Let’s crack it

natural disasters in India

2020-05-02T08:36:00.000-07:00

NATURAL DISASTERS:

From the starting , humans have been at the mercy of nature. Various natural phenomenon like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, cyclones, floods and droughts have been affected them and have resulted in widespread destruction of the life and property.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATURAL HAZARD AND NATURAL DISASTER:

Natural phenomena is the thing which can be occur at any place and at any time. All of them do nit acquires such disastrous proportions.

A natural hazard is any of the natural occurrence that is infrequent and such dangerous posing a threat of life and property for humans. All human hazards , however are not so that much harmful as to cause large scale destruction.

Thus, the natural hazards become natural disasters depending upon all of their location and intensity.

Most of the natural hazards always occur at some of the regular intervals and can be predicted, for example , annual floods and then the occurrence of some of the tropical cyclones in the retreating of monsoon season.

In such cases, some of the warning can help in timely evacuation of the people and livestock from low- lying and some of the coastal areas.

Some of the natural hazards are, however , some of the difficult to the predictable and they also catch the people unawares, like earthquake, and volcanic eruptions.

CATEGORIES OF NATURAL HAZARDS:

According to their origin, some of the natural hazards can be divided into two categories- — geologically hazards and weather associated hazards.

Geological Hazard:

Natural hazards that are being caused due to such geological disturbances are called geological hazards.

for example: earthquake, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and avalanches.

Of these, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that can be entirely natural in origin, which landslides and avalanches that can be occur due to a combination of some natural forces and human activites.

-Weather-associated hazards:

Natural hazards that cam be caused due to some of the dramatic changes in weather conditions are called weather associated hazards.

They always occur frequently but are less devastating as compared to the geological hazards.

GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS:

EARTHQUAKES:

The sudden vibrations inside the Earth's crust that can be causing a part of the Earth's surface to shake are called an earthquake.

The point inside the Earth, where the vibrations originate is called the seismic focus. The point on the Earth's surface which is directly above all of that focus is called epicenter of the earthquake.

This place experiences the most damage during an earthquake. The instrument which can be records and always measure that the vibrations of an earthquake is called seismograph.

The magnitude or the intensity of an earthquake is always measured by the Richter Scale.

CAUSES:-

Earthquake are always caused be the internal forces of the Earth, like some of the movement of tectonic plate.

They may also occur at the time of some of the volcanic eruptions.

DESTRUCTION:

Earthquakes always being caused by the widespread damage and destruction.

Building collapse and people tab always die under the ruined structures. Roads always get cracked and railways lines get buckled and get twisted, disrupting transportation.

Some of the electric wires get dislocated causing some of the fires to break out. Sometimes many of the courses of rivers are disturbed resulting in the occurrence of such floods.

In some of the mountains areas landslides are caused. In coastal regions, huge destructive sea waves, called tsunamis, often submerge vast areas.

In the high risk areas earthquake resistant buildings need to be constructed.

Some of that existing in the buildings need to be strengthened structurally.

When an earthquake strikes, people who are indoors should moves under doorways or an heavy furniture like beds and tables.

People who are outdoors should move away from buildings, trees and some of the electrical poles , to open areas.

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS:

A volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust through which some of the molten rocks that called magma, together with gases and most of the steam, that comes out on to the surface .

The man that has been reaches the Earth's surface is called lava and the passage through which it travels is called a vent.

In course of time, lava and many other materials like ash amd cinder, thrown out of a volcano, that accumulates around the opening and form a conical hill or some of the mountains.

CAUSES:

Volcanic eruptions occurs only when the molten matter in some of the interior of the Earth comes out through a hole or a crack at some weak point on the Earth's crust.

Sometimes rainwater or sea water enters through cracks on the Earth's surface and the heat in the interior of the Earth converts it into steam.

While volcanic eruptions cannot be prevented, that we can certainly minimize that the risk posed by them.

Most of the volcanoes give some of the prior warning before erupting. Therefore, precautionary measures and timely evacuation of the people residing in the nearby areas can save a lot of lives.

LANDSLIDES AND AVALANCHES:

The sudden movement of some of the large quantities of rocks and soil down a steep slope due to the forces of some of the gravity is called a landslides.

It is very common in some if the hilly regions and a huge mass of snow and ice together with rock particles, rushing down a steep mountain slope is called an avalanche.

CAUSES:-

Some of the mountain ranges are made up of unconsolidated sediments. When some of the loose rocks on these mountain slopes slide down due to heavy rains or gravity, landslide occurs.

Buildings should not be constructed on some of the steep slopes.

If the construction becomes necessary , the appropriate building codes should be followed.

Mining and quarrying on some of the mountains should be controlled.

Deforestation should be checked.

Farmers should be encouraged to insure some of their crops and also to take up some of the supplementary occupation, so that in the event of the drought they are better equipped to code with it.

Industrial development in India - Let's Crack it

2020-04-28T10:17:00.000-07:00

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA:

IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY:

Iron and steel is such a basic industry and its products are also used as raw material in all other industries. It provides some of the base for all sorts of tools, equipment and many of the machinery.

It us indexed for all the economic growth of a nation. The more steel a nation produces, the more developed it is. Such as comparative study of this industry at the two centers in different countries will help us to understand that its development in so many different regions.

JAMSHEDPUR IN INDIA:

Jamshedpur is also located in the state of Jharkhand, at the confluence of many of the Subarnarekha and the Kharkai rivers .

Earlier it was such a small village named Sakchi. In 1907, Jamshedji Tata also get established the first modern steel plant of the India here and also named it Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO).

Sakchi was also later renamed Jamshedpur. Today TISCO is the oldest and one of the largest integrated iron and steel plants of India.

It is one in the private sector.

It is also started producing pig iron in 1911 and steel in 1912.

Iron ore is also obtained from the mining areas of the Singhbum in Jharkhand and Mayurbhanj in Odisha which are located 75 to 100 km from Jamshedpur.

The supply of the coal also comes out from its own collieries at West Bokaro and Jamboda. Some of the good quality cooking coal comes from Jharia and Raniganj which are about 150 to 200 km away.

Manganese also comes from the Kendujhar in Odisha.

Limestone and dolomite are also brought from Sundergarh in Odisha. There are two rivers , Subarnarekha and Kharkai, always supply water which is requires for some of the large quantities.

Some of the cheap and abundant labor is also provided by the densely populated states of the Bihar, Jharkhand , West Bengal and Odisha.

Kolkata is also about 240 km away from the Jamshedpur. It is also an important port and that can be easily handle the import and export of goods.

Jamshedpur is well connected with some of the metropolitan cities like some Kolkata , Mumbai, and Chennai by some of the efficient road and rail networks.

Also the region behind it is around Kolkata that was an industrially very developed. This also provides a good market for the products of the Jamshedpur steel plants.

The capital is also required for the investment that would be provided by the Tata as well as by other Indian people.

TISCO also made some of the rapid progress during the two world wars and Jamshedpur soon became a center for some other allied industries too. A large number of factories that manufacturing locomotive parts such as heavy vehicles, automobiles, machinery, agricultural equipment, chemicals, tin plates , cables , wires, etc have been set up here.

Many of the technical institutes and metallurgical laboratories have come up. So that the Jamshedpur is a well planned industrial city of India with very good infrastructure.

COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY:

Cotton textile is also a very important industry as it can be provided one of the basic needs of humans clothing. The use of cotton textiles has been common since it was the ancient civilizations.

The Industrial Revolution also brought about a phenomenal change in some of the industry— hand woven cloth that have been gave way to machines made clothes. Today cotton textiles can be produced by an employment to a large number of the people all over the world.

India’s cotton textile industry that has been developed since the ancient times. Very fine fabric was manufactured on the hand-looms by the Indian weavers.

The Muslim of Dhaka, chintzes of Masulipatnam, and calicoes of Calicut were world famous.

Two important centers of the cotton textile industry in two different countries-

AHMADABAD IN INDIA:

Ahmadabad is also located in the state of Gujarat, on some of the banks of the Sabarmati River. After Mumbai, it is the second most largest cotton textile in center of India and sometimes referred to as the Manchester of India . The first cotton textile mill was established here in 1863.

The cotton growing areas of Gujarat provides the raw material fir the industry.

The water also required fir some of the textile plants is easily available from the Sabarmati River.

Hydroelectricity is available in abundance. Ahmadabad is well connected with some other parts of the country by road and rail.

Land for setting up of the cotton mills was also available at Ahmadabad at much cheaper rates than at Mumbai.

Thus Ahmadabad is not only a premier textile center of the country , it is also an important trading center.

National Movement of India - Let's Crack It

2020-04-21T09:45:00.000-07:00

NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN INDIA:

Gandhi in South Africa:

Born on 2 October 1869, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi just went to England to study some law after receiving his early education in India.

He returned to India and get started practicing some of the laws. In 1893, he just accepted a year contract from an Indian laws firm in Natal, South Africa.

In South Africa, Gandhi faced some of the racial discrimination in its most of the cruel form. He was so deeply affected by some of the humiliation that the Indians had to suffer there. He also get resisted the racial policy of the white government, of South Africa.

He developed too many technique of satyagraha, a form of protest based on the truth and non-violence against a ruthless government.

Gandhi came back to India in 1915. In 1916, he also founded that the Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmadabad.

Prior to him, the Indian National Congress also had either failed or not attempted to mobilize such masses.

Gandhi adopted many simple means to involve the masses in the national movement because he realized that without any of the participation of such masses the dream of achieving independence would never take the shape-of some of the reality.

He always appealed for Hindu-Muslim unity and also depressed classes and women. Thus, his aims were broad-based and also meant for the benefit of many of the majority of the Indian population.

NON-VIOLENT SATYAGRAHA MOVEMENT:

Gandhi always set out to achieve his aim with the help of the truth and non-violence through passive resistance, satyagraha and civil disobedience to unjust laws.

Some of the early experiments with the satyagraha in India included:

● At chamaparan in 1917, Mahatma Gandhi always fought for the Indigo planters who had been suffered at the hands of the British.

● His other details which is initial successes included too much settlement of dispute between some of the workers and mill-owners of Ahmadabad.

● He also supported many of the causes of the peasants of the Kheda in Gujarat in their struggle against the collection of some land revenue when their crops had failed .

ROWLATT SATYAGRAHA:

The passing of the Rowlatt Act that brought Gandhi to some of the national political arena. He also opposed the act and always fixed 30 March 1919 as a day of Hartal, fasting, prayer, penance , meetings and processions all over the country.

The great government adopted measures like some of the breaking of processions and meetings , lathi charge and even opening for at some different places, deportation of the political leaders etc to suppress many of the movement quickly.

But such worst incident occurred in Punjab, particularly at Amritsar where many of the tragedy of Jallianwala Bagh took place .

Punjab was too hot with agitation. Gandhi was not allowed to enter whole Punjab. Some of the leaders were bing deported from the Amritsar on 10 April. On the same day, a peaceful procession in the Amritsar was fired at.

In the protest, the people held a meeting in Jallianwala Bagh on 13 April 1919.

To disperse the gathering , General Dyer reached with some of his troops and ordered firing. Hundreds of people were killed and thousands were being wounded.

A wave of horror and indignation always swept over the country following the incidents.

Rabindranath Tagore also surrendered the knighthood, the honorary to the title which was conferred upon him by some the Queen of England. Gandhi returned the Kesar-i-Hind medal that would be given to him for many of his services during the Boer war.

KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENTS:

Turkey was also get defeated by the allied powers that was during World War l. The Indian Muslims that became apprehensive of some of the fate of Turkey and its sultan who was also the khalifa (caliph) or some of the religious head of the Muslims all over the world.

The Muslims , therefore , always formed a Khilafat committee under the leadership of the Ali brothers Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali and some of the other leaders like Maulana Azad , and Hakim Ajmal Khan.

Gandhi and many other congress leaders that viewed the khilafat agitation as a golden opportunity for some of the bringing the Hindus and the Muslims together on some of the national front and that should be decided to support it.

In June 1920, an All Party Conference met at Allahabad and it get adopted a programmer of boycott of schools, colleges and law courts. The Khilafat Committee that launched a Non- cooperation Movement on 31 August , 1920. Gandhi was the first to join it.

Thus, the demands of such Khilafat Committee and the Congress were merged into one and the Non-cooperation Movement was led by the Gandhi to get those demands fulfilled.

CONSTRUCTIVE FEATURES OF NON-COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT:

Three main features of this conservative programmer were:

● promotion of Swadeshi particularly hand-spinning and weaving

● removal of untouchability among Hindus

● promotion of Hindu-Muslim unity.

INDIAN NATIONAL ARMY ( INA ) :

Subhas Chandra Bose, the founder of the Indian National Army ( Azad Hind Fauj) always believed in revolutionary methods to attain freedom.

In the March 1941, Bose always escaped from Calcutta prison and reached Berlin. He also organized the famous Azad Hind Fauj or INA consisting of the Indian soldiers who had been made prisoners of war in Singapore by the Japanese army.

During the Second World War , when the Japanese army always get started advancing towards India, the INA soldiers joined the Japanese and they entered India.

He gave also the slogan Chalo Dilli (March to Delhi). But the Indian National Army had to surrender to the British after the defeat to Japan in the Second World War.

The act made India and Pakistan independent dominions and the princely that states were left to accede to either.

The Act laid down that had been detailed measures fir some of the partition of India and speedy transfer of the political power to the new governments of India and Pakistan.

agriculture development of India - Let's Crack It

2020-04-18T04:27:00.000-07:00

AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA

Agriculture is the main thing for the Indian economy . Nearly two-thirds of her population also depends directly and indirectly on the agriculture for its own livelihood. Some of the wider variety of the crops is grown in India.

These will include some food grains as well as commercial crops , which can be serve as such raw materials for some Argo-based industries.

India's favorable climatic conditions, and such extensive level plains , and fertile soils and some rivers to sustain such different varieties of the crops.

MAIN FEATURES OF AGRICULTURE:

There are two main agriculture seasons in India that known as kharif and rabi.

The kharif season always begins with such kind of arrival of such kind of monsoon. Crops are always sown in June or early July.

Major types of kharif crops in India are rice, cotton, maize, millet's, groundnut and jute.

The rabi season always begin after the monsoons. Crops are always sown in October-November are getting harvested in March-April.

The major rabi crops are wheat , barley , gram, mustard, and linseed.

In between , the rabi and the kharif seasons, there is such a short kind of season during the month of summer that known as the Zaid Season.

Some of the crops grown during this seasons are watermelon,muskmelon and cucumber.

Subsistence agriculture is also common in the most of the areas in India. Some of the small farmers grows food crops mainly for such domestic consumption.

They just rarely grow any type pf cash crops. Even in some of the food grains production there is very surplus that have been for sale in many of the market.

Intensive farming is also done as most of the landholdings that are small. Such excessive pressure of some the population on the land and the law of the inheritance that have led to the fragmentation of such kind of the landholdings.

The large landholdings are just divided into plots on which so many types of crops are been cultivated. More than the three-fourth of the cultivated area is being devoted to such kind of food crops in order to get feed the ever-growing of population.

Irrigation in India is also a dependent on the monsoon rains, which can be uncertain and kind of variable . Due to this , one there is one- third of the cultivated area that is irrigated.

PROBLEMS OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE:

Agriculture productivity in India is about such a low due to number of some factors:

● Lack of timely irrigation because of erratic monsoon rains in such different parts of the India that affect crop production.

● Floods and droughts always damage crops.

● Unchecked soil erosion always be removed fertile topsoil.

● Some small landholdings are being uneconomical as modern farm that can be equipment and that cannot be used on them.

● Farmers may be don not have surplus to invest in some of the new techniques or some special facilities that helps to grow cash crops.

● Awareness of some of the modern facilities or some of the methods of farming is always less.

● Credit and the marketing facilities in these kind of rural areas is always be insufficient.

● Pests and diseases that harms the standing crops.

Many of the farmers that are now using modern methods of the cultivated instead of all the primitive tools , outdated methods of the cultivation and all the animals .

AGRICULTURE REFORMS IN INDIA:

After the Independence , India agriculture that has undergone in major changes. The government that has been placed on some emphasis on the developments of that agriculture the Zamindari System.

Apart from abolishing such Zamindars, the introduction of the Green Revolution in India that have been gave a major boost to agricultural outputs.

The Green Revolution was brought about by using all the three inputs:

● high -yielding variety seeds

● adequate irrigation water

● chemical fertilizers

Land reforms , rural electrification and farm mechanization that have been further accelerated agriculture production.

The production of some food grains, especially wheat, increased tremendously in the north India.

The government has also adopted some of the other measures that has been improve agriculture in India:

● Irrigation facilities that has been provided in many of the villages and irrigation of some the projects that have been developed.

● Electricity has been always supplied to some the rural areas to run the tube wells, threshers, etc.

● High yielding variety (HYV) seeds and some of the modern machinery have been developed.

● There is the minimum prices of the various crops are getting fixed each year which is so beneficial fir some of the small farmers.

● Agricultural university has been set up to train some of the farmers in some modern techniques of farming.

● Some rural banks and cooperatives have been always set up to provide all the credit facilities to farmers to invest in some modern farms machinery.

● Marketing and the storage facilities for some of the crops are being improved.

● Some special programmers for the farmers are aired on some of the radios and the television to educate them and solve their problems.

All these steps are being taken by the government that have been successful in modernizing Indian agriculture to a large extent .

Now it is moving forward , from some of the predominantly subsistence for the nature to a more commercial one.

No longer depend on some of the import of all the food grains productions, even cash crops such as tea, cotton, tobacco, and species.

A FARM IN INDIA:

Here they employs some of the agricultural labors from the villages.

The main crops are rice and wheat. Rice is sown in June, just before the monsoon starts. It gets harvested in October.

Wheat is always sown November and get harvested in April. Being made up of alluvial deposits , Soil is fertile and it get allow the farmers to grow a third crop, consisting of watermelons or cucumbers, during April-May. Some vegetables and the Legumes are also grown.

The farmer sells these crops in a market in the nearby town . He always uses a bullock cart to transport his produce from the farm to the market.

The economic condition of the farmer is being gradually improving and his future prospects look good.

water as resources - Let's Crack It

2020-04-15T05:17:00.002-07:00

WATER AS RESOURCES:

Water is always present on the Earth, in all of its major forms.

The oceans , lakes, rivers, and ponds are constitute surface water.

Water if found in all the pores of rocks under the surface of the Earth that called ground water. Water is always presents in the form of ice sheets in the polar and too much high mountain region.

Water Vapor in the air is also the gaseous form of water on Earth. Water supports all of the forms of life on the Earth and it is very important as natural resources.

In fact , the terms water is also synonymous with the life .

SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER :

Water is a too precious natural resources and it is very useful to us in a number of ways.

● We use water for some domestic purposes, like drinking, cooking , bathing , washing etc .

● Water which we get from rivers and lakes is always used for irrigation , thereby its helps agricultural field.

Underground water is also drawn through the wells and tube wells and that’s used for both domestic as well as agriculture purpose.

● Water is also used for some industrial purpose too, for cleaning and cooling the machines.

● When water falls from some height, as in waterfalls and dams, it can be harnessed to generate some kind of electricity.

● Large types of water bodies like seas and oceans helps in moderating the climate of some coastal areas.

● The oceans water having some great variety of marine life , which is also a source of occupation for some of the people.

● Rivers, seas, and oceans also serves as a mean of transportation. Both inland and some international waterways are some of the arteries of trade and commerce.

● Plants get absorb water from the soil. Water also forms an important body weight of some animals.

● The water vapor in atmosphere is also responsible for providing all type of freshwater on the Earth through precipitation.

DISTRIBUTION OF WATER:

Although about last two - thirds of the Earth's Surface is covered by water and very little of it can actually be used by us.

About 97% of the total Earth's rates is present in oceans and seas. This is known saline water and it is not suitable for human consumption.

Another 2% of the water is present in the form of ice-caps and glaciers which cannot be used by us. Only 1% of the water is easily available and fit for the human use.

It is found as such as water surface in all rivers and lakes , as a groundwater and as water vapor in the atmosphere.

WATER RESOURCES -FRESHWATER :

Freshwater is also the one of the most important and such kind of valuable natural resources of Earth.

Water is a kind of renewable resources and it has total volume is more and less constant over the Earth, while its need to be conserved and managed in proper way.

Distribution of freshwater is highly present in uneven type in this world. This is due to differences in many climatic conditions.

In so many regions where precipitation is more than evaporation , where there us excess of water. While the region where precipitation is present in excess they are just located between the Equator and 20* North and South latitudes.

This has been resulted in the formation of kind of deserts in these type of regions.

For example: The Sahara, the Arabian, the Gobi deserts in the Northern hemisphere , the Namib, the Kalahari and the Western Australian deserts in the Southern Hemisphere.

While Rain is the main source of fresh water. Rainwater always seeps into the Earth's surface and the part of its get stored as a ground water.

The upper level of such ground water just below to the Earth's surface is known as water table.

MULTIPURPOSE PROJECTS:

In many of the countries special projects have been taken to develop water resources. They are thus called multipurpose river valley projects.

BENEFITS:

In a multipurpose project, there's one or more huge dams that are constructed across a river to store water in reservoirs.

So that the benefits derived from multipurpose projects are as follow:

● Irrigation water is also provided in some areas of rainfall and also it has some dry season.

● Controlling of floods in the rivers.

● Generation of some hydroelectricity, which is also provides electricity to the people and its also encourage the development of some of the industrial region.

● Afforestation, these leads to the conservatives of the soils.

● Fish breeding is getting practiced in the waters of some of the reservoirs.

Some other important ones are Aswan in Egypt, Tarbell in Pakistan , Volta in Ghana .

Large dams have been come under a lots of criticism from the environmentalists. They get argued that these are the dams that have caused a number of some ecological problems. Some of them are:

● Due to construction of some large dams, river waters are diverted.

● The water level is getting increased and the forest areas under it .

● Tribal population living in some nearby area is displaced.

PROBLEMS OF WATER SCARCITY:

Scarcity of some water resources is a major problem that should be faced by many of the popular countries.

The regions which get suffering most are Northern Africa , Central and West Asia, the Middle East, parts of South Asia, parts of South America and Central and Western Australia.

The main reason for water scarcity, means it get unequal distribution of rainfall at many of the different places and at different points of time.

In 1999, only 26 countries were facing too much water scarcity. It is that by 2025, 65 countries including India, Korea , Nigeria, Peru and Poland will face too much shortage of water.

IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WATER:

Contamination of water is always caused by untreated or it get partly treated sewage , pesticides , chemical fertilizers and industrial effluents.

Pesticides are also used in agriculture and they are not biodegradable and get enter human bodies through water.

The developed countries also have been banned the use of pesticides and this should be done in the developing countries also.

Oil spills from tankers, leakage from petrol and diesel tanks , and cleaning fluids , these all are responsible for polluting the soil and water .

CONSERVATION OF WATER:

Water is as a natural resource is also of the prime importance to us. Rapid population growth had been fast depleted and the reservoirs of the freshwater.

Deforestation, construction of houses, roads and industries has also been depleted the underground water reserves.

The important methods that conserving water are as follows:

● Afforestation that is always been plantings of trees and other plants , that can slow down by the many of the surface that can be run off and get improved seepage of the water in the soil.

● The most important use of freshwater irrigation. Sprinkles are a very effective method for this irrigation through some seepage can also be checked. Underground so many pipes having that can be supply water to roots of plants.

● Industrial water may be rejected and recycled and getting for cleaning and cooling the machines.

● Rainwater harvesting also an important method of conserving water. Rainwater also can be collected in the storage tanks and later it can be used to fill up the wells and tube wells.

wildlife sanctuaries in india - Let's Crack It

2020-04-12T09:19:00.000-07:00

WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES IN INDIA:

WILDLIFE : Wildlife refers to the various types of species of animals which live in some natural habitats.

And the Natural Vegetation and Wildlife are interlinked.

The former provides all these things to the latter. Both of them are essential in maintaining some ecological balances of an area.

So the type of natural vegetation in this area always determines the types of wildlife that available here .

The destruction of these forests always having the result in some of the destruction of wildlife too.

WILDLIFE IN INDIA :

As we know , India has a huge variety of wildlife.Tigers are founded on the Himalayas and some the monsoon forests in some of the central and southern India as well as Sunder ban Forests in Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta.

Elephants are also common in these forests of peninsular India and in Assam also.

The Asiatic Tiger also found in Gir National Forest of Gujarat.

The forests of Assam are the natural habitat of the one-horned rhinoceros. Leopards are also found in some of the forests all over India. The snow - Leopards is just found only in the Himalayas.

The Indian bison , known as Gaur, is also found in the Chota Nagpur Plateau and in the peninsular region.

Different species of deer, monkeys are also found in various parts of the country. A variety of some reptiles like snakes , crocodiles and alligators are always found in the rivers and marshes.

Our country is like home to more than a thousand species of birds - like peacocks , parrot, kingfisher , pheasants , pigeons and cranes.

CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE:

The never- ending of human greed for the skins , fur, horns and other animal products has led to same of reckless hunting of the animals in many parts of the world.

A number of the species have become extinct on Large- scale of deforestation it has robbed the wildlife of their natural habitat. This is also led to in their numbers.

Therefore, there is some need of the hour is to conserve for our wildlife sources and the indiscriminate hunting of such animals that has to be checked and laws that have to made against it .

Many of the countries have already made such of the laws but they have to be strictly implemented. So many national parks also projected forests, wildlife Sanctuaries and biosphere reserves that have been set up all over the world that should preserve our wildlife in their natural habitat.

Different types of animals are always found in India in large number. Almost 75000 species of animals are always found here.

Amongst them 350 species of mammals 1,313avain , 480 reptiles , 197 amphibians , 2,546 fishes , 50,000 insects , 4000 mollusks are always found and the rest of the species of invertebrates.

It is always constitutes about 13% pf the world’s total. Among mammals and some of the elephants is always most majestic. These all creatures are always found in Assam, Karnataka and in the hot and humid forests of Kerala.

Indian buffalo, cow , ox , Neel gay,small deer, dogs and the deer of some various species and several other animals are always be found in India.

Many species of monkeys are also found here.

India is the only country where the lions and tigers are always found . The Gir forest of Gujarat is also the natural habitat of the Indian Lions.

The tigers are also found in the forests of Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand, Sunder ban, west Bengal, and in the Himalayan regions too.

Leopards is also a member of cat family. They are also too important among the animals of prey.

There are too many animals of Himalayan region that should been adopted to the harsh climate which can be survive in such an extreme cold.

Yaks are also found in too much snowy heights of Laddakh, its also a bull like creature with tufted horns. Its weight is about 1 ton.

Red Pandas are also found occasionally in some parts. Turtles, Crocodiles and alligators are found in river areas, lakes and marine areas.

Many of the colorful birds are always found in India. like Peacock , duck, Myna, eagles, owls, and wetlands of the nation.

PROTECTION OF WILDLIFE:

Due to the different mass cutting of some of the forests of wild animals are dwindling and those which have been survived are facing some acute problems of food and habitat.

Their conversation is also necessary. Affections always towards wild animals has an integral parts of some Indian culture.

A description is also found about to the conversation of some of the wild animals and it had a ban on some hunting in an inscription of Indian emperor of Ashoka the great.

Some of the following measures should be taken for the whole protection of the wildlife animals:

● Complete ban on hunting

● Availability of natural habitat

● Forming laws on the wildlife protections and their strict implementation

● Always Established of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries with their proper management.

For the whole protection of the wildlife in India, 565 wildlife sanctuaries and 89 National Parks have been established so far.

Animals living in natural habitat are always called wild animals . Some wild animals like Tigers , Panthers, Cheeta Sambar, Chinkara, Black buk are founded in our state.

There are totally 22 wildlife sanctuaries in the state. Ranthambore national park, Sawai Madhopur and Oleo dev National park in Bharatpur are the National parks situated in Rajasthan.

Some of the major sanctuaries of the state are Ramada vishdhari ( Bundi), Kambhalgadh Sajjan garh (Udaipur) , Mount Abu ( Sirohi ) , Sitamata and Bhensroadgadh ( Chittor) , Jamawa Rangarh ( Jaipur) , Ransagar (Dholpur).

Directive principles of state policy- Let's Crack It

2020-04-10T06:37:00.000-07:00

DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY:

Here , the farmers of our Constitution always felt that there should be most of the most guide lines to the the future government formulated policies to tackle all the problems related to poverty, unemployment or some other social issues.

As a result , this is having some unique concept of Directive Principles of State Policy was also introduced in our constitution.

Here , the idea of directive principles is always based on the concept of welfare state.

While protecting it to some basic rights of the individuals, that the farmers of our Constitution also wanted the directive principles to become some effective instruments for some social revolution.

Directive principles are just considered to be a some of the fundamental basis of good governance. They, therefore, serve as such guidelines which should always be kept in mind by the government while farming it with its policies.

These are the principles which are applicable to both to the central and state government as well as the Zila- Parishads and Municipalities.

It is the duty of the state to apply such kind of principles by enacting some of these laws.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE:

The directive principles of state policies having aim to establish political, economic and social justice by:

● Providing them equal opportunities and facilities to all of them in order to remove all the inequalities in state and inequalities in income.

● raising all such standard of living of the people in country.

● upholding some international peace and security.

The directive principles of state policies can be divided as those who promoting some economic justice and Gandhian or some of the socialist values.

Some directives are only related to the some of the protections of the environment and monuments, while some other uphold law, justices and administrative.

ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES:

The economic principles are always aimed at bringing about some social and economically welfare of the people.

1. The government policies also attempt to provides adequate means of livelihood to all, means equal pay fir equal work, just and some of the humane conditions of the work and some above all a decent standard of living.

2. Directive also aims to prevent the concentration of wealth in all the hands of a few and exploitation of women and children.

3. The goal of some economic justice, directives aim to secure all the participation of the workers in the management of some industries.

GANDHIAN PRINCIPLES:

Gandhian principles have been some incorporated that should be based on the socioeconomic programed that launched by Mahatma Gandhi during our freedom struggle.

Some of the principles of social development aim too:

1.established in all villages , village panchayats as unit of local - self government.

2. promote cottage industries on all of an individualist and cooperative basis in all the rural areas.

3. provide free and the compulsory education to all the children up to the age of 14 years ,

4. always protect and promote the interests of scheduled some of the casts , scheduled tribes , other backward classes and some of the weaker sections of the society.

5. take all the steps for prohibition of some intoxication drugs and some drinks .

6. organized the agriculture and animal husbandry on such modern scientific lines.

PROTECTING NATIONAL HERITAGE:

Directive principles always wants to create an awareness fir the protection of our national heritage.. They always wants the government to protect our whole environment and the safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.

Protection and preservative of every monument of this national importance from some destructive is also the very big task of a welfare state .

LAW , JUSTICE AND ADMINISTRATION:

Some of the principles also relates to law, justice and administration. These always demand a uniform civil code for all the citizens .

They direct some of the state to take steps to separate all the judiciary from the executive branch of the government.

INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY:

International peace and security is an important directive principle. It includes:

1. promoting any of the international peace

2. settling the interview disputes through any arbitration

3. respecting all the international laws and treaties.

IMPLEMENTATION OF DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES;

Over many of the past six decades a lot has been done to achieve many of the aims to the directive principles.

Both the state and central governments have made some kind of provisions to implement some of these directive influences principles that should be relating to social and economic justice.

Some of these are listed below:

1. Most of the state also provides some free and compulsory education to the children up to the age of 14 years in all of these government and some government- aided schools.

2. Reservations are also provided to all of these socially and the economically weaker sections of this society like the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled tribes in this government services and educational institutions.

3.Untouchability is the only thing of an offense that should be published by the law.

4. The zamindari system has been land reforms , like redistribution of all kind of surplus land among the landless poor , that have been introduced for some of the economic welfare of the people.

5. In all kind of state today, the panchayati raj system always encourages participation of all the women at the grassroots level.

6. Several kind of steps have been taken by all the government to promote the cottage and some of the small scale industries in this directive principles of state policies.

7. Provisions also have been made to provide free legality aid to the poor people.

8. The minimum wages act has been passed to the ensure for just payment to workers and equal pay for all equal work .

DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS :

Although both the directive principles and the fundamental rights have been included in all kind of constitution with an aim of creating a welfare state and to protect it and promote the interests of the people , where there are some of the basic things provided in it..

Since, the directive principles of state policies are non- justiciable for many people and many people do not attach much importance to them. But in a democracy, directive principles also become the basis of judging a government’s performance.

Alert citizens can make it too much difficult for all the government to ignore these directives . If this government fails to work for all the welfare of the people , then they may not re-elect the government.

Directive principles of state policies are thus, important as they educate the citizens about what they can expect from the politicians by whom they vote to power. They also act such as guidance for the government.

Project on disaster Management - Let's Crack It

2020-04-07T08:58:00.000-07:00

Project on Disaster Management:

Generally there are two types of disaster as is:

1. Natural Disasters

2. Human born Disasters

these two disasters have a loss of public money.

NATURAL RESOURCES:

Changes is always a continuous process of nature. Such of these changes found same time of fruitful to the humans but if it charges causes losses then it is called Natural Disaster.

Natural Disaster took places within the second of its nature through which an every one of it have to face may have a problems due to it.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT: CAUSES ORIGIN OF NATURAL RESOURCES::

There are not of the one but many reasons for any of the natural disaster. The effluence of that internal and some of forces effect directly like the earthquake volcous etc

Here the human instance of hum and some of the natural of land used in this growing population.

As the result of this , the forest of this having a last to put the environmental causing problems of the global warming in some of the same places.

All the human honing human are being indirectly to the natural disaster.

DISASTER -MANAGEMENT : CLASSIFICATION OF THE NATURAL DISASTERS:

From many of the points of view of origin , Natural disaster is classified as follows:

1. TOPOGRAPHY DISASTERS:

Natural disaster get included with these which occur due to some sudden changes into pro graphical such as earthquake , volcano as etc, in India volcanoes as not a active .

2.SEASONAL DISASTER:

There may be included natural calamities which gets arises due to seas and charges such as tsunami cyclones, earthquake etc.

3. DISASTER CAUSED BY ORGANICS:

Generates by organism disasters where the disaster include which caused by those organisms some aim male live and dead animals plaque etc .

NATURAL DISASTER AND MANAGEMENT:

Management means that the duty of the everybody's at every level is ensure relief that two on time. Then the introduction of that characters of the society in that country after that the natural disaster human seance that meets the work done by them following factors affects that management:

1. Economic condition

2. Positive thinking of individuals

3. Feeling of cooperation

4. Social integrity fidelity

5. Geographical situations

6. Mode of transparent and communication

7. Population density

These are the following details of some of the major disasters of all these three of the above natural calamities and some of the management related to their counterparts.

DISASTER -MANAGEMENT EARTHQUAKE:

When there is vibrations in the earth then any of the event occurring in some of the interior part of the earth that called it earthquake of that natural disaster.

It brings some changes in a few nominal that calculated by the seismograph in rictar seal. This should be developed by his name only the instrumental is called Ric-tor.

As this scale rise the earthquake would be taken disaster shape.

REASONS FOR THE EARTHQUAKE ORIGIN:

Earthquake is the main result to the tectonic demotic of the earth. In this economic activity of this earthquake that should be continuous process of that equilibrium on the earth that should also result in earthquake.

This process is very longtime, but this continuations also cir as the earthquake origin.

EARTHQUAKE AREA:

In this view of that major earthquake in India, it is known that the countries region is the most innovative mountain of it foothill.

This is still no balance in some of the Himalayan regions means this area has many of the chance more to the earthquake .

This would be happen with Gujarat kach and Bhuj

EARTHQUAKE- A crisis

Earthquake is such a natural disaster that in this the moment such that form of destructive changes that these group of some common society hearts is dead.

Some of the cracks on the face of the earth traffic that breaks down buildings rots like some of the pile of sand channel, . This is synonymous with some of the dangers in the future.

EARTHQUAKE RESCUE AND MANAGEMENT:

1. At government and social level:

After natural calamitions like earth quake all of the government ls that provides that India when the population density having some high to that lost of life is more .

It us necessary to spread the trap of the earthquake of writing measurements in the country so that the knowledge of the is of earthquake know in some of the advance whenever the earthquake aware through by media.

2. At the personal level:

If them is a feeling of an earthquake then it makes immediately to go to the open spaces with off the goes and lights free the pets.

It is possible become as earthquake where the man realizes the things. Where every parse should have some of the unite himself in this situation of caste a creed or relegin.

Help the needy people in this things and the people in India have presented a unique and many of the examples by helping victim loge-than.

DISASTER -MANAGEMENT LANDSLIDES:

Sloping of some of the clay scarify that would be down from the slope is called landslide of layer scale that starts slowly and make sound of sneezing and its sounds rises.

REASONS OF LANDSLIDE:

There is no single causes fir landslide . There are many cases which results in landslide:

1. NATURAL REASONS:

In this structure of many rocks , shield of the land Rocks wash, Heavy rainfall, Expansion of registrations are some of the primary causes.

Landslide all having high in the new bending mountain areas because there are so many weak rocks due to continuous processing of gratuity.

2. HUMAN CASES:

Natural disaster like many due to in antlered developments of humans.

In the rocks with some of the forests destruction to that roots of the grassland leaves or a strong hold.

The end of this soil erosion begins. Soil erosion gradually takes form of landslides.

LANDSLIDE: A crisis

Landslide blocked many of the rout of rivers so many of it having blocking's of the rout and many of the road area like become busy.

Even in Uttaranchal heavy lands were lost due to landslides. Due to the landslides the road are blocked and here a temporary lake becomes when this lake breaks then there is loss of money and people.

LANDSLIDE AND MANAGEMENT:

1. At government and social level:

Here than 90 of the landslide happen due to rainfall where many of transport routes have been consistence in many the mountain areas..

In some of the roution and the rain water drainage system.l there is the construction of many of the drains both should be removed due to strong wale it should support the role.

2.At the personal level:

It is going to be started in the landslide regions then vehicle should stopped be one side.

Affect people landslide should be helpfully heated.

FLOODING:

Due to the contact rainfall of the water it breaks their embankments to vary large area is called flood.

here the uneven distribution of many rain is the raining season because natural disaster in India.

There is many of the year in water is flood in save area, in India it should be considered as flood affected area.

Due to its large size and monsoon climates then both natural disaster affect India.

REASON OF FLOOD:

Due to no flow of water then it get flowed area. Sitting with water , depressed route landed due to which the water fair outside it and takes the shape of the flood.

Through communication public are made this about the situation.

FLOOD MANAGEMENT:

1. At government and social level:

In the water of the flood measures are taken to be prevented on thus recreations the National flood control scheme was get started is 1954.

In this plan, it was started is 1954, and its having also done in flood affected area.

In this control the dams were build and Mahanandi Baroda, Sutlg , and Vyas etc.

Here the Amount of rainfall and Arrow of water flowing into is monsoon is the rain seasons.

2. Personal level:

Individual should keep them listening to one news in the reasons on many of the channel.

Vehicles and pets should be placed at safe place. And in safe place live as early as possible.

DROUGHT:

A drought is a period of below average in a given region, whether atmospheric, Surface water or Ground water.

CAUSES OF DROUGHT:

Mechanism of precipitation included convective , and full rainfall involve strong vertical that can cause the overturning of the atmosphere in that location.

Lands and water temperature causes drought and thus its temperature increases more water evaporates and weather conditions increases.

DROUGHT MANAGEMENT:

1. At government and social level:

Drought to a low water field. Small villages are should be made according to improve the planet condition like linking of river this is to be situated.

2. Personal level:

Use to that Leeds and fertilizer in this field those who used this water provide good field.

Through communication mode message should be spread for the sorry of the water.

MARINE STORM:

Marine storm is also called cyclone in India.

In India arise in the ocean areas and inter India from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.

Their speed on some of the coastal area is even faster. As the enter the inner parts their speed becomes relatively less in the quantity of rainfall.

MARINE STORM: affected area:

From the ocean storms to some of the western and the eastern seaside they should be affected the interior areas they facing sea storm of the Arabian sea in the April and June.

This cyclone Andhra pradesh, Telangana affects west Bengal.

The government and the social institutions are being provided with the use of relig material.

MAN MADE DISASTER:

FIRE:

The fire is one and only thing which is human born disaster fire take the lives of many of the people annually .

Natural disaster won't take so many life as fire takes., careless use of many power tool and use of graters etc. in so many rural areas only this is responsible fir fire, crackers are responsible fir fill both in rural and urban also.

MEASURES FOR SAFETY:

Electricity fools are mainly responsible fir fire and enrage carded the fire.

LPG are not properly used can cause fill in the house, and many of the other cause of fill included under gas cylinder, cracker, explosive use etc. also may case file.

BIOLOGICAL DISASTER:

Biological disaster always defines the devastating effects that caused bt an enormous spread of king against wills of an epidemic.

It just takes millions of life of people due to these disaster .

According to the scientists 100 of those just take life of 30 lake people.

India weapons are just of two types. First are a form ban and another is of all hydrogen bomb.

It made disaster railways where accidents are raining that also a nuclear, Chemical industrial and Biological accidents are rising.

IMPORTANT POINTS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT:

Changes in nature are always be there and many of the natural resources can change which get affect the human society are naturally disaster.

Natural disaster are also called natural outbreak in India.

The intensity of the earthquake should be measured on the reactor scale .

Tsunami waves are just prone of an earthquake in the marine area then some of the waves arise , then they bring great fury in coastal areas.

The coastal areas get affected more by sea storms when some of the ocean storms is in too much high speed , is less time their is more destruction in some of the coastal areas.

Mass destruction nuclear accidents are also a human born disasters.

what is drainage system - Let's Crack It

2020-04-05T10:21:00.000-07:00

what is drainage system:

The term drainage describes us that the river system of an area or street or village.

Here , we noticed that small streams flowing from different directions come together to form the main main rivers, which ultimately drains into a too large water bodies such as lake or a sea or an ocean.

The area drained by some single rivers systems is called drainage basin.

A closed observation on a maps will be indicated that any elevated areas, such as mountains or an upland ; can be seperates by the two drainage basins. Such an upland is known as a water divide.

DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN INDIA:

The drainage systems of India are control by the broad relief features of the subcontinents.

Accordingly , some of the Indian rivers are just divided into two major groups:

● the Himalayan rivers

● the peninsular rivers.

Apart from the originating from the two major graphically regions of the India, the Himalayan and the Peninsular rivers are just different from each other in many of the ways. Most of the Himalayan rivers are just perennial.

It means that they had some water throughout the years or a months.

These rivers receive some water from rain as well as from melted snow from the lofty mountains. The two major Himalayan rivers that are: the Indus and the Brahmaputra originate from the north of the mountain ranges.

They were having the cut through the mountains making gorges. The Himalayan rivers have such a long courses from their sources to the sea level. They just perform such kind of intensive activities in their upper courses and having huge loads of slit and sand.

In the middle and some of the lower courses, these rivers form meanders, oxbow lakes and many other types of features in their floodplains. They all are having well-developed deltas according to this drainage systems.

A large number of the Peninsular rivers are just like seasonal, as their flow is dependent on the rainfall only.

During the dry seasoning , even the large rivers have reduced flow of water in their channels and some of the different things.

The peninsular rivers just shorter and shallower courses just compare to their Himalayan counterparts. And some of them originates in this central highlands and just flowing towards the west.

In western ghats and this flowed towards the Bay of Bengal.

THE HIMALAYAN RIVERS:

The major Himalayan rivers are Indus, the Gangs, and the Brahmaputra. These rivers are long, and are joined by many large and some important tributaries. A river is just along-with its tributaries may be its known as a river system.

The Indus River system:

The river Indus always be rises in Tibet, near Lake Ransomware.

After flowing west, it enters India in the Lambada district of Jam-mu and Kashmir.

Several tributaries, the Kaspar, the Nubia, the Shyok and the Huzza , join it in the Kashmir region.

They are just emerges from the mountains at Mattock. The Sallust, the Beach, the Ravi, the Che nab and the Helium joins together to enter the Indus near Smithsonian in Pakistan.

With a total length of just 2900 km, where the Indus is one of the longest rivers of the world.

The Gang River System:

The headwaters of the Gangs, just called the ‘Hagiographa’ is feuded by the Ganglion Glacier and they are just joined by the Mandala at Devanagari in Astrakhan.

The Gangs is joined by too many tributaries from the Himalayas, a few of them being a major rivers such as the Ramayana, the Roughage, the Gandalf, and the Kori.

The river Ramayana rises from the Immunology Glaciers in the Himalayas.

The Roughage, The Gandalf,and The Kori rise in the Nepal Himalayas. They are the rivers , which are the flood parts of the northern plains every year, fir the extensive agricultural lands.

The mainstream, flows southwards into the Bangladesh and it just joined by the Brahmaputra.

The delta is just formed by these rivers is known as the Sunder ban delta.

The length of the Gangs is over 2500kms. Alabama is located on the water divide between the Indus and the Gangs river systems.

The Brahmaputra River System:

The Brahmaputra is just rises in Tibet east of the Mansard lake is just too close to the sources of the Indus and the Sallust.

It is slightly too much longer hang the Indus, and the most of its courses lies on the outside India.

Here, it is called the Di-hang and it is joined by the Di-bang, the Lo-hit, and many other tributaries to form the Brahmaputra in Assam.

Every year during the rainy season, the river is just overflow its banks, due to floods in Assam and Bangladesh.

The river also shifts its channel frequently.

THE PENINSULAR RIVERS:

The main water divide in the Peninsular India is always formed by the Western Ghats , and get runs from north to south close to the western coast.

Most of the major rivers of the Peninsula such as the Mahanadi, the Godard, the Krishna,are flow eastwards and it just drains into the Bay of Bengal.

The Narmada , and the Ta pi are the only long rivers which flow west and makes and this rivers are comparatively small in the size.

The Narmada Basin:

The Narmada get rises in the Taklamakan hills in M.P. On its way to the sea, it creates so many picturesque locations.

Some of the ‘Marble rocks’, near Lyallpur where the Narmada flows through some of deep gorge, where the river plunges over steep rocks , are some of the notable rocks..

The Ta pi Basin:

The Ta pi always rises in the Saturate ranges , while in the Betul district of the Maddy Preshrank.

The coastal plains between the Western Ghats and the Arabian seas are too much narrow.

The main west flowing rivers are Sabbatical, Mani, Mahabharata, and Periyar..

The Godavari Basin:

The Godard is one of the most largest Peninsular river. It rises from the sloppy areas of the Western Ghats in the Nasik district of Maharashtra.

Its length is about 1500km.

The basin cover parts of Maharashtra percent of the basin area that will be lies in Maharashtra..

The last three tributaries are too much large . Because its length and the area of it could covers , it is also known as the ‘ Dashing Gangs’..

The Mahanadi Basin:

The Mahanadi rises in the chattisgarh. It flows through Odis ha to reach the Bay of Bengal.

It's drainage basin is always shared by the Maharashtra, Chattisgarh ,,Jharkhand, and Odisha..

The Krishna Basin:

The Krishna always flows for about 1400km and get reaches the Bay of Bengal and rising down a spring near Mahabaleshwar..

It's drainage basin is always shared by Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh..

The Kaveri Basin:

The Kaveri Basin always rises in the Brahmagri range of the Western Ghats and it get reached the Bay of Bengal in south of Cuddalore..

Total length of the river is about 760 km..

Its basin drains parts of the Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu..

LAKES:

India is the only place where there has many lakes. Most of the lakes are permanent; some contains water only during the rainy seasons , like some lakes in the basins of inland drainage of some semi - arid regions.

Most of the fresh water lakes are just presented in the Himalayan region..

The Wular Lake in Jammu and Kashmir , in contrast , is the result of the tectonic activities.

It is one of the most largest freshwater lake in India. The Dal Lake , Bhimtal, Nainital, Loktak, and Barapani are some other important fresh water lakes.

Lakes are of the greatest value of the human beings. A lake helps to regulates the flow of a river.

Lakes can also be used for developing hydel power. They just moderated the climatic reason of the surroundings; maintain the aquatic ecosystem, help develop tourism and it just provide recreation..

DRAINAGE SYSTEM :ROLE OF RIVERS IN THE ECONOMY:

Rivers have been of some fundamental importance throughout the History.

Water from the rivers is such a basic and natural resources.

The river banks have attracted settlers from the ancient times and many of the cities in the states which are located on the bank of a river.

-—Particularly to a country like India, Where an agriculture is one of the major sources of the livelihood of some of the majorities of its population.

RIVER POLLUTION'S:

The growing domestic, municipal , industrial and some agricultural demand for water from many rivers and it get naturally affects the quality of water..

On the other hand, a heavy loaded sewage and industrial effluents are entirely into the river..

The Ganga water is able to dilute the pollution loads within 20kms of the large countries..

what is the earth - Let's Crack It

2020-04-03T03:19:00.000-07:00

WHAT IS THE EARTH:

A Greek philosopher and mathematicians, was the first to suggested that the Earth was Shaped like a Globe :

Generally the Earth is made up of three states:

1. Solid

2. Liquid

3. Gas

● If the Earth were a flat disc, then the rising Sun would have been seen at all places at very accurate time of the world.

● When a ship approaches land, its funnel or mast is seen first and then the hull. If the Earth had been flat then the whole ship would have been seen at the same time as we seen the another once .

● The Earth is rarely oriented in the accurate position during successive eclipses but it always be casts a circular shadows thus providing that the Earth shapes like sphere.A sphere is the only body that will always casts a circular or spherical shadows around the same time.

● At the North pole, the pole star can always been observed at 90 degree in the Sky, Since the star lies in the line with the angle of the Earth.

● As one of it can travel southwards, the angle of that pole star had been decreased.

● At the equator , the angle always becomes zero degree.

● This observation always proves that the path of travel is just an arc of a circle.

● The Sun, Moon and all the heavenly bodies appears to be just like Earth or spherical when viewed from different positions. It seems logical to its to conclude that the Earth is no exceptions at all.

● The pictures of the Earth taken from the space always proved beyond any doubts that the Earth is a sphere.

THE EARTH AS AN OBLATE SPHEROID:

● Such Refined measurement of the Earth had been proved that the true form of the Earth resembles a sphere that has been Compressed at the poles and made to bulge at the Equators. This is the firm which known as an oblate spheroid.

The various factories which makes the earth such suitable for the life to evolve and survive are:

● The earth has all the famous elements like carbon, hydrogen , nitrogen and oxygen, which acts as building block for the origin of life.

● The earth is neither too hot nor too cold , it has the medium temperature range for carrying out the life - sustainable chemically proved reactions.

● The earth has such lot of water in the form of lakes , rivers and too much oceans for the proper growth and survivals of life.

● The earth has enough oxygen gas in its atmosphere for the survival of living beings through breathing.

● The earth has a hard and protective blanket of the ozone layer high up in its temperature as well as atmosphere to save life from some harmful ultraviolet radiations that coming from the sun.

● Biodiversity changes and it goes increases towards the equator. Biodiversity is the degree of the variations of the life . It is the measure pf some variety of the organisms that present in different ecosystems. It the most richest in the tropics.

STATISTICAL DATA OF THE EARTH:

● The Earth , third planet from the sun, is the fifth largest in the Solar System in terms of its size and mass.

● 29.1% of the total surface area of Earth is covered by the lands , while 70.9% is get covered by the oceans.

● The total water areas of the earth including the oceans , lakes , rivers , ice sheets , and the water in the atmosphere is known as hydrosphere and it covers about 71% of the earth’s surface.

OCEANS ON THE EARTH:

There are four oceans . in this ,their size , they are :

1. Pacific Ocean

2. Atlantic Ocean

3. Indian Ocean

4. Arctic Ocean

● PACIFIC OCEAN:

The explorer F. MAGELLAN, whole circumnavigation of the Earth, named the ocean ‘Pacific’ meanings that such a kind of calm and peacefully.

The Pacific Ocean is one of the most largest ocean of the world.

It is also one of the most deepest ocean with an average depth of 4,280 m. (14,040 feet).

Most of the islands of this ocean are the volcanic or coral origin.

● ATLANTIC OCEAN:

The Atlantic Ocean according to Encyclopaedia British, is the second largest ocean in the world

Average depth: 3,300 meters.

Its name is searched from Atlas , a Titan (giant) in Greek mythology.

The Atlantic Ocean , body of salt water covering one fifth of our earth surface has the as such longest coastline.

The continental islands of Newfoundland and British isles are the most major ones.

● INDIAN OCEAN:

The Indian Ocean is the one and only ocean named after a country. Its average depth is 3,960 meters.

The Indian Ocean is deeper than the Atlantic Ocean.

Some of the islands of volcanic origin are those of Mauritius , Andaman and Nicobar , Seychelles , and Maldives are of such coral origin.

● ARCTIC OCEAN:

The Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean in the world.

It lies around the Arctic Circle , hence the name Arctic Ocean.

The Most of its part of Arctic ocean remains frozen with some thick ice fir most of the days every year.

It has the least salinity of all the oceans.

Its about salinity of 30ppt.

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH:

1. The Earth Crust:

The outermost solids of its cover or shell of the earth , that called as the earth’s crust.

The thickness of the crust is about 30kms.

The density of the rocks in the earth’s crust ranges from 2.7 to 3 g/ c.c .

The upper part of the crust consists of silica gel in greatest portions.

Its known as ‘SAIL'.

2.MANTLE:

This layer lies below to the crust. The lower part of the crust is known as ‘SIMA. because the portion of its is higher in such parts.

Its thickness is all about 2900 km and the density of the substances in the mantle ranges from 3.0 to 4.7.

3. CORE:

The earth's core lies below the mantle, Its thickness may be about 3,471 km.

Its radius is 6,371kms, according to,the study of earth's interior helps us to understand how the original rocks in the earth's crust and their later transformation.

4. ROCKS:

The solid parts of the earth's crust are always known as rocks.

Most of the rocks are made up of two or more minerals.

In the same type of rocks, the proportions of minerals may be suck different in different areas.

Rocks may not always necessarily be hard.

This is all about earth..

population in india - Let's Crack It

2020-04-01T04:57:00.001-07:00

POPULATION OF INDIA:

The people are more important to develop the economy and societies. The people make and use the resources and are themselves resources with varying quality in the population of India now a days.Coal is a best piece of rock , until people were able to invent technology to obtain it and make it a ‘resources’ in population of India in 2019.

Natural events like a river floods or tsunami became a disaster only when the affect a crowded village and town.

Hence , the population is a major element in social science . It is a point of reference from which other elements are observed in from which they derived significant and meaning.

Resources ,’calamities’ and disasters are all meaningful only in relation to human beings. There number in distribution growth in 2019 and the characteristics or qualities provide the basic background for understanding and appreciating aspects of the environment.

Human beings are producers and consumers of earth resources in nowadays therefore, it is too much important to now how many people's are there in a country in 2019, where do the live , how and why their numbers are increasing and what are the characteristics in the population of India .

The census of India provides us with the information regarding the population pf our country. Here, we primarily concerned with three major questions about the population:

1. POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION:

How many people's are there and where are they located in population of 2019.

2. POPULATION GROWTH AND PROCESSES OF POPULATION CHANGE:

How has the population grown and change throw time?

POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION:

● Indian’s Population Size and Distribution by Numbers:

India’s population as on March 2001 to 2019 stood at 1,029 millions much more to nowadays , which accounts for 16.7% of the worlds population. These 1.02 billion people are unevenly distribution over our country’s vast area of 3.38 millions square km, which accounts for 2.4% of the world.

The 2019 Census data reveals that UttarPradesh with a population size of 166 million and more of it people is the most population and populous state in India. Uttar Pradesh accounts fir about 16 per cent of the country's population.

On the other hand, the Himalayan state of Sikkim has a most populated of just about 0.6 million and Lakshwadeep has only 60 thousand people nowadays. There is half of India’s population lives in just five states. These are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal,and Andhra Pradesh. Rajasthan ,is one of the biggest state in terms of area, has only 5.5 % of the total population of India.

INDIA’S POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY DENSITY:

Population density provides a better picture of the uneven distribution. Density of population will be calculated as the number of persons per unit area.

India is one of the most populated country of the world.

The population density of India in the year of 2001 to 2019 was 589 person sq. km. Densities vary from Bengal to only 904 persons per sq. km in West Bengal to only 13 persons sq. km in Arunachal Pradesh.

Note the states with the population densities below 250 persons per square km. Rugged terrain and unfavourable climatic conditions are primarily responsible for sparse conditions in these areas.

Assam and most of the Peninsular states have moderated population densities. Hilly, dissected and rocky nature of the terrain are present , fertile soils have influenced over the population of India and the densities in these areas.

The northern plain and Kerala in the south have high to very much high population densities because of the flat plains with fertile soils and too much rainfall.

POPULATION GROWTH AND PROCESSES OF POPULATION CHANGE:

Population is a dynamic phenomenon nowadays. The numbers, distributions and composition of the population are constantly changing and the number of people getting increased day by day . In the present scenery of the world is full of crowded and many of the people in India getting changing themselves day by day. This is the interaction of the three major processes namely-births,deaths, and migrations..

● POPULATION GROWTH:

Growth of the population refers to the change in the number of inhabitants of a country during a specific period of time , say during the last ten years. Such a change can be expressed in two ways ; in the terms of absolute numbers and in terms of percentage change per year.

The absolute numbers added each years or decade is the magnitude of increase. It is obtained by simply subtracting the earlier population from the later population. It is referred to as the absolute increases.

The rate of the pace of the population increases is the other important aspects. It is studied in the percent per annum, example a rate of increase of 2 % per annum means that in a given year, there was an increase of two persons for every referred to as the annual growth rate .

India's population has been increased from 361 million in 1951 to 1028 million in 2001.

However the rate of growth started declining gradually . During this period , birth rates declined rapidly. Still 182 millions people were added to the total population in India.

It is essential to realist that India has a very large population. When a low annual rate is applied to a very large population . It yields a large absolute increases.

When more than a billion people increases even at a lower rate , the total numbers being added become very large . India's current annual increase in population of 15.5 million is large enough to neutrality efforts to conserve the resource endowment and environment.

The declining trend of the growth rate is a positive ubdicator of all the efforts of birth control. Despite that,the total additions to the population base continue to grow , and India may overtake China in 2045 to became most popular country in the whole world .

PROCESSES OF POPULATION CHANGE/GROWTH:

There are three main processes of change of populations : Birth rate, Death rate,and migration.

The natural increases of the population of India is the difference between birth rates and death rates.

● Birth rates is the number of live births per thousand persons in a year. It is a major component of growth because in India, birth rates have always been higher than death rates.

● Death rates is the number of deaths per thousand persons in a year. The main cause of the rate of growth of the Indian Population has been the rapid decline in death rates.

● High birth rates and declining death rates led to a large difference between birth and death rates resulting in highs rates of the population growth. Birth rates have also been started declining gradually, resulting in a gradual decline on the rate of population growth.

● The third component of the population growth is migration. Migration is the movement of the people across region and territories. Migration can be internal or international.

● In India, most migration have been from rural to urban areas because of the ‘push’ factors in rural areas. These are adverse conditions of poverty and unemployment in the rural areas and the “pull” of the cities in terms of increased employment opportunity and better living conditions.

AGE COMPOSITION:

The age composition of a population in India refer to the number of people in different age groups in a country. It is one of the most basic characteristics of a population. To an important degree; a person age influenced what he needs or buys does and his capacity to perform.

The population of a nation is generally grouped into three broad categories:

-Children ( generally below 15 years)

They are economically unproductive and need to be provided with food, clothing,education and medical care.

-Working age (15-59years):

They are economically productive and biographical reproductive .

-Aged( above 59 years):

They can be economically productive through they may have retired.

They have to work voluntarily but they are not available for employment through recruitment.

People are the nation’s most valuable resources and well-educated healthy population provides them such potential power.

constitution of india - Let's Crack It

2020-03-31T07:23:00.001-07:00

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA:

The constitution of a country is collection of some basic laws. By these different laws , not the system of governments are formed , but the mutual relations between these governments and citizens are also decided.

Constitution_of_India the foundational law of our country which contains the fundamental principle on which the government of that country is based .

The constitution of India decides the form of all the elements of the government i.e. Legislature , Executive and Judiciary It also formulates the powers and limitations of every organ of the government.

With the exception of the United Kingdom(U.K.), almost the democratic countries possess a written constitution The power vest in the people of the country , in the form of Democratic Government.

In its ideal form, such powers should be used by the public , as it was used to be done , in ancient period , through “Assembly”, Committee,but the present time the volume and form of the Nations are very big , where it is not possible to apply ‘Direct Democracy’.

OTHER CONSTITUTION:

Our present constitution -— The first constitution of India framed and given to themselves by the people of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November ,1949 It came into full operation with effect from 26 January ,1950. The Constitution as originally adopted had 22 parts

● India has been the victim of foreign evaders , since the medieval age , after its ancient glorious and inspiring past period These foreign Evaders , governed India, by their cruel ways. After this period, India became the victim of the British Colonialism.

● The East India Company, which was formulated in the year 1600, for conducting business activities , but gradually it started intervening in the political matters of India

● After the War of Plassi of 1757 and war of Buber of 1764 was controlled by the East India company

● Swami Vivekanand, Maharshi Arvind, Veer Sawasker, Bal Gangadhar Tilak etc.belonged to Saints and Mahatmas category Likewise the demand of the making of constitution became the inseparable part of the demand for Independence , by the beginning of 20th century.

● In the year 1922, Mahatma Gandhi presented the demand of forming of the constitution before the government and in 1925 the conference of all parties was held there, in which the proposal of demanding the forming of Constitution of India was passed'

● When in the year 1939 the second world war started British Government had urgent need to help from India So first time in the month of August 1940, the Britishers accepted the demand of forming constitution, while accepting the “Proposal of August” in July 1945 , the new government of Labour Party came into power in England, which indicated that the forming of Indian Constitution and to give freedom to India will be done very shortly''

So in the month of March 1946 the British government sent a commission, having three members of India,which is known as “cabinet mission”.

● Every constitution is a mirror of the values, ideals and dreams of its maker and founder person. The constitution may attains its objects,fir this we will have to become responsible , Nationalist and Scarifying citizens.

EVOLUTION OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION:

Although all the systems of ancient India do have their reflections in the Constitution of India, the direct sources of the constitution lie in the administration and legislative developments of the british period

. A concise and chronological description of the Acts,documents and events that culminated in the farming of the World’s Largest Written Constitution is given here :

ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGISLATIVE REFORMS BEFORE 1857:

● Regulating Act of 1773:

The act was based on the report of a committee headed by the British Prime Minister Lord North

Governance of the East India Company was put under British Parliamentary control.

The Governor of Bengal was nominated as Governor General for all the three Presidencies of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. Warren Hastings was the first such Governor General. This Supreme court was established in Calcutta (now Kolkata).

Governor General was empowered to make rules, regulations and ordinances with the consent of the Supreme Court .

2.Pitts Indian Act of 1784:

It was enacted to improving on such provisions of Regulating Act of 1773 to bring about better discipline in the company's system of the administration.

Six members Board of controllers was set up that was headed by a minister of the British Government of Indians. All political responsibility was given to this bond .

Trade and commerce related issues were under the purview of the Court of directors of the company .

3. Charter Act of 1793:

Main provisions of the previous acts were considered in this Act of Constitution of India

Provided for the Payment if the salaries of the members of the Board of Controllers from Indian revenue.

Courts were given the power to interpret rules and regulation in constitution of India.

4. Government Of India Act ,1858:

Britishers were decided to assume sovereignty over Indian from the East India Company in an apparent consequences of the Revolt of 1857, descrived as an armed sepoy mutiny by the British jistorians and remembered as the First War of Independence by the Indians.

The first statute for the governor of india , under the direct rule of the British Government , was the Government of Indian Act , 1858.

All the authorities fir the government of India was vested in the Governor General-in-Council who was responsible to these secretary of state.

The Secretary of State was ultimately responsible to the British Parliaments.

5. Indian Councils Act of 1861, :

This is the important landmark in the constitutional history of India. By this Act, the powers of the crown were to be exercised by the secretary of state fir India, assisted by a council of fifteen members. The Secretary of state, who was responsible to the British Parliaments , governed India through the Governor General,assisted by an Executive council.

This Act provided that the Governor General Executive council should include certain additional non-official members also while transacting legislative business as a Legislative Council. But this Legislative Council was neither representative nor deliberations in any sense.

It decentralized by the legislature power of the Governor General Council and vested them in the Governments of Bombay and Madras.

The councils were to have the power of discussing the Budgets and addressing questions to the Executive.

THE SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION:

The Indian constitution is one of the unique constitution in this world. It carries a lots of features which makes it quite different constitution from the others others constitution :

The largest written liberal democratic constitution of the world. It provides for a mixture of federalism and Unitarianism and flexibility and with rigidity. Since it inauguration on 26th January, the Constitution India has been successfully guiding the path and progress of India.

● Written and Detailed Constitution:

The constitution is a whole in which written document that incorporates the constitutional law of India. It was fully debated and duly enacted by the Constitution Assembly of India. It took this assembly for 2years , 11 months and 18 days to write and enacted the Constitution of India.

Indian Constitution is a very detailed constitution. It consists of 395 articles divided into 22 parts with 12 Schedules and 94 constitution amendments.

It is the Constitution of both the Center and the states of Indian Union. This is much bigger than the US Constitution which has only 7 Articles and the French Constitution with its 89 Articles in this constitution.

● The Biggest Constitution of the World:

The constitution of the India, is the biggest in volume,in the world . In the constitution not only the Federal government arrangement is there , but it also consists the administration arrangement if these states also. Whereas the constitution of America is comparatively a bit little. Mad the main reason fir this is ghat there separate constitution are meant for all the states,whereas in India there is no separate constitution fir the states.

● The Federal character:

Generally there are two types of Constitutions- one is Federal, and the anot her one is Unitary, which is based on the nature and type of relations between the federal government and the state Government, and for the protection of this type of distribution pf powers between the federal government and the state government, have been made through the three schedules i.e. Federal Lists , state lists, and concurrent list.

● Single Citizenship:

This is a very unique feature of Indian Constitution. In General, in the federal system of the government dual citizenship exists. One is of the country and the second of the state, in which he is residing as that of America , but in India .,inspire of this , that though there is a federal form of government , yet we have only single citizenship.

This is co-operative elements fir the national unity and national unification.

● Fundamental rights:

The development from all the concern , is possible in the absence of the citizens rights. The farmers of the constitution were aware of this fact. In the part three of the constitution total six fundamental rights were given to the citizens. All such rights may not be misused , so the reasonable restrictions have also been imposed on the rights .

● Preamble of the Constitution:

The preamble of the constitution of India is a well drifted document which states the philosophy of the constitution. It declares the India to be a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and a welfare state committed to secure justice,liberty and equality fir the people and for promoting fraternity, dignity the individuals, and unity and integrity of the nation.

THE PREAMBLE IS THE KEY OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA.

● Article368, of the constitution provide fir two special methods of amendment:

Most of the provisions of constitution can be amendment by the union parliament by passing an amendment bill by a majority of total membership and second/third majority of the member present and voting in each of its two house.

For the amendment of some specified parts , a very rigid methods have been provided under it , First the Union Parliament passes the amendment bill by a majority of total membership and Second third majority of member present and voting in each house and then it goes to the state legislature for rectification the amendment can pass only when it is approved by not less then 1-1/2 of the several states of the union.

Thus the Constitution of India is partly rigid and partly flexible.

With all these features, the Indian Constitution of a constitution best suited of the Indian environment. The constitution helped India to organized and run this government and administration in an effective way both in times of peace and war. The basic structure of the Constitution i.e. its most fundamental features can be described as:

Preamble, Fundamentals Rights, Directive principles, Secularism, Federalism, Republicanism, Independence of Judiciary, Rule Of Law, and Liberal democracy.

ABOUT ARTICLES::

● For Equality:Article 14 of the constitution provides that tha state shall not deny any person equality before the law or equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.

● Exceptions to the provisions to equality before law,allowed by the Indian constitution are:

The President and the Government of a state is not answerable to any Court for the exercise and performance by the Indian Constitution.

No criminal proceeding can be instituted or continued against the President or a Governor in and Court during his term of office.

The above immunities do not bar . Suits or other appropriate proceedings against the government of India or the Government of a state.

So through the concept of the right of equality in constitution, not only established equality before law is present while all the rules and regulation will take part in this kind of work in Constitution of India.

● For Freedom:Article 19 -22 the constitution provides, the next fundamental rights, after rights to equality, right to freedom, by which the citizens can develop their personalities to the best qualities.

To move and reside anywhere in India and the right to get service , to adopt any function of any profession, business etc., but on tall the above freedoms , the logical reasonable restrictions are applied here fir this article.

The constitution provided this right also that person can be deemed guilty for committing any offense, till he has not acted in the contravention of any law, while doing such works.

These are all belongs to the Fundamental rights..

indus valley civilization

2020-03-31T02:06:00.000-07:00

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION(2500BC -1750BC)

This is also known as Harappa civilization.The oldest name — Indus Valley Civilization

In 1921; Dayaram Shani and India Archaeologists found a numbers of seals from the village Indus Next year in Indus valley civilization 1922 a huge city was drag out hidden under the sands and bridges of Harappa. The same year, R D Banarjee mode siliar drag out Mohenjodaro in Sindh.

The Harappa culture was spread over Afghanistan, Sindh,Jammu almost the whole of Punjab, North Rajasthan and Gujarat

Scholars generally believe that the harappa, Kalinga , Mohanjodaro excess repressed the heartland of the Indus valley civilization

Recent, Carbon-14 dating indicate the period at the mature Indus valley civilization to be form 2500BC - 1750BC

● JOHN MARSHALL was the first scholar to use the term “Indus Civilization” The Indus valley Civilization belongs to Porto-Historic Period (Chalocolithic Age/ Bronze Age).

● The Indus valley civilization was spread over Sindh, Punjab ,Haryana, Rajasthan , Gujarat, Western U P etc

1. The Northern most site of Indus Civilization —Roper (Sutlej) / Punjab (Earlier); Manda (Chenab)/Jam mu-Kashmir (Now)

2. The Southern most site of Indus Civilization -— Bhagatrav (Kim)/ Gujarat (Earlier); Daimabad (Pravara) / Maharashtra (Now)

3. The Eastern most site of Indus Civilization -— Sutkagendor (Dashk) / Makran Coast ( Pakistan - Iran Border )

● Capital cities - Harappa , Mohanjodaro

● Port Cities- Lothal, Sutkagendor, Allahdino , Balakot, Kuntasi

SOURCES OF HARAPPA CULTURE:

Main source of the harappa culture are the archaeological evidences these include the buildings , pottery , toys, weight and measures , Ornaments and tools

•SITES OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:

Sources of the major sites other than Mohanjodaro and Harappa where the harappa had been founded are :

1. Lothal in Gujarat

2. Kalibanga in Hanumangarh

3. Ropar in Punjab

4. Alamgirpur in UttarPradesh

5. Banwari in Haryana

6. Kotaliji in Pakistan

--COMMON FEATURES OF MAJOR CITIES :

● Town Planning:

Harappa people had an excellent skill in Town planning ,Streets, and lanes of their town according to a set plane

These were straight and cut each other at right angle The roads were wide enough the streets were covered with the bricks and there were covered grains under them There were land ports at regular distance

Systematic town planning on the lines of ‘ Grid System’ Use of burnt bricks in construction

● Drainage System:

Mohanjodaro rothal at other cities are known to have a good drainage system House drains empty into the main drains The main drains run under the main streets

Inspection main holes were provided at regular distance Water supply was also good

Underground Drainage system (giant water reservoir in Dholavira)

● Building and Houses :

The people of the Indus valley civilization made three categories of buildings:

1. The large Building

2. Public bath

3. People's residence houses

—The cities of Mohanjodaro and Harappa were divided into two parts:

● Part1.of the city was made on a raised ground and it was called ‘Citadels’(forts)

● Part2. made up lower layer The fort had large public buildings on it, these include the workshops,assembly halls, factories

There were three social group of the people in the Indus valley civilization, the first was the group of rolling people; who lived in the citadel area

The second social group consisted or rich merchants and other noble man who lived in the lower city

SOCIAL ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE PEOPLE:

1. Dress and Ornaments:

Harappa people were first in the world to spin cotton and woollen yarn Needless and Buttons have also been found there It means that people of the indus valley civilization knew the art of weaving and stitching

- Men and women both rich and poor wear ornaments like necklace, armlets,fillets,were common to both men and women Women also wear earrings , nose-ring, bangles, bracelets

-These ornaments were made of Gold , silver, Cu, and precious and precious stones were also used in making jewellery

2. Food:

The people of the Indus valley civilization ate wheat ,barley They ground these in meal stones and pack them into breads Rice too was a part of their food

- Besides these milk products , fruits , and meat , vegetables, fish were also taken by them as item as their food

3. Occupation:

Agriculture was the most important occupation of the Harappa people There fields were near the rivers They made small dams, channels, and embankments to control the supply of water

Domestication of animals was another occupation of the people ; Bulls, sheep , pig , goat, buffaloes,elephants, were domestication etc There were carpenter , Gold smith, potters , toys , tool-making are the differ types of occupation there were studied in the Indus valley civilization

4. Play and Measurement:

A large no of dice has been found from under the earth These show that grumbling was the favorite game of these people They were also fond of Music and dance Besides these, hunting ,keeping pet animals or birds , enjoying bull fighting

A large no of toys and cloths have been drag out

The children toys including whistle, toy cart, marbles , rattles These toy were mostly made of terracotta and bagged clay

5 Religion of Indus valley Civilization:

A common figure discovered is of the female somewhat similar shakti on the mother goddess They regarded her as the sources of all power and creation Similarly a figure of a male god made on a small stone has been found

It is a three face god like a shiv on Pashupati of Hinduism So the people of the harappa had worshiped shakti and shiv

The BANYAN TREE was also worshiped

6. Art of Writing :

The harappa people used the PICTOGRAPHY SCRIPT for writing But their script still and a mystery fir scholars Their script had 62 basic signs in the beginning but in the later Harappa period

These signs were reduced to 22..

NOTE: The oldest script in Indian subcontinent is the harappa script, but the oldest deciphered script is bhrami script known from about 5th century BC Most later Indian script developed from Brahmi

● Steatite was mainly in the manufacture of seals

● Humpless bull is represented in most of the Indian seals

● Inhumation or complete burial was the most common method of disposal of the dead

● The origin of the ‘Swastika’ symbol can be traced to the Indus valley Civilization

● ‘Indra’ is accused to causing the decline of the Indus valley civilization

● Contemporary civilizations of the Indus Civilization- MESOPOTAMIA , EGYPT, and CHINA