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Ncert solutions class 9th English

2026-02-28T06:58:00.001+05:30

Blossoms

TO BLOSSOMS

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

1. In what way are the blossoms pledges of the fruitful tree?

ANS: Blossoms are the pledges of the fruitful tree because a tree is committed to bringing forth beautiful flowers, fruits, leaves, etc. to be enjoyed by others like humans. Every tree promises to produce beautiful flowers in every spring season for us.

2. What is the poet's wish about blossoms?

ANS: The poet's wish is that blossoms should stay for a long time that everyone may get benefited from them that blossoms should not fall so fast.

3. What does the poet mean by saying, 'why do you fall so fast'?

ANS: By saying 'why do you fall so fast' means to say that blossoms should not fall so fast but bloom for a pretty long time so that we may enjoy their beauty.

4. Why does the poet compare human life to blossoms?

ANS: The poet compares human life to blossoms because just a blossom appears for a little time to show their delight and beauty and then wither in the same way humans are born, do some deeds, and then die and gild into the grave.

5. Name some blossoming trees in the state of J&K.

ANS: Some blossoming trees in the state of J&K are as under:

i. Apple tree

ii. Pomegranate Tree

iii. Almond Tree

iv. Peach Tree

6. What is 'pity' referred to in the second stanza?

ANS: In the second stanza 'pity' is referred to the fact that blossoms bloom on the tree but after spreading their beauty and delight for few months they fade away and die.

How to Manage your Time?

2022-10-08T15:11:00.002+05:30

Assuming you would like tips on how to manage your time more efficiently:

1. Make a list of the tasks you need to complete in a day, week, or month. Write down everything you can think of, no matter how small.

2. Determine which tasks are the most important, and which can be put off or delegated to someone else. The most important tasks are those that contribute directly to the organization's goals and objectives. Tasks that can be put off or delegated are typically less important, and can be handled by someone else within the organization.

3. Create a schedule and allocate time for each task. Be realistic about how long each task will take, and build in some buffer time in case something goes over.

4. Stick to your schedule as much as possible. If you find yourself consistently running out of time, re-evaluate your schedule and see where you can make adjustments. If you can find even one hour in your week, you can schedule a massage and start to work on your stress levels.

a. TIP! If you feel overwhelmed often, try scheduling your day. If you plan your day out, you will not have to worry about trying to fit everything in at the last minute.

b. Talk to your friends, family or anyone that will listen about the stresses you are facing in your life. It can be very helpful to talk about what’s going on and realize that other people feel similar ways. When you talk about what’s bothering you, it often helps to make it disappear, even if it’s only in conversation.

c. TIP! Talk to the people that you know to see if they have suggestions for ways you can reduce your stress. This is a way for you to release pent-up anxieties and to feel more support than you may realize.

5. Take some time each day or week to plan ahead. This will help you stay on top of upcoming deadlines and avoid last-minute scrambles.

Some people like to plan their week on Sundays, while others prefer to plan each day the night before. Find what works for you, and stick to it.

a. Write things down

This may seem obvious, but it’s still worth mentioning. Keeping a notepad or planner close by can help you jot down ideas, tasks and deadlines as they come to you.

You might also want to keep a running list of things you need to do. This will ensure you don’t forget anything important.

b. Set deadlines

If you have a task that needs to be done, set a deadline for yourself and make sure you stick to it. This will help you stay on track and avoid putting things off.

It can also be helpful to set smaller deadlines for yourself throughout the day. For example, if you have a report due at the end of the week, set a deadline for each day to work on it. This will help you avoid getting overwhelmed and will help you stay on track.

c. Take breaks

Working nonstop can be counterproductive. You might get burnt out or start making mistakes.

Make sure you take breaks throughout the day to clear your head.

6. Learn to say “no”. You can’t do everything, and trying to do too much will only leave you feeling stressed and overwhelmed. It is important to learn to say no when you are feeling overwhelmed. This will help you to stay focused and avoid taking on too much.

a. Make a list of the things that are causing you stress and prioritize them. Put the most important things at the top of the list. Then, work your way down the list, addressing each item in turn. This will help you to not feel so overwhelmed.

b. Do not procrastinate. If you find that you are constantly putting things off, it will only make your stress worse. When you procrastinate, you are only adding to the list of things that you need to do. This will leave you feeling even more stressed.

c. Take some time for yourself. Find an activity that you enjoy and make time for it. This can be anything from reading, taking a walk, or taking a bath. Taking some time for yourself will help you to relax and will help to reduce your stress.

d. Talk to someone. Talking to someone about your stress can help you to feel better. It can also help you to find ways to deal with your stress. Talking to someone who is a professional can help you to find the best ways to deal with your stress.

7. Take breaks and allow yourself some down time. This will help you avoid burnout and will make you more productive when you are working. Take some time to relax and recharge your batteries by taking a break.

a. Eliminate distractions. When you are working on a project, it can be difficult to focus if you are constantly being interrupted by phone calls, texts, and social media notifications. Turn off your phone and put it in another room, and log out of your social media accounts so that you can focus on your work.

b. Set a goal for yourself. When you have a specific goal in mind, it will be easier for you to focus on your work and get it done. Decide how much work you need to get done, and give yourself a deadline to complete it. This will help you stay on track and motivated.

c. Find a comfortable place to work. If you are constantly being interrupted by noise or other distractions, it will be difficult to focus on your work. Find a quiet place to work, such as a library or coffee shop, where you can focus on your work without being interrupted.

d. Take breaks. It is important to take breaks so that you do not get too stressed out. If you find yourself getting overwhelmed, take a few minutes to step away from your work and take a deep breath.

8. Be flexible with your time

a. If you have a scheduled date night each week, don't let a hectic week get in the way. If you have to move the date, do it. Don't just cancel. You can even be spontaneous and do something that night after the kids go to sleep.

b. Schedule some "you" time

It's important to have time for yourself and to do the things that you want to do. If you want to go shopping, do it. If you want to read a book, do it. If you want to go for a walk, do it. If you want to sleep in, do it.

c. Be patient

Sometimes, you just have to wait for the perfect moment. If you're waiting for a special occasion to do something, be patient. It will happen.

d. Be spontaneous

You don't always have to plan everything out. Sometimes, it's fun to be spontaneous and do something on the spur of the moment.

Why can't we divide by zero?

2022-03-28T00:45:00.001+05:30

In the world of mathematics, many odd results are possible when we change the rules, but there's one rule that most of us have been warned not to defy that is don't divide by zero (0). How can the simple combination of an everyday number and a basic operation cause such an issue?

Usually, dividing by smaller numbers gives the bigger result.

For example, 8/2 =4
8/1 =1
8/0.1 =80
8/0.01 =800
8/0.001=8000

It looks like if we keep dividing by smaller numbers all the way down to zero, the result will increase to the largest possible number. Then, isn't the answer to 8 divided by zero actually infinity? That may echo possible, but all we really know is that if we divide 8 by a number that tends towards zero, the result tends towards infinity and that is not the same thing as saying that 8 divided by 0 is equal to infinity.
Let's first understand what DIVISION means.
8 divided by 2 means "how many times must we add 2 together to get 8," [2+2+2+2=8] or "2 times what equals to 8?" [2*?=8]. Dividing by a number is basically the reverse of multiplying by it.

8 / 2 = 4
2 * 4 = 8

If we multiply any number by a given number X, we can say if there's any number that can be multiplied by afterward to get back to where we started.

If there is a new number is known as Multiplicative Inverse of X.
For example, If we multiply 7 by 2 to get 14, then we can multiply by one-half to get back to 7.

7*2=14*1/2=7

So the Multiplicative Inverse of 2 is one-half,
The product of any number and its multiplicative inverse is always 1.

For example 2*1/2=1

If we want to divide by Zero, we need to find its multiplicative inverse, which should be 1/0. This would have to be such a number that multiplying it by zero would give 1.

1/0*0=1

but because anything multiplied by zero is still zero, such a number is impossible, so zero has no multiplicative inverse.

For example 1*0=0

Ultimately, Mathematicians have broken such rules.
For example, there was no such thing as taking the square root of negative numbers but then mathematicians introduce the concept of i which is an imaginary number. It was the opening up of wholly new mathematical word of complex numbers. In the same case, we can apply here, Let us say that the symbol infinity means 1/0 [∞=1/0].

∞ =1/0(multiplicative inverse of zero)
0*∞ =1
0*∞ =1
that means (0*∞)1+(0*∞)1=2
(0+0)*(∞) =2 using distributive property
0*∞ =2

but we have already defined this above as equal to one, while the other side of the equation is still telling us it's equal to 2. so it proves one equals two [1=2]. But this is a contradiction in the world of numbers.
If 1,2 or any other number were equal to zero but having infinity equal to zero is ultimately not all that useful to mathematicians. There actually is something called the Riemann sphere that involves dividing by zero by a different method. Dividing by zero in the most obvious way doesn't work out so great. But that should not stop us from living dangerously and experimenting with breaking mathematical rules to see if we can invent fun, new worlds to explore X.

Who Invented The Homework and why

2021-11-27T02:01:00.000+05:30

I bet 99 percent of you think homework is part of daily school life but you are wrong. Homework is actually a punishment for you, yes you heard it right. An Italian pedagog (teacher) Roberto Neveils was the person who invented the homework in 1905 and made it a punishment to his student. Later on this practice become popular around the world. Roberto didn't even intent for it to be mandatory. He created it as a punishment for his student who kept misbehaving in class. Homework was created as a punishment and it should stay that way. The average student goes to school from 8am to 4pm which is 8 hours which is only an hour less than a full time job. If you are an employ and your boss told you to do some homework at home in your free time and then punish you if you didn't do it then that would be illegal so it's ironic that schools say that they are preparing you for real life. School is like a shop you may never use more than 10 percent of what a store carries but enough of the other customers use the other 90 percent for the store to keep stocking those items anyway. This is fine enough when we are actually at school but when it is eating away at our free time and when 99 percent of students say homework is a significant source of stress that's just not good think about it. If school is not a place for sleep then home is not a place for work.

What Happens When You Swallow A Gum? Here's What!

2021-10-12T01:39:00.003+05:30

If we swallow Chewing Gum what will happen?

Will it get stuck in your windpipe or food pipe?

Will it cause a serious problem?

Let us find out what will happen.

Before moving ahead did you know what is Chewing Gum and what is it made up of?

Chewing Gum is a composite of Gum base that is formed from natural Resin. Resin provides a cohesive strength to Chewing Gum. Gum Base is the water-insoluble, non-nutritive, non-digestible masticatory (process of crushing) system used to carry substances in Chewing Gum like flavors, sweeteners.

Resins coming out of Tree.

Gum Base includes Latex (natural rubber), Beeswax, Jelutong, Chicle (natural gum), Rosin (solid form of resins), Plasticizer (makes gum flexible), Talc, and Antioxidants.

Rosin

Talc

Bee wax

In addition to Gum Base some sweeteners, colors, and flavors are too. So basically it has a 20% to 25% Gum Base and rests 80% to 75% is a flavor but still Chewing Gums are not good for your health.

Now, what happens exactly when you swallow a Chewing Gum?

According to researchers Chewing Gum stays in your stomach for not more than seven days. In these seven days, Chewing Gum starts to digest. When you swallow a Chew Gum your stomach digests some part of it which includes sweetener, flavors, preservatives, and softeners, then there remains Gum Base that is indigestible which will then move to the colon and finally pass into the stool.

Our digestive system is built to digest what it can and pass anything that can't be digested into the stool.

According to Dr. Lisa Ganjhu Gastroenterologist "Your gastrointestinal tract is very strong if you can digest a tough steak, it can digest a gum."

Chewing Gum has no nutritional value so most health professionals will advise you not to swallow Chewing Gum. Gum won't harm or kill you but it is not just logical to swallow chewing gum purposely. Swallowing a Gum as long as it is a relatively small piece it can harmlessly pass through the stool in few days.

Now the question arises, is it fine to swallow Chewing Gum? If I keep swallowing Chewing Gum regularly will it not cause the problem?

swallowing Chewing Gum in a large amount is not recommended because according to researchers swallowing a large amount of Gum can lead to intestinal blockage especially in children. It can also cause Abdominal pain, Chronic constipation, Gas, Diarrhea, Mouth ulcers. Repeatedly chewing Gum can cause jaw, dental problems too.

It has been suggested that Gum should only be given to children once they are able to understand not to swallow it.

It is bad to swallow a Gum but it will not lead to a serious problem if you have done it by mistake. If you feel some problem after swallowing Gum please consult with the doctor.

Hope this Mystery of swallowing Chewing Gum is Solved. Now if you want more why, what, how blogs then do comment. Until next time keep learning and follow your curiosity.

Thank you.

How to wake up early in the morning.

2021-08-13T11:11:00.006+05:30

If you are a Late Riser and tired of pressing the snooze button reiteratively then you have clicked at the right one.

Whether you are a student or an adult person, you are in a college or in an office, everyone will tell you that it's good to get up early in the morning. Most of the successful people get up early as it gives them a running start and makes them feel more power full.

You may know the benefits of waking up early. The Majority of the people still feel that they don't know how to manage how to wake up early in the morning. They find it very difficult to do so.

Is it really a tough job?

One of the most important to wake up early is to sleep early. Sleep at your normal time and get up early the next day. This will be probably a little difficult for few days but then you will be ok. You may have got less sleep last night you will feel a little tired but this tiredness will help you to sleep early.

Try to avoid using your mobile phone and laptops for a minimum of half an hour before you go to sleep. Blue light in electronic devices controls the production of melatonin which is a Harmon that controls your sleep, the more you stay in front of them less will be the production of melatonin and also affects your circadian rhythm or normally called your body clock.

For a few initial days, you may read a book before going to bed, this will help you to sleep. Another important thing is that you should put your alarm away from the bed so that you have to get up and get out of your bed to shut it down by the time you will reach your alarm you will already get up and away from your bed. Now you are up once don't press the snooze button and go back to sleep. Why do you want a go back to the whole process of waking up again? Never hit the snooze button just get up and get a cold shower.

One of the most important thing is you need to know is why you want to wake up early? come up with a strong reason, a goal that will get you up early and make you work for it. Try to think of some big personalities make them your role model. Tell your mind to wake up early to be like them.

After you are up drink a big glass of water. This will help you not to sleep back and also sleep after drinking a big glass of water, if nothing you will surely get to pee and there you go, you are up.

During your daytime, you also need to reduce the intake of coffee, soda, or any energy drinks. Try not to have any caffeine after 3 or 4 in the afternoon. This will help you to sleep better.

Another most important is to avoid taking naps during the day this will affects your sleep cycle and make it very difficult to sleep at on right time at night.

A friend in need is a friend indeed. Ask one of your friends who is an early riser to keep ringing your phone or in any other way to help you to get up early in the morning. Not only friends, ask your brother, sister, or someone who loves you to help you in this process.

Last but not least, the entire thought is to turn this into a habit. If you can manage to do this for a minimum of 20 to 40 days this will become your habit and you will not even need an alarm to get up early in the morning.

One of the best benefits of getting up early is that you will enjoy being with nature, the quietness, peace, the beauty of sunrise when you get up early. Nature is the best friend, best doctor, and philosopher to help us in leading a life full of happiness.

So friends these are the few tips that will help you to wake up early. Try them out and if you have a couple of more tips that work for you do share them in the comment.

Thank you and thanks for reading.

Ncert solutions for class 10 science chapter 1

2021-05-20T15:55:00.006+05:30

Light-Reflection and Refraction

page no. 8

Q1. Define the principal focus of a concave mirror.

Ans. In a concave mirror, the principal focus is a point on the principal axis of the mirror. When the light is parallel to the principal axis, after reflection, will pass through the principal focus. The principal focus is represented by the letter F.

Q2. The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20cm. What is its focal length?

Ans. Give: radius(r)=20cm.

To find: Focal length(f)=?

As we know f=r/2 (relation between f and r)

putting values f=r/2

=20/2

=10cm

therefore, the focal length (f) of the spherical mirror is 10cm.

Q3. Name a mirror that can give an erect and enlarged image of an object.

Ans. The Concave mirror is a mirror that can give an erect and enlarged image of an object.

Q4. Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear view mirror in vehicles?

Ans. The Convex mirror is preferred for rear view mirrors in vehicles because a convex mirror forms an erect and diminished (small size) image of the objects behind the vehicle due to which field of view is increased.

page no. 11

Q1. Find the focal length of a convex mirror whose radius of curvature is 32cm.

Ans. Give: radius(r)=32cm.

To find: Focal length(f)=?

As we know f=r/2 (relation between f and r)

putting values f=r/2

=32/2

=16cm

therefore, the focal length (f) of the spherical mirror is 16cm.

Q2. A concave mirror produces three times magnified (enlarged) real image of an object placed at 10cm in front of it. Where is the image located?

Ans. As the image is real, therefore, the height of the image is taken as negative.

Given: Magnification (m) = -3 ;

Object distance (u) = -10cm.

As we known m can be expressed as m = -v/u

putting values -3 = -(v/-10)

3 = v/-10

v = -30

therefore, the image is located at a distance of 30cm to the left side of the concave mirror.

page no. 15

Q1. A ray of light traveling in air enters obliquely into water. Does the light ray bend towards the normal or away from the normal? Why?

Ans. A ray of light will bend towards the normal because the speed of light decreases when it travels from air to water. Here the air is a rarer medium and water is a denser medium.

Q2. Light enters from air to glass having a refractive index of 1.50. What is the speed of light in the glass? The speed of light in a vacuum is 3*10⁸ ms^-1.

Ans. Given: refractive index (n) = 1.50;

speed of light in vacuum (c) = 3*10⁸ ms^-1.

To find: speed of light in the glass (v) =?

As we know n = c/v

1.50 = 3*10⁸ ms^-1/v

1.50v = 3*10⁸ ms^-1

v = 3*10⁸ ms^-1/1.50

v = 2*10⁸ ms^-1

^{therefore, speed of light in glass (v) =}2*10⁸ ms^-1.

Table 1.3 Absolute refractive index of some material media.

Material Medium	Refractive index	Material Medium	Refractive index
Air	1.0003	Canada Basalam	1.53
Ice	1.31	Rock salt	1.54
Water	1.33	Carbon disulphide	1.63
Alcohol	1.36	Dense flint glass	1.65
Kerosene	1.44	Ruby	1.71
Fused quartz	1.46	Sapphire	1.77
Turpentine oil	1.47	Diamond	2.42
Benzene	1.50
Crown glass	1.52

Q3. Find out, from Table 1.3, the medium having highest optical density. Also, find the medium with lowest optical density.

Ans. The optical density of any medium directly depends upon its refractive index that means a medium with the highest refractive index will have the highest optical density and vice-versa.

Hence it is clear from table 1.3, that Air has the lowest optical density and Diamond has the highest optical density because of their lowest and highest refractive index.

Q4. You are given Kerosene, Turpentine, and Water. In which of these does the light travel fastest? Use the information given in Table 1.3.

Ans. The speed of light is inversely proportional to the refractive index so, the light will travel fast in a medium having the lowest refractive index. Therefore, the light will travel fast in Water as compare to Kerosene and Turpentine.

Q5. The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this statement?

Ans. The statement, The refractive index of Diamond is 2.42 means that the speed of light in Diamond is lowest as compared to the air and by a factor of 2.42.

We know, n = c/v

2.42 = c/v

v = c/2.42

This means the speed of light in Diamond is 1/2.42 times the speed of light in a vacuum.

page no. 22

Q1. Define 1 dioptre of power of a lens.

Ans. Dioptre is a SI unit of power of a lens. It is denoted by the letter D.1 D or 1 dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 meter. 1D = 1m.

The power P of a lens of focal length f is given by

P = 1/f(in m).

Q2. A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a needle at a distance of 50cm from it. Where is the needle placed in front of the convex lens if the image is equal to the size of the object? Also, find the power of the lens.

Ans. Since it is given that size of the image is equal to the size of the object or u=-v=-50 therefore, it is clear that the needle is placed in front of the lens at a distance of 50cm.

Power of lens (P) = 1/focal length(f)

to find the Power of the lens we first need to find f

Using lens formula

1/v - 1/u = 1/f

image distance (v) = 50

object distance (u) = -50

putting values

1/50 - 1/(-50) =1/f

1/50 + 1/50 = 1/f

1+1/50 = 1/f

2/50 = 1/f

1/25 = 1/f

f = 25cm =0.25m

therefore, P = 1/0.25

P = 100/25

P = 4D

Q3. Find the power of a concave lens of focal length 2m.

Ans. Given: focal length (f) of concave lens = 2m.

To find: power (P) of concave lens =?

P = 1/f

P = 1/-2m

P = -0.5D

page no. 24 Exercises

Q1. Which one of the following materials cannot be used to make a lens?

(a) Water (b) Glass (c) Plastic (d) Clay

Ans. (c) & (d)

Q2. The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be virtual, erect and larger than the object. Where should be the position of the object?

(a) Between the principle focus and the center of curvature.

(b) At the center of curvature.

(d) Between the pole of the mirror and its principle focus.

Ans. (d)

Q3. Where should an object be placed in front of a convex lens to get a real image of the size of the object?

(a) At the principle focus of the lens.

(b) At twice the focal length.

(d) Between the optical center of the lens and its principle focus.

Ans. (b)

Q4. A spherical mirror and a thin spherical lens have each a focal length of -15cm. The mirror and the lens are likely to be-

(a) Both concave.

(b) Both convex.

(d) Between the pole of the mirror and its principle focus.

Ans. (a)

Q5. No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your image appears erect. The mirror is likely to be

(a) Plane.

(b) Concave.

(d) Either plane or convex.

Ans. (d)

Q6. Which of the following lenses would you prefer to use while reading small letters found in a dictionary?

(a) A convex lens of focal length 50cm.

(b) A concave lens of focal length 50cm.

(d) A concave lens of focal length 5cm.

Ans. (c)

Q7. We wish to obtain an erect Image of an object, using a concave mirror of focal length 15cm. What should be the range of distance of the object from the mirror? What is the nature of the image? Is the image larger or smaller than the object? Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation In this case.

Ans. As we have to obtain an erect image of an object using concave mirror of focal length 15cm, the range of the object from the mirror must be from 0 to 15. Therefore, the object should be placed between the pole and the principal focus of the mirror. NATURE of the image: Virtual and Erect. SIZE of image will be larger than the size object.

Diagram

Name the type of mirror used in the following situations,

(a) Headlights of the car,

Ans. We use concave mirror for the head lights of the car because concave mirror will produce a strong parallel beam of light when the light source is placed at principal focus.

(b) Side/rear-view mirror of a vehicle,

Ans. We use convex mirror in vehicles for side rear-view because of its largest field of view, it forms virtual, erect and diminished image of the object.

Ans. We use Concave mirror for solar furnace because the light from the sun is concentrated at the focus of the mirror which produces heat.

Support your answer with reason.

Q8. One-half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper. Will this lens produce a complete image of the object? Verify your answer experimentally. Explain your observations.

Ans. Yes, it will produce a complete image of the object. This can be verified experimentally by observing the image of a distant object, When the lower half of the lens is covered with a black paper, a ray of light coming from the object is refracted by the upper half of the lens. These rays meet at the other side of the lens to form the image of the object as shown in the figure. However, the intensity or brightness of image will reduce.

Q9. An object 5cm in length is held 25cm away from a converging lens of focal length 10cm. Draw the ray diagram and find the position, size and the nature of the image formed.

Ans. Given: Object size (h1) = 5cm

Object distance (u) = -25cm

Focal length of Lens (f) = 10cm

To find: Image distance (v) & Image size (h2)

Sol: Using lens formula: 1/v - 1/u = 1/f

1/v - 1/(-25) = 1/10

1/v + 1/25 = 1/10

1/v = 1/10 - 1/25

1/v = 5-2/50

1/v = 3/50

v = 50/3

v = 16.6cm

As v is positive, the image formed will be real.

magnification (m) = v/u

= 16.6/-25

= -0.66cm

m is also equal to h2/h1

Therefore, h2/h1 = -0.66

h2/5 = -0.66

h2 = -0.66/5

h2 = -3.3cm

The negative sign shows the image is inverted.

Q10. A concave lens of focal length 15 cm forms an image 10 cm from the lens. how far is the object placed from the lens? Draw the ray diagram.

Ans. Given : Focal length (f) = -15cm.

Image distance (v) = -10cm.

To Find : Object distance (u) = ?

Sol : Using lens formula: 1/v - 1/u = 1/f

1/-10 - 1/u = 1/-15

-1/u = 1/-15 + 1/10

-1/u = -2+3/30

-1/u = 1/30

u = -30

Q11. An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Find the position and nature of image.

Ans. Given : Focal length (f) = 15cm.

Object distance (u) = -10cm.

To Find : Image distance (v) = ?

Sol : Using Mirror formula: 1/v + 1/u = 1/f

1/v + 1/(-10) = 1/15 1/v = 1/15 + 1/10

1/v = 2+3/30

1/v = 1/6

v = 6

here, + sign denotes the image is at the back of the mirror. It must be virtual, erect, and smaller in size than the object.

Q12. The magnification produced by a plane mirror is +1. What does this mean?

Ans. The magnification produced by a plane mirror is +1, this means h2=h1 i.e. size of image is equal to size of object + sign of m indicates that the image is erect and hence virtual.

Q13. An object 5.0 cm in length is placed at a distance of 20 cm in front of a convex mirror of radius of curvature 30 cm. Find the position of the image, its nature and size.

Ans. Given : Object size (h1) = 5.0cm.

Object distance (u) = -20cm.

Radius of curvature (R) = 30cm.

To Find : Image distance (v) =?

Image size (h2) =?

Sol : 1/v+1/u = 1/f

since f = R/2

1/f = 2/R

therefore, 1/v+1/u = 2/R

b 1/v+1/(-20) = 2/30

1/v-1/20 = 2/30

1/v = 2/30+1/20

1/v =4+3/60

1/v =7/60

v =60/7

Here, positive sign of v indicates that the image is at the back of the mirror and is virtual and erect.

As m = h2/h1 = -v/u

= h2/5 = -60/7/-20

= h2/5 = 60/7 * 1/20

= h2 = 3/7 * 5/1

= h2 = 15/7

Q14. An object of size 7.0 cm is placed at 27 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 18 cm. At what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed, so that a sharp focused image can be obtained? Find the size and nature of the image.

Ans.

Given : Focal length (f) = -18cm.

Object size (h1) = 7cm.

Object distance (u) = -27cm.

To Find : Image distance (v) = ?

Image size (h2) = ?

Sol : 1/v+1/u = 1/f

1/v = 1/f -1/u

1/v = 1/-18 - 1/(-27)

1/v = 1/-18 + 1/(27)

1/v = -3+2/54

1/v = -1/54

v = -54

therefore, the screen should should be held in front of the mirror at a distance of 54cm from the mirror. The image obtained on screen will be real.

As m = h2/h1 = -v/u

= h2/7 = -(-54)/-27

=h2 = 54/-27*7

=h2 = 2/-1*7

=h2 = -14cm

Here, negative sign of h2 shows that the image is inverted.

Q15. Find the focal length of a lens of power -2.0 D. What type of lens is this?

Ans.

Given : Power (p) = -2D

To Find : focal length (f) = ?

Sol : f = 100/p

f = 100/(-2)

f = -50cm

Here, negative sign indicates that the lens must be concave.

Q16. A doctor has prescribed a corrective lens of power +1.5D. Find the focal length of the lens. Is the prescribed lens diverging or converging?

Ans.

Given : Power (p) = +1.5D

To Find : focal length (f) = ?

Sol : f = 100/p

f = 100/1.5)

f = 66.6cm

There, the prescribed lens is converging.

NCERT SOLUTIONS FOR CLASS 10 HISTORY CHAPTER 1

2021-02-27T22:56:00.003+05:30

1. THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

WRITE IN BRIEF :

1. Write a note on :

a) Guiseppe Mazzini

ANS: Guiseppe Mazzini was an Italian journalist and political activist and revolutionary who worked for the unification of Italy in the nineteenth century. He believed that nations are the natural units of mankind, so Italy should be united and this unification could be the basis of liberty. For this purpose he set up two secret societies namely "YOUNG ITALY" and "YOUNG EUROPE". These societies helped in the spread of his ideas. He was against the Monarchy and Conservative ideology. He was described as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order' by Metternich. Guiseppe Mazzini was nicknamed as the " beating heart of Italy" for his efforts to unite Italy.

b) Count Camillo de Cavour

ANS: Count Camillo de Cavour was also known as Cavour. He was born in Turin (Italy) on 10 August 1810. He was the leading figure in the unification of Italy. He was a non-revolutionary who planned for the establishment of a united country. The credit of unification of Italy goes to him. The historians bestow upon him the honor of being Bismarck of Italy. Before becoming the first Prime Minister of Italy in 1852, he also served as the Foreign Minister of Navy. He believed in free trade, public right of opinion and secular rule. The powerful diplomatic relationship with France helped him to defeat the Austrian Military Force in 1859. He dedicated himself for the independence and unification of Italy except Rome. He died on 6 June 1861.

c) The Greek war of independence

ANS: Since the fifteenth century Greek had been the part of Great Ottoman Empire. The growth of nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence among Greeks in 1821. This was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1829 against the Ottoman Empire. The Greeks were supported by the western European countries while poets and artists hailed Greece as the Cradle of European civilization. Finally the Greece got independence from Ottomans when she was recognized as an independent nation by the Treaty of Constantinople in 1832.

d) Frankfurt parliament

ANS: Frankfurt parliament was the first freely elected parliament of Germany. It was established after the session held from 18 to 31 May 1848 at St. Paul's Church. Frankfurt parliament was a result of the March revolution of Liberals in the states of German Confederation. It also produced the Frankfurt Constitution which declared that Germany would be headed by Monarchy which in turn would be controlled by the parliament. However this parliament was forced to disband as it was dominated by the middle class who were against the demands of workers.

e) The role of women in nationalist struggles

ANS: A large number of European women actively participated in the nationalist struggles of their countries. They formed their own political associations, published newspapers and took part in political meetings and demonstrations. They also fought for their political rights and equal status in the society. during the beginning of nationalist struggles they looked after their households while the men folk were busy in the political field. To remember her sacrifices woman was made the symbol of visualizing the nation.

2. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?

ANS: The French revolutionaries took the following steps to create the sense of collective identity among the French people:

i. The ideas of the Fatherland and Citizen were introduced to emphasize the unity of all the people under single constitution.

ii. A new French flag (tricolor) was chosen to replace the old royal standard.

iii. New hymns were composed and oaths were taken to commemorate martyrs.

iv. A centralized administrative system was established to formulate and execute laws for the citizens.

v. The uniform system of weights and measures was also adopted.

vi. All the regional dialects of French language were discouraged except that of Paris.

vii. The National Assembly was elected by the body of active citizens.

3. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?

ANS: Marianne and Germania were the women allegories or symbols to represent the nations of France and Germany respectively. Marianne was a popular Christian name portrayed with red cap, tricolor and cockade. Germania was visualized as wearing a crown of oak leaves which stood for heroism. Both these allegories were invented by artists and visualized to represent their nation. their statues were erected in public squares to remind people about the national symbol. They stood for liberty and republican government. The peculiar way of their representation was meant to develop the sense of nationalism in the citizens.

4. Briefly trace the process of German unification.

ANS: Germany was divided into the confederation of 39 principalities. In 1848, middle class Germans with nationalist feelings tried to unite the different regions of German confederation into a nation state governed by an elected parliament. However, this initiative was repressed and crushed by the combined forces of Monarchy and Military. Later in 1860's the Chief Minister of Prussia, Otto Van Bismarck, carried out the unification process. He had to wage three wars with Austria, Denmark and France. Finally in January, 1871, Germany was unified and Kaiser William I was proclaimed as the German emperor in a ceremony held in Versailles.

5. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?

ANS: Napoleon introduced the following changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the areas ruled by him:

I. Napoleon introduced many reforms in the areas ruled by him. He introduced the Civil Code of 1804 usually known as the Napoleonic Code which abolished the privileges based on birth, established equality before law and secured the right to property.

II. Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.

III. In towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication system were improved.

IV. Napoleon introduced uniform laws, standard weights and measures and a common national currency.

V. He tried to create the free market conditions for peasants, businessman and small scale producers.

DISCUSS :

1. Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?

ANS: The 1848 revolution was lead by the educated middle class people of Europe along with the poor, unemployed starving peasants and workers in many European countries for fulfilling their demands of constitutionalism with national unification. They demanded the national unification of some confederation regions like Germany, Italy, Poland etc. They took the advantage of growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-states based on parliamentary principles. On 18 May 1848, 831 elected political associations of Germany marched towards the church of St. Paul in Frankfurt to vote for All German National Assembly. They drafted a constitution in which German Monarch was to be controlled by the parliament. The King of Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, along with other Monarchs rejected and suppressed the assembly.

The political, social and economic ideas supported by the Liberals were:

* Socially, Liberals supported the society based on individual freedom and fraternity.

* The political ideas supported by Liberals included the end of autocracy, rule of law, liberty and democratic government. They wanted the unification of different confederation regions.

* In the economic sphere, Liberals wanted the freedom of market, abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods.

2. Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.

ANS: The development of nationalism did not only came through wars, culture also plays an important role to the growth of nationalism in Europe. The following are the examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe:

I. ROMANTICISM: Romanticism was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual European cultural movement for developing national unity by creating a sense of shared heritage and common history. Romanticism mostly focused on the emotions and mystical feelings to raiser nationalist sentiments. The best example of promoting nationalism was the role played by the European poets and artists which inspired people to support the Greeks in their struggle.

II. The effect of culture in arousing national feelings was presented by a Polish writer Karol Kurpinski. He celebrated the national struggle against the partition of his country through his operas and music and folk dances, which he used as a national feelings of the people of Poland.

III. LANGUAGE: Language also played an important role in the process of developing nationalism as in the case of Siberia, Poland and Russia. It played an important role in the process of building Polish nationalism against the Russian dominance.

3. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century.

ANS: The world was divided into large empires up to the beginning of 19th century. The growth of ideas like nationalism and democracy paved the way for the building of nation-states based on democratic principles. There was growing hatred against the dynastic rule of hereditary monarchs. People influenced by liberal nationalism wanted nation-states instead big empires. They began to form themselves in groups to work for nationalist revolutions. The development of nations in Europe can be observed in the process which Germany and Italy became unified nation-states. Germany became a nation after the 39 principalities were united by the efforts of Prussia in 1871. Similarly, Italy was divided into seven dynastic states. These states were united in 1860 under the leadership of Camillo De Cavour. Thus the nation-states in 19th century developed as a result of revolutions to unite different regions which became the basis of nationalism.

4. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?

ANS: The history of nationalism in Britain was unlike the rest of Europe in the sense that it was forced down upon the masses. There was no concept of a British nation prior to the 18th century. The region was infact inhabited by different ethnic groups (English, Welsh, Scot, Irish). Each group had it's own cultural and political tradition. However, as the English state grew in terms of wealth, importance, and power, it was able to extend it's influence over the other states of the Islands. The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy, played a crucial role in uniting the different groups into a British nation-state, with England as it's Centre. The ethnic nationalities were directly or indirectly forced to join the English state to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain. The symbols of new Britain - The British flag, the national anthem and the English language were widely popularized, while the distinctive identities of the other joining states were systematically suppressed. English culture dominated the British nation. Thus nationalism in Britain did not come about as a result of the people's desire to unite or countrywide movements for the same, but from the decisions of the people in power.

5. Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?

ANS: The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising of present day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Serbia and other states. Most of the Balkan states were under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was getting disintegrated which gave rise to serious issues within this region. This earned Ottoman Empire the name of 'Sick man of Europe'. The spread of nationalism and the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region explosive. Throughout the 18th century the Balkan people demanded independence from Ottoman rule. However, due to ethnic and regional variations the Balkan states were jealous of each other which gave rise to intense conflicts. The situation got worse when the European powers shifted their rivalry to the Balkans. All these big powers wanted to extend their control over Balkans. This led to a series of Balkan wars and finally the First World War in 1914.

YouTube channel for medical students

2020-10-17T14:33:00.698+05:30

YouTube channel for medical students

IF you are a medical student this post is for you because this blog will provide you the best YouTube channel names in which you will learn with funny comics, gifs, microscopic videos.. and will get introduced to the world's leading scientists that shows how science processes and wonders of discoveries.

1. MED SCHOOL INSIDERS: MED SCHOOL INSIDERS is the best YouTube channel for pre-medical and medical students because they provide effective strategies for choosing a career in the medical field. Their videos allow you to become a successful doctor and physician with the tools to live effectively.

2. AMOEBA SISTERS: AMOEBA SISTERS YouTube channel is functioned by two sisters who teach science. The main aim of this channel is to make its viewers easy to understand science by creating comics, videos, and GIFs. The level of the content is useful for medical college students but the main focus is on high school biology.

3. NABIL EBRAHEIM: Dr. Nabil Ebraheim is the chairperson of Orthopedics and Chief at the University of Toledo Medical Center, USA. Dr. Ebraheim is highly skilled in reconstruction surgeries of the pelvis, knee, spin,... He has penned more than 450 papers in peer review journals. The main aim of his channel is to educate everyone about Orthopedics (prevention and correction of injuries and disorder of the skeletal system). His videos are highly informative and designed to help you understand the nature of injuries and situations.

4. KHAN ACADEMY MEDICINE: If you are doing MBBS or preparing for any other medical entrance test this YouTube channel will help you a lot. This channel provides free attractive articles and videos of Biology. Their content has been translated into dozens of languages due to which they get about 15 million views every month. This channel also provides free videos for other subjects like Math, Chemistry, Physics, Economics.

5. iBIOLOGY: This YouTube channel will introduce you to the leading scientists of the world. Their videos are full of discoveries and display how the sciences processes. This channel offers training videos on how to navigate a career in science. They also offer microscopic courses through technique-driven videos. Their main aim is to present the science stories to the viewers.

6. STRONG MEDICINE: Don't get confused here its the name of the YouTube channel, not a drama series. This YouTube channel is run by Eric Strong who is a general practitioner and clinical associate professor of medicine at Stanford University. This YouTube provides Educational videos with different medical topics. They also make on-demand for medical trainees and professionals.

7. Dr. NAJEEB LECTURES: Dr. Najeeb is the world's most popular medical lecturer. On this channel, you will only get free sample videos. They also provide membership on their site where you can access more than 800 videos on Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Medicine with a downloading option.

8. OSMOSIS: OSMOSIS is a great platform to get educated about Health and Medical concept. This channel provides videos in-depth for Health Professionals and Medical Students. Here you will learn how to study more proficiently for any healthcare profession.

9. CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (CDC): The main aim of this channel is to safeguard the health and encourage standard life through the prevention and control of disease, disability, and injury. Their main content is on how to reduce health and economic consequences of the leading cause of death, therefore ensuring a long productive and healthy life for everyone.

10. HEALTHCARE TRIAGE: This channel defines healthcare step by step and is hosted by Dr. Aaron Carroll. Dr. Aaron Carroll explains how to maintain your health. The HEALTHCARE TRIAGE podcast is sponsored by Indiana University School of Medicine, whose mission is to evolve health in the states of Indiana by proficiently innovating excellence in education.

The Living World

2020-07-12T21:09:00.018+05:30

In this living world, GOD has created contrasting living organisms, and to survive in this living world they adapt according to their surroundings.

HERE ARE AMAZING FACTS ABOUT THE LIVING WORLD

1. Bacteria E-Coli lives in the human intestine where it feeds on the food we eat and in turn it secretes vitamins (like B-12) which is important for the human body.

2. Only one percent of the total water absorbed by the plants is used in the process of photosynthesis and the rest of it is lost through transpiration.

3. Among the various components of light, it's a red light in which the rate of photosynthesis is more.

4. Injured neurons are neither replaced nor repaired.

5. Neurons die if deprived of oxygen or glucose for more than a few minutes.

6. At rest an adult breathes 12-14/min, adolescent 14-18/min while children breathe at the rate of 18-22/min.

7. Paramecium (unicellular organism) creates a current in water by beating its cilia which causes food molecules to enter into its cytosome or cell mouth.

8. Because of the absence of centrioles, neurons cannot divide.

9. Cytokinins (a plant hormone) delays the aging of plant organs including cut flowers, vegetables, and fruits.

10. It has been estimated that one in 85 births will produce twins, one in 7500 will produce triplets, one in 650000 will produce quadruplets, and one in 57000000 will produce quintuplets.

History of Virology

2020-04-19T00:38:00.015+05:30

* In 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky applied the chamber land filter(filter with small pores to retain bacteria) to show the existence of a virus in tobacco plant which was able to infect the healthy tobacco plant. This was the beginning of virology.

* In 1901, Walter Reed discover the cause of yellow fever Flavivirus or yellow fever virus is the first human virus.

* In 1903, Adelchi Negri described Rabies Virus in humans.

* In 1908, Vilhelm Ellerman and Oluf Bang discover a Retrovirus that causes Leukosis in chickens.

* In 1911, Peyton Rous discovered cancer-causing virus{Avian Leukosis/Sarcoma group(ALSV) and Reticuloendotheliosis-viruses (REV)} in chickens.

* In 1914, Max Lauffer and Stanley discovered the RNA by detached virus into protein and nucleic acid.

* In 1915, Fredrick Twort and Felix d' Herelle independently discover the bacterial virus. Felix coined the term "Bacteria Phage" which means "Bacteria Eaters".

* In 1918, the Influenza pandemic was the most severe in recent history and it was caused by the H1N1 virus. The virus was not identified until 1933.

* In 1926, viruses were defined as obligate parasites by Thomas Rivers.

* In 1931, Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll invented the first prototype electron microscope which makes the study of the complex structure of viruses easy.

* In 1935, Wendell Stanley concludes viruses are made of proteins by isolating crystals from Tobacco Mosaic Virus(TMV) since living organisms do not crystallize, Wendell concludes that viruses are not truly alive.

* In 1939, Helmut Ruska makes the first image of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus(TMV) by deflecting the beam of light over the virus which was coated in heavy metal atoms.

* In 1940, the First electron micrograph of Bacteria Phage was published which quieten the doubters who had argued that Bacteria Phage was relative to enzymes and not viruses.

* In 1943, Luria Delbruck demonstrated that genetic mutation arises in bacteria, in absence of selection rather than a response to selection i.e., the mutation in bacteria was pre-adoptive.

ncert solutions for class 8 science chapter 1

2019-07-11T16:38:00.013+05:30

SCIENCE CHAPTER 1 MICROORGANISMS FRIEND AND FOE :

MICROORGANISMS : FRIEND AND FOE

TEXT BOOK EXERCISES

Q.1 ) Fill in the blanks:

(a) Microorganisms can be seen with the help of a microscope.

(b) Blue green algae fix nitrogen directly from air to enhance fertility of soil.

(c) Alcohol is produced with the help of yeast.

(d) Cholera is caused by bacteria.

Q.2 ) Identify the correct answer :

(a) Yeast is used in the production of

Sugar

Alcohol

Hydrochloric acid

Oxygen

(b) The following is an antibiotic

Sodium bicarbonate

Streptomycin

Alcohol

Yeast

(c) Carrier of malaria - causing protozoan is :

Female Anopheles mosquito

Cockroach

Housefly

Butterfly

(d) The most common carrier of communicable disease is

Ant

Housefly

Dragonfly

Spider

(e) The bread of idli dough rises because of

Heat

Grinding

Growth of yeast cells

Kneading

(f) The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol is called :

Nitrogen fixation

Molding

Fermentation

Infection

Q.3 ) Match the organisms in column 'A' with their action in column 'B'.

Q.4 ) Can microorganisms be seen with the naked eye? If no, how can they be seen?

Ans. No, microorganisms can't be seen with naked eyes because they are too small to be seen. We can only see them with the help of microscope.

Q.5) What are the major groups of microorganisms?

Ans. The various groups of microorganisms are:

Bacteria

Fungi

Protozoan

Algae

Virus

Q.6)Name the microorganisms which can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.

Ans. The microorganisms which can fix atmospheric nitrogen are:

Rhizobium

Blue green algae

Azotobacter

Clostridium

Q.7) Write 10 lines on the usefulness of microorganisms in our lives.

Ans.10 lines on the usefulness of microorganisms in our lives are as follows:

1. Microorganisms are used in making anti-bodies.

2. Microorganisms like lactobacillus helps in the formation of curd.

3. Microorganisms like yeast helps in the formation of alcohol, vinegar and bread.

4. Microorganisms like rhyzobium fix atmospheric nitrogen.

5. Microorganisms are used to prepare medicines.

6. Microorganisms clean our environment.

7. Microorganisms are used to prepare vaccines.

8. Microorganisms increase our soil fertility.

9. Microorganisms are used in various processes like fermentation.

10. Microorganisms like protozoans form an important link in the food chain.

Q.8) Write a short paragraph on the harms caused by microorganisms.

Ans. Microorganisms are harmful to us in many ways.Some microorganisms cause various types of diseases in human beings, animals and also in plants. For example; cholera, tuber tuberculosis, anthrax, foot and mouth disease, black root of cabbage, white rust of mustard etc. The microorganisms which cause diseases are known as pathogens. Some microorganisms spoil food, clothes, leather, etc. Some microorganisms cause poisoning.

Q.9) What are antibiotics? What precautions must be taken while taking antibiotics?

Ans)Antibiotics are the chemicals produced by certain microorganisms and are used to kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Antibiotics are also called antibacterials.It was discovered by Alexander Flemmings. They are not effective agent viruses.

The precautions while taking antibiotics are:1. Antibiotics should be taken only when prescribed by a qualified doctor.2. Course advised by the doctor should be completed.3. Antibiotics should not be taken in excess because it can damage useful microorganisms in the body.

ICC Cricket World Cup

2019-07-06T22:35:00.053+05:30

AMAZING FACTS ABOUT CRICKET WORLD CUP :

1. The first Cricket
World Cup was held in England in 1975.

2. Before 1975, a separate Women's Cricket World Cup was played in 1973.

3. In 1975 the first Cricket World Cup was played in England as a series of One-Day matches of 60 overs per team i.e; instead of 50 overs, each team played 60 overs.

4. Cricket World Cup was played outside England, in India and Pakistan, for the first time in 1987.

5. After the year 1987, there were only 50 overs for each team in a match, before that there were 60 overs per team.

6. Australia is the only team in a Cricket World Cup, which has won three consecutive World Cup tournaments.

7. Clive Lloyd and Ricky Pointing are the only captains who have won the World Cup two times. Lloyd won the World Cup in the years 1975 and 1979. Ricky Pointing won the World Cup in the Years 2003 and 2007.

8. Shahid Afridi of Pakistan has a unique record of taking four or more than four wickets in a match in four World Cups.

9. Roy Fredricks of West Indies is the first player to be out by hit-wicket in ODI history. In the final World Cup of the year 1975, Roy Fredricks, an opener of West Indies lost his balance and hit the leg stump with his left leg.

10. In 1988, Pakistan's World Cup-winning captain Imran Khan returned to international cricket after announcing his retirement the previous year i.e; in 1987. He returned because of the request of the Pakistani President, General Zia-Ul-Haq so that he will represent the country again. His inspirational captaincy gave Pakistan their first World Cup.

11. The ICC knockout tournament was inaugurated in 1998, It was changed to the Champions Trophy in 2002.

12. In 1894, there was a match between Victoria and Australia, the Batsman hit the ball and ball stuck in a tree, the Batsman kept running and scored 286 runs on that ball.

13. In the 2019 World Cup, Pakistan was the only team that beat both finalists.(NEW ZELAND and ENGLANG)

amazing animals and their features

2019-07-01T20:16:00.010+05:30

10 AMAZING THINGS ABOUT 10 DIFFERENT ANIMALS :

1. Why is it difficult for the wandering albatross to take off?

Wandering albatross are quite heavy, and have to do a warm-up before lifting themselves into the air - just like an aircraft that increases its speed on the runway. They often have difficulty if the wind speed is below 12 km/hr. They usually glide when they are in the air because a lot of energy is consumed in flapping their wings. Albatrosses, which have the largest wingspan of 3.5m in the animal kingdom, cover thousands of kilometers in the air and are capable of remaining in the air without flapping their wings for several hours. They mate for life and return to the small islands to the north of the Antarctic for breeding.

2. What do the walruses use their tusks for?

Male walruses show their age and social rank in the herd through the length of their tusks. They use them to form and maintain holes in the ice and in climbing out of the water onto the ice. They do not need the tusks for hunting because they feed mainly on shells and small animals. Like the tusks of the elephant, walrus tusks have been used for tools as well as materials for handicrafts. The Eskimos, who have been feeding on walruses for centuries, make artistic carvings from their tusks.

3. What do the antelopes living in the desert drink?

Many antelopes, such as the White Oryx found in the Arabian peninsula, have adapted themselves to a life in the desert. They do not drink water but eat when it is cooler and when the plants are wet with dewdrops. They pass very little moisture out of their bodies because their bodies have a system of cooling the blood before it reaches the brain. Their fur is generally paler on their underside to reflect ground heat away from the stomach.

4. What is Krill?

Krill is a Norwegian word that means 'whale food'. These are small shrimps about 6 cm long, which feed mainly on algae and are found in huge swarms in the cold waters. Krill is the main food of whales, octopuses, seals, penguins, albatrosses, and other sea birds. Krill is also known as the light shrimp because it has luminous organs as the eyestalk and on various parts of the body, which emit a yellow-green light.

5. Why do flamingos stand on one leg?

The flamingo stands on one leg to conserve body heat and energy. Its long featherless legs cause considerable heat loss through the exposed skin. The flamingo tucks one leg into its body feathers to warm it, alternating each leg as needed. They may also stamp their feet in the mud to stir up food from the bottom. Another amazing fact about flamingo is that the pink color on the feathers of the flamingo is due to the eating of colored crabs by them. It was found that if flamingos do not eat crabs - such as in zoos - their plumage slowly turns white.

6. Do Bison still exist in the prairie?

Today there are about 400,000 bison in the North American steppes, but they had almost become extinct about 120 years before. At that time the few remaining animals were transferred to the Yellowstone National Park in North America to protect them. Bison are nomadic grazers and are usually peaceful, unconcerned, and even lazy. However, they may attack, often without warning and for no apparent reason. The Native Americans lived on the meat of the animal and used the skin, fur, bones, and tendons to make a variety of things like tents, clothes, tools, weapons, etc.

7. Which frogs are poisonous?

The colorful poison-arrow frogs of Central and South America secrete a poisonous toxin through their skin, which paralyzes the muscles and can lead to death within 20 minutes in humans. The frogs are called poison-arrow frogs because their toxins have been used by Native Americans in the poisoning of their arrows to kill animals quickly. Poison-arrow frogs frequently spawn in the water-filled leaf funnels of plants, which are located high up in the trees.

8. How do orcas hunt?

Killer whales (Orcinus orca), known as Ocra, are among the most intelligent marine predators. They hunt mostly in groups of more than five animals. They hunt fishes, sea birds, seals, dolphins, and also other whales, and employ different hunting techniques. They hit their powerful tail-fins in a swarm of herrings to stun them. They also use the wave-hunting technique: they create strong waves to wash seals off floating ice. They even attack grey whales after isolating an individual animal from the group.

9. Why do animals live in herds?

Herds offer protection. This is important mainly for herbivores, who live in open areas with no cover from predators. Many animals like antelopes, zebras, wild horses, and bison live together in herds. Some animals guard the herd and keep a watch for the predators like lions or wolves while the others can graze peacefully. The predators do not dare to attack the whole group so they try to separate a weak or sick animal from the herd and attack it individually.

10. Why do vultures not have feathers on their heads and necks?

Vultures are scavengers. They need to rip off pieces of meat from dead animals with their powerful beaks, and often need to stick their heads deep inside the dead body. Feathers on the head and at the neck would become dirty or get caught in something. Dead animals often pose a risk of spreading infectious diseases. Vultures eat them and so are often known as the 'health police' of nature.

CLICK FOR AMAZING FACTS ABOUT ANIMALS

https://dotinfopoint.blogspot.com/2019/01/amazing-facts.html#more

Poisonous Plants

2019-05-05T16:15:00.088+05:30

5 POISONOUS PLANTS:

Many plants in the world are so harmful towards other living organisms generally human beings but they don't look harmful and attract us. So let's know about 5 of the world's dangerous plants.

1. Potatoes: are safe to eat when
cooked but the stems and leaves of the plant contain a poison called SOLANINE. If potatoes turn green, they may also contain SOLANINE. So we should avoid potatoes that are green, soft, moldy, mushy, and wrinkled.

2.Ricin: is extracted from the seeds of the castor oil plant and is more poisonous than cyanide or snake venom. Even minute doses of ricin can be fatal. Ricin can be made from the waste material left over from processing castor beans. It can be in the form of powder, pellet, mist, or can be dissolved in weak acid or water.

3. Opium: is extracted from the juice of a poppy and contains morphine. Small quantities of both are used legally as pain-relieving medicines and illegally as drugs. Both can easily can cause death.

4. The death cap: is a highly poisonous mushroom. It is responsible for almost 90% of the death from eating fungi. The poison causes severe diarrhea and vomiting. It is generally found in the northern hemisphere. It grows throughout the entire temperate zone of Europe, Asia, and North Africa.

5. Deadly nightshade: is also known as belladonna. It contains a poison called atropine. Less than 10 milligrams could kill a child.

6. Nicotine: Nicotine is a yellow oily liquid found in tobacco. About 50 milligrams of nicotine would kill an adult within minutes.

7. The leaves of the purple foxglove: contain digitalis and eating just a few can be fatal. Digitalis is used in tiny doses to treat people suffering from heart disease.

8. Strychnine: Strychine comes from the Koochla tree, which grows in Myanmar and India. It is one of the deadliest poisons known.

9. Plumeria: all the parts are toxic. The milky can cause vomiting. Flowers or leaves of the plant cause itching give a burning sensation and irritate the digestive system.

10. Calotropis plants: Also known as MADAR in India and are found abandoned in an open area, farmland, and grassland. The milky latex from the leaves and stem contains poison.

Trade

2019-04-09T17:09:00.010+05:30

HOW WAS TRADE DONE EARLIER?

The stone age men were not aware of any trading. They hunted for their requirements, later they started cultivating fields. When the wild animals became scarce in a particular area or the crop was bad, tribes moved forward. Eventually, people came across the other groups that cultivated and produced different things - exchange of goods started. For the exchange of goods, the value of the goods had to be determined. This could not be done without numbers, measures, etc. Then the scales and calculating devices such as Abacus were invented, the trading activity expanded and a real triangular trade arose.

WHO INVENTED THE NUMBERS?

The first written number system is about 5000 years old and comes from the Sumerians in Mesopotamia. But man wanted to specify quantities even much earlier: of the animals killed or of mushrooms. In the beginning, man counted using the finger joints on each hand. Even today, young children are taught to count on their fingers. It is known about the Stone Age man that he used tallies by cutting notches in wood, bones, and stones. Similar tally sticks were used in England till the 19th century.

HOW DOES AN ABACUS WORK?

Abacus is the most ancient tool used for calculations. It consists of a frame with rods or wires, on which spheres are beaded. The value of the spheres depends on the rod, on which they are beaded: units, tens, hundreds, and so on. By moving the balls one can do the four simple mathematical operations as well as more difficult calculations. The result can then be read from the position of the balls. Abacus is used even today in some countries of retailers, such as China and Russia.

WHAT IS TRIANGULAR TRADE?

Triangular trade means trading through a third party. There is no direct exchange between two trading partners. Instead, dealers buy the goods from an overseas market and sell them in the home market of the consumer. They are, therefore, an intermediary between the manufacturer and the consumer and making a living from the profit made by selling the goods. The term triangular trade is often associated with the trading of slaves in the 18th century: Europeans traveled to Africa with goods like weapons, cloth, salt, bought slaves in return, and sold them in America in exchange for cane sugar products such as rum.

WHO INVENTED THE SCALE?

In 500 BC, the Egyptians were the first people to build the beam balance and weigh goods. Pans hung from the ends of a balance beam. In one pan the load to be weighed was placed, and in the second pan, the weights were put, until both the pans were perfectly balanced. The earliest and the smallest unit of weight was a grain of wheat and it was used to weigh gold. The steelyard has been used as a weighting device since 2000 BC. It has two arms of different lengths and uses a counterweight that slides along the calibrated longer arm to counterbalance the load on the other arm and indicate its weight.

HOW WERE DISTANCES MEASURED?

In ancient times, the Egyptians and the Babylonians used their body parts as measurement tools. A very old unit of measurement is the cubit: It is the length from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. Smaller lengths were specified by the length of a finger or the span of the palm-this is the stretched hand from the tip of the thumb to that of the little finger. The foot was also used to measure distances-just as the step and the double step. The Romans also used these measures. A Roman mile had a thousand double steps, and each double step measured five Roman feet.

WHAT IS BASIC STRUCTURE OF CELL?

2019-03-30T19:48:00.004+05:30

BASIC STRUCTURE OF CELL

CELL MEMBRANE :

Cell membranes consist of a lipid bilayer and associated proteins and carbohydrates. In the bilayer, the hydrophilic portions of the lipids are arranged on the external and cytosolic surfaces, and the hydrophobic tails are located in the interior. Transmembrane proteins are anchored to the core of the bi-layer by their hydrophobic

regions and can be removed only by detergents that disrupt the bi-layer. Peripheral membrane proteins are attached to the surface of the membrane by weak electrostatic forces and are easy to remove by altering the pH or ionic strength of their environment.

CYTOPLASM AND CELL ORGANELLES :

The Cytoplasm is a dynamic fluid environment bounded by the cell membrane. It contains various membrane-bound organelles, nonmembranous structures (such as lipid droplets, glycogen, and pigment granules), and structural or cytoskeletal proteins in either a soluble or insoluble form. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a continuous tubular meshwork that may be either smooth (SER) or rough (RER) were studded with ribosomes. RER is involved in protein synthesis while the SER is involved in steroid synthesis and detoxification. The discoid stacks (CGN, cis, medial, trans, and TGN as one moves from the RER-side to the secretory vesicle-side) of the Golgi apparatus are involved in packaging and routing proteins for export or delivery to other organelles, including lysosomes and peroxisomes. Lysosomes degrade intracellular and imported debris, and peroxisomes oxidize a variety of substrates, through beta-oxidation and are the sole source of plasmalogens. Targeting sequences include KDEL, which targets ER proteins from the Golgi to the ER, and mannose 6-phosphate, which targets proteins to the lysosome. Mannose 6-phosphate receptors are found in the Golgi and lysosomes. In the absence of mannose 6phosphate on lysosomal enzymes (I-cell disease) they follow the default pathway and are secreted from the cell. Lysosomal enzymes are specific for the substrate; the absence of specific enzymes results in lysosomal storage diseases such as Tay-Sachs. Secretory granules leave the TGN to dock with the plasma membrane. In that process, v-SNARE on the vesicle docks with t-SNARE on the cell membrane and requires Rab GTPase-activity, linking to tethering proteins, and eventually to a receptor protein in the cell membrane. Receptor-mediated endocytosis is the process that permits the selective uptake of molecules into the cell using clathrin-coated pits and vesicles. Molecules not recycled to the cell membrane enter early endosomes and subsequently late endosomes by way of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). The late endosome is more acidic than the early endosome and generally leads to the degradation of the molecules in lysosomes. There are several major pathways for the shuttling of receptors and ligands.

• The internalized ligand-receptor complex dissociates in the early endosome with the recycling of receptors [e.g., low density-lipoprotein (LDL)LDL-receptor complex].

• Receptor and ligand are recycled (e.g., iron-transferrin-transferrin receptor complex).

• The internalized ligand-receptor complex dissociates in the late endosome and is degraded in the lysosome (e.g., growth factors such as epidermal growth factor).

• Internalized ligand-receptor passes through the cell (transcytosis) and is released at another surface (e.g., IgA uptake by small intestinal enterocytes).

Only the nucleus, which is the repository of the genetic information stored in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and the mitochondria, which are the storage sites of energy for cellular function in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), are enclosed in double membranes. Also included in the cytoplasm are three classes of proteins that form the cytoskeletal infrastructure: actin bundles that determine the shape of the cell; intermediate filaments that stabilize the cell membrane and cytoplasmic contents; and microtubules (tubulin), which use molecular motors (i.e., dynein and kinesin) to move organelles within the cell.

NUCLEUS :

The nucleus consists of nuclear envelope that is continuous with the ER, chromatin, matrix, and a nucleolus the site of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) synthesis and initial ribosomal assembly. The nuclear envelope contains pores for bidirectional transport and is supported by intermediate filament proteins, the lamins. Chromatin consists of euchromatin (eu = true), which is an open form of DNA that is actively transcribed, and heterochromatin that is quiescent. There is a sequential packing of chromatin beginning with the DNA double helix, which is combined with histones to form the nucleosomes, the smallest unit of chromatin structure. This is the “beads on a string” structure with the histones forming the octamer arrangement of paired H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. H1 is the linker histone. The nucleosomes are connected by strands of protein-free DNA, so-called linker DNA. Nucleases degrade the linker DNA, but nucleosome particles are protected against micrococcal nuclease activity because of the close interaction of DNA with histone proteins. The next orders of packing are the 30 nm chromatin fibril, the chromatin fiber with loops of chromatin fibrils, and chromatin fibers loosely or tightly packed in euchromatin and heterochromatin respectively. During cell division, DNA is accurately replicated and divided equally between two daughter nuclei. Equal distribution of chromosomes is accomplished by the microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The separation of cytoplasm (cytokinesis) occurs through the action of an actin contractile ring. The cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, and G2), and the stages of mitosis (M): prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The cell cycle is regulated at the G1/S and G2/M boundaries (checkpoints) by phosphorylation of complexes of a protein kinase [cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) protein] and a cyclin (cytoplasmic oscillator). For example, the G2/M interface is regulated by the M-Cdk complex (formerly called Mitosis Promoting Factor, MPF), which is responsible for the phosphorylation of spindle proteins, histones, and lamins. Phosphorylation of lamins results in their breakdown as well as the dissolution of the nuclear envelope. There are different cyclins and Cdks for each of the cell cycle checkpoints. Overarching the Cdks are the Cdk inhibitors that form an additional regulatory layer at each of the cell cycle checkpoints. The Study of the cell cycle is critical to an understanding of the regulation of abnormal proliferation as occurs in cancer cells. Two tumor suppressor genes that have been well studied are the retinoblastoma gene (Rb) and p53. Rb is active (suppressing growth) in the hypophosphorylated state and inactive in the hyperphosphorylated form. In its nonphosphorylated form, Rb serves as a brake on the cell cycle at the G1/S interface by binding to the transcription factor, E2F. Stimulation by growth factors results in phosphorylation and release of the brake; E2F is free to turn on transcription of cell cycle genes, allowing cells to traverse the G1/S interface. Mutations in Rb occur in tumors; a mutation has the same effect as inactivating Rb leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation as E2F transcribes cell cycle genes. p53 is a protective gene or molecular policeman, which prevents the replication of damaged DNA and stimulates repair. p53 acts as a transcription factor and also works through the Cdk inhibitors to arrest the cell cycle at the G1/S interface. p53 mutations are found in many human tumors.

WHY DO WE FALL ILL?

2019-03-20T17:02:00.012+05:30

WHY DO WE FALL ILL?

Some diseases are caused by bacteria and some, such as Aids and the common cold, are caused by viruses. Normally, our immune system protects us against diseases. But sometimes our body- because of too little sleep or a lot of stress- becomes so weak that the immune system does not work properly and we succumb to diseases. Luckily, we can get ourselves vaccinated against some dangerous diseases.

WHY DO WE COUGH AND SNEEZE WHEN WE HAVE A COLD?

When we have a cold, the disease-causing germs reach the respiratory tract, and mucus builds in the bronchia. These are the branches of the air pipe that go inside the lungs. The body tries to get rid of this mucus by coughing vigorously and throwing the disease-causing germs out of the lungs along with air. The same thing happens when we sneeze. The nasal mucus is stimulated and the nose starts to tingle. We have to sneeze and in this case, too the germs are thrown outside forcefully.

DID YOU KNOW:

While coughing, the air is thrown out of the mouth at a speed of over 800 km/h? Jet planes fly at this speed!

HOW DOES THE BODY WARD OFF DISEASES?

Apart from the skin as a protective covering, our body has several other defense mechanisms. The white blood cells and the lymphatic system play an important role in warding off diseases. Some important lymph nodes are the tonsils and the spleen. Here, the white blood cells are taught with substances that belong to the body and which do not. If foreign substances come inside the body, the macrophages or the Killer cells start tracking and destroying them. Fever accelerates this process. However, if the fever rises above 42 degrees Celsius, the proteins in the body clump together, get destroyed, and may cause death. If the body's defense mechanism alone is not able to get rid of the diseases, we can take medicines to assist it.

WHY ARE WE VACCINATED?

Vaccinations protect us against life-threatening infectious diseases. Vaccination is the injection of weekend or dead disease-causing germs into the body. The immune system reacts to the weekend germs of disease just as it would if the body was infected with that disease. The immune system of the body fights with germs by producing antibodies. In this way, the body recognizes and notes the type of germ and learns how to combat it. If the actual disease-causing germs enter the body later, the body recognizes and destroys them before they can cause any harm. We need to be vaccinated against life-threatening illness like tetanus ( lockjaw disease), which is often caused by minor injuries, diphtheria, which causes difficulty in breathing, and polio, which cause severe damage to the nervous system.

WHAT IS AIDS?

AIDS is a short form for 'Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome', which means having a defective immune system. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) which is transmitted during a blood transfusion or sexual intercourse inside the body, the virus attaches itself to specific white blood cells, which are important for the body's immune system. Subsequently, the virus penetrates these cells, destroys them, and produces new HIV viruses. If uncontrolled, the virus slowly destroys the entire immune system of the body. Even minor illnesses like the common cold can assume series proportions. There is a medicine that can slow down the onset of AIDS, but none to completely cure it.

WHAT IS AN ALLERGY?

An allergy is the strong, often 'exaggerated', way in which the body reacts to a substance. An allergic tendency develops when the body learns to fight a certain substance strongly and in the wrong way. In case of high fever, for instance, the patient experiences a bodily reaction to the pollen grains of certain plants. When these pollen grains are inhaled in the spring season, the nose swells up, the eyes become watery, and excessive sneezing starts. Allergic reactions can be reduced and controlled with the help of medicines.

Facts About The Earth

2019-03-19T08:33:00.010+05:30

FACTS ABOUT THE EARTH

1) Dinosaurs were wiped out by volcanoes that erupted in India about 65 million years ago.

2) There arevolcanoes on other planets too. The Olympus Mons on Mars is the highest volcano in our solar system, with a height of 26.4km.

3) About 10,000 earthquakes occur every year, of which only a few cause damages.

4) Most of the tsunamis do not cause any damage, as they occur in sparsely populated Pacific areas.

5) Animals often behave strangely or flee before an earthquake. They seem to sense something, which we cannot experience.

6) Some people are planning to haul icebergs to countries that have water scarcity.

7) Glaciers carry away whatever is added to them from any direction.

8) A few people 'plan for gold' in the Alps as a hobby.

9)Earlier people used to throw 'bottle messages' in the ocean currents to find out the direction of flow.

10) Around 12,000 years ago, in the last ice age, the gulf stream dried up.

11) Even at full moon, the Earth is positioned in between the sun and the moon. It is only when there is a lunar eclipse that the Earth is exactly in line with the sun and moon.

12) There is a term known as "light pollution". It refers to the cities that illuminates the night sky and creates difficulties for the astronomers in studying the night sky.

13) The flag of the Australia features a constellation on it. This constellation is called the "Southern cross". We can see it only we are in southern hemisphere.

14) The footprints of the astronauts can remain on the surface of the moon for a long time because they are not blown over by the wind.

15) During a solar eclipse, the shadow of the moon is not smoothly demarcated, but slightly jagged. This happens because of the mountains and craters on the moon. The sun 'flashes' through some of the craters of the moon and forms a ring, resembling a pearl necklace, in the sky.

16) The Greek word 'planet' means 'wanderer'. The name indicates that contrary to the stars, the planets 'wander' across the sky.

17) Once every 15 years the rings of Saturn seem to disappear. This is because Saturn and Earth's position is in such a way that edges of the rings are directly in line with sunlight. The rings shine only when they reflect sunlight.

18) The Shiva crater, a sea floor structure located beneath the Indian Ocean, west of Mumbai, India, was formed by 40 Km wide asteroid around 65 million years ago. It is named Shiva, after the Hindu God of destruction and renewal.

19) The color of stars ranges from red to yellow and to blue. Red is the coolest star and blue is the hottest star. Yellow stars like the sun have average temperature.

20) The twinkling of the stars is caused by the swirling air in the atmosphere and not come from stars itself.

AMAZING FACTS ABOUT CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

2019-03-04T21:09:00.007+05:30

10 AMAZING FACTS ABOUT THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM :

• At any given time, the veins, and venules typically hold about two-thirds of the blood ﬂowing through the body.

• As the heart contracts and blood rush into the aorta, it is traveling at a speed of about 8 inches (20 centimeters) per second.

• Even in a person who is resting, blood issuing from the heart can travel down to the person's toes and back to the heart in just a minute. when a person is exercising heavily, that trip can take just 10 seconds. On average, every red blood cell completes the heart-to-body-to-lungs circuit 40-50 times an hour.

• If all of the blood vessels in an average adult were strung together end to end, they would reach at least 60,000 miles long, more than twice the distance around the Earth’s equator. The capillaries alone make up 60 percent of that total.

• Every second, 10 million red blood cells die in the normal adult. The body replaces them just as quickly, however, so the total number remains constant.

• In the average adult, the heart weighs less than three-quarters of a pound.

• When a person is resting, the left ventricle pumps about 4–7 liters of blood every minute. In a well-trained athlete who is doing strenuous exercise, that amount can rise to almost 30 liters per minute.

• Heart rate changes greatly during child development. The typical heart rate in a newborn is 130 beats per minute (bpm). It drops to 100 bpm by the time the child reaches 3 years old, 90 at 8 years old, and 85 at 12 years old.

• In increasingly common practice, people are donating blood for use in their upcoming surgeries. Called autologous blood donation, it helps patients ensure safe transfusions (310 grams). In any given person, it’s about the size of his or her ﬁst.

• The heart beats an average of 72 times a minute with a typical at rest volume of 75 ml of blood pumped with each beat. Using those ﬁgures, a 75-year-old’s heart has contracted more than 2.8 billion times and pumped more than 212 million liters of blood in his or her lifetime.

CLICK FOR INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT HUMAN BODY

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AMAZING FACTS ABOUT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

2019-03-02T21:17:00.005+05:30

10 AMAZING FACTS ABOUT THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM :

• The salivary glands can produce up to 1.5 quarts (1,500 milliliters) of saliva daily.

• Food remains in the esophagus for as little as ﬁve seconds before entering the stomach.

• The human stomach can hold as much as 2.1 quarts (2 liters) of food.

• The stomach produces 2.12 quarts (2 liters) of gastric juice daily.

• Gastric juice is 100,000 times more acidic than water and has about the same acidity as battery acid.

• The small intestine in an adult can reach 3.28 yards (3 meters)in length, while the large intestine is only about 1.64 yards (1.5 meters) long.

• Every square millimeter of the small intestine can contain 40 villi and 200 million micro-villi.

• Food remains in the small intestine for three to ﬁve hours on average, during which most nutrients are removed.

• The intestines receive over 10 quarts (9 liters) of water daily, of which almost 95 percent is recycled back into the body.

• As little as 10–15 percent of the iron we eat in food is absorbed into the human body.

CLICK FOR INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT HUMAN BODY

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INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE HUMAN BODY

2019-02-24T17:22:00.004+05:30

10 INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE HUMAN BODY :

• It’s estimated that over a lifetime, humans produce a total of 10,000 gallons of saliva. While saliva is necessary for us to taste our food, we cannot taste it before some food dissolves in it.

• There are approximately 100 trillion cells in the adult human body.

• There are approximately 31 billion base pairs in the human genome.

• A mammal’s lifespan is typically determined by its size. But because humans have developed ways to protect themselves, their lifespan is longer. More speciﬁcally, a man’s lifespan should be 10 to 30 years— somewhere between a goat and a horse—but it’s an average of 74.7 years in the United States.

• Thanks to the body’s complex and extensive circulatory network, between 40 and 50 percent of body heat is lost through the head. This is why hats keep the body warm in winter—they keep the heat in the body.

• Compared to other cells in the body, brain cells live the longest, with some living an entire lifetime.

• Every second, the human body destroys as well as produces 15 blood cells.

• Approximately 90 percent of the body is made up of four elements: oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen.

• The brain is especially reliant on oxygen to function. It uses more than 25 percent of the body’s oxygen supply.

• In a single cell, there are six billion “steps” of the DNA or body’s genetic code. If stretched out, it would measure six feet, but it is twisted up in a coil in the nucleus of the cell, where its diameter measures only 1/2500 of an inch.

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AMAZING FACTS ABOUT THE HIDDEN HISTORY OF MEDICINES

2019-02-23T23:47:00.007+05:30

AMAZING FACTS ABOUT THE HIDDEN HISTORY OF MEDICINES :

1) Most vaccines go virtually untested and success rates are based strictly on results from testing animals in a laboratory.

2) Many vaccines contain thimerosal, a preservative made with methyl mercury, which is extremely toxic to the central nervous system.

3) Many vaccines contain chemical adjuvants, like squalene, which cause inflammation of the central nervous system.

4) Autism is a neurological disorder. Vaccine ingredients break down peptides in the body which regulate the CNS, severely disrupting specific high cognitive functions and processes all characteristic of autism.

5) H1N1 vaccine greatly enhanced health risks for the elderly, children, and those with heart disease, breathing issues, and diabetes.

6) The main group of scientists who convinced the World Health Organization to declare the H1N1 a "pandemic" had financial ties to the drug companies that profited.

7) Australia banned flu vaccines in children after reports of seizures, and Finland banned H1N1 vaccines after linking them to narcolepsy in children.

8) Injecting genetically modified bacteria and viruses runs the risk of causing a cytokine storm in the body, which is an exaggerated immune system response to a highly pathogenic invader. When a cytokine storm occurs in the lungs, fluids and immune cells accumulate and eventually block off the airways, often resulting in death.

9) Most non-organic food today contains Zyklon B, the same pesticide ingredient used by the Nazis to gas the Jews to death in WWII.

10) Prescription drugs are the third leading cause of death in the United States, averaging 400 deaths per day.

11) Modern-day vaccines have their roots in Nazi medical experiments.

12) Over 75% of physicians in the world refuse chemotherapy for themselves!

13) The FDA suppressed a natural cure for cancer for 30 years.

14) Pearl Harbor was the catapult for the development of huge medical and pharmaceutical corporations, auspiciously similar to the 9/11 tragedy.

15) The former Chairman of Bayer, the same company that makes children's aspirin, was found guilty of Nazi war crimes and sentenced to prison.

16)In 1936, Camel's advertisement in Life Magazine improved digestion, "It's smart to have camels on the table".

17) The 40 years long "Voice of American Medicine" was a quack himself!

18) Water fluoridation began in the U.S. in 1945 and continues today, even though the FDA has never even approved it.

19) In 1955, an ad in Life Magazine read, "Science shows how sugar can help keep your appetite and weight under control".

20) Vitamins and minerals were found to cure disease 100 years ago, but Western Medicine outlawed any mention of it.

21) The USA has a long history of grossly abusing live animals in the name of research.

22) Organized western medicine has conspired for decades to suppress knowledge of Indigenous Medicine.

23) Chemotherapy drugs are derived from the Nazi's WWII mustard gas chemicals.

24)In Ancient Greece, muscular dystrophy was completely healed using Dead Sea minerals.

25) The USDA sabotaged the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 to adulterate food for commerce instead of nutrition.

26) Beginning in the 1960s, blood thinners were made with chemicals from rat poison and pig intestines.

27) How Big Business married Organized Medicine and began the new reign of surgery, radiation, and drugs.

28) The Flexner Report of 1910 may have been the origin of the suppression of natural cancer prevention.

29) Dr. Henry Cotton, former head of the Psychiatric Industry, used pliers to pull out his patient's teeth to "restore mental health".

30) The NCI, ACS, and FDA have worked together to suppress cancer cures since 1950.

31) Gaston Naessens’s incredible invention, the ‘Somatoscope', was suppressed by science.

Random World Facts

2019-02-23T00:31:00.616+05:30

Random World Facts:

1. Earlier, Coca-Cola was sold as a Medicine, and not as refreshing drink.
2. While Coughing, the air is thrown out of the Mouth at a speed of over 800 km/h. Jet planes fly at this speed.
3. 3 million people die of AIDS world wide annually.
4. 100g of Chocolate contain about 30g of fat and 100g of Potato Chips have only 40g of pure fat.
5. There are around 40 species of Bacteria in the Mouth, which protects the Mouth cavity from diseases.
6. Every 9 second, 1 person dies as consequence of Cigarette smoking.
7. Just by observing how fast Blood cells in a sample sink in test tube, a specialist can diagnose weather there is an infection in the body. If blood cells sink fast, it means there is an infection in the patient.
8. Alzheimer's disease destroys Brain cells, causing confusion and memory loss in the patient.
9. Goose pimples can't occur on the skin without hair, such as the soles of our feet or the palm of our hand.
10. Only half of a Dolphin's brain sleeps. The other half remains awake so that the animal can emerge from the water to get air.
11. Hungary has the highest divorce rate in Europe.
12. In some countries, Children and Youth, who do not go to school for a long time without any justified reason can be forced by the police to go to school.
13. The Japanese have only 10 holidays in a year.
14. Denmark is the oldest monarchy in Europe. The first king was called 'Gorm the Old'.
15. A Roman Emperor collected 'Urine Tax' from his subject every time they used the public Toilet.
16. Only 2 out of every 10 men born in Russia in 1923 survived the Second World War.
17. In the early 20th century, one of the most popular visitor attractions in Paris was a Human Zoo, which millions of people visited every year to see 'specimens'.
18. In 1450, a pack of Wolves killed and ate 40 people in the middle of Paris.
19. Vatican City has a much higher crime rate than any other World capital.
20. When the Mongols invaded India, one general build a Pyramid in front of the wall of the Delhi to terrify the remaining enemies into surrender.
21. One evening during 1999, Fox News reported during their 10 pm broadcast that the pyramids of Egypt may have build by Aliens.
22. The shortest National Anthem in the World is the Japanese one, Which only consists of 4 lines.
23. A unique Opera house exists on the border of the United States of America and Canada where the stage lies in one country while half the audience is in the other country.
24. A tiny parasite namely TOXOPLASMA GONDII is only able to breed sexually if it's placed in the guts of a cat. So when it infects the rats, the rat's behavior will change and make them feel less afraid of cats.
26. "Bergy Seltzer" is a distinctive fizzing noise that is produced by melting glaciers and Icebergs.
27. The Northern leopard frogs use their eyes to swallow their prey.
28. Light doesn't need to travel at the speed of light. The slowest movement of the light recorded is 38 m/h.
29. A Whale is regarded s the loneliest creature on Earth. It calls out for it's mate for more than 2 decades however it has a high-pitched voice that is quite distinct from the other Whales so they do not respond.
30. Pizza is the most preferred food for most Americans when given choice.
31. The Emergency Call number every where in the EU is 110.
32. During the cold war, the Us gorvernment conducted several highly unethical experiments on their Citizens.
34. Berlin's Zoologischer Garden is the largest Zoo in the World, containing 14,000 animals of 1,500 species.
25. Antarctica is the home to a glacier known as "Blood Fall" that pours out red liquid regularly that makes it appear like Ice in it's bleeding. The reason for the red color is due to Oxidized Salty water.
35. In the medieval ages, the guilt or innocence of a person was often determined through the judgment of God. A suspected often had to place his hand in a fire. If the hand didn't burn, he was considered innocent. If the hand burnt, It was seen as judgement of the God, and the person was pronounced guilty.
36. The hat tax was levied by the British government on men's hats from 1784 to 1811.
37. Insurance companies can insure themselves. They get this done by a special "Reinsurance Company".
38. In Vietnam, there is a water puppet theater. The puppet artist stands in the water for the entire show.
39. The Genetic material of the Human differs from that of Chimpanzees by only 1%. This difference of 1% has made possible all the cultural achievements of the Humans.
40. Humans were sacrificed in old cultures and religions. The Aztecs believed that they were appeasing the Gods by doing so. Today, this practice is banned all over the World.

Ncert solutions class 9th English

2019-01-21T22:29:00.012+05:30

NCERT SOLUTIONS OF CLASS 9th ENGLISH CHAPTER 1 PACKING :

1. How many characters are there in the narrative? Name them. (Don't forget the dog).

ANS: There are the three main characters in the story. There is the author, Jerome K. Jerome, and his two friends George and Harris. There is also their dog named Montmorency.

2. Why did the narrator (Jerome) volunteer to do the packing?

ANS: The narrator (Jerome) volunteered to do the packing because he thought that he knew more about packing than any other person and wanted to boss the job.

3. How did the George and Harris react to this? Did Jerome like their reaction?

ANS: George and Harris agreed to him at once. They sat down comfortably and began to a cigar. Jerome did not like this at all. He only wanted to superintend the job. He wants to boss the things and keep directing them about how to do it.

4. What was Jerome's real intention when he offered to pack?

ANS: Jerome's real intention was to keep directing George and Harris about how to do it. He never wanted to do the packing himself. He wanted to superintend the job.

5. What did Harris say after the bag was shut and strapped? Why do you think he waited till then to ask?

ANS: After the bag was shut and strapped, Harris asked the narrator (Jerome) " aren't you going to put the boots in ". He wanted to show that the narrator (Jerome) was not good at packing. That's why he waited till then to ask.

6. What " horrible idea " occurred to Jerome a little later?

ANS: The horrible idea that occurred to Jerome was that if he had packed his toothbrush or not.

7. Why did Jerome have to open the packed bag?

ANS: Jerome had to reopen the packed bag because he found that he had packed his tobacco-pouch in it.

8. What does Jerome say was Montmorency's ambition in life? What do you think of Montmorency and why?

ANS: According to Jerome, Montmorency's ambition in life was to get in the way of others. He would squirm where he was not wanted. If he could be a perfect nuisance, and makes people mad, and has things thrown at his head, he would feel his day had not been wasted. Montmorency was indeed a very unusual dog.

9. Of the three, Jerome, George, and Harris, who do you think is the best or the worst packer? Support your answer with details from the text.

ANS: I think all of them are no different from each other. Each of them plays their part in adding to the confusion. George and Harris indeed show their inefficiency in packing. But the author also shows his carelessness. Sometimes he forgets to pack the boots, then gets busy haunting for his toothbrush, and finally packs his tobacco-pouch by mistake. George and Harris start packing the strawberry jam on the top of a tomato and squashes it. They pack the pastries at the bottom, putting heavy things on top. The pastries are smashed. Then they try to put butter in the kettle. It doesn't go in and what was in, wouldn't come out. At last, they manage to get it. Thus we can conclude that all three friends were the worst packers.

10. How did Montmorency 'contribute' to the packing?

ANS: Montmorency came and down on things just when they were wanted to be packed. Whenever Harris or George reached out for anything, his cold clamp nose come in their way. He put his legs into the jam. He fiddled with teaspoons. He got into the hamper and spoiled three of them.

11. Do you find this story funny? What are the humorous elements in it? (Pick out at least three; think about what happens, as well as how it is described.)?

ANS: The story is really funny because it contains many humorous elements. Some examples of humorous elements are:

I. The situation when Harris packed the strawberry jam on the top of the tomatoes and smashed.

II. They put things behind them, and couldn't find them.

III. When George kept the butter on the chair and sat on it. They kept on finding the butter but they didn't know that the butter had got on George's back.

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Ncert solutions class 9th English

How to Manage your Time?

Assuming you would like tips on how to manage your time more efficiently:

1. Make a list of the tasks you need to complete in a day, week, or month. Write down everything you can think of, no matter how small.

3. Create a schedule and allocate time for each task. Be realistic about how long each task will take, and build in some buffer time in case something goes over.

4. Stick to your schedule as much as possible. If you find yourself consistently running out of time, re-evaluate your schedule and see where you can make adjustments. If you can find even one hour in your week, you can schedule a massage and start to work on your stress levels.

5. Take some time each day or week to plan ahead. This will help you stay on top of upcoming deadlines and avoid last-minute scrambles.

6. Learn to say “no”. You can’t do everything, and trying to do too much will only leave you feeling stressed and overwhelmed. It is important to learn to say no when you are feeling overwhelmed. This will help you to stay focused and avoid taking on too much.

7. Take breaks and allow yourself some down time. This will help you avoid burnout and will make you more productive when you are working. Take some time to relax and recharge your batteries by taking a break.

8. Be flexible with your time

Why can't we divide by zero?

For example, 8/2 =4 8/1 =1 8/0.1 =80 8/0.01 =800 8/0.001=8000

8 / 2 = 4 2 * 4 = 8

For example 2*1/2=1

1/0*0=1

For example 1*0=0

Who Invented The Homework and why

What Happens When You Swallow A Gum? Here's What!

If we swallow Chewing Gum what will happen?

Now, what happens exactly when you swallow a Chewing Gum?

Now the question arises, is it fine to swallow Chewing Gum? If I keep swallowing Chewing Gum regularly will it not cause the problem?

How to wake up early in the morning.

Ncert solutions for class 10 science chapter 1

NCERT SOLUTIONS FOR CLASS 10 HISTORY CHAPTER 1

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ncert solutions for class 8 science chapter 1

SCIENCE CHAPTER 1 MICROORGANISMS FRIEND AND FOE :

MICROORGANISMS : FRIEND AND FOE

TEXT BOOK EXERCISES

Q.1 ) Fill in the blanks:

(a) Microorganisms can be seen with the help of a microscope.

(b) Blue green algae fix nitrogen directly from air to enhance fertility of soil.

(c) Alcohol is produced with the help of yeast.

(d) Cholera is caused by bacteria.

Q.2 ) Identify the correct answer :

(a) Yeast is used in the production of

Sugar Alcohol Hydrochloric acid Oxygen

(b) The following is an antibiotic

Sodium bicarbonate

Streptomycin Alcohol Yeast

(c) Carrier of malaria - causing protozoan is :

Female Anopheles mosquito Cockroach Housefly Butterfly (d) The most common carrier of communicable disease is Ant Housefly Dragonfly Spider

(e) The bread of idli dough rises because of

Heat Grinding Growth of yeast cells Kneading

(f) The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol is called :

Nitrogen fixation Molding Fermentation Infection

Q.3 ) Match the organisms in column 'A' with their action in column 'B'.

Q.4 ) Can microorganisms be seen with the naked eye? If no, how can they be seen?

Ans. No, microorganisms can't be seen with naked eyes because they are too small to be seen. We can only see them with the help of microscope.

Q.5) What are the major groups of microorganisms?

Ans. The various groups of microorganisms are:

Bacteria Fungi Protozoan Algae Virus

Q.6)Name the microorganisms which can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.

Ans. The microorganisms which can fix atmospheric nitrogen are: Rhizobium Blue green algae Azotobacter Clostridium

Q.7) Write 10 lines on the usefulness of microorganisms in our lives.

Ans.10 lines on the usefulness of microorganisms in our lives are as follows:

1. Microorganisms are used in making anti-bodies.

2. Microorganisms like lactobacillus helps in the formation of curd.

3. Microorganisms like yeast helps in the formation of alcohol, vinegar and bread.

4. Microorganisms like rhyzobium fix atmospheric nitrogen.

5. Microorganisms are used to prepare medicines.

6. Microorganisms clean our environment.

7. Microorganisms are used to prepare vaccines.

8. Microorganisms increase our soil fertility.

9. Microorganisms are used in various processes like fermentation.

10. Microorganisms like protozoans form an important link in the food chain.

Q.8) Write a short paragraph on the harms caused by microorganisms.

Q.9) What are antibiotics? What precautions must be taken while taking antibiotics?

Ans)Antibiotics are the chemicals produced by certain microorganisms and are used to kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Antibiotics are also called antibacterials.It was discovered by Alexander Flemmings. They are not effective agent viruses.

The precautions while taking antibiotics are:1. Antibiotics should be taken only when prescribed by a qualified doctor.2. Course advised by the doctor should be completed.3. Antibiotics should not be taken in excess because it can damage useful microorganisms in the body.

ICC Cricket World Cup

AMAZING FACTS ABOUT CRICKET WORLD CUP :

amazing animals and their features

10 AMAZING THINGS ABOUT 10 DIFFERENT ANIMALS :

1. Why is it difficult for the wandering albatross to take off?

2. What do the walruses use their tusks for?

3. What do the antelopes living in the desert drink?

For example, 8/2 =4
8/1 =1
8/0.1 =80
8/0.01 =800
8/0.001=8000

8 / 2 = 4
2 * 4 = 8

Sugar

Alcohol

Hydrochloric acid

Oxygen

Streptomycin

Alcohol

Yeast

Female Anopheles mosquito

Cockroach

Housefly

Butterfly

(d) The most common carrier of communicable disease is

Ant

Housefly

Dragonfly

Spider

Heat

Grinding

Growth of yeast cells

Kneading

Nitrogen fixation

Molding

Fermentation

Infection

Bacteria

Fungi

Protozoan

Algae

Virus

Ans. The microorganisms which can fix atmospheric nitrogen are:

Rhizobium

Blue green algae

Azotobacter

Clostridium

1. Potatoes: are safe to eat when
cooked but the stems and leaves of the plant contain a poison called SOLANINE. If potatoes turn green, they may also contain SOLANINE. So we should avoid potatoes that are green, soft, moldy, mushy, and wrinkled.