MY_SPACE

Poisson’s Spot: The Greatest Burn in Physics

2012-10-28T06:37:00.001-07:00

Poisson's Spot is proof that even if you're right about things, you can be humiliated forever. Find out why this physics concept has caused the name Siméon Poisson to live in infamy for almost 200 years.
In the early eighteen hundreds, the French Academy decided to hold a friendly competition. The members of the Academy, like scientists around the world, noticed that when light travelled from one medium to another, it bent. Glass, water, gel, anything that allowed light to get through would only give it passage if it changed its course. People could measure the bending of light, but were baffled as to what made it happen. The French Academy attempted to solve the problem with by pitting the minds of various scientists against each other.
Enter Augustin Fresnel. He was an engineer, and had studied the effects of light. Working backwards from there, he came up with a novel idea; light was emitted in waves perpendicular to the direction it travelled in. His idea caused a stir, especially with Poisson and Poisson's peers. They believed that light travelled as a series of particles, all of which had complicated interactions with each other. Poisson, Fresnel, and other scientists got together and had a rousing series of debates on the nature of light and the observable effects of its journey through various media.
Towards the end of the debates, Poisson came up with an argument that seemed to burn Fresnel's theory to the ground and salt the earth beneath it. If someone is being pelted with objects, their best chance to avoid injury is to hide behind a larger object (at least until heat-seeking missiles ruined it for everyone). Hide behind a rock, and a stream of pebbles coming after you will either bash into the rock or fly harmlessly by. If, on the other hand, a person is waist-deep in water and wants to hide from a wave, they won't be safe crouching behind a rock. Waves bend around solid objects.
Poisson reasoned that if light really was a wave, then when a light was turned on a perfectly spherical object, the light waves would bend around the sides of that object. The perfect symmetry of a sphere meant that all the light waves would meet in the exact center of the shadow behind it. There, people would be able to see a bright spot of light.
Clearly, this was preposterous. After everyone finished laughing, they went off to wench, or drink, or whatever famous and successful French scientists did in those days. At least one person didn't join them. Dominique Arago, one of the judges, realized that Poisson had described the perfect experiment. He found a round object, he found a light, and pretty soon, he found a spot. It was right were Poisson said it would be.
There was nothing left to do but award the prize to Fresnel. Poisson had put forward a consequence of light as a wave that was so ridiculous, so unlikely, that it couldn't be explained by anything else. Fresnel was smart enough to come up with the theory. Poisson was smart enough to have proved Fresnel right, and proved himself wrong. Even though Dominique Arago had actually done the test, the tiny dot of light at the center of the shadow of a spherical object has ever after been called Poisson's Spot. There is no perpetual motion in physics, but there is perpetual taunting.
Via The Schiller Institute, DC Tech and Dauger Research.

SUN TEMPLES IN INDIA

2012-09-20T03:22:00.001-07:00

Introduction: The Vedic scriptures of the Hindu religion refer to the sun as the store house of inexhaustible power and radiance. Ths sun god is referred to as Surya or Aditya. The Vedas are full of hymns describing the celestial body as the source and sustainer of all life on earth. The origin of the worship of the Sun in India is thus several centuries old.
References to sun worship are found in the puranas. The Ramayana speaks of Sage Agastya initiating Rama into sun worship through the Aditya Hridaya Mantra. The astronomer and astrologer Varahamirhira makes references to the intricacies of ceremonies connected with the installation of the icon of the Sun. It is also said that Iran was once a center of Solar worship and that some of the Magha priests of Iran had been brought to India to officiate in ceremonies.
There are several temples enshrining the Sun God as the principal deity. Several temples dedicated to Shiva, feature a small shrine for Surya the Sun God. In addition, it is believed that Surya, the Sun God has offered worship at several of the shrines in Tamilnadu; many of these shrines have been designed in such a way that the sun's rays illuminate the sanctum (of Shiva) on certain days of the year. Several of the South Indian Temple Tanks also bear the name Surya Theertham or Surya Pushkarini.
This article takes readers on a journey through seven temples dedicated primarily to Surya, Dakshinaarka Temple in the Gangetic Plains, Suryanaar Koyil in South India, Arasavilli and Konark on the East Coast of India, Modhera in Gujarat (Western India), Surya Pahar in North Eastern India and Unao in Central India. It should be mentioned here that remains of an ancient Sun temple are found at Martanda near Srinagar in Kashmir. It is said to date back to the first century AD. Ruins of a sun temple which attracted thousands of visitors in the 7th century AD are found in Multan in Pakistan.
As with all other temples in India, legends and beliefs are associated with each of the above temples. It is interesting to note that one of the beliefs shared by worshippers at these temples situated so far apart - is that visits to these temples followed by a dip in the sacred tanks associated with them would bring relief to believers ailing from blindness, leprosy and other skin diseases.
The Dakshinaarka temple at Gaya, Bihar

There is an ancient Sun temple at Gaya in the state of Bihar. Offerings to the ancestors are made at the Surya Kunda or the Dakshina Maanas tank in front of the temple. Sun worship apparently was very popular in the Magadha region which included Gaya. Numerous old images of the Sun God Aditya are found in the Gaya region and there are still quite a number of sun worshippers in Gaya. It is said that they may have descended from the fire worshippers of Central Asia. In fact, the granite image of Aditya (this particular image here is also referred to as Dakshinaarka) or the Sun God worshipped here is portrayed as wearing a jacket, a waist girdle and high boots in the Iranian tradition. Hundreds of people visit this temple on Sundays.
Sun worship in the Magadha region that encompassed Gaya has been mentioned in the Puranas and thus this temple is said to be of very ancient origin. The current structure dates back to the 13^th century, where the South Indian emperor Prataparudra of Warangal in Andhra Pradesh is said to have built it.
The Sun Temple at Gaya faces east and is located close to the famous Vishnupaada temple where a footprint of Vishnu is said to be enshrined. To the east of the temple is the tank Surya Kunda. The temple is a simple and plain one, with a dome over it. The comparatively larger sabha mandapa stands in front of the sanctum. Massive pillars line the mandapa where there are graceful stone sculptures of Shiva, Bhramaa, Vishnu, Surya and Durga.
There are two other notable Sun temples at Gaya, namely the Uttaraka temple near the Uttara Maanas tank and the Gayaditya temple on the river Falgu.
The Bhramanya Dev Temple at Unao in Madhya Pradesh

The Brahmanya Dev (Baramju) temple dedicated to the Sun is located at Unao near Jhansi in Madhya Pradesh. It is a well visited temple. Local belief is that worshippers find relief from ailments such as blindness and leprosy and other skin diseases. The stone image of the Sun God stands here on a brick platform covered with black plates. Twenty one triangles representing the 21 phases of the sun are engraved in the shrine.There is a protective brass cover for the image. Sunday is the special day of worship. This temple was patronized by the Peshwas and by the ruler of Datia, a nearby town.
Sun Temple at Surya Pahar in Assam

This relatively modern Sun temple in the vicinity of the Surya Pahar Hill near Goalpara in Assam. This temple enshrines a circular stone tablet having 12 images of Aditya in a circle with an image of Kashyapa the father of Aditya in the center. Surya is said to be the son of Aditi and Kashyapa (Prajapati or the creator of beings). Each of the Adityas os one faced and two armed. According to the Puranas the Adityas are 12 in number. The text Kalika Purana mentions Surya mountain, the perpetual abode of the sun. Sun worship was present in early Assam. Surya Pahad is referred to as a virtual gallery of archeological remains. At the foot of the hill, covering a vast area there are found a good number of Siva lingams cut out of stone.In addition, Surya Pahar ruins contain many rock cut figures of artistic merit.
Suryanaar Temple near Kumbhakonam in Tamilnadu

This ancient temple dedicated to the Sun is located near Kumbhakonam in Tamilnadu. Kumbhakonam and its surroundings abound in huge temples. This well known temple enshrines the Sun - Surya, Kasi Viswanatha and Visalakshi, and the other eight celestial bodies namely Chandran, Angarakan, Budhan, Brihaspati, Sukran, Saniswaran, Rahu and Ketu. An elaborate worship protocol is prescribed for pilgrims visiting here, starting with worship at the shrine of Ganesha, culminating in circumambulating the temple nine times. This temple built in the Dravidian style is over eight hundred years old and was patronized by the Imperial Chola Kings. This temple is located in close proximity to Kanjanur, and Tirumangalakkudi housing 1200 year old temples to Shiva. Suryanaar Koyil has acquired a lot of popularity in recent times, and is one of the pivotal points in the Navagaraha Stala Tour organized by the Tamilnadu Tourist Development Corporation.
Suryanarayanaswamy temple at Arasavilli in Andhra Pradesh

This is a shrine of the Sun in a well preserved state. The temple dates back to the 7^th century and a Kalinga king is said to have constructed it. The image of worship is a 5 ft tall one of black granite holding lotus buds - flanked by Usha and Chhaya. Padmapani is the name of this Sun God - padma stands for wisdom usha and chhaya stand for eternity. This shrine is located near Srikakulam in Andhra Pradesh.
The Sun Temple at Modhera - Gujarat

This is a grand temple to the Sun God concieved and built in 1026. As in the Sun Temple at Konark, this temple was so designed that the rays of the Sun would fall on the image of Surya at the time of the equnoxes. Whatever remains of this temple is grand; the shikharas are notaby absent but the Toranas in the frontal halls, and the intricate carvings in the exterior speak of the splendour of this shrine, which still is home to the Modhera dance festival featuring dance celebrities in performance in a natural setting. Ruins of the sun temple at Modhera in Gujarat show a lot of Magha influence. The walls of the temple have representations of the sun god wearing a peculiar West Asian belt and boots as in the Sun temple at Gaya. Mention must also be made of the huge tank in front of the temple with its multitude of images.

The Sun Temple at Konarak, Orissa
The grandest and best known of all Sun temples in India is the Konark temple in Orissa. This dates back to the 13^th century and it represent the highest point in Orissan temple architecture. Konark is situated 20 miles to the north east of Puri. The word Konark means corner sun.
The black pagoda at Konarak is a grand and magnificient temple in the form of the suns charriot drawn by seven horses marking the 7 days of the week. The 24 huge wheels, magnificiently carved and decorated, mark the hours of the day. This temple was envisioned by the Ganga ruler Narasimha Deva and it was not fully completed. The main idol of the Sun God on which the suns rays fall in the morning is said to have been removed by some Portuguese navigators. The temple now comprises only of the sabhamandap and the natamandir. The main temple crumbled down many years ago.

WHY TO VISIT TEMPLES ?

2012-09-20T03:07:00.000-07:00

(Scientific Reason)
There are thousands of temples all over India in different size, shape and locations but not all of them are considered to be built the Vedic way. Generally, a temple should be located at a place where earth's magnetic wave path passes through densely. It can be in the outskirts of a town/village or city, or in middle of the dwelling place, or on a hillt

op. The essence of visiting a temple is discussed here.

Now, these temples are located strategically at a place where the positive energy is abundantly available from the magnetic and electric wave distributions of north/south pole thrust. The main idol is placed in the core center of the temple, known as "*Garbhagriha*" or *Moolasthanam*. In fact, the temple structure is built after the idol has been placed. This *Moolasthanam* is where earth’s magnetic waves are found to be maximum. We know that there are some copper plates, inscribed with Vedic scripts, buried beneath the Main Idol. What are they really? No, they are not God’s / priests’ flash cards when they forget the *shlokas*. The copper plate absorbs earth’s magnetic waves and radiates it to the surroundings. Thus a person regularly visiting a temple and walking clockwise around the Main Idol receives the beamed magnetic waves and his body absorbs it. This is a very slow process and a regular visit will let him absorb more of this positive energy. Scientifically, it is the positive energy that we all require to have a healthy life.

Further, the Sanctum is closed on three sides. This increases the effect of all energies. The lamp that is lit radiates heat energy and also provides light inside the sanctum to the priests or *poojaris* performing the pooja. The ringing of the bells and the chanting of prayers takes a worshipper into trance, thus not letting his mind waver. When done in groups, this helps people forget personal problems for a while and relieve their stress. The fragrance from the flowers, the burning of camphor give out the chemical energy further aiding in a different good aura. The effect of all these energies is supplemented by the positive energy from the idol, the copper plates and utensils in the *Moolasthan*am / *Garbagraham*. *Theertham*, the “holy” water used during the pooja to wash the idol is not plain water cleaning the dust off an idol. It is a concoction of Cardamom,*Karpura* (Benzoin), zaffron / saffron, *Tulsi* (Holy Basil), Clove, etc...Washing the idol is to charge the water with the magnetic radiations thus increasing its medicinal values. Three spoons of this holy water is distributed to devotees. Again, this water is mainly a source of magneto-therapy. Besides, the clove essence protects one from tooth decay, the saffron & *Tulsi* leafs protects one from common cold and cough, cardamom and *Pachha Karpuram* (benzoin), act as mouth fresheners. It is proved that *Theertham* is a very good blood purifier, as it is highly energized. Hence it is given as *prasadam* to the devotees. This way, one can claim to remain healthy by regularly visiting the Temples. This is why our elders used to suggest us to offer prayers at the temple so that you will be cured of many ailments. They were not always superstitious. Yes, in a few cases they did go overboard when due to ignorance they hoped many serious diseases could be cured at temples by deities. When people go to a temple for the *Deepaaraadhana*, and when the doors open up, the positive energy gushes out onto the persons who are there. The water that is sprinkled onto the assemblages passes on the energy to all. This also explains why men are not allowed to wear shirts at a few temples and women are requested to wear more ornaments during temple visits. It is through these jewels (metal) that positive energy is absorbed by the women. Also, it is a practice to leave newly purchased jewels at an idol’s feet and then wear them with the idol’s blessings. This act is now justified after reading this article. This act of “seeking divine blessings” before using any new article, like books or pens or automobiles may have stemmed from this through mere observation.

Energy lost in a day’s work is regained through a temple visit and one is refreshed slightly. The positive energy that is spread out in the entire temple and especially around where the main idol is placed, are simply absorbed by one's body and mind. Did you know, every Vaishnava(Vishnu devotees), “must” visit a Vishnu temple twice every day in their location. Our practices are NOT some hard and fast rules framed by 1 man and his followers or God’s words in somebody’s dreams. All the rituals, all the practices are, in reality, well researched, studied and scientifically backed thesis which form the ways of nature to lead a good healthy life.

The scientific and research part of the practices are well camouflaged as “elder’s instructions” or “granny’s teaching’s” which should be obeyed as a mark of respect so as to once again, avoid stress to the mediocre brain

-collection

Meaning and Differences between Windows 32-bit and Windows 64-bit

2012-09-16T09:52:00.000-07:00

But which better between them? It depends for what you use computer, if you want the computer to work more efficiently to increase speed, then you are suggested to use 64-bit version. But if you play games or use many different software, then you better to use 32-bit versions, because until now many games or software that only supports 32-bit version.

We often see Windows 32-Bit or 64-Bit if we are going to download a software on the internet. The terms of 32-bit and 64-bit are Windows edition.

Windows XP 64-Bit Edtion logo.

Differences between them. basically refers to the technology of processing the computer process. Each has different way how the processor handle the information and using Random Access Memory (RAM) effectiveness. The 64-bit can address the data in memory better than 32-bit does, so 64-bit will be able to process data faster than 32-bit if they are compared in the same RAM size.

The other differences relate to memory accessibility, memory management, and enhanced security features. For example, the security features that are available in the 64-bit versions of Windows Vista include the following:

Kernel Patch Protection
Support for hardware-backed Data Execution Protection (DEP)
Mandatory driver signing
Removal of support for 32-bit drivers
Removal of the 16-bit subsystem

Windows 7 / 64-bit compatibility logo

You can only install the 64-bit version in a computer that has 64-bit processor, meanwhile the 32-bit version can be installed in either 64-bit or 32-bit processor.

And also if you use many different hardware such as flash disk, game controllers, and so on, you are advised to use 32-bit version because a lot of hardware has only 32-bit drivers. In addition, you must install digitally signed hardware drive only on a 64-bit version to enhanced security of the computer.

These are the main differences example between the 32-bit versions of Windows Vista and the 64-bit versions of Windows Vista

Architecture	Windows Vista, 32-bit versions	Windows Vista, 64-bit versions
System requirements	1-gigahertz (GHz) 32-bit (x86) processor or 64-bit (x64) processor, 512 MB of RAM	1-GHz 64-bit (x64) processor, 1 GB of RAM (4 GB recommended)
Memory access	A 32-bit version of Windows Vista can access up to 4 GB of RAM	A 64-bit version of Windows Vista can access from 1 GB of RAM to more than 128 GB of RAM.
Memory access per edition	All 32-bit versions of Windows Vista can access up to 4 GB of RAM.	Windows Vista Home Basic - 8 GB of RAM Windows Vista Home Premium - 16 GB of RAM Windows Vista Business - 128 GB of RAM or more Windows Vista Enterprise - 128 GB of RAM or more Windows Vista Ultimate - 128 GB of RAM or more
DEP	32-bit versions of Windows Vista use a software-based version of DEP.	64-bit versions of Windows Vista support hardware-backed DEP.
Kernel Patch Protection (PatchGuard)	This feature is not available in 32-bit versions of Windows Vista.	This feature is available in 64-bit versions of Windows Vista. Kernel Patch Protection helps prevent a malicious program from updating the Windows Vista kernel. This feature works by helping to prevent a kernel-mode driver from extending or replacing other kernel services. Also, this feature helps prevent third-party programs from updating (patching) any part of the kernel.
Driver signing	Unsigned drivers may be used with 32-bit versions of Windows Vista.	64-bit versions of Windows Vista require that all device drivers be digitally signed by the developer.
32-bit driver support	32-bit versions of Windows Vista support 32-bit drivers that are designed for Windows Vista.	64-bit versions of Windows Vista do not support 32-bit device drivers.
16-bit program support	32-bit versions of Windows Vista support 16-bit programs, in part.	64-bit versions of Windows Vista do not support 16-bit programs

Table is taken from Microsoft Official Page.

Scientific Speed Reading: How to Read 300% Faster in 20 Minutes

2012-08-28T04:15:00.001-07:00

How much more could you get done if you completed all of your required reading in 1/3 or 1/5 the time?
Increasing reading speed is a process of controlling fine motor movement—period.
This post is a condensed overview of principles:

The PX Project

The PX Project, a single 3-hour cognitive experiment, produced an average increase in reading speed of 386%.
It was tested with speakers of five languages, and even dyslexics were conditioned to read technical material at more than 3,000 words-per-minute (wpm), or 10 pages per minute. One page every 6 seconds. By comparison, the average reading speed in the US is 200-300 wpm (1/2 to 1 page per minute), with the top 1% of the population reading over 400 wpm…
If you understand several basic principles of the human visual system, you can eliminate inefficiencies and increase speed while improving retention.
To perform the exercises in this post and see the results, you will need: a book of 200+ pages that can lay flat when open, a pen, and a timer (a stop watch with alarm or kitchen timer is ideal). You should complete the 20 minutes of exercises in one session.
First, several definitions and distinctions specific to the reading process:
A) Synopsis: You must minimize the number and duration of fixations per line to increase speed.
You do not read in a straight line, but rather in a sequence of saccadic movements (jumps). Each of these saccades ends with a fixation, or a temporary snapshot of the text within you focus area (approx. the size of a quarter at 8? from reading surface). Each fixation will last ¼ to ½ seconds in the untrained subject. To demonstrate this, close one eye, place a fingertip on top of that eyelid, and then slowly scan a straight horizontal line with your other eye-you will feel distinct and separate movements and periods of fixation.
B) Synopsis: You must eliminate regression and back-skipping to increase speed.

The untrained subject engages in regression (conscious rereading) and back-skipping (subconscious rereading via misplacement of fixation) for up to 30% of total reading time.
C) Synopsis: You must use conditioning drills to increase horizontal peripheral vision span and the number of words registered per fixation.
Untrained subjects use central focus but not horizontal peripheral vision span during reading, foregoing up to 50% of their words per fixation (the number of words that can be perceived and “read” in each fixation).

The Protocol

You will 1) learn technique, 2) learn to apply techniques with speed through conditioning, then 3) learn to test yourself with reading for comprehension.
These are separate, and your adaptation to the sequencing depends on keeping them separate. Do not worry about comprehension if you are learning to apply a motor skill with speed, for example. The adaptive sequence is: technique ‘ technique with speed ‘ comprehensive reading testing.
As a general rule, you will need to practice technique at 3x the speed of your ultimate target reading speed. Thus, if you currently read at 300 wpm and your target reading speed is 900 wpm, you will need to practice technique at 1,800 words-per-minute, or 6 pages per minute (10 seconds per page).
We will cover two main techniques in this introduction:
1) Trackers and Pacers (to address A and B above)
2) Perceptual Expansion (to address C)

First – Determining Baseline

To determine your current reading speed, take your practice book (which should lay flat when open on a table) and count the number of words in 5 lines. Divide this number of words by 5, and you have your average number of words-per-line.
Example: 62 words/5 lines = 12.4, which you round to 12 words-per-line
Next, count the number of text lines on 5 pages and divide by 5 to arrive at the average number of lines per page. Multiply this by average number of words-per-line, and you have your average number of words per page.
Example: 154 lines/5 pages = 30.8, rounded to 31 lines per page x 12 words-per-line = 372 words per page
Mark your first line and read with a timer for 1 minute exactly-do not read faster than normal, and read for comprehension. After exactly one minute, multiply the number of lines by your average words-per-line to determine your current words-per-minute (wpm) rate.

Second – Trackers and Pacers

Regression, back-skipping, and the duration of fixations can be minimized by using a tracker and pacer. To illustrate the importance of a tracker-did you use a pen or finger when counting the number of words or lines in above baseline calculations? If you did, it was for the purpose of tracking-using a visual aid to guide fixation efficiency and accuracy. Nowhere is this more relevant than in conditioning reading speed by eliminating such inefficiencies.
For the purposes of this article, we will use a pen. Holding the pen in your dominant hand, you will underline each line (with the cap on), keeping your eye fixation above the tip of the pen. This will not only serve as a tracker, but it will also serve as a pacer for maintaining consistent speed and decreasing fixation duration. You may hold it as you would when writing, but it is recommended that you hold it under your hand, flat against the page.
1) Technique (2 minutes):
Practice using the pen as a tracker and pacer. Underline each line, focusing above the tip of the pen. DO NOT CONCERN YOURSELF WITH COMPREHENSION. Keep each line to a maximum of 1 second, and increase the speed with each subsequent page. Read, but under no circumstances should you take longer than 1 second per line.
2) Speed (3 minutes):
Repeat the technique, keeping each line to no more than ½ second (2 lines for a single “one-one-thousand”). Some will comprehend nothing, which is to be expected. Maintain speed and technique-you are conditioning your perceptual reflexes, and this is a speed exercise designed to facilitate adaptations in your system. Do not decrease speed. ½ second per line for 3 minutes; focus above the pen and concentrate on technique with speed. Focus on the exercise, and do not daydream.

Third – Perceptual Expansion

If you focus on the center of your computer screen (focus relating to the focal area of the fovea in within the eye), you can still perceive and register the sides of the screen. Training peripheral vision to register more effectively can increase reading speed over 300%. Untrained readers use up to ½ of their peripheral field on margins by moving from 1st word to last, spending 25-50% of their time “reading” margins with no content.
To illustrate, let us take the hypothetical one line: “Once upon a time, students enjoyed reading four hours a day.” If you were able to begin your reading at “time” and finish the line at “four”, you would eliminate 6 of 11 words, more than doubling your reading speed. This concept is easy to implement and combine with the tracking and pacing you’ve already practiced.
1) Technique (1 minute):
Use the pen to track and pace at a consistent speed of one line per second. Begin 1 word in from the first word of each line, and end 1 word in from the last word.
DO NOT CONCERN YOURSELF WITH COMPREHENSION. Keep each line to a maximum of 1 second, and increase the speed with each subsequent page. Read, but under no circumstances should you take longer than 1 second per line.

2) Technique (1 minute):
Use the pen to track and pace at a consistent speed of one line per second. Begin 2 words in from the first word of each line, and end 2 words in from the last word.
3) Speed (3 minutes):
Begin at least 3 words in from the first word of each line, and end 3 words in from the last word. Repeat the technique, keeping each line to no more than ½ second (2 lines for a single “one-one-thousand”).
Some will comprehend nothing, which is to be expected. Maintain speed and technique-you are conditioning your perceptual reflexes, and this is a speed exercise designed to facilitate adaptations in your system. Do not decrease speed. ½ second per line for 3 minutes; focus above the pen and concentrate on technique with speed. Focus on the exercise, and do not daydream.

Fourth – Calculate New WPM Reading Speed

Mark your first line and read with a timer for 1 minute exactly- Read at your fastest comprehension rate. Multiply the number of lines by your previously determined average words-per-line to get determine your new words-per-minute (wpm) rate.
Congratulations on completing your cursory overview of some of the techniques that can be used to accelerate human cognition (defined as the processing and use of information).
Final recommendations: If used for study, it is recommended that you not read 3 assignments in the time it would take you to read one, but rather, read the same assignment 3 times for exposure and recall improvement, depending on relevancy to testing.
Happy trails, page blazers.
###

Law of Attraction

2012-07-31T12:45:00.000-07:00

Each human being is a living magnet in that you invariably attract people and the circumstances into your life who harmonize with your dominant thoughts and emotions.

Lives are right now today are surrounded by representations of dominant thought patterns.
But if we wish to attract different people and different circumstances,we have to change the content
of the conscious mind,because we go through life like a magnet always attracting to ourselves
the people,events and circumstances,the good and bad fortunes that has harmonized with our dominant thoughts.

The people in your life life are there because you have attracted them by the person you are,by the thoughts you hold,by the emotions you experience.

when a person is feeling very positive and good about themselves its remarkable how many good situations,good things they attract to themselves

&

when a person is feeling very negative pessimistic and down to himself,it's amazing how many bad

situations they experience,and how many bad people they meet.

This happens not by chance but by law

so to remind you that you are not what you are but what you think

You are

Einstein's right: Higher you live, faster you age

2012-07-25T08:46:00.004-07:00

The world's most accurate atomic clock has clearly proved the nearly 100-year-old theory by Albert Einstein that time is a relative concept and the higher you live above sea level the faster you should age.
Einstein's theory of relativity states that time and space are not as constant as everyday life would suggest. He suggested that the only true constant, the speed of light, meant that time can run faster or slower depending on how high you are, and how fast you are traveling.
Now researchers have demonstrated the true nature of Einstein's theory for the first time with an incredibly accurate atomic clock that is able to keep time to within one second in about 3.7 billion years - roughly the same length of time that life has existed on Earth, The Independent reported.
James Chin-Wen Chou and his colleagues from the US National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colorado, found that when they monitored two such clocks positioned just a foot apart in height above sea level, they found that time really does run more quickly the higher you are - just as Einstein predicted.
"These precise clocks reveal the effects of gravitational pull, so if we position one clock closer to a planet, you also increase the gravitational pull and time actually runs slower than for another, similar clock positioned higher up," Chou said.
The atomic clocks used in the study are based on the tiny vibrations of aluminium atoms trapped in an electric field. These vibrations are in the same frequency range of ultraviolet light, detected by lasers, which means that the atomic timepieces are optical clocks, accurate enough to measure billionths of a second.
It means that the clocks were able to perceive the dilation of time with height above ground. For every foot above ground the clocks showed that someone would age about 90 billionths of a second faster over a 79-year lifetime, Chou said.
Besides, the scientists demonstrated that when the atomic clocks were altered in a way that mimics the effect of travelling through space, time began to slow down, as the theory of relativity says it should.

ITS NOT BETWEEN TWO PERFECT PEOPLE

2012-07-24T05:12:00.000-07:00

When you have met a girl

and got to know abt her,
found her almost similar to you
It doesn't mean that she is made especially for you

So what does it mean?

Few conclusions can be drawn from that
1. You can start conversation with her, as you two have similar interests.
2. You can have her as your friend and as a supporter,because there are many mutual qualities.
3. You can start roaming with her as you'll be liking the same place she likes.
        BUT REMEMBER:
         . Love,it doesn't mean that it should be beautiful for you but it is molding yourself so as that she likes you.
         . In Love you should not feel that it'll be bad for when you have to adjust,but realize that ther's nothing like adjustments
       . It's not the love that runs between two "perfect" people but it is that becoming perfect mutually is LOVE

            simply,

It's not the love between you two if like the same brand coffee

but its the love if you two can make a good coffee........:)

Pratibha Patil's farewell speech to Parliamentarians

2012-07-23T08:02:00.002-07:00

Good Bye Madam

resident Pratibha Patil on Monday cautioned MPs not to voice their dissensions in Parliament at the cost of serious debate and legislation and maintained that they should keep abreast of new developments in technology and information explosion while making laws.
In her farewell speech to Parliamentarians in Delhi, Patil pointed out that varied political thinking is a part of any legislature and more in a country as large and diverse as India. Though this adds to the "vibrancy" of our democratic institutions, it also poses a challenge as a multiplicity of expectations are to be met.

"Naturally, there will be arguments in the process of the search for answers, but it should never happen that in the din we loose our way forward. At the end of the day, the worth, value and respect of a legislature, is judged by its output in terms of serious debate and legislations," she said.

Patil's tenure had seen the washout of the whole winter session of Parliament in 2010 when BJP-led NDA insisted on formation of a Joint Parliamentary Committee to probe the 2G Spectrum scam. Disruptions and walkouts have become more frequent in recent months.

The outgoing President also pointed out that in the last two decades there have been changes "such as information explosion, technological innovations, increasing economic prosperity, growing materialism and in its midst the danger of losing values".

Patil said governments and legislatures need to seriously reflect on these fundamental changes.
"If unnoticed, our systems and institutions could be out-of-size and out-of-time. Therefore, deep thought should be given by Hon'ble Members to how our institutions, our administrative practices, legislatures and legal processes, can fulfil these growing demands and responsibilities effectively," Patil said.

What Marissa Mayer has to work with at Yahoo

2012-07-18T08:11:00.002-07:00

Its new CEO inherits a big challenge to turn around the sleeping tech giant, but Yahoo still has major assets to build on

On paper, or maybe that should be in pixels, Marissa Mayer is a brilliant choice to run Yahoo. No one disputes her talent or drive; even if some colleagues anonymously call her personal style prickly, that would not be an issue if we were talking about a male chief executive.
No, the big question is about Yahoo itself. Has the downward trajectory of the past several years become an unrecoverable tailspin? If so, nothing she or anyone else can do will matter much in the end.
Here's the thing to keep in mind: Yahoo's assets are still prodigious. Several hundred million people use its services every day. The company's cash flow remains substantial.
Mayer's most obvious immediate task will be to do what recent predecessors have seemed unable to accomplish, or at least to articulate in any competent way: decide what Yahoo does best – from a technology and business perspective – and build on those core strengths. Then, pick the best of the secondary products and experiments, and build on them.
Easy to say, of course, but some smart people have stumbled. I don't have any magic answers, either, but I can point to at least three areas where Yahoo has had a gigantic lead and then squandered it.
First, email: what was once a cutting-edge web-based email service has gone essentially nowhere in recent years, falling far behind Google's Gmail, and even Microsoft's Hotmail, in just about every way. The recent disclosure of a Yahoo email password security breach only highlighted the dreadful state of the product's overall security, which, even today, doesn't offer encryption in the browser.
Second, aggregation: Yahoo News (and its sports/finance/entertainment/etc services) are still vital sources of information and play for countless people, largely because Yahoo understood and used aggregation much more deeply than other major news sites. In particular, Yahoo's aggregation teams recognized what Google et al still don't get: that you get vastly better results when you combine human intelligence – journalists and the audience/users – with machine intelligence.
Again, however, Yahoo didn't press its advantage. The main reason that Yahoo News still matters is that its big Silicon Valley competitors have been equally slow to understand the value of humans in this process, something that has not been the case at newer operations such as Buzzfeed and AOL's Huffington Post.
Third: social. When you talk about squandering an asset, Yahoo's (mis)treatment of Flickr, the super-social photo-sharing service, ranks at the very top. For years, Flickr was the meeting ground for photographers – pro and amateur alike – and defined the very notion of photo-sharing on the web. Yahoo's indolent, if not hostile treatment of Flickr gave Facebook the opening it needed to take over the space. And more recently, Google has pushed hard there with Google+. Thomas Hawk, a noted photographer, urges Yahoo to either sell Flickr to Google or seriously invest in it. And he's right: I would invest, because I don't think Google understands the Flickr crowd, either.
Those are just three of the arenas where I'd redouble efforts if I were in charge. I could point to several dozen other services that are at least intriguing, but I want to mention one, in particular – a service that makes Yahoo no money but which is an example of the sheer genius that has occasionally peeked through. I'm talking about Yahoo Pipes, which is little-known among the general public for the good reason that it is a bit more technically challenging. Yahoo's tag line for Pipes, "rewire the web", is an apt one, because it lets you aggregate, massage and remix all kinds of information and technology from around the web. Even a novice can create highly tailored output with simple pipes; experts can do astonishing things. I'd like to see Yahoo pull Pipes and a bunch of other intriguing technology projects off the virtual shelf, and leverage them all – in large part, to give users more control over what they get from Yahoo and its various services.
Mayer starts from a great position in one key way. She inherits a company that has a terrible reputation among investors and tech journalists, yet with plenty of assets to work with in the near and longer term. I hope she pulls this off.

HOW DO THOUGHTS FLOW?

2012-07-10T11:21:00.001-07:00

How do beautiful and golden thoughts come from great people
Generally they don't they don't speak every thing greatly.As the people have done things greatly,so the normally sentences appear to be great ones. But how they people are motivated?
They may be three reasons for them been motivated
1. By the deeds of the persons whom they know or took as inspiration.
2. When the people are doing things normally,they might have came across the quotations by the then great people so they have changed the way they have been doing things and so the way they have done things became more good and more effective.
3.This is assumed to be more theoretical than the above two.

I'll try to explain this which I have seen in my point of view,let a friend or colleague say a good thing to you then you receive it very positively and start following it or doing it. but no great people had said that they had been inspired by the colleagues words so is the third one apt??

question arises............

think about it
just give it a thought

think it in a negative way

what is the summary of your thinking?

so why it came positive ?

because there's no wrong thing in it.Have a thought on the advice by the fellow man and try to implement or follow it in your own way because you have your notion on doing the thing,

and this is where the golden path is laid by you

so which of the above reason is apt???

so are you going to follow your colleagues good advices?

Alien Game

2012-04-11T06:22:00.000-07:00

Alien Game:

Aliens on the Unknown planet have a tradition of playing a game called Loiten.

It is played by two players who alternate turns. There are N buckets with apples standing in one line in front of the players. They are numbered from left to right with integers starting from 1. In one turn a player can select one of the buckets, which is not the first and not the last and has a positive number of apples in it, and move all of that bucket's apples to the bucket adjacent to the left and at the same time move all of them to the bucket adjacent to the right. That's right, the number of apples can be negative as it is a really strange planet. Thus, if there are 3 consecutive buckets with the number of apples being x, y, z, then you can perform the move if y is greater than zero. The resulting capacity of the buckets will be as follows: x+y, -y, z+y. The first player who can't make a move loses. You happen to know one of the aliens from the Unknown planet, named Popo. He is a very good Loiten player, and has reached the Loiten Finals. On the day prior to the game, he found out the number of apples in each of the buckets. Unfortunately, his memory is not that good, and he can't remember the number of apples in the P-th bucket. He just remembers that it is a number with absolute value not greater than F. Now, he is asking you to help him to calculate his chances. The players at the Finals are so good that they only make optimal moves to maximize their chance of winning. If neither player can win, the game is considered a draw. You are to find the number of possible apple counts for the bucket with an unknown number of apples where Popo will win. Popo is also sure that he is the one to make the first turn.

Input :The first line of the input file consists of a single number T, the number of test cases. Each test case begins with a line containing two integers N, the number of buckets and P, the number of the bucket with the unknown amount of apples. It is followed by a line containing N integers, the numbers of apples in the corresponding buckets. The Pth number on this line is the positive integer F and corresponds to the constraint on the number of apples in the P-th bucket.

Output Output T lines, with the answer to each test case on a single line, the number of possible values for unknown bucket. Constraints T = 50 1≤ P ≤ N ≤ 2,000. 1≤ F ≤ 1,000,000,000,000. The number of apples in each bucket at the start of the game has an absolute value not greater than 1,000,000,000,000.

10 Reasons - Why C Should be your First Programming Language

2012-04-03T09:35:00.001-07:00

This is was the same question I asked myself when I started writing my first program. I tried many languages but finally I came to C, the most beautiful and charming language of all. I was literally blown away by the simplicity and elegance of C.

Though C is simple it is one of the most powerful languages ever created.

In this dynamic IT world new language come every day and get obsolete, so there must be something in the C which has remained there for 3 decades and more and even today there is hardly any language which can match its strength.

90% of the starting programmer says that C has been superseded by its predecessors such as C++, Java, and C # and so on so why learn C. I don't know why they think so but I know one thing that they will never excel the other 10% programmers who differs from this opinion. Simple reason is how could a skyscraper building stand against time if its foundation is not strong.

C was the programming language developed at AT & T's Bell Laboratories of USA in 1972. It was written by a man name Dennis Ritchie.

Now Let us begin to analyze reason why C should be your first programming language.

1.I believe nobody can learn C++ or Java directly. To master these languages you need to have a strong concept of programming element such as polymorphism, classes, inheritance etc. Simple question is how you can learn such complicated concepts when you don't even know about the basic elements such as block functions. C is a language which begins from scratch and it has foundational concepts on which today concepts stand on.

2.It is language on which C++ is based on, hence C# also derive its origin from the C. Java is also a distant cousin of C and share the same programming concept and syntax of C. These are the most dominant languages in the world and all are based on C. To rock the world through them you must get rocking with C.

3.C++, Java, and C # make use of OOP (Object Oriented Programming). Not all programs need it even though it is a powerful tool. Such programs are still written in C.

4. When ever it comes to performance (speed of execution), C is unbeatable.

5.Major parts of the Windows, Unix and Linux are still written in C. So if you want program these OS or create your own you need to know C.

6.Device drivers of new devices are always written in C. The reason is that C provides you access to the basic elements of the computer. It gives you direct access to memory of your CPU through pointers. It allows you to manipulate and play with bits and bytes.

7.Mobiles, Palmtops, PDA's etc are gaining popularity every second. Also appliances such as T.V., Refrigerators, and Microwaves etc. are becoming an integral part of our daily needs. You may not know but they have a CPU with them which do need programming and the software's written for them are known as embedded system programs. These programs have to be fast in execution but also have a very little memory. No question why C is ideally suited for embedded system programming.

8.You must have played games on your PC. Even today these astounding 3D games use C as their core. Why? The simple reason who will play the game when it takes a lot of time fire a bullet after you have given command from the console. The reply to the command should be damn prompt and fast. Reply in 1 Nano second is an outstanding game; Reply in 10 Nano seconds is crap. Even today there is no match for C.

9. C is a middle level language. There are three types of language - High Level, Middle Level & Low Level. High level languages are user oriented, giving faster development of programs, example is BASIC. Low level languages are machine oriented; they provide faster execution of programs. C is a middle level language because it combines the best part of high level language with low level language. It is both user and machine oriented and provides infinite possibilities.

10.Last but not least it is a block structured language. The first symbol of a modern language is that it is block structured. Each code exists in separate block and is not known to code in other block providing easy means of programming and minimizing the possibilities of undesirable side effects. C is designed from the base to top to be a block structured language. Many older languages, most popular being BASIC tried to introduce this concept but their short coming can never fulfilled as they were never built along these line.

I think I have given all reason I know why c should be your first programming language. One thing is for sure that there no other language which more reliable, simple and easy to use.

Famous puzzels try dese!!!

2012-02-25T12:13:00.000-08:00

Here is a list of 10 puzzles which have been asked on a Google Interview. They are not in any specific order.

Reverse a Linked-List

Reverse a Linked-list. Write code in C.

Challenge – Equal Probability between 1 and 7

Write a method to generate a random number between 1 and 7, given a method that generates a random number between 1 and 5. Answer

Sub-Array with the Largest Sum

You are given an array with integers (both positive and negative) in any random order. Find the sub-array with the largest sum.

How Strong is an Egg?

You have two identical eggs. Standing in front of a 100 floor building, you wonder what is the maximum number of floors from which the egg can be dropped without breaking it. What is the minimum number of tries needed to find out the solution?

Four People on a Rickety Bridge

Four people need to cross a rickety bridge at night. Unfortunately, they have only one torch and the bridge is too dangerous to cross without one. The bridge is only strong enough to support two people at a time. Not all people take the same time to cross the bridge. Times for each person: 1 min, 2 mins, 7 mins and 10 mins. What is the shortest time needed for all four of them to cross the bridge?

Boys and Girls

In a country where everyone wants a boy, each family continues having babies till they have a boy. After some time, what is the proportion of boys to girls in the country? (Assuming probability of having a boy or a girl is the same)

Probability of a Car Passing By

The probability of a car passing a certain intersection in a 20 minute windows is 0.9. What is the probability of a car passing the intersection in a 5 minute window? (Assuming a constant probability throughout)

Pick a Random Byte

You have a stream of bytes from which you can read one byte at a time. You only have enough space to store one byte. After processing those bytes, you have to return a random byte. Note: The probability of picking any one of those bytes should be equal.

Piece of Cake

How would you cut a rectangular cake into two equal pieces when a rectangular piece has already been cut out of it? The cut piece can be of any size and orientation. You are only allowed to make one straight cut.

How Old Are My Children?

Two old friends, Jack and Bill, meet after a long time.

Jack: Hey, how are you man?
Bill: Not bad, got married and I have three kids now.
Jack: That’s awesome. How old are they?
Bill: The product of their ages is 72 and the sum of their ages is the same as your birth date.
Jack: Cool… But I still don’t know.
Bill: My eldest kid just started taking piano lessons.
Jack: Oh now I get it.

How old are Bill’s kids?

Here is a list of 10 famous puzzles which have been asked on a Microsoft Interview. They are not in any specific order.

Clock Hands

How many times a day do the minute and hour hands of a clock overlap? Answer

Is Your Husband a Cheat?

A certain town comprises of 100 married couples. Everyone in the town lives by the following rule: If a husband cheats on his wife, the husband is executed as soon as his wife finds out about him. All the women in the town only gossip about the husbands of other women. No woman ever tells another woman if her husband is cheating on her. So every woman in the town knows about all the cheating husbands in the town except her own. It can also be assumed that a husband remains silent about his infidelity. One day, the mayor of the town announces to the whole town that there is at least 1 cheating husband in the town. What do you think happens? Answer

100 Prisoners in Solitary Cells

100 prisoners are stuck in the prison in solitary cells. The warden of the prison got bored one day and offered them a challenge. He will put one prisoner per day, selected at random (a prisoner can be selected more than once), into a special room with a light bulb and a switch which controls the bulb. No other prisoners can see or control the light bulb. The prisoner in the special room can either turn on the bulb, turn off the bulb or do nothing. On any day, the prisoners can stop this process and say “Every prisoner has been in the special room at least once”. If that happens to be true, all the prisoners will be set free. If it is false, then all the prisoners will be executed. The prisoners are given some time to discuss and figure out a solution. How do they ensure they all go free? Answer

The Ant Problem

Three ants are sitting at the three corners of an equilateral triangle. Each ant starts randomly picks a direction and starts to move along the edge of the triangle. What is the probability that none of the ants collide? Answer

Gold for 7 days of Work

You’ve got someone working for you for seven days and a gold bar to pay them. You must pay the worker for their work at the end of every day. If you are only allowed to make two breaks in the gold bar, how do you pay your worker? (Assuming equal amount of work is done during each day thus requiring equal amount of pay for each day) Answer

Trains and Birds

A train leaves City X for City Y at 15 mph. At the very same time, a train leaves City Y for City X at 20 mph on the same track. At the same moment, a bird leaves the City X train station and flies towards the City Y train station at 25 mph. When the bird reaches the train from City Y, it immediately reverses direction. It then continues to fly at the same speed towards the train from City X, when it reverses its direction again, and so forth. The bird continues to do this until the trains collide. How far would the bird have traveled in the meantime? Answer

A Box of Defective Balls

You have 10 boxes of balls (each ball weighing exactly10 gm) with one box with defective balls (each one of the defective balls weigh 9 gm). You are given an electronic weighing machine and only one chance at it. How will find out which box has the defective balls?

Globe Walker

How many points are there on the globe where, by walking one mile south, then one mile east and then one mile north, you would reach the place where you started?

4 Quarts of Water

If you had an infinite supply of water and a 5 quart and 3 quart pails, how would you measure exactly 4 quarts? and What is the least number of steps you need? Answer

Four People on a Rickety Bridge

How many can you answer in the first attempt? Post in comments.