două litere (ex: AG, BU, IS, TM) sau BU pentru București.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;* Dacă sunteți stație din afara YO (DX)&lt;/i&gt;:&lt;/b&gt; introduceți un număr serial simplu, de regulă 001.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pentru indicativul meu, YO8RCD, județul de proveniență este Vaslui, iar codul oficial auto pe care trebuie să-l folosesc în concurs este VS.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;i&gt;Configurarea exactă în fereastra de concurs (Contest Setup) din N1MM Logger+ pentru categoria mea va fi:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;i&gt;* Sent Exchange: 59 VS&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Controlul trimis și primit (Exchange-ul în YODX)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Formatul datelor din corpul fișierului Cabrillo va fi generat automat pe baza regulamentului competiției:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;* Stațiile YO trimit: RST + Județ (ex: 599 AG sau 59 BU).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;* Stațiile DX trimit: RST + Număr serial (ex: 599 001).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;3. Generarea și exportul fișierului Cabrillo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;După ce concursul s-a încheiat și toate legăturile sunt verificate:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;1. În fereastra principală N1MM Logger+, accesați meniul File ➔ Generate Cabrillo File....&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;2. Programul va deschide o fereastră pop-up cu datele din antet (Header). Verificați cu atenție ca indicativul (CALLSIGN), categoria și adresa să fie corecte.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;3. Apăsați OK. N1MM+ va genera fișierul și îl va salva automat.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;4. Locația fișierului: În mod implicit, fișierul va fi salvat în computer în directorul:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Documents \ N1MM Logger+ \ ExportFiles&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;5. Numele fișierului: N1MM+ îl va denumi automat sub forma indicativul_tau.log (de exemplu, YO3KAA.log), exact așa cum cere regulamentul competiției.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Trimiterea logului către arbitraj (YODX)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pentru ca logul dumneavoastră să fie luat în considerare, aveți două opțiuni oficiale:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Opțiunea principală (recomandată)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Încărcați direct fișierul .log sau .cbr pe pagina oficială de upload: [Trimitere Log - YO DX HF Contest](https://yodx.ro/upload.php). Sistemul online va valida pe loc structura fișierului Cabrillo generat de N1MM.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Opțiunea alternativă&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Trimiteți fișierul ca atașament prin e-mail la adresa: logs@yodx.ro, trecând doar indicativul dumneavoastră la subiectul mesajului.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Notă importantă pentru Top 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Dacă doriți să vă clasați pe podium în România, asigurați-vă că folosiți un cablu CAT conectat la stație. Organizatorii YODX validează primele 3 locuri doar dacă frecvența exactă (la rezoluție de minimum 1 kHz) este trecută automat de program în fișierul Cabrillo.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Caz particular, pentru exemplificare:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;- Categorie SOAB-SSB, 100W.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;- Transceiver Icom IC-7300 (CAT; statia este deja conectata la PC pentru moduri digitale).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pentru categoria SOAB-SSB (Single Operator, All Bands, SSB) cu puterea de 100W (care în regulamentul [YO DX HF Contest](https://www.yodx.ro/rules.php) se încadrează la LOW Power), configurarea corectă a antetului Cabrillo în N1MM Logger+ trebuie să arate astfel:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;CATEGORY-OPERATOR: SINGLE-OP&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;CATEGORY-BAND: ALL&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;CATEGORY-MODE: SSB&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;CATEGORY-POWER: LOW&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Faptul că stația Icom IC-7300 este deja configurată pentru moduri digitale (cum ar fi WSJT-X / FT8) reprezintă un avantaj major: înseamnă că driverul USB de la Icom este instalat corect, iar cablul USB existent va asigura atât controlul CAT, cât și emisia (PTT).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notă importantă&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Înainte de a deschide N1MM, închideți complet WSJT-X sau alte programe digitale pentru a elibera portul COM.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pasul 1: Verificarea setărilor în meniul IC-7300&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pentru ca N1MM să preia frecvența și să poată comuta stația în emisie fără conflict, verificați ca aceste setări din radioul dumneavoastră să fie configurate astfel:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;1. Apăsați pe stație: MENU ➔ SET ➔ Connectors ➔ CI-V.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;2. CI-V Baud Rate: Setați-l pe o valoare fixă, de preferat 19200 sau 115200 (nu pe Auto). Notați această valoare.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;3. CI-V Address: Implicit este 94h.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;4. CI-V USB Port: Setați pe Unlink from [REMOTE].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;5. Mergând înapoi în meniul Connectors: USB SEND trebuie să fie pe OFF (sau RTS, dar asigurați-vă că N1MM este cel care preia controlul).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pasul 2: Configurarea CAT în N1MM Logger+&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;1. Deschideți N1MM Logger+.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;2. În meniul de sus, accesați Config ➔ Configure Ports, Mode Control, Audio, Antennas....&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;3. În tab-ul Hardware:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;* Pe prima linie liberă, la coloana Port, selectați numărul portului COM virtual corespunzător stației IC-7300 (același pe care îl folosiți în WSJT-X).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; * La coloana Radio, selectați IC-7300.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; * Bifați căsuța din coloana CW/Other.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;4. Faceți click pe butonul Set de pe linia portului respectiv. Se va deschide o fereastră nouă:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;* Speed: Selectați exact aceeași viteză setată în radioul dumneavoastră la Pasul 1 (19200 sau 115200).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; * Parity: N (None).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; * Data Bits: 8.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; * Stop Bits: 1.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; * Icom Address (hex): Scrieți 94.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; * DTR și RTS: Setați-le pe amândouă pe Always OFF sau OFF pentru a preveni blocarea stației în transmisie la pornirea programului.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; * PTT via Radio Command SSB Mode: Bifați această căsuță. Aceasta este opțiunea critică prin care N1MM va comanda emisia (PTT) prin protocolul CAT, fără a fi nevoie de un al doilea cablu dedicat.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;5. Apăsați OK în această fereastră și din nou OK în fereastra principală de configurare.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;După acești pași, N1MM ar trebui să se sincronizeze instantaneu cu radioul. Când schimbați banda sau frecvența învârtind de butonul stației, modificarea trebuie să apară în timp real pe ecranul calculatorului.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pasul 3: Activarea Voice Keyer-ului intern (opțional, dar foarte util pentru SSB)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pentru că participați la o categorie de SSB, puteți folosi N1MM pentru a lansa apelul CQ automat (înregistrat în memoriile vocale ale IC-7300, adică macro-urile T1-T4), scutindu-vă vocea pe parcursul celor 24 de ore de concurs.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dacă aveți deja mesaje vocale înregistrate în stație, puteți mapa tasta F1 din N1MM să acționeze direct memoria stației:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;1. În N1MM, faceți click dreapta pe butonul F1 CQ de pe ecran.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;2. În editorul de macro-uri care se deschide, înlocuiți linia pentru F1 cu următoarea comandă specială CAT:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;F1 CQ,{CAT1HEX FE FE 94 E0 28 00 01 FD}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;(Unde 01 de la sfârșit reprezintă prima memorie vocală din stație).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;3. Salvați și apăsați F1 pentru a testa dacă stația pornește automat textul înregistrat.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Iată detaliile complete pentru configurarea codului de județ în N1MM și pentru activarea ferestrei de Spectrum (Waterfall), profitând la maximum de capabilitățile stației IC-7300.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Configurarea codului de județ (Sent Exchange) în N1MM&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pentru concursul YODX HF, organizatorii folosesc abrevierile standard auto pentru județe (ex: AG, BU, IS, HD, etc.). Pentru ca programul să completeze automat acest cod în fiecare linie de QSO din fișierul Cabrillo, trebuie să îl setați în fereastra de configurare a concursului:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;1. În fereastra principală N1MM, mergeți la File ➔ Open Log in Database.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;2. Selectați logul creat pentru YODX și apăsați pe Associated Contest Selection (sau creați unul nou prin New Log in Database).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;3. În câmpul Sent Exchange, introduceți raportul standard de control format din RS + Județul dumneavoastră.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;* Exemplu: Dacă sunteți din județul Vaslui, introduceți exact: 59 VS&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; * Exemplu: Dacă sunteți din București, introduceți exact: 59 BU&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;4. Apăsați OK. Acum, ori de câte ori veți tasta un indicativ și veți apăsa Enter, N1MM va ști că ați transmis județul configurat.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;2. Activarea ferestrei de Spectrum (Waterfall) în N1MM&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Deoarece IC-7300 trimite datele de analizor de spectru direct prin protocolul CAT (prin cablul USB), N1MM Logger+ poate afișa un Waterfall colorat direct pe ecranul PC-ului. Acest lucru vă ajută să vedeți semnalele active din bandă fără să priviți ecranul stației.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pasul A: Activarea funcției în meniul IC-7300&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;1. Apăsați pe stație: MENU ➔ SET ➔ Connectors ➔ CI-V.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;2. Asigurați-vă că opțiunea CI-V Output (for ANT) este setată pe ON.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;3. Important: Viteza portului (CI-V Baud Rate) configurată anterior trebuie să fie neapărat 115200. Vitezele mai mici (cum ar fi 19200) sunt prea lente pentru a transmite datele de spectru în timp real și vor bloca programul.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;* Dacă schimbați viteza pe 115200 în stație, nu uitați să o modificați și în N1MM (Config ➔ Configure Ports ➔ Set).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pasul B: Deschiderea ferestrei în N1MM&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;1. În meniul ferestrei principale N1MM, mergeți la Window ➔ Spectrum Display.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;2. O fereastră nouă, complet neagră sau gri, se va deschide pe ecran.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;3. Faceți click dreapta oriunde în interiorul acestei noi ferestre pentru a deschide meniul de configurare specific.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;4. Schimbați următoarele setări în meniu:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;* Selectați Source ➔ Radio 1 (IC-7300).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; * Selectați Display Type ➔ Spectrum + Waterfall (pentru a vedea atât vârfurile de semnal, cât și istoricul lor în cascadă).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;5. Imediat, fereastra va prinde viață și va începe să deseneze zgomotul și semnalele din bandă.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cum se folosește Waterfall-ul în timpul concursului:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;- Point &amp;amp; Click&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dacă vedeți o linie roșie (un semnal puternic) pe ecranul PC-ului, faceți un simplu click pe ea în fereastra Spectrum, iar IC-7300 va sări instantaneu pe acea frecvență.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;- Găsire automată&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Puteți folosi rotița mouse-ului deasupra ferestrei de spectru pentru a face un reglaj fin al frecvenței (fine tuning).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Scurtă listă de verificări înainte de start:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;* Închideți WSJT-X (sau JTDX) pentru a elibera portul COM.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;* Deschideți N1MM și asigurați-vă că frecvența se schimbă pe ecran când învârtiți de butonul stației IC-7300 (semn că legătura CAT funcționează).&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;* Verificați dacă fereastra Spectrum Display afișează semnalele (asigurați-vă că viteza portului este setată la 115200 în ambele părți).&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;* Testați emisia: apăsați tasta Space în N1MM, introduceți un indicativ de test și apăsați F1 pentru a vedea dacă stația trece în emisie (TX).&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Întrebări și răspunsuri (Q &amp;amp; A)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lucrez în concursul YODX HF și vreau să fac&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;o pauză. Dacă închid programul, ca să nu pierd datele introduse, trebuie să salvez logul?&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nu pierzi nimic. &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;N1MM Logger+&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; salvează automat fiecare legătură (QSO) în baza de date SQLite în momentul în care apeși Enter, deci nu există un buton manual „Save” și nu poți pierde datele introduse.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cum procedez când iau o pauză?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;- Închizi programul direct. Poți închide N1MM fără nicio grijă apăsând pe &lt;i&gt;X &lt;/i&gt;sau din meniu (&lt;i&gt;File -&amp;gt; Exit&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;- Lași programul deschis. Dacă doar te îndepărtezi de stație, poți lăsa aplicația așa cum este.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cum revii la log?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;- Dacă ai închis aplicația, la redeschidere, N1MM va încărca automat ultimul concurs activ (YODX HF) și toate legăturile salvate anterior.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;- Dacă ai mai multe concursuri în aceeași bază de date, mergi în meniu la &lt;i&gt;File -&amp;gt; Open Log in Database...&lt;/i&gt; și selectează concursul YODX din listă.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ai alte întrebări? Lasă un comentariu!&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Încercăm împreună să-i dăm răspuns.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/7389407997667595139/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/08/n1mm-logger-pentru-yodx-hf-contest.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/7389407997667595139'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/7389407997667595139'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/08/n1mm-logger-pentru-yodx-hf-contest.html' title='N1MM Logger+ pentru YODX HF Contest'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8ewHEapUuv0KyjZkNlB0jTUrOS1x0w_N0-P4ksG6wUvjeTdQ27KbPahCHkw1TdINX6H00s3_xw5zJ_CptuvvNsJw_tnGqtPukQ89Qi8kKQ4Vk22Gqt25Z5AjSQHpsg0kHDIUPGhVitEG-znWZLmX1UHKu4dyGuJSRKnCItVqsiGUpzB4lKfMdxJt96u3Y=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-614871425054620196</id><published>2026-08-20T17:33:25.889+03:00</published><updated>2026-08-21T10:12:32.255+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="(tr)usdx"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AI"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="calibrare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="dl2man"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="firmware"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Manuel"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="next generation"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="NG"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="proceduri"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="protectii"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="qrp"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="siguranta"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="tcvr"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="transceiver"/><title type='text'>(tr)uSDX nG — next Generation Firmware</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgiiFFen5EOFC2JJzwZ4ZD9mz4-O45FrqWVWK4_HfPPsNIx4qNfI7ADU73Bv_5rtmtG_bWgsQ5VgrVo5xYMu87cDcObP1N2guqKE_3HicxYRa27iskTw37_rHOyqlHPLurI1HtnKhQJFidhZsSIWd5PRQ88xwc_zqo5eAAzZqOdgjErIgWQMDAp47c_jfhb&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;676&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1109&quot; height=&quot;244&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgiiFFen5EOFC2JJzwZ4ZD9mz4-O45FrqWVWK4_HfPPsNIx4qNfI7ADU73Bv_5rtmtG_bWgsQ5VgrVo5xYMu87cDcObP1N2guqKE_3HicxYRa27iskTw37_rHOyqlHPLurI1HtnKhQJFidhZsSIWd5PRQ88xwc_zqo5eAAzZqOdgjErIgWQMDAp47c_jfhb=w400-h244&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Manuel introduce un firmware avansat pentru (tr)uSDX, care a fost dezvoltat cu asistența inteligenței artificiale pentru a optimiza performanța. Procesul include proceduri de siguranță critice, inclusiv calibrare, cerințe de sarcină artificială și noi protecții pentru a preveni deteriorarea hardware-ului. Acest ghid detaliază procesul de resoftare pas cu pas și opțiunile de configurare pentru viitoarea lansare de software. O realizare de care MAN (DL2MAN) trebuie să fie mândru!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; referrerpolicy=&quot;strict-origin-when-cross-origin&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/bSQwu7FSHqE?si=1K-B-7wFg__Dd-HE&quot; title=&quot;YouTube video player&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/614871425054620196/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/08/trusdx-ng-next-generation-firmware.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/614871425054620196'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/614871425054620196'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/08/trusdx-ng-next-generation-firmware.html' title='(tr)uSDX nG — next Generation Firmware'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgiiFFen5EOFC2JJzwZ4ZD9mz4-O45FrqWVWK4_HfPPsNIx4qNfI7ADU73Bv_5rtmtG_bWgsQ5VgrVo5xYMu87cDcObP1N2guqKE_3HicxYRa27iskTw37_rHOyqlHPLurI1HtnKhQJFidhZsSIWd5PRQ88xwc_zqo5eAAzZqOdgjErIgWQMDAp47c_jfhb=s72-w400-h244-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-7429029041084196091</id><published>2026-08-17T21:00:21.975+03:00</published><updated>2026-08-17T21:23:59.949+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="2026"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="22-23 august 2026"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="concurs"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="contest"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="CW"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="HF"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ssb"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="YODX HF"/><title type='text'>YODX HF CONTEST 2026</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgA0-2NwncLPnubZjWNxEyljfVGsz9Y2JgyJ9XRFTjuI3097YibYwLMoGbdDVV5qOtMHN3e4s1Xc_EM8cfibdsl9vyKk6ocbWCeogpuzWhWzbp8pAN-nikjmfF90l79sGtCHrpSqe249ltNUGVInSbQKth9u8k9TXBEOCw41DNydY_-1kCL1adk2LxliNiU&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;513&quot; data-original-width=&quot;769&quot; height=&quot;426&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgA0-2NwncLPnubZjWNxEyljfVGsz9Y2JgyJ9XRFTjuI3097YibYwLMoGbdDVV5qOtMHN3e4s1Xc_EM8cfibdsl9vyKk6ocbWCeogpuzWhWzbp8pAN-nikjmfF90l79sGtCHrpSqe249ltNUGVInSbQKth9u8k9TXBEOCw41DNydY_-1kCL1adk2LxliNiU=w640-h426&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;Informații suplimentare: &lt;a href=&quot;https://yodx.ro/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Pagina oficială&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/7429029041084196091/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/08/yodx-hf-contest-2026.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/7429029041084196091'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/7429029041084196091'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/08/yodx-hf-contest-2026.html' title='YODX HF CONTEST 2026'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgA0-2NwncLPnubZjWNxEyljfVGsz9Y2JgyJ9XRFTjuI3097YibYwLMoGbdDVV5qOtMHN3e4s1Xc_EM8cfibdsl9vyKk6ocbWCeogpuzWhWzbp8pAN-nikjmfF90l79sGtCHrpSqe249ltNUGVInSbQKth9u8k9TXBEOCw41DNydY_-1kCL1adk2LxliNiU=s72-w640-h426-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-1522968994435399096</id><published>2026-08-16T19:44:04.315+03:00</published><updated>2026-08-17T17:56:04.402+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="acetic"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="acid acetic"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="alcool"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="alkoxy"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="corodare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="coroziune"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="monocomponent"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="neutral"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Oxime"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="polimerizare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="RTV"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="silicon"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="universal"/><title type='text'>Este siliconul bun pentru impermeabilizare?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjvsCIe_a1Z0ZvRG6iDosolANEIZESdSz-XLUuEwZnvXq9AT8ynNR4fGUOuDW2COFfXCCl4Q8-V7UkZ4kALhn3C3xe2kT_Orb68Gp8-m7FGQZUkneRoXKluoqC9lf5whTIT9Ru1TPhk3ukQq2LbE5ofAJwOizBZSxVgzJtKjaUqEIuxXYHoLEOzG1YTR4rE&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;800&quot; data-original-width=&quot;800&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjvsCIe_a1Z0ZvRG6iDosolANEIZESdSz-XLUuEwZnvXq9AT8ynNR4fGUOuDW2COFfXCCl4Q8-V7UkZ4kALhn3C3xe2kT_Orb68Gp8-m7FGQZUkneRoXKluoqC9lf5whTIT9Ru1TPhk3ukQq2LbE5ofAJwOizBZSxVgzJtKjaUqEIuxXYHoLEOzG1YTR4rE&quot; width=&quot;240&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Siliconul obisnuit, monocomponent&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, contine acid acetic și este coroziv. Acesta reacționează cu umiditatea din aer pentru a declanșa o reacție chimică (polimerizare) prin care legăturile moleculare se unesc, transformând pasta moale într-un elastomer elastic și rezistent.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Totuși, după polimerizare, siliconul acetic nu mai elimină acid acetic.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Etapele procesului:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;- Formarea crustei (20-30 min)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;Straturile exterioare reacționează primele cu apa din aer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;- Polimerizarea în profunzime&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;Progresează de la exterior spre interior într-un ritm de aproximativ 2–3 mm la fiecare 24 de ore. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Acidul acetic (caracterizat prin mirosul puternic de oțet) este doar un subprodus volatil care se eliberează în timpul reacției chimice dintre silicon și umiditatea din aer. &lt;/span&gt;După polimerizarea completă, reacția chimică s-a încheiat, tot acidul acetic s-a eliberat în atmosferă, iar materialul rămas este un elastomer inert, flexibil și fără miros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Siliconul fără acid acetic se numește silicon neutral&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; (sau cu întărire neutră). Acesta nu miroase a oțet, nu atacă metalele (nu produce rugină) și este sigur pentru materiale sensibile precum oglinzile, piatra naturală, marmura, betonul sau metalele feroase și neferoase.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Caracteristici principale&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Fără miros înțepător&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Spre deosebire cel acetic, nu eliberează acid acetic în timpul întăririi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Compatibilitate largă&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Poate fi folosit pe oglinzi, aluminiu, cupru, beton, tencuială și piatră naturală, unde cel acetic ar păta sau coroda suprafața.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Aderență foarte bună&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Se lipește excelent de sticlă, ceramică, lemn tratat și diverse materiale plastice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Timp de întărire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Se întărește puțin mai lent decât cel acetic în contact cu umiditatea din aer.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Unde se folosește&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Montarea și etanșarea oglinzilor (spatele oglinzii nu este atacat).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Lucrări de la geamuri și tâmplărie din aluminiu sau PVC.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Spații sanitare cu finisaje din marmură sau granit (găsești variante neutre cu proprietăți anti-mucegai).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Etanșări pe suprafețe metalice care pot rugini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Pentru izolarea și etanșarea bobinelor de aluminiu și cupru, siliconul neutral este alegerea perfectă deoarece nu eliberează substanțe corozive în timpul uscării. Totuși, în electronică și electrotehnică, pe lângă lipsa acidului acetic, trebuie să ții cont de alte două proprietăți critice: tipul de întărire neutră și rezistența termică.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tipul de silicon neutral recomandat&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Există două tipuri principale de silicon neutral pe piață:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Silicon neutral de tip Alcool (Alkoxy): Acesta este cel mai recomandat pentru electronice și bobine. În timpul uscării eliberează o cantitate mică de alcool, care este complet inofensiv pentru cupru și aluminiu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Silicon neutral de tip Oximă (Oxime)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Atenție! Deși este etichetat ca „neutral” și este excelent pentru construcții, acest tip poate coroda ușor cuprul pur sau alama în spații închise și neventilate. Caută pe etichetă sau în fișa tehnică specificația „Alkoxy” sau mențiunea „sigur pentru electronice/cupru”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Recomandări de produse specifice&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pentru bobine, ai nevoie de un silicon care rezistă la temperaturile de lucru ale conductorilor și care are proprietăți dielectrice (izolatoare):&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Silicon RTV pentru electronice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Sunt produse industriale create special pentru fixarea și etanșarea componentelor electronice și a bobinajelor. Nu corodează și rezistă la vibrații.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Silicon neutral de înaltă temperatură (de culoare neagră sau gri)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Dacă bobinele tale se încălzesc puternic în timpul funcționării (peste 80°C - 100°C), caută un silicon neutral termorezistent (care rezistă adesea până la 250°C - 300°C). Asigură-te din nou că pe tub scrie „neutral”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Alternative non-siliconice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Dacă bobina este supusă unor vibrații extreme sau temperaturi foarte mari, adesea se folosesc rășini epoxidice bicomponente speciale pentru încapsulare sau lacuri electrotehnice de impregnare în loc de silicon.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sfaturi pentru aplicare&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Curățare&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Înainte de aplicare, degresează sârma de cupru/aluminiu cu alcool izopropilic, nu cu diluanți auto care pot ataca emailul izolator al sârmei.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Uscare completă&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Permite siliconului să se usuce complet (24-48 de ore, în funcție de grosime) înainte de a alimenta bobina sau de a o închide într-o carcasă etanșă.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pentru izolarea și etanșarea bobinelor de aluminiu și cupru, siliconul neutral este alegerea perfectă deoarece nu eliberează substanțe corozive în timpul uscării. Totuși, în electronică și electrotehnică, pe lângă lipsa acidului acetic, trebuie să ții cont de alte două proprietăți critice: tipul de întărire neutră și rezistența termică.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Notă&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Folosesc în mod curent pentru izolare și impermeabilizare kit siliconic universal acetic. Bobine, contacte, îmbinări. Am demontat legături la antene după 4-5 ani de stat afară în condiții de climă temperată (soare, vânt, ploaie, ninsoare, îngheț). Nu am observat probleme mari de coroziune, așa că voi folosi în continuare acest material ieftin. Recomand pentru siguranță pulverizarea unui strat subțire de lac incolor înainte de aplicarea siliconului universal acetic.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Desigur, dacă vă este la îndemâna un solicon neutral, vă recomand să-l folosiți cu încredere.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Foto:&lt;/b&gt; imagine generică, fără trimitere la o marcă anume.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div data-sfc-root=&quot;ep&quot; jsaction=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;kVZO2c#SfSkjb&quot; jsuid=&quot;LcbsFf_11&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--TgQPHd|||[]--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div data-sfc-root=&quot;ep&quot; jsaction=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;cU6Yt#LBga0c&quot; jsuid=&quot;LcbsFf_12&quot;&gt;&lt;!--TgQPHd|||[]--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div data-sfc-root=&quot;ep&quot; jsaction=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;cU6Yt#LBga0c&quot; jsuid=&quot;LcbsFf_13&quot;&gt;&lt;!--TgQPHd|||[]--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/1522968994435399096/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/08/este-siliconul-bun-pentru.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/1522968994435399096'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/1522968994435399096'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/08/este-siliconul-bun-pentru.html' title='Este siliconul bun pentru impermeabilizare?'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjvsCIe_a1Z0ZvRG6iDosolANEIZESdSz-XLUuEwZnvXq9AT8ynNR4fGUOuDW2COFfXCCl4Q8-V7UkZ4kALhn3C3xe2kT_Orb68Gp8-m7FGQZUkneRoXKluoqC9lf5whTIT9Ru1TPhk3ukQq2LbE5ofAJwOizBZSxVgzJtKjaUqEIuxXYHoLEOzG1YTR4rE=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6920349920850951505.post-830321643450789509</id><published>2026-08-15T23:44:19.235+03:00</published><updated>2026-08-16T01:19:55.459+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="40 m"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="80 m"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="aer"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="antena"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="balun"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="bobina"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="catarg"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="eR-iVdb-S"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fibra carbon"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="inverted V"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="scurtata"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="spatiu redus"/><title type='text'>Antena eR-iVdb-S</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjjJGpWgrwJMSh-zcYfGqzj7uiZzOO3Vm_GgcWC1w2iqq8r_4aCdvULMk-35UIPchogP540edgG92FwYWu839ukSxsqVViyY2lZ5_dX-09Yy6pEHR0e2i8k3jUau8WSnflNjhe_GkhnsLytkSINjMOMfWPSx1Ct1jDTnfn_kUQwXkfXofJId0EY7UroLB6O&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; display: inline !important; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;444&quot; data-original-width=&quot;800&quot; height=&quot;223&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjjJGpWgrwJMSh-zcYfGqzj7uiZzOO3Vm_GgcWC1w2iqq8r_4aCdvULMk-35UIPchogP540edgG92FwYWu839ukSxsqVViyY2lZ5_dX-09Yy6pEHR0e2i8k3jUau8WSnflNjhe_GkhnsLytkSINjMOMfWPSx1Ct1jDTnfn_kUQwXkfXofJId0EY7UroLB6O=w400-h223&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;eR-iVdb-S, &lt;/b&gt;antenă Inverted V dual band scurtată&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Particularitățile acestei antene sunt &lt;i&gt;dimensiunea redusă, catargul &lt;/i&gt;(undiță din fibră de carbon) și folosirea de &lt;i&gt;bobine fără miez magnetic&lt;/i&gt; (toate infășurările sunt în aer, pe tuburi din PVC). Calculată inițial pentru banda de 40 m, este făcută să rezoneze și în banda de 80 m. Se pretează instalărilor portabile, dar dă rezultate bune în staționar atunci când spațiul nu permite instalarea unei antene la dimensiunea completă.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Iată sinteza completă a proiectului și lista optimizată de materiale pentru construirea antenei V întors (40m / 80m) ultra-ușoară, folosind exclusiv fir de cupru lițat de 0,5 mm².&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Dimensiuni:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;- Catarg, (undiță), 7m&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;- Balun Guanella 1:1 în aer - PVC 25 mm&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;- Element radiant pentru banda de 40 m - 2 bucăți, 10,3 m, f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ir cupru lițat,&amp;nbsp; 0,5 mm²&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Bobină 38 µH - 2 bucăți, 40 spire pe carcasă PVC de 50 mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;- Element radiant, prelungire pentru 80 m - 2 bucăți,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2,5 m, fir cupru lițat, 0,5 mm²&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Măsurători și specificații tehnice&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;1. Elementul radiant (per braț)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;- Tronson 40m: 10,30 m de fir (inițial se va plia și se poate tăia la acordul final).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Bobină de încărcare: 40 de spire strânse pe tub PVC de 50 mm (lungime bobinaj aprox. 7,5 cm, L aprox. 38 µH).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Tronson prelungire 80m: 2,50 m de fir.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Lungime fizică totală fir/braț: 12,80 m.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;2. Balun 1:1 Guanella în aer (Punct de alimentare):&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;- Suport: Tub PVC cu diametrul de 25 mm (lungime bucată aprox. 10-12 cm).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Linie bifilară: 2 fire paralele de 0,5 mm²&amp;nbsp;(ușor răsucite, 1-2 spire/cm) cu lungimea de 2,6 m.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;Bobinaj: 32 de spire bifilare strânse pe tubul de 25 mm (L aprox. 28 µH).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Linia de coborâre:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Cablu coaxial ultra-ușor RG316 ($50\ \Omega$), lungime adaptată terenului (ex. 10-15 m).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;4. Unghiul la vârf și impedanța&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pentru banda de 40 m, deschiderea orizontală a antenei este de 13,75 m și un catarg calculat de 6,87 m. Un alt factor crucial pentru o antenă Inverted V este unghiul dintre brațe la vârf. Pentru o înălțime de $7\text{ m}$ și o bază de $5\text{ m}$, jumătatea unghiului este $\arcsin(5 / 10{,}1) \approx 30^\circ$. Unghiul total la vârf va fi de aproximativ $60^\circ - 62^\circ$.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ce înseamnă acest unghi pentru antena:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Impedanța la alimentare&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;O antena Inverted V ideală are unghiul la vârf între $90^\circ$ și $120^\circ$ (unde impedanța este $\approx 50\ \Omega$). La un unghi mai închis, de $\approx 60^\circ$, impedanța de radiație coboară spre $30 - 35\ \Omega$.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Efectul asupra SWR-ului&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Cu o linie de $50\ \Omega$, va avea un SWR nativ la rezonanță de aproximativ 1.5:1 - 1.6:1, ceea ce este perfect acceptabil și nu necesită niciun adaptor suplimentar de impedanță (toate stațiile moderne lucrează fără probleme la SWR sub 2:1).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Punct practic de instalare&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Unghiul mai ascuțit adaugă puțină capacitate față de sol și față de brațul opus, ceea ce s-ar putea să necesite scurtarea cu câțiva centimetri a firului principal de $10{,}1\text{ m}$ la reglajul final.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Lista de materiale necesare &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(m&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;aterial, cantitate calculată, rol / observații)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Fir cupru litat $0{,}5\text{ mm}^2$ | $\approx 35\text{ metri}$ | Brațe ($2 \times 12.8\text{m}$) + Balun ($2 \times 2.6\text{m}$) + rezervă |&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Tub PVC $\varnothing\ 50\text{ mm}$ | $2 \times 15\text{ cm}$ | Suport pentru cele 2 bobine de încărcare (38 µH) |&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Tub PVC $\varnothing\ 25\text{ mm}$ | $1 \times 12\text{ cm}$ | Suport pentru Balun Guanella 1:1 ultra-ușor |&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Cablu coaxial RG316 | $10 - 15\text{ m}$ | Coborâre ultra-ușoară de la balun la stație |&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Mufă BNC / PL-259 (pentru RG316) | 1 bucată | Conectare la transceiver / tuner |&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Bandă autovulcanizantă | 1 rolă | Hidroizolarea balunului și a bobinelor | Poate fi inlocuită cu silicon fără acid acetic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Tub termocontractabil | $1\text{ metru}$ | Fixare mecanică și protecție conexiuni |&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Izolatoare de capăt (Plexiglas / PVC) | 2 bucăți mici | Ancorare capete antenă la sol/gard |&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;- Cordelină / Sfoară subțire sintetică | $10-15\text{ m}$ | Extindere de la izolatoare la punctele de ancorare |&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ordinea de acord și reglaj&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pasul 1 (acord 40m)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Deconectează temporar prelungirile de $2{,}5\text{ m}$. Caută minimul de SWR în banda de 40m ($7{,}100\text{ MHz}$). Scurtează/pliază în mod egal din cele două fire de $10{,}3\text{ m}$ până obții rezonanța dorită.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pasul 2 (acord 80m)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Conectează prelungirile de $2{,}5\text{ m}$ după bobine. Schimbă stația/analizorul pe 80m ($3{,}650\text{ MHz}$). Ajustează doar lungimea celor două prelungiri de $2{,}5\text{ m}$ (prin tăiere/pliere câte $5\text{ cm}$) până când rezonanța ajunge pe frecvența dorită.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Concluzii&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Masa totală atârnată de vârful undiței (Balun + fire) va fi de sub 100 de grame, oferind o structură extrem de rezistentă la vânt și intemperii!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Daca spațiul nu permite o instalare normală, tronsoanele de prelungire (2{,}5\text{ m}$) pot fi instalate orizontal.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Datorită grosimii cablului radiant (&lt;/span&gt;$0{,}5\text{ mm}^2$)&lt;span&gt;, lățimea de bandă a antenei pe banda de 80 m nu este generoasă, din acest motiv trebuie acordată pe sub-banda dorită (SSB sau CW). Pentru o lățime de bandă mai largă se poate folosi un cablu lițat mai gros (&lt;/span&gt;$1{,}5\text{ mm}^2$) dacă permite rezistența mecanică a catargului.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notă finală&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;O soluție mai ieftină ar fi înlocuirea firului radiant cu fir pentru difuzor (aluminiu cuprat), dar este mai putin rezistent la intemperii și o instalare de bază ar putea genera frustrare atunci când se rup radianții. Din acest motiv recomand această versiune doar pentru portabil sau experimente.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/feeds/830321643450789509/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/08/antena-er-ivdb-s.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/830321643450789509'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6920349920850951505/posts/default/830321643450789509'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://yo8rcd.blogspot.com/2026/08/antena-er-ivdb-s.html' title='Antena eR-iVdb-S'/><author><name>Constantin Rusu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12959087644397138179</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjjJGpWgrwJMSh-zcYfGqzj7uiZzOO3Vm_GgcWC1w2iqq8r_4aCdvULMk-35UIPchogP540edgG92FwYWu839ukSxsqVViyY2lZ5_dX-09Yy6pEHR0e2i8k3jUau8WSnflNjhe_GkhnsLytkSINjMOMfWPSx1Ct1jDTnfn_kUQwXkfXofJId0EY7UroLB6O=s72-w400-h223-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>