Mechanical Engineering

Top Ten Life Hacks

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Fri, 12 Mar 2021 19:43:00 +0000

10. Get a life-- Find something worth doing that is right for you and totally

captivating; otherwise the house of your motivation will come tumbling down due to

boredom. That is, some people never make it past puberty. Just take a look at

Howard Stern, Hugh Hefner, or Bob Guccioni. Their jobs may pay well but being

stuck in a life rut and never experiencing anything new is another definition of hell.

9. Learn to perceive without thoughts intervening, for this is the foundation of all

magical systems. If that is too much, then learn to argue both sides of any position

with equal enthusiasm. This enables you to think for yourself and saves others the

time of trying to explain to you where you are wrong.

(Note: you will notice that teachers, politicians, and news anchors rarely possess

this ability. And again this is because you can be successful without the truth being

in you.)

8. Blessed are those who meet others in their darkest place and walk beside them

back into the light, for there is no greater or more sacred celebration of life. And

while we are at it—Blessed are those who pass through their inner darkness without

fear or shame, for they shall attain freedom.

7. Make it a habit of imagining you are other people both those you know and those

you do not know. Imagine you are in that person’s body acting, feeling, talking, and

thinking as that person does. Do this so that there is nothing else in your awareness

and until you get a sensation in your body of what it is like to be this other person.

This enables you to attain rapport and intimacy where these things are improbable

or otherwise impossible.

It is a well-kept secret that the universe expects us to eventually discover on our

own—that anything anyone else has ever experienced we can perceive as our own.

Put another way—there are no limitations placed on what you can imagine.

6. Learn to listen so well that Divine Providence considers you part of itself. Who

are those who hold the world within their hearts? But only do this if you are ready

for a life upgrade—to become a guide and guardian of the human race who will be

assigned the task of assisting the human race through their next phase of evolution.

Where to begin in listening? Listen to others as if you are a mirror reflecting back to

them what they feel and what they think.

Keep a journal of every idea and writing that inspires you. Take time to review these

things asking yourself as you contemplate them (considering them from all aspects

and then holding everything at once within your mind)—what is underneath and

behind these thoughts and feelings?

5. Know yourself and others as well. The only way this is possible is by listening to

your own and to others’ life stories. Without the story, the inciting incidents (the

beginnings), the conflicts, the supporting casts, the subplots, and the thing to be

attain or acquired, there can be no understanding. See McKee Psychology:

http://williammistele.com/mckee.htm

4. Five elements there be that reveal life’s mystery.

Learn to be as silent and solid as a stone. This enables you in any moment to step

outside of the stream of time and experience the quiet ecstasy of gnomes.

Learn to be weightless and light as air. Practice this—imagine your mind is as vast

and clear as the sky and you experience what it is to have no fear and feel that

freedom is everywhere. A quick cure for depression or mental confusion.

Learn to flow like water, like a stream or be as vast as the sea. Do this and you

experience pure innocence and to love without inhibitions or restrictions. What good

is innocence, you ask? It enables you to step back into the stream of time and

experience each moment as being new.

Learn to look down inside of your body and see the brilliant, dazzling light of the

sun. Practice this daily and you will learn what it is like to see through the eyes of

divine being and from the perspective of immortality.

Open your mind so it is as deep and vast as the night sky. In doing so you will

perceive there is a time and place for all things—where every desire is satisfied,

every need met, where every dream manifests and every ideal is made real. This

will grant you a will of steel and an understanding of everything you can seek to

achieve in life.

3. The Five Senses. If you ever get lost, unduly confused, or despair because what

you want in life is not there, focus on each of your five senses each day. Find in

sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch these things—pleasure, bliss, ecstasy, rapture,

and mystery, that is, awe and wonder. Your five senses are the gates to infinity, for

infinity are programmed into them.

For example, learn to see through the eyes of others, of each person you meet or

each person you imagine. Do this and you will learn to see through the eyes of

divinity.

By the way, while you are at it, learn to memorize and focus on every physical

sensation of your body—from hunger to thirst, from an adrenal rush to falling

asleep, from relaxation to tension to release, from the nerves running through your

nose, your toes, your stomach, and the food that through your intestines flows. Your

body is the gate of immorality. Get to know it. Without a body, you are not here in

this world but on the astral plane or in some other realm.

2. Give to others what you yourself most need. Do this and you become so wise in

the process that your own needs vanish as if they were never there.

Likewise, when you meet others, see that person as his or her better self—what

they would be like once they have solved their problems and have overcome their

conflicts. This is not about being positive or generous. It is just good common sense

—it protects you because both you and the other person can sense when he or she

is not following his best course of action.

Similarly, learn to bless others in this way: imagine the person as being totally

detached, that is, free of all attachments to the past that hold this person back from

making the best choices in life; imagine he or she is in a situation where they have

the highest learning curve; where others hold them in the greatest respect and

appreciation; and where they are of the greatest help and assistance to others.

In this way, you dissolve their karma and change their fate, for what you have just

imagined places this person perhaps for the first time before their path to

perfection.

1. Discover your deepest lessons in life and take the time and effort to learn them.

What are those Shakespearean character flaws you possess that inevitably bring

you down? What keeps you from being happy? What family karma has been passed

down to you from previous generations—prejudice, bias, selfishness, greed,

arrogance, fear, hostility, domination, vulnerability, etc.—that lies hidden inside of

you waiting to awaken?

What stands in your way preventing you from attaining something great or pursuing

your dreams or attaining your destiny?

What is missing from life that no one else sees or seems able to address?

Get to work. Life is not a party. It is a school, a college. After all, you signed up for

the human experience. You would not be getting your money’s worth if you do not

make your best effort.

By the way, no one else can complete this assignment for you. Start early. Avoid a

having bucket list at the end when time is short and you snap your fingers and say,

“The years passed like that.”

Ten life hacks. Learn first to step back. And then to fully engage without holding

back.

It is not about you. It is about the universe flowing through you.

Moseley Lathe

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Sat, 23 Aug 2014 14:34:00 +0000

An early Moseley Lathe with parts (inadequately) named by the maker

1. Headstock Spindle 2. Throat pin 3. Loose bearing 4. Loose bearing pin
5. Adjusting nut 6. Front bushing 7. Rear Bushing 8. Front inside shield
9. Rear inside shield 10. Front outside shield 11. Rear outside shield
12. Pulley 13. Pulley Hub 14. Pulley screw 15. Draw-in spindle
16. Draw-in spindle wheel 17. Frame 18. Index pin 19. Bolt
20. Spring 21. Eccentric 22. Lever 23. Pointed Centre
24. Spindle 25. Spindle Button 26. Spindle Binder 27. Frame
28. Bolt 29. Spring 30. Eccentric 31. Lever
32. Slide 33. Pivot Screw 34. Pivot Screw 35. Post
36. Lever 37. T graver rest 38. Shoe 39. Shoe bolt
40. Bolt pin 41. Bolt washer 42. Bolt spring 43. Bolt nut
44. Bed 45. Base 46. Base bolt 47. Bolt washer
48. Ball nut
48. Ball nut
48. Ball nut

Basics of Catia Drafting

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Mon, 23 Jun 2014 18:05:00 +0000

Intro to Drawings

Always make contact, as early as possible, with the person(s) who will be doing the checking of your drawing before you begin. Do not wait until you start the drawing. Check with these people before you even start the task. Do not underestimate this advice. There are often particular ways individual teams and personalities will want your drawing to conform to. Try to make this work to your advantage by conforming to their way and perhaps a little flattery wouldn’t hurt either.

BOM

Defining BOM appearance

Inserting BOM in Drawing

Post Insertion BOM Editing

Preparing the models for the BOM

Defining BOM appearance

While in Assembly mode (double-click on your assembly), select the Analyze pull-down menu, Bill Of Materials, select “Define formats” button, add to the “Displayed properties” field with the |< icon; remove a property from the “Displayed properties” field with the |> icon. For example, the following may be in the left hand column: Quantity, Part Number, Nomenclature, Definition, Revision, Number.

See Post Insertion BOM Editing for other detail regarding renaming Displayed Properties

Inserting BOM in Drawing

See Preparing the models for the BOM to prepare the Parts/Assemblies for the BOM.

While in your BOM drawing sheet(s) place the BOM into the sheet’s Background as described below.

The BOM will first be inserted while in “Working View” mode (Edit pull-down menu should say Background at the bottom) then Cut from the “Working Views” so that it can be Pasted onto the Background of the sheet. The assembly selection step will be a similar process as that described in View Creation Wizard (Open your drawing, open your top assembly…).

Insert, Generation, Bill of Materials, Window, Tile Horizontally, select the assembly from the Tree (in the Assembly file), pick a spot on the drawing sheet where you want the BOM (wait for an approx. 5 second delay).

Then select the BOM, Cut (Ctrl-X), Edit, Background, Paste (Ctrl-V) onto the Background.

See Printing – Display Print Area to print out a rough copy of the entire BOM.

Back to Post Insertion BOM Editing

Post Insertion BOM Editing

Double-click on BOM that was placed on the Sheet to enter modification mode. Before spending time “tweaking” the BOM make sure you’ve spent adequate time with Preparing the models for the BOM and Defining BOM appearance. Run some reference copies (see Printing – Display Print Area) for whoever will be checking your drawing before conducting these “post insertion edits” so that the “Post Insertion BOM Editing” will indeed be on your final iteration. This is important since these “post edits” will be lost if you ever decide that another “Inserting BOM in Drawing” is necessary.

While in modification mode:

-Double click on any text to modify it

-Drag the “squiggly” row/column indicators to move the columns/rows.

Back to Defining BOM appearance

Preparing the models for the BOM

Recommended to open part files in their own window before populating the below “Product” fields. But if you do decide to perform in your assembly file make sure that you expand the component branch so you apply the following to the parts/assemblies and not the components.

Once a part is assembled to an assembly it is a component. Expand the component to see its indentured part or assembly. Right-click on the part or assembly and select Properties. The Product fields (within the Product tab) will populate the BOM. The recommended fields to use are:

-Part Number

-Definition

-Nomenclature

-Source

Additionally the “Visualize in the Bill Of Material” radio button should be selected.

See Defining BOM appearance.

IMPORTANT: Read and understand Save Management. After completing the input to the above Product fields make sure that Save Management is reporting that the files have been “Modified”. If Save Management only says that the file is “opened” then you will have to perform something to coax the file as modified (e.g. open the part in it’s own window, double-click on one of its sketches and immediately exit the sketch, close the part and if Catia notices it was changed it will ask you if you want to save it. You can answer Yes or No (to this window) but I would suggest answering No and track all of your “Property edits”/”save verification” with the Save Management method as described above. This way you can more easily track which Property edits will require additional “coaxing” until Save Management shows “Modified”. When you are finally confident that all of your parts (that had their Property “Product fields” edited) will save, save your top assembly (the assembly that all of your parts feed into) and all of your parts/assemblies should save with it. Reopen Save Management afterward to verify that all parts have saved (their State would have changed from Modified to Opened).

Back to Inserting BOM in Drawing

Back to Post Insertion BOM Editing

Drawing Format Help:

Adding Format (into existing drawing)

Resizing Page (Page Setup) For Fitting Format

Adding Format (copying from one drawing to the other):

Copying a format – Method 1 (out of an existing drawing)

Copying a format – Method 2

Pasting a format

Editing the format

Copying a format – Method 1 (out of an existing drawing)

Open our drawing (h drive link shown below) where we have dedicated sheets for all of our standard formats, arrow over to see other sheets (tabs), take note to Page Setup (e.g. w=120, h=34.5), Edit, Background, select all by using the rectangle selection trap , Copy (Ctrl-C), (Or see Copying a format – Method 2). See Pasting a format for pasting the “Cut” geometry.

-Return to your working views by selecting: Edit, Working Views.

Copying a format – Method 2

Make sure you’re in “Background” mode (i.e. Edit, Background), File, Page Setup, select “Insert Background View” button, select Browse, browse to the drawing (e.g. template drawing) where you’d like to import a Background from an existing sheet, Open, navigate to the desired sheet in the Sheet pull-down menu, select Insert, OK. Only the Background from the “template drawing” will be imported.

-Press Undo (Ctrl-Z) if results were undesirable.

-Exit Background mode (Edit, Working Views).

Pasting a format (out of an existing drawing)

See Copying a format. Open the drawing that you want to paste into (if already open use Window pull-down menu), Edit, Background (no views should be highlighted red), Paste (Ctrl-V).

-Return to your working views by selecting: Edit, Working Views.

Editing the format

Assuming the format was added to correctly (to the Background) as defined in Adding Format, Edit, Background (no views should be highlighted red), double click on each text to edit.

-Return to your working views by selecting: Edit, Working Views.

Resizing Page (Page Setup) for fitting Format:

While in a Drawing do the following for each Sheet: File, Page Setup, enter appropriate values in the Width and Height fields (e.g. select “J U.S.Standard” from Format field, and enter 120 in Width field, 34.5 in Height field) as described in Standard drawing format sizes, Resize the drawing.

See Move multiple views.

Text & Callouts

Considerations when adding to views

All around symbol

Create interruptions (extension line break)

Scribe lines and markings

Weld Symbols

Considerations when adding to views

Always activate the desired view before adding text. This assures that text will be added to the anticipated view and the text will remain in the anticipated position during moving of views. If the desired view is not activated than the current active view will automatically (and inconspicuously) expand its view border to include the new text.

Activating a view (view border becomes red) by one of the following methods:

-Double Click on the view border.

-Right-click on the view border (or on view name in the Tree), select Activate view.

All around symbol:

highlight the leader, right click on yellow ball (at the end of the highlighted leader), select All Around.

Create interruptions (extension line break)

(so dimension extension lines break so as not to run over a dim. Arrow),

-right click on a dim., dimensionname object , Create Interruption(s), select on two locations on the extension line to define the break.

Scribe lines and markings:

make a dedicated sketch, right click on the drawing view that will show the sketch geometry, Properties, check the “3D Wireframe” bullet and the “3D Points” bullet, OK.

Weld Symbols

Making a Weld Symbol

Modifying a Weld Symbol

Making a Weld Symbol

Insert, Annotations, Symbol, Weld Symbol, click on the screen to define the arrow location, click twice on the screen to locate the symbol, select the appropriate symbols, OK…

Modifying a Weld Symbol

Double click on weld symbol…

Printing

Printing – Display Print Area

Printing reduced size prints

Standard drawing format sizes

Printing – Display Print Area

Ctrl-P (or File, Print), change to the desired printer (in the Printer Name: field), change the Print Area pull-down menu to Display, select the “Fit to:” bullet (Position and Size section), select Page Setup button, change Width to 11, change Height to 17 (for a 11”X17” vertical printout), OK, select the Preview button, if the preview clips some of the BOM continue with step 1 below if not continue with step 2:

OK (to exit Preview), select the Center button, adjust the Scale field, hover the cursor over the gray rectangle (with the “X” thru it) and drag the region to a new center, select Preview button again and judge again, repeat or proceed to step 2.
OK (to exit Preview), OK to send to printer.

Back to Inserting BOM in Drawing

Back to Post Insertion BOM Editing

Printing reduced size prints

Keep reduced size prints proportional to the actual drawing format size. Use the Measure icon to measure the length of the drawing border.

Ctrl-P (or File, Print), change to the desired printer (in the Printer Name: field), change the Print Area pull-down menu to “Whole Document”, select the “Fit in Page” bullet (Position and Size section), select Page Setup button, change Width to 11, change Height to 36* (for a 11”X36” horizontal printout), OK, select the Preview button (all of the drawing should be within the red dotted lines), OK, OK.

*Example: for a 66” long J size (H=34”) print at ½ size: print at W: 33 H: 17, fit to page

(W: 36, H=11 seems to work well for many plotters [for J sizes up to 120” long] and is legible).

Standard drawing format sizes

A: 8.5 x 11

B: 11 x 17

C: 17 x 22

D: 22 x 34

E: 34 x 44

J: 34 x 55min (176 Max)

Drawing Views

Adding Views

Drawing Views icon group

For view maintenance purposes:

Modify Dimensions (Right-click on dimension, Properties,…)

Modifying Views

Move multiple views

Move views to other sheets

Selecting views

Adding Views

Adding Projection View

View Creation Wizard

Adding Projection View (to existing view)

See Drawing Views icon group for location of Projection View icon and other “Projections” group icons.

Activate (double click on) the parent view (activated view border should be red), select the Projection View icon, move your cursor to the desired position (close to the activated parent view), left-click to accept view location.

View Creation Wizard

Review For view maintenance purposes.

See Drawing Views icon group for location of View Creation Wizard icon and other “Wizard” group view creation icons.

Open your drawing, open your top assembly, Window, Tile Horizontally, select the View Creation Wizard icon (if grayed out you haven’t opened your top assembly), select one of the Configurations icons on the left (e.g. “Configuration 1 using the 3^rd angle projection method”), Next, select another icon on the left (if additional views are desired), Finish, This next step is important if you want to link directly from the drawing to the top assembly only: select a component from the Tree (preferably from the 1^st instance [e.g. componentname.1; for commonality sake] if more than one instance exists) before selecting a planar surface, right-click the component you just selected from the Tree and select “Reframe on”, now select a planar surface from the highlighted component in the graphics window, next do one of the following:

-click anywhere on the screen (except on the “view orientation” arrows) to accept the default orientation

-or click on one of the large arrows to flip the view orthogonally

-or click on one of the two curved arrows to rotate the view about an axis normal to the sheet

Back to Inserting BOM in Drawing

Drawing Views icon group

Back to To save the view (adding custom views)

Back to Adding Projection View

Back to View Creation Wizard

Back to FTA & Drawing views

For view maintenance purposes:

Note: You can use your top assy always as the assembly to pick the planar face of the view. But the key is to first select the model (part/assy) from the top assembly’s Tree, then pick the planar face from the graphics window. This way when you go to “File, Desk” it shows links from the drawing view directly to the top Product. This is often the preferred linkage. Often preferred to have the drawing directly linked to the top product only (see Desk).

The following (along with Removing components from view) assures that proper view Updates with the minimum amount of view maintenance.

-View creation should be from the smallest model (least number of parts). Thus, for a view showing a single part, the planar surface selected to define view plane should be from a part file (.CATPart). For a view showing an assembly, the planar surface selected should be from the pertinent sub-assembly (so as to minimize manually clicking off the radio buttons as described in “Removing components from view” below).

- Unlocking a view (right-click, Properties, uncheck the “Lock View” radio button (under View Tab)

Selecting views:

-Select them (left-click) from the Tree, although they can be selected by the view borders

-Multiple view selection in the Tree: select first view (at top of list), hold the Shift key as you select the last view (bottom) in the Sheet’s Tree list.

Back to Move multiple views.

Modify Dimensions (Right-click on dimension, Properties,…)

Removing 2^nd Arrow

Removing 2^nd Arrow (e.g. for Ø callout)

Right-click on dimension, Properties, “Dimension Line” tab, uncheck the “Symbol 2” radio button.

Modifying Views

Break a view – Broken View (compresses a view by omitting the middle geometry [between the breaks])

Adding a break in a view – Breakout View

Removing components from view

Break a view – Broken View (compresses a view by omitting the middle geometry [between the breaks])

See Drawing Views icon group for location of Broken View icon and other “Break view” group icons.

Activate (double click on) the parent view (activated view border should be red), select the Broken View icon, follow directions in lower left of graphics window….

-Don’t forget you can use Undo (Ctrl-Z), repeatedly until the view returns to it’s “pre-broken” state, if undesirable results.

-To delete the Break, right-click on the break (so it highlights), Delete.

Adding a break in a view – Breakout View

Activate (double click on) the parent view (activated view border should be red), select the Breakout View icon, define a breakout loop by left-clicking (multiple points) on the portion of the view to be broken (see lower left of graphics window if further direction is needed), double click to end definition of the breakout loop.

-To remove breakout: right-click on the view, viewname object >, Remove Breakout.

Removing components from view:

Right-click on view, viewname object > Overload Properties, select the component (that is to be removed) in the view, Edit, uncheck both of the following two radio buttons: “Use when projecting” & “Shown”.

Move multiple views:

See Selecting views. After the views have been selected (geometry will be highlighted in each view) initiate the move by depressing & holding the left mouse button atop one of the view borders (away from any entities), drag the depressed left-click to the new location on the sheet.

-Other view movement options are available by right-clicking on a views border and selecting View Positioning. For example, select two views (with Ctrl key), right-click on view border, View Positioning, Element Positioning, place cursor over the variety of Align options, select the

Back to Resizing Page (Page Setup) For Fitting Format

Move views to other sheets: select the view from the Tree, Cut (Ctrl-X), select the sheet that the view will be moved to and Paste (Ctrl-V). Recommended to move the views to an anticipated “empty” location (if convenient) so that once they are moved to the new sheet they won’t be atop other views.

Creating a new part in an assembly:

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Mon, 23 Jun 2014 18:03:00 +0000

Creating a new part in an assembly:

Running example 1:

To add (and create) a part “on the fly” while in the assy: select the New part Icon, , then select the assembly (in the Model Tree) that the component (new part) will be added, enter the new part number in the pop-up window, Answer No to the following question: “Do you want to define a new origin point for a new part” (this assures that the new part being created will also come in “rigged” [i.e. in position relative to the common csys]).

Note: to start working on the part within the assembly: expand the sign next to component (to see the part underneath it) in the Tree, double click on the indentured part (to enter into Part mode); the PartBody should be the “Defined in Work Object” (i.e. underlined). To continue making a part see Part (Running example 2).

Back to Running example home

Creating a sub-assembly in an assembly

Double-click on the assy (enters into Assembly Mode for that assembly) that you want to add the new sub-assembly to, click on the Product icon, select the parent assembly again if it asks you to, type in the new part number.

Adding Components:

Adding commonly “rigged” Components:

Adding non “rigged” Components (aligned with other geometry):

Replace Component

Adding commonly “rigged” Components:

Use “Existing Component” icon: , select the assembly in the Tree that the component will be added, select component from pop-up window, Open.

See Assembly Constraints Icon group if further constraining (aligning of parts) is required.

Adding non “rigged” Components (parts that need to be aligned with other geometry): Use “Existing Component with Positioning” icon: , select the assembly in the Tree that the component will be added, select component from pop-up window, Open (a new window will open; use same View Orientation controls [i.e. zoom, pan…] in either graphics window), select a constraint type from the “Quick Constraint” menu, follow element selections similar to that for Smart Move. A branch will appear in the Tree which will hold the component’s constraints.

Back to File, Save As

Replace Component

Right-click on the component (in the Tree), Components, Replace Component*, browse to location of the “new” file and select it, Open, consider and answer the “yes or no” question (Do you want to replace all of the instances of the selected element ? [select No if you want to only replace the one you picked and not all]), OK.

Note: Finding parts per Search example can be very helpful (when replacing components) to assure that all of a part’s/component’s “Instance names” (under Properties) are representing the new part.

*or you may select Replace Component In Session (if the replacement part is already in session and you desire a convenient list of only the parts that are in session).

Back to Save As – one Part considerations

Move Icon Group (Assembly)

Manipulation Parameters window

Snap icon (align without constraints)

Smart Move (align components with multiple constraints)

-Before initiating the move, whose top indentured components you want to move, the assembly must be highlighted blue and in Design Mode. :

Note 1: Some “best practices” avoid constraining their components and instead prefer creating & assembling parts/assemblies per the Adding commonly “rigged” Components method.

Note 2: Consider using an associative approach by using the Constraints Icon group (Assembly) for an alternative to the Move icon group. The constraints method would maintain an associative link between the components.

Note 3: Recommended to check external relationships of the component to be moved first to see if other parts would follow it in the reposition. Do this by utilizing the Dependencies under the Analysis pull-down menu.

Manipulation Parameters window

Example:

-To activate the assembly, whose top indentured components you want to move, double click on it until it remains highlighted blue. Single-click on another component to un-highlight the assembly to see that it remains highlighted blue.

Select the Manipulation icon, select the “Drag along any axis” icon, select an edge that will represent the direction axis, select the component to move in the graphics window, left-click and drag (hold down left mouse button as you move cursor) to desired position, press OK to accept final position.

Snap icon :

Double click on the assembly (which is the parent of the component to be moved) to activate it. Select the Snap icon, follow the directions in the bottom left of the graphics window (will define what you should be selecting).

Smart Move (align components with multiple constraints):

Select the Smart Move icon, check on the “Automatic constraint creation” box, select a constraint type from the “Quick Constraint” menu, select an element on the first component (e.g. point, line or plane), select a similar element on the 2^nd component, click on arrow to flip (or somewhere else to finish 1^st constraint), repeat to create 2^nd and 3^rd constraint (if more than one constraint is required for proper orientation).

Back to Adding non “rigged” Components

Back to Constraints Icon group (Assembly)

Moving/Copying a part to another sub-assembly

-Make sure that the part and assembly is in Design Mode.

Click (or right-click) on the Instance (in the Tree) to be copied, Copy (Ctrl-C), select the sub-assy (in the same Model Tree) that the part/component will be copied to, click (or right-click), Paste (Ctrl-V). If you wanted to move instead of copy: right-click on the original, Delete; or just Cut (Ctrl-X) instead of Copy. If you are Pasting (Ctrl-V) multiple copies you will have to select the copied Instances after each Paste.

-Review the conversation in Moving an instance with the Compass to consider your assembly choices.

Back to Creating a sub-assembly in an assembly

Back to Other moving with the Compass tips

Opening a part/component in it’s own window:

Double click on the component to make sure it’s activated, right click on the component, filename.1 object >, “Open in new window”.

Access the other in session models at the bottom of the Window pull-down menu.

Product Structure Tools icon group:

Define Multi Instantiation (Patterning components)

Fast Multi Instantiation

See Assemblies for applicable “Product Structure Tools” applications.

Define Multi Instantiation (Patterning components)

-If the part that the component will be interfacing with was Patterned (e.g. Rectangular Pattern) then use: Reuse Pattern instead since it keeps an associated link to the part’s pattern and will populate the part’s pattern (with the component) automatically.

-Before starting make sure that the desired assembly (that will be populated with the new copies) is highlighted blue (double click until it remains blue) and any components that will be selecting is in Design Mode.

Select the Define Multi Instantiation icon , enter the number of additional copies of the component in the “New instance(s)” field, enter the spacing between copies in the Spacing field, In the “Reference Direction” section define the move direction by selecting an existing edge, select the component to copy (this will populate the “Component to Instantiate” field), toggle the Reverse button until desired direction is found, keep the “Define As Defualt” radio button checked, press OK or Apply.

-If the same exact spacing is to be applied again use Fast Multi Instantiation which utilizes the last “Define Multi Instantiation”.

Back to Rectangular Pattern

Fast Multi Instantiation (uses the last “Define Multi Instantiation” settings [as long as the “Define As Defualt” radio button was selected]).

Select the Fast Multi Instantiation icon, select the component to be patterned copied. The selected component will be copied per the last Define Multi Instantiation definition.

Reordering (Graph Tree Reordering)

Select the Graph Tree Reordering icon, enlarge the window by dragging the corners (if desired), highlight the component to be reordered, select the up or down arrow to move the component to the new location in the Tree. Use the Graph Tree Reordering icon to order your components in alpha-numeric order.

Retrieving latest components (while they are in session):

If you added components from the server (files are in more than one directory) you can retrieve the most up to date versions by replacing them by the same procedure as in Repairing a component’s broken links. This is helpful when other people are updating their files while you have their components in session.

Unload Components (Erases component from memory).

Right-click on component, Components, Unload

Sometimes the best way to Load the part back is to close down Catia and restart session.

See Repairing a component’s broken links to Load the part back (Links…Replace or Load).

Back to File, Save As

Broken links (Desk):

File, Desk: Black files are Unloaded; Red files weren’t found

-To leave the Desk: File, Close (or leave it open and access it from the Windows pull-down menu).

-Familiarize yourself with the right-click menus in Desk. The menu includes the option to Open any model.

-Red components are components that can’t be found. Hopefully you can avoid these red components (by using Save Management or Replace Component). But if you do get a red component in Desk simply do the following: Right-click on these red components and select Find, browse to the new location of the file. Even if an error window pops up the component should become loaded (and turn white). Save the assembly, close it and reopen to make sure there are no more disconnects (no more red components in Desk).

Note: To show latest information close (File, Close) the Desk and reopen. To force a component to turn red (if you removed the part while the assy was in session): right-click, select Unload (the component should turn red).

See Links for more information.

Back to For view maintenance purposes:

Back to Rename

Back to Saving (Save As) many files

Drawings (a brief look)

Intro to Drawings

BOM

Drawing Format Help

Text & Callouts

Printing

Views (Drawing Views)

Assembly Constraints

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Mon, 23 Jun 2014 18:00:00 +0000

Assembly Constraints Icon group

Assembly Coincidence Constraint

Modifying Assembly Coincidence Constraint

Reuse Pattern

-Review the conversation in Moving copied Instances with the Compass to consider your assembly choices. Also review making Patterns in parts (e.g. Rectangular Pattern) since this can simplify assembly of many common components that interface with a patterned feature. This simplified assembly is accomplished with the Reuse Pattern assembly constraint.

-Before initiating the “assembly constraints” the component’s parent assembly must be:

-highlighted blue

-The assembly requires at least one component

-Any components that you will be selecting must be in Design Mode and be a component that is indentured “under” the highlighted blue assembly. If this restriction does not allow for ample references than use the Moving an instance with the Compass or Move Icon Group (Assembly) instead.

Note on highlighting the correct assembly:

While in an assembly, double click the assembly (to make highlighted blue) who’s next indentured components will be aligned with “assembly constraints”. These top level sub-components (next indentured components) will move as a whole (i.e. lower level components move together with these parent “top level sub-components”) when constrained per the above assembly constraints.

-A branch will be added to the assemblies Assembly Tree. Expand it to keep track of the Constraints that you create as you create them.

-Recommended to use the Update icon following each constraint definition to see the results of each constraint. Press Undo (Ctrl-Z) if the Update made selection difficult during the next Constraint definition. In such instances, it’s recommended to press Update either when your part is fully, or partially, constrained.

-You can expand the branch and update the newly added constraint by selecting Update from the right-click menu. The constraint icon will have a little yellow squirrelly (e.g. instead of ) if it needs updating. Sometimes the Update icon will still be grayed out so you will have to force the constraint to update by double-clicking on it (then the Update icon should be colored and ready to use).

-Undo after an Update will only Undo the Update and not the last Constraint unless Undo was selected twice. So feel free to use Update temporarily (i.e. Ctrl-Z afterwards).

-Make sure that the parts that you will be selecting are in Design Mode or else their entities won’t be useable for selection. See Design & Visualization Mode.

-Consider using the Fix Component constraint for one of your components before applying other assembly constraints.

Tips for moving the part with the Compass

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Mon, 23 Jun 2014 17:56:00 +0000

Tips for moving the part with the Compass

Moving copied Instances with the Compass

Measure in Compass Manipulation Window

Other moving with the Compass tips

Snap Automatically to Selected Objects (orienting the Compass tip)

Moving copied Instances with the Compass

-Consider using this Compass move technique after you’ve placed your first Instances (of the parts you wish to have multiple copies of) with Constraints (Constraints Icon group (Assembly)). This Compass technique is helpful to move copied components (as described in Moving/Copying a part to another sub-assembly). At the very least, use the Compass to move copied components so that they are no longer atop of themselves (making selection of their surfaces easier). After moving the copied Instances (so they are no longer atop of themselves), you may consider continuing to use the Compass or you may decide to add another Constraint (see Constraints Icon group (Assembly)).

Back to Constraints Icon group (Assembly)

Measure in Compass Manipulation Window (helps populate the U, V and W fields, etc.)

There is also a Measure (Measure, Distance) available when you are using the Compass to move the copied Instances/components. This is very powerful when used with Moving an instance with the Compass since it will populate the correct fields of the Compass so that you will only have to select the arrow (as long as your selected order was in the form of: source then destination, else: the arrow) for each field that the Measure has populated. Regardless, if you pick the wrong arrow just correct by picking the opposite arrow. Don’t feel that you have to keep reorienting the Compass, this Measure-Distance method will populate the correct fields regardless of Compass orientation.

Note: Turn the Snap Automatically to Selected Objects setting off while Measuring within the Compass.

Other moving with the Compass tips

-When you have a pattern (per say) of Instances already in place and would like to copy the common pattern to another location within your assembly, use “multiple select” (Ctrl key) to pick them all. Use the same procedure (Moving an instance with the Compass) to move all the Instance copies at once. Maximize the benefit of this technique by thinking ahead (e.g. have all [e.g. stackup] of the Instances in place at the first location before coping to new location).

Snap Automatically to Selected Objects:

If a part/component was made symmetric to one or more of its default datum planes, it’s often helpful to right-click on the Compass and select “Snap Automatically to Selected Objects”. This is often helpful to orient the Compass about a part’s centerline, etc. and orient it correctly if you desire to rotate the component with the Compass.

-This setting snaps pretty well to the component’s internal coordinate system (intersection of its default datum planes) if the Compass was moved from its Reset position (immediately before placing on the component). But if you keep moving it around, without resetting, it gives more emphasis to the component’s surfaces. Knowing this, it is recommended to Reset the Compass (see Resetting the Compass) before attempting to select a component (if snapping to a part’s internal coordinate system is desired).

Turn this Snap setting off while using the Measure in Compass Manipulation Window.

Resetting the Compass

Drag the compass and release on top of the axis found in the lower right of the graphics window. Continue this until the Compass returns to its home position (top right of graphics window).

-See View Orientation for information regarding View Orientation controls and toggling between the Tree and your geometry.

Back to Snap Automatically to Selected Objects

The Compass

When you’re in a single part model: refer to the compass’ orientation to help appreciate the orientation of each of the default datum planes (found at the top of the Modeling Tree). The compass’ orientation (in a single part model) will be consistent with the x-y-z orientation of the xy, yz & zx planes (of the part).

FERROUS METALS

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Sat, 11 Jan 2014 06:35:00 +0000

Ferrous metals are those that contain iron as the base metal The properties of ferrous metals may be changed by adding various alloying elements. The chemical and mechanical properties need to be combined to produce a metal to serve a specific purpose. The basic ferrous metal form is pig iron. Pig iron is produced in a blast furnace that is charged with an iron ore, coke, and hematite, limonite, magnetite and faconite. limestone. The four principal iron ores are

CAST IRON

Cast iron is a metal that is widelv used. It is a hard, brittle metal that has good wear resistance. Cast iron contains 2 to 4 percent carbon. White cast iron is very hard and is used mostly where abrasion and wear resistance is required. White cast iron may be made into malleable iron by heating it; then cooling it very slowly over a long period of time. Malleable iron is stronger and tougher than white cast iron; however, it is much more expensive to produce. Gray iron is another form of cast iron. It is used mostly for castings because of its ability to flow easily into complex shapes.

WROUGHT IRON

Wrought iron is an iron that has had most of its carbon removed. It is tough; however, it can be bent or twisted very easily. Wrought iron is used mostly in ornamental ironwork,
such as fences and handrails, because it is welded or painted easily and it rusts very slowly.

STEEL

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon or other alloying elements. When the alloying element is carbon, the steel is referred to as carbon steel. Carbon steels are classified by the percentage of carbon in “points” or hundredths of 1 percent they contain.

Low Carbon Steel

(Carbon content up to 0.30 percent or 30 points).
This steel is soft and ductile and can be rolled, punched, sheared, and worked when either hot or cold. It is easily machined and can be readily welded by all methods. It does not harden to any great amount; however, it can be easily case- or surface-hardened.

Medium Carbon Steel

(Carbon content from 0.30 to 0.50 percent or 30 to 50 points).
This steel may be heat-treated after fabrication. It is used for general machining and forging of parts that require surface hardness and strength. It is made in bar form in the cold-rolled
or the normalized and annealed condition. During welding, the weld zone will become hardened if cooled rapidly and must be stress-relieved after welding.

High Carbon Steel

(Carbon content from 0.50 to 1.05% or 50 to 105 points)
This steel is used in the manufacture of drills, taps, dies, springs, and other machine tools and hand tools that are heattreated after fabrication to develop the hard structure necessary to withstand high shear stress and wear. It is manufactured in bar, sheet, and wire forms, and in the annealed or normalized condition in order to be suitable for machining before heat treatment. This steel is difficult to weld because of the hardening effect of heat at the welding joint.

Tool Steel

(carbon content from 0.90 to 1.70 percent or 90 to 170 points)
This steel is used in the manufacture of chisels, shear blades, cutters, large taps, woodturning tools, blacksmith’s tools, razors, and other similar parts where high hardness is required to maintain a sharp cutting edge. It is difficult to weld due to the high carbon content.

High-Speed Steel

High-speed steel is a self-hardening steel alloy that can withstand high temperatures without becoming soft. Highspeed steel is ideal for cutting tools because of its ability to take deeper cuts at higher speeds than tools made from carbon steel.

Tungsten Carbide

Tungsten carbide is the hardest man-made metal. It is almost as hard as a diamond. The metal is molded from tungsten and carbon powders under heat and pressure. Tools made from this metal can cut other metals many times faster than highspeed steel tools.

Alloy Steels

Steel is manufactured to meet a wide variety of specifications for hardness, toughness, machinability, and so forth. Manufacturers use various alloying elements to obtain these characteristics. When elements other than carbon, such as chromium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten, and vanadium are used. The resulting metals are called alloy steels. Figure 2-12 shows some of the general characteristics obtained by the use of various alloying elements.

Gears

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Fri, 10 Jan 2014 14:52:00 +0000

Gears are machine elements, which are used for power transmission between shafts, separated by small distance. Irrespective of the type, each gear is provided with projections called teeth and intermediate depressions called tooth spaces. While two gears are meshing, the teeth of one gear enter the spaces of the other. Thus, the drive is positive and when one gear rotates, the other also rotates; transmitting power from one shaft to the other.

Gears are classified on the basis of the shape of the tooth profile and the relative position of the shafts between which, power transmission takes place. The pictorial views of some of the most commonly used gear trains, are shown in Fig.

Gear Nomenculature

Figure shows the parts of a spur gear

Fig shows two spur gears in mesh; indicating all the terms associated with the gearing. These terms are also applicable to all types of gears.A number of curves may be used for the tooth profile. However, from a commercial stand point, cycloidal and involute curves are used. Of these two, involute form is extensively used because of its advantages from manufacturing and operational points of view.

Involute is a curve traced by a point on a straight line when it rolls without slipping, on the
circumference of a circle. Figure 13.6 shows the stages in drawing the involute tooth of a gear.

The following are the steps involved in the construction.

1. With O as centre and radius equal to the pitch circle radius, draw an arc.
2. At any point P on it, drawn a line T-T, tangential to the above arc.
3. Through the point P, draw the line of action N-N, making an angle equal to the pressure angle φ,
with the tangent line T-T.
4. From the centre O, draw the line OQ, perpendicular to the line of action (it will make an angle φ
with OP).
5. With O as centre and radius equal to OQ, draw an arc, representing the base circle.
6. With O as centre, draw arcs, representing addendum and dedendum circles.
7. Starting from any point on the base circle, construct an involute curve, as shown at X.
8. Trace the curve and a part of the base circle, on a piece of tracing paper, as shown at Y.
9. On the pitch circle, mark points 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., separated by a distance equal to half of the
circular pitch.
10. Place the tracing paper, such that the arc AB coincides with the base circle and the curve passes
through the point 1.
11. Prick a few points on the curve, lying between the addendum and base circles.
12. Join these points by a smooth curve.
13. Draw a radial line below the base circle and join it with the bottom land, by means of fillet of
radius r, which may be taken as 0.125 pc.
14. Reverse the tracing paper, follow the steps 11 to 13 and complete the curve through the point 2;
obtaining one tooth profile.
15. Repeat the steps 11 to 14 and construct the other tooth profiles.

Approximate construction of tooth profiles

Often it is necessary to draw the teeth on a pair of meshing gears, to understand the problems
involved in the meshing of the mating teeth. Further, the drawings are not used for producing
the teeth in the shop. Hence, approximate constructions may be followed to draw the tooth
profiles. The following are the steps involved in the construction:

Case 1 Number of teeth is 30 and above (Fig.13.7)

1. With O as centre, draw arcs representing dedendum, pitch and addendum circles.
2. At any point on the pitch circle, mark a point P.
3. With OP as diameter, draw a semi-circle.
4. With centre P and radius equal to 0.125× pitch circle diameter (D), draw an arc, intersecting the
semi-circle at Q.
5. With O as centre and radius OQ, draw an arc. The centres of arcs for the tooth profiles, lie on this
arc and the radius for the arc is 0.125D.
6. On the pitch circle, mark points 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., separated by a distance equal to half the circular
pitch.

7. With each of these points as centres, and radius equal to 0.125D, locate the centres 1′, 2′, 3′, 4′,
etc., for arcs, on the circle for centres (passing through Q).
8. With 1′, 2′, 3′, 4′, etc., as centres and radius equal to R, draw arcs, passing through the points 1,
2, 3, 4, etc.
9. Add the top lands and join the arcs with the bottom land, by a fillet of radius r, equal to
0.125 pc.

Case 2 Number of teeth is less than 30

1. Follow the steps 1 to 8 as described above.
2. From O, draw lines, tangential to the above arcs.
3. Add the top lands and join the above lines with the bottom land, by a fillet of radius equal
to 0.125 pc.

Approximate construction of tooth profile (number of teeth less than 30)

NX UNIGRAPHICS TOOLBARS

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Fri, 10 Jan 2014 06:55:00 +0000

friends this post will be useful to the new CAD designers who are at their beginning level.

the following is the list of tools used in unigraphics software.

download and read it . you will be amazed to note at all the tools available at your fingertips

NX part files

The NX user interface

Coordinate Systems

Sketcher Task Environment

Expressions

Datum features

Swept features and Boolean operations

Part structure

Using sketches

Trim Body

Swept feature options

Hole features

Shell

Associative copies

Edge Operations

Introduction to Assemblies

Adding and constraining components

Introduction to Drafting

Editing models

Legacy mating conditions

Projects

Constrain sketches

Additional Sketcher techniques

Basic Freeform

Expressions

Duplicate features

Assembly functions

Reference Sets

Top-down assembly modeling

Interpart geometry

Interpart References

Face Operations

Variable Radius and Blend Overflow

Remember Assembly Constraints

Component Arrays

Family of Parts

Revise and replace components

Deform Part

Extract and Delete Face

Assembly Arrangements

Appendix: Positional Override

Appendix: Define a family of parts

Appendix: Legacy mating conditions

Project

Limits of Size (IQC 5 )

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Thu, 09 Jan 2014 19:49:00 +0000

Limits of size are two extreme permissible sizes between which the actual size exists.

The maximum limit for a dimension is the largest permissible size, while the minimum limit
for a dimension is the smallest permissible size.

The maximum or minimum sizes represented by tolerances are called the limits. The basic sizes deviation and tolerances for both shaft and hole are illustrated in Fig

Basic size deviation and tolerances for both shaft and hole

Zero Line and Deviation

In graphical representation of limits, straight line to which the deviations are of zero
deviation and the represented of zero deviation are referred.

The zero line is also known as line of zero deviation is generally drawn as horizontal line and the positive deviations are shown above this line and the negative deviations below it.

The algebraic difference between the actual or maximum size and the corresponding
the basic size is called deviation.

The deviations from the basic dimensions at the
boundaries of the tolerance zone are called upper and lower deviations as depicted in
Fig

Upper and lower deviations for both shaft and hole

Upper Deviation

It is the algebraic difference between the two maximum limit of any size of the part and
the corresponding basic size.

Lower Deviation

It is the algebraic difference between the minimum limit of any size of the part and the
corresponding basic size.

Mean Deviation

It is the arithmetical mean between the upper and lower deviations of any size of the
part.

SIZE ( IQC 4 )

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Thu, 09 Jan 2014 19:37:00 +0000

It expresses the numerical value of a length in a particular unit on the part. The basic
size of a part is its nominal dimension from where all variations are generally made.

It is determined by the part designer from its functional requirements to meet the specified
objective. The other term used with respect to a part is the nominal size.

The nominal size is the size of the part specified in the drawing as a matter of convenience. It is used primarily for the purpose of identification of a component and is never used in the precision measurement of parts.

A rigid attitude towards the maintenance of a basic size of the part may increase the
manufacturing cost and a little variation in dimension is accepted resulting in a size, which
is different from the basic size of the part. This is called the actual size.

The actual size of a dimension or part is its measured size. An actual size of a ready part will, therefore, always deviate from one specified in the drawing, i.e. from the nominal or basic size of the part. Whereas the difference between the basic size and actual size must not exceed from a certain limit otherwise it will interfere with the interchangeability of mating components during assembly or sub assembly of parts.

INTERCHANGEABILITY ( IQC-3 )

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Thu, 09 Jan 2014 19:21:00 +0000

The dimensions of mating parts are generally controlled to have a proper fitting of
matching parts for its optimal functional requirement. Providing dimensions on components
or parts is the job of a product designer.

Interchangeability

of the parts is, therefore, a major pre-requisite for economic production, operation and maintenance of machinery mechanism and instruments. It is therefore very much possible to interchange spare parts in various machines, tractors, motor cars, machines tools, airplanes and many, others so that they can be dismantled for replacement of parts in service conditions in the field, and also in many local workshops with least possible loss of time.

In order to produce interchangeable or identical parts, the components of interchangeable system and the various terms related with inter-changeability of the mating parts should be understood clearly by the product designing, manufacturing and product inspecting staff working in industries.

TOLERANCES ON PARTS ( IQC 2 )

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Thu, 09 Jan 2014 19:12:00 +0000

It is difficult to manufacture any product or component to its exact size. Tolerance on
the parts is therefore the amount of variation in size tolerated to cover reasonable imperfections in workmanship and it varies with different grades of work.

Tolerance on a dimension can also be specified as the difference between the maximum limit of size and the minimum limit of size. It is equal to the algebraic difference between the upper and lower deviations and has an absolute value without sign.

Its value is a function of the basic size and is designated by a number symbol, called the grade.

There are two basic ways of specifying the working
tolerance: (1) bilateral and (2) unilateral, tolerances.

Bilateral tolerances are used where the parts vary in both directions from the desired or nominal size.

Unilateral tolerances are used where it is important for the dimension to vary in only one direction.

Components produced will fall close to the desired dimension but can vary in only one direction. An example is the drilled hole, as the drill is made close to the normal hole size, it is seldom possible to drill a hole undersize. All drilled holes therefore should carry only a plus tolerance. Since the tolerance is allowed on one side of the nominal size, the system is said to be unilateral. Closer the tolerance higher is the cost of product.

INSPECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL- INTRODUCTION [ IQC 1 ]

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Thu, 09 Jan 2014 18:53:00 +0000

Introduction

Inspection or checking of components or products with required specifications is very
minutely related with quality control. It is generally an accepted fact that no two things can
ever be exactly same. It also holds true with manufactured parts. Therefore certain variations or deviations in dimensions and other product specifications are accepted.

However, only few produced articles or parts may be rejected if the deviations go beyond the specified quality standards. Therefore it becomes essential to detect errors so that the manufacturing of faulty product does not go uncorrected.

The philosophy of inspection is only preventive and not remedial. In other words the inspection of products is measuring or checking its quality in terms geometrical tolerances of other specified feature of needed design.

Generally, there are three basic areas of inspection namely receiving inspection, in-process inspection and final inspection.

In the receiving inspection, inspections are performed on all incoming materials and purchased parts.

In the in-process inspection the products are inspected as they are in
processed in stages from starting station to finished station.

In the final inspection, all finished products or parts are inspected finally prior to delivering them to the customer.

The main motive of manufacturing is to process engineering materials and produce
desired and useful components or products to the specified shape, size and finish. The
specifications for the shapes, sizes and finishes on the products are furnished by the
manufacturing operations through specified process plan using part drawings or manufacturing drawings. These specifications basically termed as called quality characteristics.

The quality of manufactured product is depend always upon the process capability of controlling manufacturing functions which may lead to a certain amount of variation as a result of chance and some cause. Also some chance or cause is inherent in any particular scheme of production and inspection. The reasons for variation outside this stable system should be discovered and corrected to minimize wastage and finally to improve quality.

Difference between QA and QC

Basic QA/QC concepts

Difference Between Quality Assurance And Quality Control

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Thu, 09 Jan 2014 18:34:00 +0000

What is the difference between Quality Assurance and Quality Control?

ISO 9000 Definitions 1

• Quality Control : “A part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements”.
• Quality Assurance : “A part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled.”

Other Definitions 2

• Quality Assurance is defined as “All the planned and systematic activities implemented within the quality system that can be demonstrated to provide confidence that a product or service will fulfill requirements for quality”.
• Quality Control is defined as “The operational techniques and activities used to fulfill requirements for quality”.

• Quality Assurance is fundamentally focused on planning and documenting those processes to assure quality including things such as quality plans
and inspection and test plans
• Quality Control on the other hand is the physical verification that the product conforms to
these planned arrangements by inspection, measurement etc

• Quality Assurance is a system for evaluating performance, service, of the quality of a product against a system,standard or specified requirement
for customers.

ISO 9000:2005 Quality Management Systems - Fundamentals and
Vocabulary

• Quality Control is the process involved within the system to ensure job management, competence and performance during the manufacturing of the the product or service to ensure it meets the quality plan as designed.

• Quality Control
– What: The activities or techniques used to achieve and maintain the product quality,
process and service.
– How: Finding & eliminating causes of quality problems through tools & equipment so
that customer’s requirements are continually met.
• Quality Assurance
– What: Prevention of quality problems through planned and systematic activities including
documentation.
– How: Establish a good quality management system and the assessment of its adequacy&
conformance audit of the operation system & the review of the system itself.

• Quality Control just measures and determines the quality level of products or services. It is a process itself.
• Quality Assurance is a complete system to assure the quality of products or services. It is not only a process, but a complete system including also control. It is a way of management.

Basic QA and QC concepts

Basic QA/QC Concepts

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Thu, 09 Jan 2014 18:14:00 +0000

Quality Assurance (QA)

Refers to a broad plan for maintaining quality in all aspects of a program, including all quality
control measures, sample collection, sample analysis, data management, documentation,
evaluation, etc. It is helpful to data users in determining the integrity (soundness) of data.

Quality Control (QC)

The steps, including measurements, calibrations, and standardization practices, taken to assure
the quality of specific sampling and analytical procedures. QC is used to reduce error in the
data collection and analysis. For example, the collection of two samples (QC samples) taken at
the same time and location should yield the same (or very similar) results; data quality can be
determined by evaluating the results of the QC samples and determining precision and
accuracy. The decision to accept data, reject it, or accept only a portion of it should be made
after analysis of the QC data.

Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP)

The formal written document describing the detailed quality assurance procedures and QC
activities that will be used to assure data quality.

Precision

Degree of agreement among repeated measurements. Reproducible results are precise. Can
be calculated using the standard deviation (a statistical way to measure variation around the
data set’s average value).

Accuracy

Measures how close your results are to a true value. The smaller the difference between the
measurement and its “true” value, the more accurate the measurement. Found by analyzing a
standard or reference sample (one with a known value).

Completeness

The number of samples and documentation needed to meet the sampling objectives.
Volunteers may not be able to collect as many samples as planned so try to take more samples
than you expect to need.

Comparability

The extent to which data from one study can be directly compared to either past data obtained
in the study or from data obtained in another study.

Difference between quality assurance and quality control

Competencies employer generally look for during the time of interview

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Thu, 09 Jan 2014 09:07:00 +0000

Drive for achievement

o Defined as: The individual grasps opportunities to achieve and exceed

o their business and personal objectives;

o success is a great motivator for them;

o desires to perform tasks to the highest standards; is generally

o positive and enthusiastic at all times;

o does not suffer too greatly by setbacks

o and is tenacious

o is resourceful and self-driven;

o can accept change and is flexible;

o has a high level of energy; leads by example.

Strategic thinking

o Defined as:

o The individual can think about their industry/sector as a whole;

o can identify threats and opportunities to the organisation;

o can monitor the progress of short- and longer-term projects;

o can manage

o multiple priorities;

o understands the link between departmental and

o organisational objectives;

o recognises the interaction between people and

o technical issues in achieving objectives.

Relationship building

o Defined as:

o The individual puts effort over a sustained period of time in

o building influential relationships;

o puts effort into building both external

o and internal relationships;

o understands the importance of good business

o relationships;

o demonstrates proactivity in utilising the expertise of others;

o works with others to formulate solutions;

o builds on friendships and

o actively networks.

Commercial awareness

o Defined as:

o The individual understands how organisations work; can

o apply commercial and financial principles;

o demonstrates an active

o interest in the financial performance of the organisation in terms of

o profit and loss, cash-flow, added value, routes to market,

o competitiveness, etc.

Leadership of change

o Defined as: The individual works with others to implement change;

o helps

o to clarify and avoid ambiguity;

o willingly accepts change;

o takes

o responsibility for driving things forward

o can identify and initiate change;

o understands the interconnectivity of departments and how change

o affects others.

Leadership skills

o Defined as: The individual demonstrates an ability to share a sense of

o vision and common purpose;

o has respect of others through words and

o deeds;

o inspires loyalty and commitment;

o has an adaptable leadership

o style depending on individuals and circumstances;

o can create and build

o teams;

o is inspirational and enthusiastic;

o demonstrates empathy;

o can

o transform strategic objectives into firm actions.

Continuous improvement

o Defined as: The individual demonstrates the ability to identify the actions

o needed to make things happen in a quality-oriented way;

o can ensure

o these actions are carried out;

o seizes opportunities to make improvements;

o establishes conditions to ensure continuous improvement;

o can plan and

o organise tasks;

o can challenge the status quo.

Customer awareness

o Defined as: The individual can demonstrate an ability to meet and exceed

o customer expectations;

o recognises the prime importance of the customer;

o can anticipate future customer needs;

o goes the extra mile for the

o customer;

o takes responsibility for developing long-term relationships

o with customers;

o forges partnerships that contribute to future growth

o opportunities for both customer and own organisation.

Decision-making skills and judgement

o Defined as: The individual can demonstrate a readiness to make

o high-quality decisions based on the information to hand using logic and

o analytical skills;

o breaks complex issues into component parts;

o considers

o the outcomes of varying courses of action;

o can draw reliable conclusions

o from disparate and often conflicting sources of data;

o can make sound

o decisions in a timely manner;

o is able to make decisions with an

o awareness of the political climate internally.

Influencing skills

o Defined as: The individual demonstrates competence in convincing

o others or impresses them in such a way as to gain acceptance,

o agreement

o or behaviour change;

o sets a positive example by modelling behaviour;

o has

o excellent listening, oral and written communication skills;

o has the ability

o to influence peers, subordinates and superiors and key decision-makers;

o can influence at tactical and strategic levels.

Development of self and others

o Defined as: The individual demonstrates an interest in the development

o of others as well as himself;

o seeks out opportunities to learn new skills;

o encourages others in their development;

o accepts coaching and

o mentoring responsibilities;

o monitors own and others’ skill levels;

o keeps

o abreast of development in their chosen field.

Teamworking skills

o Defined as: The individual demonstrates an ability to work cooperatively

o and productively with others;

o copies the teamworking styles of others;

o looks for opportunities to work in ad-hoc and established teams;

o understands how to set and monitor team objectives and goals;

o recognises the differing skill sets of individuals and the need for a mix

o within teams.

MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS AND METROLOGY ( BE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYLLABUS 3 SEM )

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Wed, 25 Dec 2013 08:11:00 +0000

MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS AND METROLOGY

Subject Title : Mechanical measurements and metrology

Subject Code : M-

Hours Per Week : 04

Hours Per Semester : 64

TOPIC ANALYSIS

SL.No	Major Topics	Hours Allotted	Weightage of Marks
SECTION-I
1	Introduction to measurements	06	16
2	Measuring instruments	08	21
3	Limits, fits and Tolerance	06	16
SECTION-II
4	Machine tool metrology	06	16
5	Transducers and strain gauges	08	20
6	Measurement of force, torque and pressure	08	20
SECTTION-III
7	Applied mechanical measurements	08	20
8	Miscellaneous measurement	06	16
9	Industry innovations	05	-
10	Tests	03	-
	Total	64	145

OBJECTIVES

On the completion of the course the students should be able to:

1. Understand the principle of operation and calibration of an instrument.

2. Know different measuring device for a particular application.

3. Understanding the concepts of limits, fits and tolerance

4. Understand various testing tools for checking the alignment of machine tools

5 Understand the various transducers and application of strain gauges

6. Understand the different devices used to measure force, torque, and pressure

7 Understand the different devices used to measure Speed, Flow, and Temperature

8 Understand the different devices used to measure density, humidity, blood pressure

COURSE CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction to measurements

1.1 Definition of measurement

1.2 Significance of measurement,

1.4 Methods of measurements

1.5 Generalized measuring system

1.3 Standards of measurements.

1.6 Factors in selecting the measuring instruments

1.7 Terms applicable to measuring instruments: Precision and Accuracy, Sensitivity and Repeatability, Range, Threshold, Hysteresis, calibration

1.8 Errors in Measurements: Classification of errors, Systematic and Random error.

2.0 Measuring instruments

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Thread measurements: Thread gauge micrometer

2.3 Angle measurements: Bevel protractor, Sine Bar,

2.4 Gauges: plain plug gauge, ring Gauge, snap gauge, limit gauge

2.5 Comparators: Characterstics of comparators, Types of comparators

2.6 Surface finish -Definition, Terminology of surface finish

Talysurf surface roughness tester

2.7 Co-ordinating measuring machine

3.0 Limits, Fits, Tolerances

3.1 Limit: Maxium limit, Minium limit, Basic size, Nominal size

3.2 Fit: Types of fits-Hole basis and Shaft basis system

3.3 Tolerance: Basic terminology, unilatrel and bilateral tolerance

3.4 Interchangability and selective assembly

4.0 Machine tool metrology

4.1 Testing instruments for machine tools alignment testing

4.2 Checking Parallelism, Straightness, runout, alignment testing of machine tool as per IS standard procedure.

5.0 Transducers and Strain gauges

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Transducers: Characteristics, classification of transducers, two coil self inductance transducer, Piezoelectric transducer

5.3 Strain Measurements: Strain gauge, Classification, mounting of strain gauges, Strain gauge rosettes-two and three elements

6.0 Measurement of force, torque, and pressure

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Force measurements: Spring Balance, Proving ring, Load cell

6.3 Torque measurement: Prony brake, Hydraulic dynamometer

6.4 Pressure measurement: Mcloed gauge,

7.0 Applied mechanical measurements

7.1 Speed measurement- Classification of tachometers, Revolution counters Eddy current tachometers

7.2 Displacement measurement- Linear variable Differential transformers (LVDT),

7.3 Flow measurement-Rotometers,

7.4 Temperature measurement- Resistance thermometers, Optical Pyrometer.

8.0 Miscellaneous measurements

8.1 Humidity measurement –hair hygrometer,

8.2 Density measurement-hydrometer,

8.3 Liquid level measurement –-sight glass, Float gauge

8.4 Biomedical measurement-Sphygmo monometer

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO MEASUREMENTS

1.1 Define measurement.

1.2 Explain the significance of measurement.

1.3 Explain direct and indirect comparison methods of measurement

1.4 Explain with block diagram generalized measuring system.

1.5 Explain primary and secondary standards of measurements

1.6 List the factors to be considered while selecting the instruments.

1.7 Define: Precision and Accuracy, Sensitivity and Repeatability, Reproducibility, Range, Threshold, Hysteresis, calibration with respect to measuring instruments

1.8 Classification of errors in measuring instruments

1.9 Explain systematic and random errors.

2.0 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

2.1 Explain the measurement of screw threads elements using Thread gauge micrometer

2.2 Explain the construction and working of sine bar.

2.3 Explain the construction and working of bevel protractor

2.4 Sketch and explain: plain plug gauge, ring Gauge, snap gauge, limit gauge, feeler gauge

2.5 Explain the characteristics of comparators

2.6 Explain with sketch the working of mechanical comparator (Reed type)

2.7 Explain with sketch the working of Electrical comparator

2.8 Explain with sketch the working of optical comparator

2.9 Explain basic terms of surface finish

2.10 Explain the measurement of surface finish by Talysurf surface roughness tester

2.11 Explain the role of co ordinate measuring machines (CMM)

3.0 LIMITS, FITS, TOLERANCES

3.1 Outline the importance of concepts of limits and tolerance

3.2 Explain different types of fits-Clearance, transistion, interference

3.3 Explain unilateral and bilateral tolerance

3.4 Explain hole basis and shaft basis system

3.5 Explain Interchangability and selective assembly

4.0 MACHINE TOOL METROLOGY

4.1 List the various testing instruments for machine tools alignment testing

4.2 Explain the checking of parallelism of spindle axis to carriage movement in lathe

4.3 Explain the checking of straightness of the carriage movement in lathe

4.4 Explain the checking of run out of axis of centre in lathe

4.5 Explain the checking for the vertical straightness of knee of milling machine

5.0 TRANSDUCERS AND STRAIN GAUGES

5.1 Explain the characteristics of transducers

5.2 State the requirement of transducers

5.3 Out line the classification of transducers

5.4 Explain working of two coil self inductance transducers

5.5 Explain working of Piezo electric transducers

5.6 Explain the principle of strain gauge

5.7 Explain the mounting of strain gauge

5.8 Explain with diagram two element and three element strain gauge rosettes

5.9 Explain optical strain gauge

6.0 MEASUREMENT OF FORCE, TORQUE, AND PRESSURE

6.1 Outline the concepts

6.2 Sketch and explain the spring balance

6.3 Sketch and explain the Proving ring

6.4 Explain the piezoelectric load cell

6.5 Explain measurement of torque by proney brake

6.6 Explain working of hydraulic dynamometer

6.7 Explain working of Mcloed gauge

7.0 APPLIED MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS

7.1 Outline the classification of tachometers

7.2 Sketch and explain revolution counter

7.3 Sketch and explain Eddy current tachometer

7.4 Explain the working of LVDT

7.5 Explain the measurement of flow of liquid using rotameter

7.5 Explain the principle of working of thermo couple.

7.6 Explain working of resistance thermometer

7.7 Explain working of optical pyrometer

8.0 MISCELLANEOUS MEASUREMENTS

8.1 Explain the working of hair hygrometer

8.2 Sketch and explain hydrometer

8.3 How the level of liquid can be measured using sight glass

8.4 Explain the principle of float gauge for liquid level measurement

8.5 How the blood pressure is measured using sphygmomanometer

REFERENCES

1. “Mechanical measurements” by Beckwith Marangoni and Lienhard, Pearson Education, 6^th Ed., 2006

2. “ Metrology & Measurement” by Anand K Bewoor,Vinay kulakarni ,Tata McGraw hill New delhi 2009

3. “Principles of Industrial instrumentation and control systems”by Channakesava .R.Alavala,DELMAR cenage learning,2009

4. “Principles of Engineering metrology” by Rega Rajendra Jaico publishers-2008

5. “Dimensional Metrology “by Connie Dotson,DELMAR,cenage learning,2007

6. “Instrumentation measurement and analysis” by B.C.Nakara,K.K.chaudarysecond edition,Tata cgraw hill,2005

7. “Engineering Metrology” by R.K.Jain, Khanna Publishers, 1994.

8. Mechanical Measurements by DOEBLIN

here is the syllabus for another subjects:

fluid mechanics and machinery

MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY – I ( BE Mechanical Engineering 3 sem syllabus )

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Wed, 25 Dec 2013 08:06:00 +0000

MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY – I

Subject Title : Manufacturing Technology - 1

Subject Code : M

Hours Per Week : 04 Hours Per Semester : 64

TOPIC ANALYSIS

SL.No	Major Topics	Hours Allotted	Weightage of Marks
SECTION-I
1	Materials for manufacturing	06	15
2	Metal casting process	08	20
3	Forging	08	20
SECTION-II
4	Mechanical working of metals	06	15
5	Advanced welding process	08	20
6	Press work	06	15
SECTION-III
7	Lathe	09	25
8	Drilling	05	15
9	Industry Institute Interaction	04	-
10	Tests & Revision	04	-
	Total	64	145

General Objectives :

On completion of the course the students should be able to:

1. Understand the various materials used in manufacturing of the products.

2. Understand the metal casting techniques used in manufacturing

3. Understand the concepts of forging, its types & importance in manufacturing

4. Understand the various mechanical working processes of metals

5. Understand the various advanced welding methods & applications

6. Understand the basic press work practices, machines & applications

7. Understand the basic working of lathe, its operations & applications

8. Understand the basic working of drilling machines, its operations & applications

CONTENTS:

1.0 Materials for manufacturing

1.1 Manufacturing

1.2 Ferrous and non-ferrous materials.

1.3 Heat treatment

1.4 Carbon Equilibrium diagram

1.5 Review of heat treatment processes

1.6 Advanced materials used in manufacturing

1.7 Ceramics

1.8 Polymers

1.9 Plastics

1.10 Composite materials

2.0 Metal casting process

2.1 Introduction to metal casting

2.2 Casting: steps involved in casting

2.3 Pattern for casting

2.4 Pattern making materials

2.5 Pattern Types & allowances

2.6 Moulding- Moulding sands-Moulding process

2.7 Special casting processes - Die casting, Centrifugal casting & Investment casting.

2.8 Defects in casting and their remedies

3.0 Forging

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Presses & Hammers

3.3 Forging Processes

3.4 Forging operations

3.5 Defects in forging and their remedies

4.0 Mechanical working of metals

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Comparison of cold working and hot working

4.3 Rolling-Types of rolling mills

4.4 Hot working-Advantages and limitations

4.5 Cold working-Advantages and limitations, Types of cold working process

5.0 Advanced welding processes

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Classification of welding process

5.3 Resistance welding - Spot, Seam and Projection welding

5.4 Advanced Arc welding types-Shielded metal arc welding, TIG & MIG welding,

Submerged arc welding, Plasma arc welding & Laser beam welding.

5.5 Defects in welding and their remedies

6.0 Press work

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Presses-Types-Power press

6.3 Press operations: Cutting, bending, drawing, punching, blanking & notching,

6.4 Die sets-Types-Accessories

7.0 Lathe

7.1 Introduction to lathe.

7.2 Classification of lathes -specification of lathe

7.3 Constructional features of Engine lathe

7.4 Lathe attachments, accessories & work holding devices

7.4 Lathe operations

7.5 Taper turning and thread cutting.

7.6 Machining parameters-cutting speed, feed, depth of cut and machining time

7.7 Capstan and Turret lathe-Description-comparison with engine lathe

8.0 Drilling machine

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Classification of drilling machines

8.3 Radial drilling machine-working-drilling operations

8.4 Twist drill nomenclature

8.5 Machining parameters-cutting speed, feed, depth of cut and machining time

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

1.0 MATERIALS FOR MANUFACTURING

1.1 Define Manufacturing

1.2 List the different ferrous & non ferrous materials used in manufacturing & Applications.

1.3 State the purpose of heat treatment

1.4 Explain Iron carbon equilibrium diagram

1.5 Review the heat treatment process

1.6 List the advanced materials used in manufacturing.

1.7 State the general properties and applications of ceramic materials

1.8 State the general properties and applications of polymers

1.9 Explain Thermo plastic and Thermo setting plastics

1.10 State the general properties and applications of composite materials

2.0 METAL CASTING PROCESS

2.1 Explain Casting

2.2 Explain the basic steps involved in casting process

2.3 Define pattern and explain its importance in metal casting

2.4 List the different pattern making materials

2.5 Explain the different pattern making allowances

2.6 Describe briefly different types of patterns

2.7 Explain molding

2.8 List the different types of sands involved in molding process

2.9 Explain the Molding processes - Sand molding, Pit molding, machine molding & Shell molding.

2.10 Explain the Special casting processes - die casting, centrifugal casting & Investment casting.

2.11 State the defects in casting

3.0 FORGING

3.1 Explain the importance of forging.

3.2 List the different types of Presses and hammers in forging

3.3 Explain forging process - Drop forging, Upset forging, Die forging & press forging.

3.4 Explain Forging operations- Closed die Forging operation, Fullering, Edging, Bending,

Blocking & Finishing.

3.5 List the Forging defects and its remedies.

4.0 MECHANICAL WORKING OF METALS

4.1 Explain mechanical working of metals.

4.2 Differentiate cold working with hot working.

4.3 Sketch and describe the working principle of rolling,

4.4 Explain briefly the rolling mills- Two high, Three high, Four high, Universal & Planetary

rolling mills

4.5 State advantages and limitations of hot working.

4.6 List various cold working processes

4.7 State advantages and limitations of cold working.

5.0 ADVANCED WELDING PROCESS

5.1 Classification of welding process

5.2 Explain Resistance welding - Spot, Seam and Projection welding

5.3 Explain shielded metal arc welding

5.4 Explain TIG & MIG welding

5.5 Explain submerged arc welding

5.6 Explain the Plasma arc welding

5.7 Explain the Laser beam welding

5.8 List the welding defects and remedies

6.0 PRESS WORK

6.1 Introduction

6.2 List the different types of presses

6.3 Explain the working of power press

6.4 Explain the press operations: Cutting, bending, drawing, punching, blanking, notching,

6.5 Identify different types of die sets

6.6 Describe various die accessories

7.0 LATHE

7.1 Explain about lathe

7.2 List the different types of lathe with classification

7.2 Specify the size of a lathe

7.3 Draw the line diagram of the lathe, label its parts & brief working of lathe

7.4 List the lathe attachments, accessories & work holding devices

7.4 Explain various operations performed in lathe-turning, taper turning, knurling & thread cutting

7.5 Explain thread cutting procedure.

7.6 Define cutting speed, feed, depth of cut and machining time

7.6 Explain Capstan and Turret lathe with sketch & Identify difference between them.

7.7 Compare Capstan / Turret and Engine lathe.

7.8 Simple problems.

8.0 DRILLING MACHINE

8.1 Introduction

8.2 List out different types of drilling machines.

8.3 Explain different parts of radial drilling machine with sketch

8.4 Explain different operations performed in a drilling machine- drilling, reaming, tapping,

counter boring & counter sinking.

8.5 Draw a twist drill & label its parts

8.6 Define cutting speed, feed, depth of cut and machining time.

8.7 Simple problems.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1) Workshop Technology by Hazara choudary VOL - I & VOL – II.

2) Production Technology by Dr.P.C.Sharma., S Chand & Co

3) Workshop technology by B.S.Raghuvamshi

4) Introduction to Manufacturing Processes , P N Rao , Vol 1 & Vol II, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publications

5) Manufacturing Process- I & II & III- By Dr. Radhakrishna K

6) Production Technology by R.K.Jain.

7) Manufacturing Technology I & II , Dr P C Sharma , S Chand & Co

8) Manufacturing Technology - P P Date , Jaico Publishing House

9) Foundry Technology –Dr. Radhakrishna.

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

SUBJECT : MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY – I SUBJECT CODE :_______

TIME : THREE HOURS TOTAL MARKS : 100

________________________________________________________________________

Note : 1) Section – I is compulsory .

2) Answer any TWO FULL QUESTIONS FROM SECTION – II, III & IV

3) Each Full Question in Section II, III & IV carries FIFTEEN MARKS

4) Marks are indicated for questions at right side.

SECTION – I

Q – I ) a) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words 5X1= 5

i) _________ gas is used in Metal Inert gas welding.

ii) Draft allowance is allowed in ___________ making.

iii) ___________ invented the engine lathe.

iv) ____________ attachment is used for taper turning in lathe.

v) With the help of _________ treatment metals acquire desired properties.

b) State any five manufacturing processes with applications 05

SECTIO N – II

Q – II ) a) State the importance of metal casting . 03

b) Indicate five casting defects & give remedies for each 05

c) Explain with neat sketch the Centrifugal Casting process 07

Q – III ) a) Mention the differences between Open Die & Closed Die forging 05

b) List at least five forging defects & their remedies 05

c) Explain with neat sketch DIE FORGING 05

Q- I V ) a) State five general properties & applications of Composite materials 05

b) Explain five pattern making allowances 05

c) Explain FULLERING with a suitable sketch 05

SECTION - III

Q – V ) a) Explain with neat sketch TIG welding process 06

b) Sketch the POWER PRESS& label its parts 05

c) List the defects in welding 04

Q- VI ) a) Describe the working principle of Rolling with a neat sketch 06

b) Describe any one die accessories with neat sketch 05

c) With a suitable sketch explain Three high rolling mill 04

Q- VII ) a) Explain with neat sketch spot welding 05

b) Define any five press operations 05

c) Mention the advantages & limitations of hot working 05

SECTION – IV

Q – VIII ) a ) How do you specify the lathe 05

b) Draw a twist drill & label its parts clearly 05

c) Explain briefly the thread cutting procedure on the lathe 05

Q- IX ) a) With a neat sketch explain taper turning by taper turning attachment . 06

b) Sketch & label all the parts of Radial Drilling Machine 05

c) Explain the knurling operation 04

Q- X ) a) With suitable notations define :

i) Cutting Speed ii) Feed iii ) Depth of Cut 06

b) With simple sketches briefly explain :

i) Reaming ii ) Tapping 06

c) Define machining time & mention its units 03

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY (BE Mechanical Engineering 3 sem syllabus)

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Wed, 25 Dec 2013 08:04:00 +0000

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY

Subject Title : Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

Subject Code : M-

Hours Per Week : 04

Hours Per Semester : 64

TOPIC ANALYSIS

S.No	Major Topics	Hours Allotted	Weightage of Marks
SECTION-I
1	Introduction	05	10
2	Fluid statics	02	5
3	Fluid kinematics	02	5
4	Fluid dynamics	06	15
5	Flow through pipes and nozzles	06	15
SECTION-II
6	Impact of jet on vanes	06	15
7	Hydraulic turbines	12	30
SECTION-III
8	Centrifugal pumps	08	25
9	Reciprocating pumps and Special Purpose Pumps	08	25
10	Industry innovations	05	-
11	Test	04
	Total	64	145

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course, student should be able to…

1. Understand the basic of fluid mechanics

2. Understand the basic principles of fluid statics

3. Understand the basic principle of fluid kinematics

4. Understand the principles of fluid dynamics and its applications

5. Understand the principles of fluid flow through pipes

6. Understand the impact of jet on vanes

7. Understand the working of hydraulic turbines

8. Understand the working of Centrifugal Pumps

9. Understand the working of Reciprocating pumps & special purpose pumps

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Scope of the subject

1.2 Fluid

1.3 Type of fluid

1.4 Fluid mechanics

1.5 Classification of fluid mechanics

1.6 Statics, kinematics, and dynamics

1.7 Hydraulics

1.8 Ideal and real fluids

1.9 properties of fluids

1.9.1 Definitions - Mass Density, Specific Volume, Specific Weight, Specific Gravity,

Viscosity, Kinematics, SI units of viscosity Surface Tension, Capillarity, Compressibility

and Bulk Modulus

1.10 Fluid pressure

1.10.1 Definition of pressure and units of pressure

1.10.2 Relation between vacuum, absolute and atmospheric pressure

1.10.3 Pressure head of a liquid

1.10.4 Pascal’s law

1.10.5 Pressure measurement and Types of pressure measuring instruments

1.10.6 Manometers –Simple and Differential- Advantages and Limitations

1.10.7 Mechanical gauges-Construction and working of principle of gauges:

Bourdon tube, Diaphragm,

1.10.8 Vacuum gauges

2.0 Fluid statics

2.1 Definition of total pressure, centre of pressure, Buoyancy, metacentre and metacentric height

2.3 Archimedes’ principle

2.4 Types of Equilibrium of floating bodies

2.5 Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium

3.0 Fluid kinematics

3.1 Types of fluid flow

3.1.1 Steady and unsteady flow

3.1.2 Uniform and non-uniform flow

3.1.3 One, two and three dimensional flow

3.1.4 Rotational and irrotational flow

3.1.5 Compressible and in-compressible flow

3.2 Rate of flow or discharge

3.3 Continuity equation

3.4 Simple problems

4.0 Fluid dynamics

4.1 Various forms of energy present in fluid flow.

4.1.1 Pressure energy, Potential energy, Kinetic energy, Total head or total energy.

4.1.2 Simple problems

4.2 Bernoulli's equation:

4.2.1 Statement and equation

4.2.2 Assumptions

4.2.3 Simple problems

4.3 Practical applications pf Bernoulli’s Equation:

4.3.1 Venturimeter (horizontal only), Flow nozzle, Orifice meter, Pitot’s tube

4.3.2 Simple problems

5.0 Flow through pipes

5.1 Loss of head in pipes due to friction

5.1.1 Major and minor energy losses

5.1.2 Darcy's formula (without proof)

5.1.3 Chezy's formula (without proof)

5.2 Hydraulic Gradient and total energy line

5.3 syphon

5.4 Definitions of nozzle and its applications

5.5 power transmitted thro the nozzle

5.6 Water hammer in pipes

5.7 Simple problems

6.0 Impact of jet on Vanes

6.1 Force of jet striking normally on a fixed plate,

6.2 Force of jet striking on inclined fixed plate.

6.3 Force of Jet striking on fixed curved vane.

6.4 Force of jet on moving flat plate held normal to the jet and work done.

6.5 Force of jet on moving flat plate held inclined to the jet and work done.

6.6 Force of jet on moving flat plate fixed on the rim of a wheel,

6.7 power and efficiency

6.8 Problems on the above.

6.9 Force of jet impinging on moving curved vane.

7.0 Hydraulic turbines

7.1 Scope of the hydraulic turbine

7.1.1 Definition of a turbine

7.1.2 Classification of hydraulic turbine.

7.2 Impulse turbines

7.2.1 Constructional details and working of a Pelton wheel

(Impulse turbine)

7.2.2 Work done and efficiency of pelton wheel with velocity triangles

(Definition and formulae only)

7.2.3 Types of heads

7.2.3.1 Gross head

7.2.3.2 Net or effective head- definition and formula

7.2.4 Efficiencies with formula

7.2.4.1 Hydraulic Efficiency, Mechanical Efficiency, Volumetric Efficiency, Overall Efficiency

7.3 Reaction turbines

7.3.1 Constructional details and working of Kaplan and Francis turbine

7.3.2 Work done and efficiency of Francis turbine

7.3.3 Use of penstock, Anchor block, surge tank and draft tube

7.3.4 Unit power, unit speed and unit discharge- Specific speed their significance

7.3.4.1 Simple problems.

7.3.5 Performance Characteristics of turbines

7.3.6 Selection of turbines based on specific speed and head of water.

7.3.7 Comparison between impulse and reaction turbines

8.0 Centrifugal Pumps

8.1 definition-pumps and centrifugal Pumps

8.1.1 Scope of pumps

8.1.2 Classification of pumps

8.2 Principle of operation and Constructional details of a centrifugal pump,

8.2.1 Types of casing.

8.3 Work done by a centrifugal pump

8.4 Heads of centrifugal pumps

8.5 Efficiency, Discharge and Power required in a centrifugal pump.

8.6 Minimum starting speed of a centrifugal pump.

8.7 Specific speed- formula and definition

8.8 Simple problems

8.9 Priming of centrifugal pump.

8.10 Cavitations and its effects in centrifugal pump

8.11 Multistage centrifugal pumps for high heads and for high discharge.

8.12 Selection of pumps

8.13 Operational difficulties in centrifugal pumps

9.0 Reciprocating pumps

9.1 Definition of Reciprocating pumps and its applications

9.2 Types of reciprocating pumps

9.3 Principle of operation, Constructional details and working

9.4 Power required to drive a reciprocating pump

9.5 Slip, Negative slip and co-efficient of discharge in reciprocating pump.

9.6 Simple problems

9.7 Air vessels and its functions

9.8 Comparison between centrifugal and reciprocating pumps

9.9 Special purpose pumps-Construction, working and uses of Submersible pump, Jet pump and Air lift pump

Specific Instructional Objectives

Understand the basic of fluid mechanics

Explain scope of the subject

Define fluid

Classify fluid

Define fluid mechanics

Classify fluid mechanics

Define statics, kinematics and dynamics

Define hydraulics

Differentiate between ideal fluid and real fluid

Mention various properties of fluids

Define density, specific volume, specific gravity and solve simple problems.

Define viscosity, dynamic viscosity, kinematics viscosity and their units

Define surface tension, capillarity, compressibility, bulk modulus and their units

Define fluid pressure and its units

1.10.1 Explain the difference between absolute pressure, atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure and vacuum pressure

1.10.2 Explain pressure head of a liquid

1.10.3 State Pascal’s law

1.10.4 Classify pressure measuring instruments

1.10.5 Explain simple and differential manometers with sketches and state their advantages and limitations

1.10.6 Explain the construction and working principle of Bourdon tube and diaphragm gauges

1.10.7 Explain briefly vacuum gauges and mention their types

2.0 Understand the basic principles of fluid statics

2.1 Define total pressure and centre of pressure

2.2 Explain buoyancy, metacentre and metacentric height

2.3 State Archimedes principle of buoyancy

2.4 State types of equilibrium of floating bodies

2.5 Explain stable, unstable and neutral equilibria

3.0 Understand the basic principle of fluid kinematics

3.1 State types of fluid flow

3.1.1 Define steady flow and unsteady flow

3.1.2 Define uniform flow and non- uniform flow

3.1.3 Define one, two and three dimensional flow

3.1.4 Define rotational and irrotational flow

3.1.5 Define compressible and incompressible flows

3.2 Define rate of flow or discharge

3.3 State law of continuity and explain continuity equation

3.4 Solve simple problems on discharge and law of continuity.

4.0 Understand the principles of fluid dynamics and its applications

4.1 Mention and explain types of head of liquid in motion

4.1.1 Explain potential energy, kinetic energy, pressure energy and total head

4.2 State Bernoulli’s theorem

4.2.1 Explain Bernoulli’s equation (without proof)

4.2.2 State the assumptions made in Bernoulli’s theorem

4.2.3 Solve simple problems on Bernoulli’s theorem

4.3 Mention the practical applications of Bernoulli’s theorem

4.3.1 Explain horizontal venturimeter, flow nozzle, orifice meter and pitot’s tube with

expressions for discharge

4.3.2 Solve simple problems on the above

5.0 Understand the principles of fluid flow through pipes

5.1 Define loss of head in pipes due to friction

5.1.1 Mention major energy losses and minor energy losses

5.1.2 State the Darcy- weisbach’s formula (without proof)

5.1.3 State the chezy’s formula (without proof)

5.2 Explain Hydraulic gradient and total energy lines

5.3 Explain principle of working of syphon system

5.4 Derive an expression for power transmission through pipes

5.4.1 State the condition for maximum transmission of power (without proof)

5.4.2 Explain the maximum efficiency of transmission of power

5.4.3 Solve simple problems on power transmission through pipes

5.5 Explain water hammer in pipes

6.0 Understand the impact of jet on vanes

6.1 Derive an expression for the force of jet exerted on a fixed flat plate held normal to the jet

6.2 Derive an expression for the force of jet exerted on a fixed flat plate held inclined to the jet

6.3 Derive an expression for the force of jet exerted on a fixed curved plate

6.4 Derive an expression for the force of jet exerted on a moving flat plate held normal to the jet

6.5 Derive an expression for the force of jet exerted on a moving flat plate held

inclined to the jet

6.6 Derive an expression for the force of jet exerted on flat plates fixed on the rim of wheel

6.7 Explain power and efficiency of jet with formulae

6.8 Solve simple problems on the above

6.9 Draw velocity diagram and explain the jet striking on moving curved vane tangentially at one tip and leaving at the other

7.0 Understand the working of hydraulic turbines

7.1 Explain the scope of hydraulic turbines

7.1.1 Define hydraulic turbines

7.1.2 Classify hydraulic turbines

7.2 Explain working principle of impulse turbine

7.2.1 Describe the construction and explain the working principle of pelton wheel

7.2.2 State the formulae for work done and efficiency pf pelton wheel

7.2.3 State the different types head

7.2.3.1 Define gross head and state its formula

7.2.3.2 Define net or effective head and state its formula

7.2.4 State the different types of efficiencies of pelton wheel

7.2.4.1 Define hydraulic, mechanical, volumetric and overall efficiencies and mention

their formulae and solve simple problems

7.3 Explain the principle of reaction turbines

7.3.1 Describe the construction and working of Francis turbine

7.3.2 Define and state formulae for Work done and efficiency of Francis turbine (with out proof)

7.3.3 Explain penstock, Anchor block, surge tank and draft tube

7.3.4 Define Unit power, unit speed and unit discharge- Specific speed and mention their significance

7.3.4.1 Solve Simple problems.

7.3.5 Explain the following -Performance Characteristics of turbines-main or constant head, operating or constant speed, constant efficiency or Iso efficiency or Muschel curves

7.3.6 Explain criteria for Selection of turbines – viz, based on specific speed and head of water.

7.3.7 Compare impulse and reaction turbines

8.0 Understand the working of Centrifugal Pumps

8.1 Definitions- pumps and centrifugal Pumps

8.1.1 Explain Scope of pumps

8.1.2 Classify pumps

8.2 Explain the Principle of operation and constructional details of a centrifugal pump

8.2.1 Explain types of casing.

8.3 Define Work done by a centrifugal pump and state the formula without proof

8.4 State the various Heads of centrifugal pumps

8.5 Explain the Efficiency, Discharge and Power required in a centrifugal pump with formulae.

8.6 Derive on expression for Minimum starting speed of a centrifugal pump.

8.7 Define and state the formula of Specific speed

8.8 Simple problems on the above

8.9 Explain Priming of centrifugal pump.

8.10 Explain cavitation and its effects in centrifugal pump

8.11 Explain multistage centrifugal pumps for high heads and high discharge and their uses

8.12 Explain the criteria for Selection of pumps

8.13 Explain the operational difficulties in centrifugal pumps

9.0 Understand the working of Reciprocating pumps

9.1 Definition of Reciprocating pumps and its applications

9.2 Classify reciprocating pumps

9.3 Explain the Principle of operation, Constructional details and working reciprocating pumps

9.4 Derive on expression for discharge, work done and Power required to drive a reciprocating pump

9.5 Explain Slip, Negative slip and co-efficient of discharge in reciprocating pump.

9.6 Solve simple problems on the above

9.7 Explain the construction of Air vessel and its functions

9.8 Differentiate between centrifugal and reciprocating pumps

9.9 Special purpose pumps-Construction, working and uses of submersible pump, Jet pump, Air lift pump

Text Books : 1. Fluid Mechanics and Machinery By R K Hegde & Neeranjan Murthy, Sapna

Publishers

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE

1) Fluid Mechanics and Machinery-BCS Rao-2^nd Edn.-Tata McGraw Hill Publ.,2010

2) Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines-R.K.Bansal-Laxmi Publications(P)Ltd.,New Delhi,2003

3) Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines-R.K.Rajput-S.Chand and Co., 4^th Revised Edn. 2010

4) Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines-R.S.Khurmi- S.Chand and Co,19^th Edn,2010

5) Hydraulic Engg – Roberson Cassidy & Choudhary , Jaico Publishing House

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

Duration:3hours Max.Marks:100

NOTE : (i) Section I is compulsory

(ii)Answer TWO Full questions in each of section-II, Section – III & Section – IV

(iii)Assume missing data ,if any, suitably.

SECTION –I

1)

a) Fill in the blanks with appropriate word/s 5x1=5

i) STOKE is the unit of ----------

ii) Bulk modules is the reciprocal of ------------

iii) The formula V = C √mi is called ---------- (with usual notations)

iv) A pipe of gradually increasing area which is used for discharging water from the exit of a turbine to the tail race is called-----------

v) Submersible pump is basically --------------

b) Write a note on siphon 5

SECTION –II

a) Define statics, kinematics and dynamics 6

b) Calculate specific weight, density specific volume and specific gravity of a liquid having a volume of 5m³and weighing 50kN. Assume missing data suitably 4

c) Define metacentre and metacentric height 5

a) Differentiate between steady flow and unsteady flow 4

b) State and explain Bernoulli’s theorem with equation 4

c) A horizontal venturimeter with inlet & outlet throat dia 30cm and 20cm respectively is used to measure the flow of water. The reading of differential manometer connected to the inlet and the throat is 25cm. Determine the rate of flow Take c_d=0.95 4

a) State any FOUR assumptions made in Bernouli’s theorem 4

b) Explain hydraulic gradient and total energy lines 5

c) Compare the discharges of 10cm dia and 20cm dia pipes when loss of head due to friction is same. Both the pipes have same length & coefficient of friction. 6

SECTION –III

a) Derive an expression for force of set striking normally on stationary curved plate when the jet strikes the curved plate at the centre 7

b) A jet of water of dia 10cm strikes a flat plate normally with a velocity of 20m/s. The plate is moving with a velocity of 5m/s in the direction of jet and away from the jet .

Find

i) The force exerted by jet on the plate

ii) Work done by the jet per second

iii) Power of jet

iv) Efficiency of jet 8

a) Explain the construction and working of Pelton wheel with a neat sketch 8

b) Explain draft tube with a neat sketch 5

c) Define unit speed 2

a) Mention any five differences between Impulse & Reaction turbines 5

b) Explain criteria for selection of hydraulic turbines 5

c) Explain the constant – head and constant speed characteristics of hydraulic turbine 5

SECTION –IV

a) Describe the construction & working of centrifugal pump 7

b) Find the power required to drive a centrifugal pump which delivers 0.05m³/s of water to a height of 25cm through a 20cm dia pipe & 100m long. The overall efficiency of the pump is 75% & coefficient of friction f = 0.1 in the formula h_f = 4flv² / 2gd. 8

a) Mention any five differences between centrifugal and reciprocating pumps 5

b) Explain submersible pump with a neat sketch 5

c) Explain the principal of working & application of air vessel with a neat sketch 5

10) Write short notes on any three of the following

a) Scope of Hydraulics

b) Bourdon tube

c) Anchor Block

d) Priming

e) Manometer 5x3=15

ENGINEERING MECHANICS & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ( 3 sem Mechanical Engineering Syllabus )

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Wed, 25 Dec 2013 07:28:00 +0000

Subject Title : Engineering Mechanics & Strength of Materials.

Subject Code :

Hours Per Week : 04

Hours Per Semester : 64

TOPIC ANALYSIS

SL.No	Major Topics	Hours Allotted	Weightage of Marks
SECTION-I
1	Introduction to Engineering Mechanics	01	02
2	Force Analysis	08	18
3	Centre of Gravity & Moment of Inertia	10	30
SECTION-II
4	Simple stresses & Strains	08	20
5	Bending moment & Shear forces	10	30
SECTION-III
6	Strain energy & Impact loading	02	05
7	Theory of simple bending & Theory of torsion	08	20
8	Thick & Thin cylinders	08	20
9	Industry Institute Interaction	05	-
10	Tests & Revisions	04
	Total	64	145

OBJECTIVES

On completion of the course the students should be able to…

1. Understand the Basics of Engineering Mechanics.

2. Understand the force analysis.

3. Understand the concept of centre of gravity & moment of inertia.

4. Understand the concept of simple stresses & strains.

5. Understand the concept of bending moment & shear force diagrams.

6. Understand strain energy & impact loading.

7. Understand the concept of bending & torsion.

8. Understand the concept of thick & thin cylinders.

COURSE CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MECHANICS

1.1 Introduction to Engineering Mechanics.

1.2 Statics, Dynamics, Kinetics & Kinematics.

1.3 Scalar & Vector quantities.

2.0 FORCE ANALYSIS

2.1 Composition & Resolution of forces – Force,effect,characteristics of a force, system of forces, resultant force, methods for the resultant force and simple problems.

2.2 Parallelogram law of forces and simple problems.

2.3 Triangle law of forces

2.4 Polygon law of forces

2.5 Moments & their applications – Moments of a force, types of moments, law of moments,

applications of moments - levers, types of levers.

2.6 Parallel force & couples – Classification of parallel forces, analytical method for the resultant of

parallel forces and simple problems.

2.7 Couple – Moment of a couple and classification of couples.

2.8 Equilibrium of forces – Introduction, principles of equilibrium, lami’s theorem, types of

equilibrium.

3.0 CENTRE OF GRAVITY & MOMENT OF INERTIA

3.1 Centre of gravity, methods of finding centre of gravity and axis of reference.

3.2 Centre of gravity of symmetrical & unsymmetrical plane figures.

3.3 Simple problems.

3.4 Moment of inertia, units of moment of inertia.

3.5 Moment of inertia of a plane area.

3.6 Methods for moment of inertia.

3.7 Moment of inertia of triangular, rectangular, circular & hollow circular sections.

3.8 Simple problems.

3.8 Theorem of parallel axis and Theorem of perpendicular axis.

3.9 Moment of inertia of L, I, T sections.

3.10 Simple problems.

4.0 SIMPLE STRESSES & STRAINS

4.1 Elasticity, stress, types of stress, strain.

4.2 Elastic limit, Hooke’s law & modulus of elasticity.

4.3 Deformation of a body due to force acting on it.

4.4 Simple problems.

4.5 Temperature stresses in simple bars.

4.6 Elastic constants, linear strain, lateral strain, volumetric strain & Poisson’s ratio.

4.7 Bulk modulus, relation between bulk modulus & young’s modulus (without proof).

4.8 Shear stress, shear strain & modulus of rigidity.

4.9 Relation between modulus of elasticity & modulus of rigidity (without proof).

4.10 Simple problems.

5.0 BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCES

5.1 Introduction, types of loading.

5.2 Shear force and bending moment.

5.3 Sign conventions.

5.4 Shear force and bending moment diagrams.

5.5 Shear force and bending moment diagrams for cantilever, simply supported beams subjected to

point load & uniformly distributed load.

6.0 STRAIN ENERGY & IMPACT LOADING

6.1 Introduction, resilience, proof resilience and modulus of resilience.

6.2 Types of loading.

6.3 Equation for strain energy stored in a body when the load is gradually applied.

6.4 Simple problems.

6.5 Equation for strain energy stored in a body when the load is suddenly applied.

6.6 Simple problems.

7.0 THEORY OF SIMPLE BENDING & THEORY OF TORSION

7.1 Introduction, assumptions in theory of simple bending.

7.2 Bending stress, relation between bending stress & radius of curvature (without proof).

7.3 Position of neutral axis, moment of resistance.

7.4 Bending equation (without proof).

7.5 Modulus of section for rectangular, hollow rectangular and hollow circular sections.

7.6 Simple problems.

7.7 Theory of torsion, assumptions and polar moment of inertia.

7.8 Power transmitted by a shaft.

7.9 Torsional rigidity equation (without proof).

7.10 Simple problems.

8.0 THICK AND THIN CYLINDERS

8.1 Introduction to thin cylinders, stresses in thin cylindrical shells.

8.2 Expression for circumferential stress & longitudinal stresses (without proof).

8.3 Simple problems.

8.4 Design of thin cylinders with simple problems.

8.5 Thick cylinders, assumptions Lame’s theory.

8.6 Equation of Lame’s theory (without proof).

8.7 Simple problems.

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

1.0 Introduction to engineering mechanics

1.1 Explain the importance of engineering mechanics.

1.2 Define the various branches of engineering mechanics.

1.3 Define statics, dynamics, kinetics and kinematics.

1.4 Explain scalar and vector quantities with examples.

2.0 Force analysis

2.1 Define force

2.2 List effects of a force

2.3 List characteristics of a force.

2.4 Explain the system of forces

2.5 Define resultant force.

2.6 State the methods for the resultant force.

2.7 State parallelogram law of forces and solve simple problems.

2.8 State the principle of resolution

2.9 Explain the method of resolution for the resultant force and solve simple problems.

2.10 State triangle law of forces and polygon law of forces.

2.11 Define moment of a force.

2.12 State types of moments – clockwise and anticlockwise moments.

2.13 State law of moments

2.14 Define a lever.

2.15 List the types of levers.

2.16 Explain the concept of parallel forces and give classification of parallel forces – like and unlike

parallel forces.

2.17 Analytical method for the resultant of parallel forces and simple problems.

2.18 Define a couple, Explain moment of a couple, and classify couple – clockwise and anticlockwise

moments.

2.19 Explain equilibrium of forces.

2.20 State principles of equilibrium.

2.21 State Lami’s theorem (without proof).

2.22 Explain types of equilibrium – stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium.

3.0 Centre of gravity & moment of inertia

3.1 Define centroid and list methods for finding centroid.

3.2 Explain axis of reference.

3.3 Explain centre of gravity of plane figures and solve simple problems on finding centre of gravity of symmetrical & unsymmetrical sections.

3.4 Define moment of inertia and mention the units of moment of inertia.

3.5 Explain the moment of inertia of a plane area.

3.6 State methods for moment of inertia – Routh’s rule & Integration method.

3.7 Explain the moment of inertia by Integration method.

3.8 Mention the equation of moment of inertia of triangular, rectangular, circular and hollow circular sections and solve simple problems.

3.9 State theorem of parallel axes and theorem of perpendicular axes (without proof).

3.10 Solve simple problems on finding moment of inertia of L, I & T sections.

4.0 Simple stresses & strains

4.1 Define elasticity, stress, and strain.

4.2 Explain types of stresses – tensile, compressive stress.

4.3 Define elastic limit, state Hooke’s law and explain modulus of elasticity.

4.4 State the equation for deformation of a body due to force acting on it.

4.5 Solve simple problems on finding deformation, modulus of elasticity and diameter of a given component.

4.6 Explain temperature stresses in simple bars.

4.7 Explain elastic constants – linear strain, lateral strain, volumetric strain and Poisson’s ratio.

4.8 simple problems.

4.9 Define bulk modulus and state the relation between bulk modulus and young’s modulus (without proof).

4.10 Simple problems.

4.11 Explain shear stress, shear strain and modulus of rigidity.

4.12 State relation between modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity (without proof)

4.13 Simple problems.

5.0 Bending moment & shear forces

5.1 Explain types of loading – point load, uniformly distributed load and uniformly varying load.

5.2 Define shear force and bending moment.

5.3 Explain sign conventions for shear force and bending moment.

5.4 Explain shear force and bending moment diagrams.

5.5 Solve simple problems on calculating shear force and bending moment for cantilever, simply supported beams subjected to point load and uniformly distributed load with shear force and bending moment diagrams.

6.0 Strain energy & impact loading

6.1 Explain strain energy.

6.2 Define resilience, proof resilience and modulus of resilience.

6.3 Explain types of loading – gradually applied load and suddenly applied load.

6.4 State the equation for strain energy stored in body when the load is gradually applied. and solve

simple problems.

6.5 State the equation for strain energy stored in a body when the load is suddenly applied.

7.0 Theory of simple bending & Theory of torsion

7.1 Explain bending stress and list the assumptions in theory of simple bending.

7.2 State relation between bending stress and radius of curvature (without proof).

7.3 Explain position of neutral axis and moment of resistance.

7.4 State bending equation (without proof).

7.5 Explain modulus of section.

7.6 State equation for modulus of section of rectangular, hollow rectangular, circular and hollow circular sections.

7.7 Solve simple problems on above sections only using bending equation.

7.8 Explain torsion and state assumptions for shear stress in a circular shaft subjected to torsion.

7.9 Explain polar moment of inertia.

7.10 State torsion equation (without proof).

7.11 State the equation for power transmitted by a shaft.

7.12 State the equation for torque transmitted by solid shaft and hollow shaft.

7.13 Solve simple problems on solid and hollow circular shafts considering above equations only.

8.0 Thick and Thin cylinders

8.1 Explain the concept of thin cylindrical shells.

8.2 State the stresses in thin cylindrical shell – circumferential and longitudinal stress.

8.3 State the equation for circumferential and longitudinal stress.

8.4 Solve simple problems on above.

8.5 State the equation for thickness of thin cylindrical shells and solve simple problems.

8.6 Explain the concept of thick cylindrical shells

8.7 State assumptions of lame’s theory.

8.8 State equation of lame’s theory (without proof).

8.9 Solve simple problems.

Text Books: 1. Engineering mechanics and Strength of materials by I.S.Hiremath, Sapna Publishers

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Engineering mechanics by R.S.Khurmi.

2. Strength of materials by R.S.Khurmi.

3. Applied Mechanics by S.S.Bhavikatti.

4. Strength of Materials by S.S.Bhavikatti.

5. Applied Mechanics & Strength of Materials by S.Ramamrutham.

6. Applied Mechanics & Strength of Materials by I.B.Prasad.

7. Introduction to strength of materials by Prakash Rao-Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd.

8. Engineering mechanics by Sheshagiri Rao- Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd.

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

DIPLOMA COURSE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD SEMESTER

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

ENGINEERING MECHANICS & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Time: 3Hrs Max marks: 100

Note: 1 Section-I is compulsory

2 Answer any six full questions from Section-II, Section-III, and Section-IV, Choosing at least two from

each section.

SECTION- I

1 a) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words 1X5= 5

i) The ratio of volumetric stress to volumetric strain is called ______________.

ii) A set of forces whose resultant is zero are called _____________.

iii) The point through which the whole weight of the body acts irrespective of its position is known as ___

iv) A pair of two equal & unlike parallel forces with lines of action parallel to each other & acting in opposite

directions is known as ______________.

v) The layer which is neither compressed nor stretched when the section is subjected to bending is known as ___

b) State the assumptions in theory of simple bending? 5

SECTION-II

2 a) Define resultant force. 2

b) What are the effects of a force? 3

c) A triangle ABC has its sides AB=40mm along X-axis and side BC=30mm along positive Y-axis,

three forces 40N,50N & 30N along the sides AB,BC & CA respectively. Determine the magnitude

of resultant of such a system of forces. 10

3 a) Define centroid . 2

b) State methods for determining centre of gravity. 3

c) Find the centroid of an unequal angle section shown in figure below 10

4 a) Define moment of inertia 2

b) State theorem of parallel axis. 3

c) Find the moment of inertia of T-section shown in the figure below 10

SECTION-III

5 a) Define modulus of elasticity. 2

b) Explain the temperature stresses in simple bars. 3

c) In an experiment a bar of 30 mm diameter is subjected to a pull of 60 KN.The measured

extension on gauge length of 200mm is 0.09 mm and the change in diameter is 0.0039mm.

Calculate the Poisson’s ratio and values of young’s modulus, rigidity modulus and bulk modulus. 10

6 a) Define shear force . 2

b) State the types of loading . 3

c) Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for a cantilever beam of span 1.5m carrying

point loads as shown in figure. 10

7 a) Define bending moment. 2

b) Explain sign conventions for shear force and bending moment. 3

c) A simply supported beam AB of span 2.5m is carrying two point loads as shown in figure.

Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams. 10

SECTION-IV

8 a) Define strain energy 2

b) Define i) proof resilience ii) modulus of resilience 3

c) A rectangular beam60mm wide and 150 mm deep is simply supported over a span of 6m.If the beam is

subjected to a central point load of 12KN find the maximum bending stress induced in the beam section. 10

9 a) Define polar moment of inertia . 2

b) State the assumptions for shear stress in a circular shaft subjected to torsion. 3

c) A hollow shaft is to transmit 200 KW at 80 rpm.If the shear stress is not to exceed 60 MPa and internal

diameter is 0.6 of external diameter. Find the diameters of the shaft. 10

10 a) what is a thin cylindrical shell? 2

b) State equations for circumferential stress and longitudinal stress in a thin cylindrical shell. 3

c) A cylindrical shell of 1.3 m diameter is made up of 18mm thick plates. Find the circumferential &

longitudinal stress in the [plates if the boiler is subjected to an internal pressure of 2.4 MPa.Take

efficiency of the joints as 20%. 10

Basic Hydraulic System Test Questions

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Tue, 24 Dec 2013 12:35:00 +0000

The following items will test your grasp of the material covered in this lesson. There is only one correct answer for each item. When you have completed the exercise, check your answers with the answer key that follows. If you answer any item incorrectly, study again that part of the lesson which contains the portion involved.

1. The pistons and cylinder block rotate at what RPM?
___ A. The same.
___ B. 500 RPM.
___ C. 750 RPM.
___ D. 1500 RPM.
2. How many types of hydraulic reservoirs are there?
___ A. One.
___ B. Two.
___ C. Three.
___ D. Four.
3. The stationary-cam pump is NOT used on what three Army aircraft?
___ A. UH-1H, AH-1S, and OV-1B.
___ B. UH-1D, AH-1H, and OV-1.
___ C. OV-1A, AH-1G, and UH-1E.
___ D. OV-1, AH-1G, and UH-1C.
4. What type of pump is often used in Army aviation?
___ A. Piston pump.
___ B. Rotating-cam pump.
___ C. Demand-principle compensator pump.
___ D. Rotating-compensator pump.
5. What is used to control piston-to-bore leakage in piston pumps?
___ A. Wiper rings.
___ B. O-rings.
___ C. Seals.
___ D. Close machining.
6. What type hydraulic pump would you most likely find on an Army AH-1?
___ A. Compensator pump.
___ B. Drive pump.
___ C. Piston pump.
___ D. Auxiliary pump.
7. The angular pump uses what type of compensator?
___ A. Stroke-reduction.
___ B. Reduction-stroke.
___ C. Cam-reduction.
___ D. Piston-reduction.
8. What component in a hydraulic system protects against pressure surges?
___ A. Double-check valve.
___ B. Stationary-cam pump.
___ C. Accumulator.
___ D. Hand-operated pump.
9. What type of pump has a check valve built into the piston?
___ A. Double-action hand pump.
___ B. Single-action hand pump.
___ C. Single-action cam pump.
___ D. Double-action cam pump.
10. What valve opens as the handle is moved to the right?
___ A. Double check valve.
___ B. Single check valve.
___ C. Outlet check valve.
___ D. Inlet check valve.

Item Correct Answer and Feedback
1. A. The same RPM.
Both operate alike because they are connected. (Page 8)
2. B. 2.
The two types of reservoirs are classified as vented and pressurized. (Page 2)
3. D. OV-l, AH-1G, and UH-1C.
All Army aircraft do not have the stationary-cam pump as an operating component. (Page 10)
4. B. Rotating-cam pump.
More Army aircraft use the rotating-cam pump than any type. (Page 9)
5. D. Close machining.
The piston and bore fit so closely that no other component is necessary to stop leakage. (Page 8)
6. C. Piston pump.
The Army has selected the most efficient, longest-lasting hydraulic pump to be used on its aircraft. (Page 7)
7. A. Stroke-reduction principle.
The length of the stroke can be controlled by angling the cylinder block. (Page 12)
8. C. Accumulator.
The accumulator can absorb increases in fluid volume to prevent damage to the system. (Page 12)
22 AL0926
9. A. Double-action hand pump.
The double-action hand pump has two check valves which allow fluid to be drawn into the left and right chambers. (Page 6)
10. D. Inlet check valve.
Moving the handle to the right results in a slight vacuum, which opens the inlet check valve as a result of the partial vacuum caused by the movement of the piston, allowing fluid to be drawn into the left chamber. (Page 6)

Mechanical Engineering Question Bank Objective Type

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Sun, 22 Dec 2013 04:40:00 +0000

Question Bank of Mechanical Engineering Objective Type

Questions

Part1 :

True or False Type Statements

Organisation of Mech. Engg. Deptt.
1. The Mechanical Engineering Department employs 25% of the overall staff
strength of Indian Railways.
2. RCF is situated in Patiala.
3. Repower-packing of Diesel Locos is carried out in DLW.
4. COFMOW deals with New Maintenance Practices for Workshops.
5. Diesel sheds are under the administrative control of CWE

6. ICF's staff strength is nearly double that of RCF although production levels
are same.
7. CRSE stands for Chief Rolling Stock Engineer.
8. CMPE stands for Chief Manpower Planning Engineer.
9. Under the system of unified control, the WAO/SAO of a workshop reports to
the CWM/DY.CME.
10. The post of Advisor (Mech.) in Railway Board has been re-designated as
Additional Member (Mech.)
11. On Indian Railways we have mostly condition based prevention maintenance
of our rolling stock.
Locomotives
1. A CO-CO type of locomotive would have 6 axles coupled together.
2. A CO-CO type of locomotive would have 8 wheels.
3. A BO-BO type of locomotive would have 4 axles individually driven.
4. The maximum power of WDM2 locomotive is 2100 HP.
5. The maximum power of WDS4 locomotive is 700 horse-power.
6. Sanding facility is provided in locomotives for reducing the friction between
the wheel and the rail.
7. The Engine Repair Book is a necessary document for every individual loco.
2
8. One would find a washing line in a diesel loco shed.
9. We are importing 4000 hp diesel locos from Germany.
10. In a multiple Unit operation involving two diesel locomotives, both the locos
have to be manned.
11. When diesel locos work in MU operation, only the leading loco is manned.
12. A pit-line occupation chart is prepared by diesel sheds.
13. The maximum usable tractive effort of a locomotive is limited by the adhesion.
14. The radiator fan of a WDM2 locomotive is situated in the long hood.
15. Our diesel locos have both types of traction motors - AC and DC.
16. The WDM2 locomotive has an electrical transmission system.
17. The WDS6 locomotive has a hydraulic transmission system.
18. Diesel Locos are provided with an Expressor to compress air before input into
engine for combustion.
19. Diesel Locos are provided with an Expressor to create vacuum for train
brakes and compressed air for loco brakes.
20. Diesel Locos are provided with a Turbo-charger to compress air before input
into engine for combustion by utilising exhaust gas heat.
21. Throttle of a Diesel loco controls the engine RPM
22. Lube oil consumption of locos is monitored as a percentage of the fuel oil
consumption.
23. In case the speed of locomotive exceeds the specified limit, its power get
tripped by ' Overspeed trip mechanism'
24. In case the speed of diesel engine exceeds the specified limit, its power get
tripped by ' Overspeed trip mechanism'
25. Diesel locos are not capable of hauling heavy trains, so Electrification is must.
26. Governor of a Diesel loco controls the opening & closing of contactors in
Control Circuit.
27. Governor of a Diesel loco regulates the fuel supply to match the engine RPM
and power requirement.
28. Three yearly schedule or IOH of Diesel locos is carried out in Workshops.
Flasher light is provided on locomotives as a warning signal.
29. The 8th notch throttle position in a WDM2 locomotive gives the maximum
power output
30. WDM2 bogies are manufactured by casting.
3
31. ZDM3 locomotive has an electrical transmission system.
32. The codal life of a Diesel loco is 36 years.
Coaches
1. Coaches of super fast trains have been provided with CBC coupler.
2. If a coach is numbered SR 5622 Y, it would have a 24 volt system of train
lighting.
3. The Target for ineffectiveness of Non- AC coaching stock is 10%
4. Present design of coaches are called Integral because the entire structure is
welded in the form of a tube.
5. Coach body is made of Aluminum.
6. The function of a dashpot/shock absorber is to damp the oscillations of the
springs
7. The Axle box springs in a coach are part of the secondary suspension
system.
8. In coaches we have adopted solid wheels in place of tyred wheels.
9. Coaches built presently are telescopic in design.
10. Rake links are prepared for locos hauling mail/express passenger trains.
11. Periodic overhaul of coaches is carried out by coaching depots.
12. Periodicity of POH of Mail/ Express coaches is 18 months.
13. Ineffectiveness of AC coaches is prescribed as 12.0 %.
14. Periodicity of POH of Rajdhani Coach is 18 months or 4 Lakhs Kms
15. According to current instructions, primary maintenance of rakes is not
required if the round trip is less than 1000 Kms.
16. Secondary maintenance of rake is required irrespective of distance between
starting & terminating stations.
17. New coaches are provided with roof mounted AC system.
18. Brake blocks of a coach are examined/ replaced during trip examination
19. Oil level in side bearers & dash pot of ICF Coaches is checked during 'A'
schedule.
20. Weight Transfer of ICF Coach takes place through centre Pivot.
21. Centre pivot of ICF Coach only acts as centering devise & transmits tractive
/breaking force.
4
22. Damping in Primary suspension of an ICF Coach is by means of a shock
absorber.
23. Damping in Primary suspension of an ICF Coach is by means of a oil filled
dash-pot.
24. Damping in Secondary suspension of an ICF Coach is by means of a shock
absorber.
25. Damping in Secondary suspension of an ICF Coach is by means of an oil
filled dash-pot.
26. Side bearers of ICF coaches are provided with rubber pads to damp the
forces.
27. ICF Bogies are manufactured by Fabrication.
28. ICF bogies are manufactured by casting.
29. The ICF coaches are provided with corrugated flooring
30. ICF Coaches are provided with compression tubes near head stock which can
collapse in case of collisions after absorbing considerable shock energy.
31. Periodicity of 'B' schedule for a coach is 6 months
32. Periodicity of 'C' schedule for a coach is 6 months.
33. WACCN is a vestibuled AC 3 Tier coach.
34. SLR is a coaching vehicle in which symbol R indicates that it has a brake van.
35. The Codal life of an ICF coach is 30 years.
Wagons
1. ROH of wagons is done in wagon repair workshops.
2. KC is a 4 - wheeler covered wagon.
3. BOXN wagons have laminated bearing springs.
4. TP & TK are 8 wheeler tank wagons.
5. CRT is a 4- wheeler tank wagon.
6. The BOY wagon is an air braked wagon
7. The BOX wagon is an air braked wagon.
8. The BOBR wagon is an air braked wagon.
9. BOX wagon are provided with fabricated UIC bogies
10. BCX is a bogie type covered wagon for carrying 'Explosives'.
11. The UIC bogie is a fabricated bogie.
5
12. The CASNUB Bogie is a fabricated bogie
13. A wagon of Western Railway can be given POH by any wagon repair
workshop on Indian Railways.
14. Wagon having screw coupling do not have buffers.
15. Buffers are provided on wagons having CBC.
16. POH of BCNA wagons is done at intervals of 6 years
17. First POH of BOXN wagons is done after 6 years.
18. ROH of wagons is done at intervals of 36 months.
19. Maximum ineffectiveness prescribed for wagon stock is 6%.
20. Repacking of Plain bearing stock is required to be done every 6 monthly
21. Feeling of axle boxes to detect warm/ hot boxes is mandatory during
'outgoing' examination.
22. The codal life of a general purpose wagon is 30 years.
Components
1. Tyres are fitted on wheel centres by shrink fit process.
2. WAP, Bangalore manufactures wheels by the process of forging.
3. Axles for wagons made by casting process in wheel & Axle Plant.
4. If a collar is provided at the end of an axle, it indicates that it is plain bearing
axle.
5. Roller bearing axle do not have collars at the end.
6. Plain bearing are lubricated by grease
7. Roller bearing are lubricated by grease
8. Distance between two outer surfaces of wheels is known as Wheel Gauge
9. Ringing sound produced on tapping of wheel by hammer, indicates good tyre.
10. Brake Blocks are made of mild steel.
11. Workshops are generally provided with under floor wheel lathes.
12. Helical springs are also called Coil springs.
13. On Indian Railways preventive maintenance of rolling stock is condition
based.
Brake System
1. We are having a twin pipe system of working on our air braked freight trains.
6
2. The pressure of air in the brake pipe of air brake system is 5 Kg/Cm2.
3. The pressure of air in the feed pipe of air brake system is 5 Kg/Cm2.
4. During emergency braking the maximum air pressure in brake cylinder is 5
Kg/ Cm.sq.
5. Air Flow indicator is provided on each coach to find out from which coach
Alarm Chain has been pulled.
6. In case of train parting, the brakes get applied automatically.
7. DA Valves are provided in coaches for expediting brake application.
8. The weight of brake equipments on a wagon are nearly same for air brake
and vacuum brake systems.
9. Train speeds could be increased by introduction of air brakes.
10. Brake fading is experienced with vacuum brake system on sustained up
gradients.
11. Empty load device is provided only on air braked wagons.
12. Slack Adjusters are provided only on coaching stock for maintaining the gap
between the wheel tread and the brake block.
13. The Empty Load Device is provided in Wagons as well as Coaches.
14. Quick Release Valve is provided in coaches as well as wagons for expediting
release of brakes in vacuum brake system.
15. Simultaneous application of brakes on trains and loco can be done by
application of SA-9 handle of WDM2 loco.
16. Dynamic Braking in diesel locos becomes quite ineffective at low speeds.
17. Diesel Hydraulic locos cannot be provided with Dynamic brakes.
18. Slack Adjusters are provided only on coaching stock for maintaining the gap
between the wheel tread and the brake block.
19. Minimum 85% effective brake power is required for giving fitness certificate to
a goods train.
Train Dynamics
1. Due to air resistance, the resistance to the motion of a train is proportional to
the square
of the velocity of the train
2. If Tractive Effort is less than Adhesion, the wheels will start slipping.
7
3. The balancing speed of a WDM2 locomotive on a tangent level track with a
load of 4700 tons is 59 Km. per hour.
4. The force exerted by locomotive at Rail Wheel contact is called Adhesion.
5. The resistance offered by a bearing will always be higher during the starting of
a train than during run.
6. The resistance offered by a bearing during the running of a train remains
almost constant irrespective of the train speed.
7. As the speed of the locomotive increases , it develops higher tractive effort.
8. The speed at which Tractive effort developed by the loco equals the Train
Resistance is called Balancing Speed.
9. The resistance of a BOXN wagon train will be higher than that of a 4-wheeler
train if all other parameters such as speed, load, section etc. are same.
10.The resistance of a BOXN wagon train will be higher than that of a coaching
train (with ICF coaches) if all other parameters such as speed, load, section
etc. are same.Diesel Break Down Cranes
11.The maximum capacity of Steam break down cranes on Indian Railways is 75
tons.
12.The capacity of diesel break- down cranes provided on Indian Railways is 200
tons.
13.The maximum time allowed for dispatch of ART crane during day time is 30
minutes.
14.A Diesel brake down crane is likely to get toppled, if it is swiveled with full load
without propping up.
15..Maximum counterweight provided on Diesel break down crane is 28 tons.
16.Match wagon of a Diesel Brake down is to be detached from main carriage
during crane operation.
17.The Two designs of diesel cranes used on Indian Railways are of Gottwald
and Karl Schank.
8
Part II
Multiple-choice Questions. Pick out the correct answer. More than
one answer may be correct.
Organisational Structure & Prod. Units
1. IRCAMTECH deals with a) Research on maintenance practices of Railway
equipments b) Rehabilitation of diesel locos c) Modernization of rolling stock
d) Specifications and procurement of machines
2. COFMOW deals with a) Research on maintenance practices of Railway
equipments b) Rehabilitation of diesel locos c) Modernization of rolling stock
d) Specifications and procurement of machines
3. COFMOW is located in a) Bangalore b) Calcutta c) New Delhi d)
Secunderabad
4. IRCAMTECH is located in a) Bangalore b) Calcutta c) New Delhi d) Gwalior
5. The population of diesel locos on Indian Railways is around a) 3400 b) 4300
c) 5600 d) 7000
6. The production capacity of DLW is ____ locos/year a) 135 b) 150 c) 165 d)
190
7. ICF and RCF have a combined production capacity of a) 500 coaches per
year b) 1000 coaches per year c) 2000 coaches per year d) 5000 coaches per
year
8. Pick out the odd designation a) EDME b) MM c) JDME d) CME
9. Pick out the odd designation a) EDME b) CRSE c) CMPE d) CWE
Locomotives
1. The WDM2 engine has ___ cylinders a) 8 b) 12 c)16 d)24
2. In Diesel loco, engine RPM and power output is varied by a) Reversor handle
b) A-9 c) SA-9 d) Throttle
3. Which of the following information is available in the diagram book of a diesel
locomotive ? a) The sheds homing such locomotives b) The performance
characteristics c) The load hauling capacity d) Equivalent horsepower electric
locomotives
9
4. The engine of diesel locos is supposed to be shut down if the expected
detention is more than a) 10 minutes b) 30 minutes c) 1 hour d) 4 hours
5. The target for Lube oil consumption of a diesel loco as a % of the Fuel oil
consumption is a) 0.5 b) 1.0 c) 1.5 d) 2.0
6. Consumption of Fuel oil by individual locos is monitored by diesel sheds in a)
Kilo-Litres per year b) Tonnes per year c) Litres per hour d) Liters per 1000
GTKM
7. Traction Motors used on our diesel locos are a) DC Motors b) AC Induction
motors c) AC/DC motors d) Squirrel cage motors
8. The WDS4 is a a) an electric loco working on DC traction b) a diesel loco
working slow trains c) a diesel main line loco d) a diesel shunting loco
9. Which of the following schedules would be done in the Running Repair
section of a diesel shed a) Trip Schedule b) Monthly schedule c) Quarterly
schedule d) Yearly schedule
10. The 4000 hp diesel locos are to be imported shortly from a) LHB, Germany b)
Mak, Germany c) General Motors, USA d) General Electric, USA
11. Find the odd term out of the following a) Radiator fan b) Fire box c) Hot
engine alarm d) Over speed trip mechanism
12. The target for Lube oil consumption of a diesel loco in Liters per 100 Engine
Kms. is a) 1.5 b) 4.5 c) 6 d) 10
13. The horse power of a WDM2 locomotive is a) 800 b)1380 c)2600 d)3100
14. The target for ineffectiveness for diesel loco is __________ a) 10% b) 12.5%
c) 15% d) 19%
15. The horse -power of a WDP1 of a locomotive is ______ a) 800 b) 1380 c)
2300 d) 3100
16. The horse -power of a WDG2 of a locomotive is ______ a) 800 b) 1380 c)
2300 d) 3100
17. Which part of the locomotive regulates fuel input as per generator demand &
Engine RPM a) Turbo charges b) Expressor c) Governor d) Throttle
18. The WDM2 is a a) Diesel locomotive for mail express train b) Diesel shunting
locomotive c) Diesel locomotive for both passenger & goods operation d)
Diesel loco for only goods operation
19. Maximum speed of the diesel engine of WDM2 Loco is at a) 8th notch b) 10th
notch c) 15th notch d) 20th notch
10
20. The fuel consumed by a WDM2 Loco at 8th notch under full load is a) 100-
120 litres/hour b) 200- 250 litres/hour c) 400- 450 litres/hour d) 500- 550
litres/hour
21. The fuel consumed by a WDM2 Loco under idle condition is a) 10- 15
litres/hour b) 20- 25 litres/hour c) 30- 35 litres/hour d) 45-50 litres/hour
Coaching Stock
1. The code of AC 3 Tier coach is a) ACCW b) ACCN c) AC3T d) ACTT
2. The codal life of an ICF coach is a) 20 years b) 30 years c) 45 years d) 25
years
3. The code of a sleeper class Coach is a) ACCW b) ACCN c) GSCNY d) FCS
4. The Code of a 2 Tier AC Coach is a) ACCW b) ACCN c) GSCNY d) AC2T
5. Type of Couplers used in superfast coaches are a) IR-20 b) Screw coupling c)
CBC d) UIC
6. The POH of mail/express coaches is done at a periodicity of a) 18 months b)
3 years c) 12 months d) 6 years
7. For working out the requirement of coaches at various depots, what allowance
is kept over the bare requirement as spare coaches a) 10% b) 12% c) 16% d)
20%
8. Which design feature in a coach makes it safer for passengers in case of a
collision a) provision of roof mounted AC system b) Anti-telescopic feature c)
feature of providing air brakes d) all coil suspension feature
9. The suspension arrangement in the present design of ICF coaches is a)
single stage suspension with coil springs b) Single stage suspension with
laminated bearing springs c) Double stage suspension with LB springs d) Two
stage suspension with helical springs
10. The POH of Shatabdi coaches is done at a periodicity of a) 18 months b) 3
years c) 12 months d) 6 years
11. The Dash-pots are provided in ICF coaches for damping in-------- ( Primary
Suspension/ Secondary/ both)
12. In ICF Coaches, rubber pads are provided in------ to absorb vibrations a)
Primary suspension b) Secondary suspension c) Both d) None
11
13. Corrugated Section is provided on the trough floor of ICF coaches to a)
enhance strength b) for retaining timber pieces provided on the flooring c) for
preventing slipping of passengers
14. The passage from one coach to another in a running train is provided by a)
Stanchions b) Dampers c) CASNUB d) Vestibules
Wagons
1. The cost of a BOXN wagon is around a) Rs. 10 lakhs b) Rs. 15 lakhs c) Rs.
20 lakhs d) Rs. 25 lakhs
2. Which type of bogie is used in BOXN wagons ? a) CASNUB b) IR 20 c) BOBO
d) UIC
3. BKH wagon is a) 4 wheeler vacuum braked wagon b) 8 wheeler air braked
wagon c) 8 wheeler vacuum braked wagon d) 4 wheeler air braked wagon
4. Hand brakes are provided in a) 4 wheeler wagons b) 8 wheeler wagons c) AC
coaches d) Non AC coaches
5. Which type of coupler is used in BOXN wagons ? a) CASNUB b) Screw
coupling c) CBC d) UIC
6. BOX wagon is a) 4 wheeler vacuum braked wagon b) 8 wheeler air braked
wagon c) 8 wheeler vacuum braked wagon d) 4 wheeler air braked wagon
7. BOBR wagon is a) 4 wheeler vacuum braked wagon b) 8 wheeler air braked
wagon c) 8 wheeler vacuum braked wagon d) 4 wheeler air braked wagon
8. The target ineffectiveness for wagon stock is a) 4% b) 6% c) 10% d) 12.5%
9. Which of the following features are not present in a BCNA Wagon a) Air Brake
b) CASNUB Bogie c) Cylindrical Roller Bearing d) Helical Spring
10. Which of the following features are not present in a BOX Wagon a) Vacuum
brake b) UIC Bogie c) Cylindrical Roller Bearing d) Helical Spring
11. Which of the following features are not present in a BOXN Wagon a) Air
Brake b) CASNUB Bogie c) Covered wagon d) Cartridge Roller Bearing
12. BOXN Wagon has ------advantage over a BOX Wagon a) More no. of wagons
can be accommodated in a rake b) requires less maintenance c) permits
higher speed of trains d) all the above
12
Safety Components
1. A roller bearing may fail prematurely because of following reasons a) ingress
of dust during examination b) overfilling of grease c) deterioration in grease
condition d) lack of earthing during welding in sick line e) All the above
reasons
2. Axle Box Roller Bearings are lubricated by a) Oil b) Grease c) None d) Both
oil and grease
3. The Working range of enhanced screw coupling is _______ tons .(
22/30/36/60/80 ).
4. Buffing gear is provided to a) Save the car body from damage from braking
forces b) Transmit tractive effort c) Joining two cars
5. A wagon with transition coupling is one having a) CBC with Knuckle b) CBC
with Knuckle & two buffers c) CBC with baby coupling & two buffers d) Screw
coupling with buffers
6. Which of the following is not a defect of CBC a) defective locking device b)
worn out knuckle c) Homed buffer
7. Which of the following is not a part of suspension system a) Spring b) Centre
pivot c) Shock absorber d) Swing link e) None of the above
8. Modern Rolling Stocks prefer Coil Spring over Laminated Spring because
Laminated spring a) do not have linear load- deflection characteristics b) do
not have self-damping characteristics c) are not reliable in Service
9. One disadvantage of a Coil Spring over Laminated spring is a) Non-linear
load-deflection characteristics b) poor Self Damping property c) Lack of
Centering characteristic d) Unreliability in Service
Brake Systems
1. DA valve is now provided in all vacuum braked------ (Wagons / Coaches/
Locos/ all )
2. The phenomenon of brake fading takes place a) In vacuum brakes on
sustained up gradients b) In air brakes on sustained down gradients c) In air
brakes after 1000 Kms. Run d) In vacuum brakes on sustained down
gradients
13
3. Incorrect position of Empty- load Box Device can result in a) Poor utilisation of
wagon space b) Skidding of wheels c) Poor brake power d) Either (a) or (b) e)
Either (b) or (c) f) All of (a), (b) & (c)
4. In vacuum brake cylinder, the piston comes to release position due to a)
spring pressure b) Air pressure c) Its own weight d) All of the above
5. F type Vacuum brake is superior to traditional 'E' type since a) It uses release
value for fast release of brakes b) It has better rolling ring to reduce leakages
c) Its upper chamber is connected to a large vacuum reservoir for increasing
effective brake force. d) Its piston stroke is large to increase brake power
6. The Maximum brake cylinder pressure in air brake system is a) 6 kg/ cm.sq.
b) 5kg/ cm.sq c) 3.5 kg/cm.sq d) 2.5 kg/ cm.sq
7. Which of the following is not a part of Single pipe Air Brake System a)
Distributor valve b) Control reservoir c) Feed pipe d) Brake Cylinder
8. The basic purpose of DA valve is to a) Expedite brake application only b)
Expedite brake release only c) Expedite both application & release d) None of
the above
9. The basic purpose of Slack Adjuster is to a) take up slack due to wear & tear
of bearing brass b) to maintain wheel gauge irrespective of wear of flange c)
to maintain brake shoe- wheel clearance d) to maintain brake cylinder stroke
10. Empty load Box provided in BOX/ BOXN wagons alters brake force under
loaded & empty condition by a) Altering mechanical advantage of brake
rigging b) Altering brake cylinder pressure c) Altering piston stroke of brake
cylinder d) Altering brake shoe to wheel clearance
11. In a long vacuum good train, the brake power of rear wagons can be lower
than brake power of front wagons by a) 10 to 15% b) 15 to 25% c) 2 to 5% d)
Almost Nil
Train Dynamics
1. The balancing speed achieved by a locomotive depends on a) the horse
power of the locomotive b) the tractive effort of the locomotive c) the type of
bearings provided in the rolling stock being hauled d) all the above factors
14
2. The resistance to the motion of a train is proportional to a) The tractive effort
b) The speed of the train c) The horse power of the locomotive d) The square
of the velocity of the train
3. The coefficient of friction between wheel and rail is normally around a) 0.1
b) 0.25
c)0 .40 d)0 .75
4. In the formula :Train Resistance = A + B v + C v2 ,A depends on a) resistance
in the bearings b) resistance due to flange, swaying etc. c) air resistance
5. In the formula :Train Resistance = A + B v + C v2 ,B depends on a) resistance
in the bearings b) resistance due to flange, swaying etc. c) air resistance .
6. In the formula :Train Resistance = A + B v + C v2 ,C depends on a) resistance
in the bearings b) resistance due to flange, swaying etc. c) air resistance
7. The starting resistance of a train depends upon a) resistance in the bearings
b) resistance due to curves. c) resistance due to grades d) all the above
8. For obtaining a higher balancing speed we can a) Use a higher horsepower
locomotive b) Use Roller Bearing stock in place of plain bearing c) Improve
the aerodynamic profile of the rolling stock d) All the above factors.
9. The balancing speed of a WDM2 locomotive on a tangent level track with a
load of 4700 tons is a) 59 Km. per hour b) 65 Km. per hour c) 74 Km. per hour
d) 80 Km. per hour
10. The force exerted by locomotive at Rail Wheel contact is called a) Adhesion
b) Tractive effort c) Buffing force d) Balancing force
15
Part III
Fill in the Blanks Type Questions
1. The WDS4 locomotives employ ___________transmission. (electric,
Hydraulic)
2. In Diesel-Electric Locos fitted with Dynamic Brake, the Current generated
is______ (stored in the battery/ dissipated as heat in resistors).
3. The maintenance schedules for diesel locos are laid down on _________. (
Km basis /Time basis).
4. Compared to the IRS coach, the ICF coach is___________ ( heavier / lighter).
5. The difference between the tractive Effort of the Locomotives and the Train
Resistance is the Force available for___________ ( accelerating / braking the
train).
6. C.B.C. stands for ____________________
7. Wheel gauge is the distance between the___________ faces of the two
wheels on the Axle. (inner / outer)
8. POH interval for coaches running on Mail / Express train is _______________
9. Codal life of an ICF coach is ________years.
10. Codal life of an IRS coach is ________years.
11. Codal life of a tank wagon is ________years.
12. Codal life of a BOXN wagon is ________years.
13. The BOXN is ________in length compared to a BOX wagon.( longer / shorter)
14. In Diesel -Electric Locos fitted with Dynamic Brake, the current generated is
______ (Stored in the battery/ dissipated as heat in resistors).
15. In YDM 4 Loco, Y & M stands for ___________& ___________ resp.
16. Code of an 8- wheeler tank wagon for liquefied Petroleum Gas is ________
17. Code of an 8- wheeler flat wagon for containers is ________
18. The equipment provided in BOX/ BOXN wagons to alter brake force under
loaded & empty condition is called-------------------.
19. Full form of DA valve is _______________
16
Subjective Questions- Short Answer Type
Briefly Answer following Questions.
1. Briefly show the Organisational chart of Mech. Engg. Deptt. In the Zonal
Headquarter.
2. Briefly show the Organisational chart of Mech. Engg. Deptt. In the Railway
Board.
3. Briefly show the Organisational chart of Mech. Engg. Deptt. In the Division..
4. What are the various duties of Chief Workshop Engineer
5. What are the various duties of Chief Mechanical Engineer (Planning).
6. What are the various duties of CMPE (Diesel)
7. Which department co-ordinates the M&P Programme and which agency deals
with centralised procurement of M&P?
8. Name the major departments in a Workshop?
9. Briefly describe the difference in the wheel arrangements of CO-CO and B-B
Bogies.
10. Briefly describe the difference in the wheel arrangements of WDM2 & WDS4
Locos.
11. Why it is necessary to have a transmission system in a diesel locomotive?
12. Name the different types of transmission systems used in a diesel
locomotives.
13. Briefly describe the Electrical transmission System of a diesel loco.
14. Briefly describe the Hydraulic transmission System of a diesel loco.
15. What is the function of a turbo-charger in a Diesel locomotive?
16. Name any 5 major sub-assemblies of a Diesel Loco
17. Name any 5 safety fittings of a Diesel Loco
18. What is the frequency of maintenance of diesel locomotives under various
maintenance schedules?
19. List some of the important records maintained in a Diesel Loco Shed.
20. What are the various features of an ICF coach which make it 'Antitelescopic'?
21. What are Primary & Secondary Suspensions?
22. Briefly describe Primary suspension of an ICF coach.
17
23. Briefly describe Secondary suspension of an ICF coach.
24. What is the maximum ineffectiveness prescribed for the Non- AC coach?
25. What arrangements have been made in ICF coaches for damping Primary &
Secondary suspensions?
26. What are the various schedules for maintenance for a main line passenger
coach?
27. Briefly list the various items which are attended, examined during 'A' schedule
of a coach
28. Briefly list the various items which are attended, examined during 'B' schedule
of a coach
29. Briefly list the various items which are attended, examined during 'C' schedule
of a coach
30. What are PRO particulars for a 4-wheeler wagon and what type of wagon is
CRT ?
31. What are the advantages of BOXN wagon over BOX wagon?
32. What items are attended during rolling-in examination of a goods train.
33. What items are attended during terminating examination of a goods train
34. What items are attended during out going examination of a goods train
35. Explain briefly the difference between safe to run examination and intensive
examination.
36. How the ineffectiveness of Rolling stock is calculated? What is the maximum
ineffectiveness prescribed for the wagon stock?
37. What are the advantages of Roller Bearing Stock over plain bearing stock ?
38. How is a wheel tyre fitted over a wheel centre?
39. Why Helical Springs are preferred over Laminated Springs in Modern Rolling
Stocks ?
40. What are the advantages of CBC coupler over Screw Type coupler?
41. Draw a sketch of a typical Wheel profile and indicate its root, flange and tread.
42. List various defects of a Wheel Assembly.
43. List various defects of a Suspension System
44. List various defects of a Coupling System.
45. What is the Function of an Empty load Box Device and how does it work?
46. What happens when Alarm Chain is pulled in a vacuum Braked passenger
Coach?
18
47. Name major components of a vacuum brake system.
48. Name major components of an air brake system.
49. Mention any 3 advantages of Air brake over Vacuum brake.
50. What are the various factors which determine the starting resistance of a
train?
51. What are the various factors which determine the rolling resistance of a train?
52. What is Adhesion and what are the factors which affect it?
53. What do you understand by Balancing Speed?
54. What are the various factors which determine that how much trailing load can
be attached to a locomotive.
55. Name the 2 parameters which determine the starting tractive effort of
locomotive.
56. Name the various parameters which determine the safe lifting load of a crane.
57. Why a match wagon has been provided in 140 ton Diesel Breakdown crane?
58. What is the purpose of outriggers provided in a 140 ton diesel breakdown
crane?
Descriptive Questions
Organisation
1. What are the functions of the Mechanical Department? What is the
organization of the Mechanical Department in Railway Board?
2. What is organization of the Mechanical Department at Zonal
headquarters? Explain the duties of the Mechanical HODs.
3. Write short note on any two of the following:
a. DLW b. CLW c. ICF d. DRCF
Diesel
1. What are the various maintenance Schedules of a Diesel Locomotive
(WDM2)?
2. Name 3 new technologies being developed by Indian Railways for rolling
stock and their operation.
3. What are the roles of Chief Workshop Engineer and Chief Motive Power
Engineer (Diesel)?
4. Why it is necessary to have a transmission system in a diesel locomotive?
What do you understand by balancing speed?
5. Write short note on Tractive effort.
6. Write short note on 140 ton diesel brake down crane.
19
7. What are the various parts of a WDM2 locomotive? What are the
differences between WDM2 and WDG3A?
Coaching
1. What are the various maintenance schedules carried out in the coaches?
What are the items attended during Primary examination?
2. List the various items attended during the primary/ secondary maintenance
of a coach.
3. Describe what checks are carried out during rolling in/ rolling out
examination of a coaching train?
4. What are the various schedules carried out in the coaches? List various
items which are attended, examined during the A schedule of a coach.
5. What are the items carried out during POH of a coach?
6. Please indicate advantages of LHB coaches over ICF coaches in terms of
Design/speed/Ride quality.
7. On an 18 coach train with coach mounted brake cylinder, 4 brake cylinders
are inoperative. Calculate brake power percentage of this train.
8. Describe the main parts of ICF bogies.
9. What is a fail safe brake. How is it achieved on air brake systems?
10. Briefly list the various types of repair schedules of a coach?
11. Write 8 components of twin pipe air brake system of a coach.
12. Write short note on ICF bogie.
13. Please indicate three characteristics of ICF coaches which are not present
in IRS coaches.
14. What are the features of an IRS coach? What is the advantage of an ICF
coach over IRS coach?
15. Explain the various parts of the underframe and super structure of a
coach.
16. Why ICF coach is called integral design coach? Describe the various parts
of an ICF coach? How the weight transfer takes place in an ICF coach?
17. What are the salient features of an LHB coach?
Wagons
1. Describe various items attended during rolling-in examination and
terminating examination of a goods train.
20
2. What are the requirements for running a goods train in closed air rake?
How is it different from premium rake examination. Explain the difference
between the closed rake circuit rake examination and premium rake
examination.
3. What are the differences between End to end examination, closed circuit
rake examination and premium rake examination?
4. Explain Closed circuit and premium examination of wagons in brief.
5. Draw a wheel profile and indicate its root, flange and tread.
6. Explain Closed circuit and end to end examination of wagons in brief.
7. What are the differences between CRT, BOX and BOXN wagon?
8. Describe the Air brake system of an BOXN Wagon. What are the various
parts? What are the advantages of air brake over vacuum brake system?
Workshop
1. What are the sections under the control of a Production Engineer (P.E.) in
a workshop? Explain in brief, the duties of various sections.
2. What is the typical organizational structure of a workshop? What is the role
of a Production Engineer?
3. Briefly describe bathtub curve group replacement and its application to
preventive maintenance schedule on Indian Railways?
4. Please explain the organization of a workshop.
Running
1. What are the various rests which a Loco Pilot is entitled to?2. What do you understand by a crew lobby? What records and registers are
kept in the lobbies?
3. Explain the basis on which the crew links are made.
4. What precautions are taken by crew controller during signing on and
signing off of a loco pilot? What registers are filled/ seen by a loco pilot
during signing on and signing off?
5. Explain how a loco pilot is rated by a Loco Inspector? Also explain the
duties of a Loco Inspector.
6. List out the equipments carried by a loco pilot in the locomotive.
7. What measures will you take to prevent drunkenness on duty of the
running staff?

Formula to calculate speed of the shaft and diameter of pulley

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Wed, 06 Nov 2013 19:55:00 +0000

FORMULA FOR CALCULATING SPEED OF THE SHAFTS AND DIAMETER OF THE PULLEY

EXPLODE RENDER ANIMATE

noreply@blogger.com (Zyd) — Sun, 21 Jul 2013 10:53:00 +0000

rticle FROM Solid Edge Explode — Render — Animate application Publication Number spse0154

Defining motors

· There are two types of motors that can be defined in Solid Edge: rotational and linear.· You use motor features to help you observe how a set of under-constrained parts will move relative to the part you define as a motor

· This allows you to design and simulate complex mechanisms where the movement of a set of interrelated parts needs to be simulated.

Motor command
· Defines a rotational or linear motor using an element on a selected part.
· You can then use the Simulate Motor command to display a kinematic simulation of the motion in an assembly.
· You use motor features to help you observe how a set of under-constrained parts will move relative to the part you define as a motor. This allows you to design and simulate complex mechanisms where the movement of a set of interrelated parts needs to be simulated.
· This is useful when working with assemblies that contain moving parts such as gears, pulleys, crankshafts, parts that travel in grooves or slots, and hydraulic or pneumatic actuators.
For example, you can specify that a crankshaft part (A) in a mechanism rotates around an axis you specify (B).
· You can then use the Motor Simulation command to playback a kinematic simulation of how the under-constrained parts in the assembly move.
· Press F5 to replay the animation
· You can define properties for the motor, such as the type of motor, the motor rate or speed, motor direction, and any limits you may want to place on the motor.
· When you define a motor feature using the Motor command, an entry is added for the motor feature to PathFinder.
· You can select the motor entry in PathFinder to edit the motor feature later.
Types
You can define the following types of motors:
1 .Rotation 2. Linear
Steps
The basic steps for defining a motor are:
• Specify the type of motor you want, Rotation or Linear.
• Select the part you want to act as a motor.
• Define the movement axis.
• Specify the motor rate and limits.
Specifying Motor Type
The Motor Type list on the command bar allows you to define the type of motor you want. You can specify whether you want the motor type to be Rotation or Linear.
Selecting the Part
• You can only select a part that is under-constrained, or has relationships suppressed.
• The assembly should also be under-constrained such that the mechanism is free to move in the proper axes.
Defining the Movement Axis
· Depending on the motor type you specify, you can select faces, edges, or cylindrical axes to define the motor axis.
· For example, to define a Rotary motor, you can select cylindrical faces, cylindrical edges, or cylindrical axes.
Specifying the Motor Rate and Limits
· The Motor Value and Limits options on the command bar allow you to specify the speed or rate you want the motor operate at, and any limits on the travel you want to impose.
· For example, you may want to specify that a rotational motor rotates at 1750 revolutions per minute, and makes two complete revolutions (720 degrees).
· You can set the working units you want to use for the angular and linear velocity of a motor using the Advanced Units button on the Units tab of the File Properties dialog box, on the File menu.
Motor Definition and Simulation Guidelines
· You can define as many motors as you want in an assembly.
· When you define multiple motors in an assembly, use the Motor Group Properties dialog box, available with the Simulate Motor command and the Animation Editor tool to specify which motors you want to use,
· whether you want to detect collisions during the simulation, and so forth.
· When working with more than one motor, use the Animation Editor tool to specify when the motors start time, duration time and stop time for each motor.
· This allows you to design and simulate complex mechanisms where the timing and positioning of the parts is critical to understanding the behavior of the mechanism.
Note
· Only motors in the active assembly participate in a motor simulation.
· If you want subassembly parts to move in response to a motor simulation, you need to make the subassembly adjustable, using the Adjustable Assembly command on the PathFinder shortcut menu.
Simulate Motor command
· Display a kinematic simulation of motion in an assembly.
· You use motor features to define how a set of interrelated parts will move.
· This is useful when working with assemblies that contain crankshafts, gears, pulleys, and hydraulic or pneumatic actuators.
· When you click the Simulate Motor button, the Motor Group Properties dialog box is displayed,
· so you can specify which motors you want to use, whether you want to detect collisions during the simulation, and so forth.
· When you click OK, the Animation Editor tool is displayed so you can run the simulation.
· To run the simulation, click the Play button.
Note
· The Simulate Motor command contains a subset of the Animation Editor functionality.
· To access the full functionality of the Animation Editor tool, you must use the Animation Editor command in the Explode-Render-Animate application.
· To access the Explode-Render-Animate application, on the Tools tab, click Explode-Render-Animate.
Motor Group Properties dialog box
No Analysis
Allows you to move under-constrained parts and observe the results.
Detect Collisions
Allows you to detect collisions during motor animation.
Physical Motion
• Allows you to simulate physical motion between parts.
• This option detects contact between unconstrained surfaces and applies temporary constraints between the contacting surfaces.
• This makes it possible to analyze motion in mechanisms that contain gears and other forms of sliding contact
Motor Duration
Specifies how the motor duration is defined.
Use Motor Limits as Duration if Defined
Specifies that the motor limits define the duration.

Default Motor Duration

Specifies the motor duration in seconds. You can type a value.
Available Motors
Lists the available motors. You can use the Add and Remove buttons to add motors to and remove motors from the Motors in Animation list.
Add
Adds a motor to the Motors in Animation list.
Remove
Removes a motor from the Motors in Animation list.
Motors in Animation
Lists the motors that will be used in the animation.
Activity: Motor
• In this activity, you will assign a motor to a part in an assembly.
• The type of motor will be a rotational type and be applied to a gear in a clock.
• The speed of the motor will be such that the second hand of the clock moves at the operating speed of 1 rpm.
• The gear relationships are predefined, and by assigning the motor to the appropriate gear, motion can be shown through motor simulation.
• The motor simulation used here will later be used to create an animation of the clock.

Mechanical Engineering

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Creating a new part in an assembly:

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Tips for moving the part with the Compass

FERROUS METALS

CAST IRON

WROUGHT IRON

STEEL

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Medium Carbon Steel

High Carbon Steel

Tool Steel

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The following are the steps involved in the construction.

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Case 1 Number of teeth is 30 and above (Fig.13.7)

Case 2 Number of teeth is less than 30

NX UNIGRAPHICS TOOLBARS

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Upper Deviation

Lower Deviation

Mean Deviation

SIZE ( IQC 4 )

INTERCHANGEABILITY ( IQC-3 )

Interchangeability

TOLERANCES ON PARTS ( IQC 2 )

INSPECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL- INTRODUCTION [ IQC 1 ]

Introduction

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What is the difference between Quality Assurance and Quality Control?

ISO 9000 Definitions 1

Other Definitions 2

Basic QA and QC concepts

Basic QA/QC Concepts

Quality Assurance (QA)

Quality Control (QC)

Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP)

Precision

Accuracy

Completeness

Comparability

Difference between quality assurance and quality control

Competencies employer generally look for during the time of interview

Drive for achievement

Strategic thinking

Relationship building

Commercial awareness

Leadership of change

Leadership skills

Continuous improvement

Customer awareness

Decision-making skills and judgement

Influencing skills

Development of self and others

Teamworking skills

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