Two great examples of slideuments are 8 Keys to Effective Lecture by Terry Doyle at Ferris State University, or How Do I Use PowerPoint to Teach by Patrick Crispen (links are direct downloads to the PowerPoint files).

While the content in both of these presentations is valuable, presenting it in slide form does not make sense, since they were dense with text, did not use many visuals, and flowed much more like an essay.

On the other hand, Kashi’s Yearbook celebrating 25 years was designed as a document but presented as slides… docuslides?? With this practice becoming common with online services such as SlideRocket and Slideshare, maybe it’s time to coin a new term to use in conjunction with slideument.

Docuslides. I like it.

What do you think?

Dr. Marian Diamond, U.C. Berkley

During my semester studying anatomy for my undergraduate degree, I began downloading podcasts via iTunes U to supplement my own lecture experiences. I came across an anatomy course taught at UC Berkeley by the wonderful Prof. Marian Diamond. While listening to the first lecture in the series, I was extremely impressed with her calm and authoritative demeanor. All at once she exudes confidence and respect toward her students. After a short pause during the lecture to erase the chalkboard, she said, “I have to tell you why I don’t use PowerPoint.” I was overcome with excitement and anticipation as I waited to hear why this capable teacher purposefully abstained from using a popular technological tool. What followed was a brief yet powerful statement that every teacher who uses lecture slides should consider. I include it here verbatim:

“I have to tell you why I still use chalkboard and do not use PowerPoint. Because I’ve studied learning mechanisms long enough to know that it takes time to take in the primary information and associate it. I feel if I just flash on things like this you don’t get it. If you write, you use your kinesthetic sense. That’s one way. It slows me down, it slows you down. And I also repeat all the time, because we know repeating reinforces. First time through you have an ionic exchange, second time through you have protein synthesis. So we’re using things that have been shown for learning rather than just keeping up with the technology.“

Here is an audio clip so you can hear it yourself. Or you can download the full lecture audio from iTunes U.

I was thrilled with her explanation! It wasn’t because she couldn’t use PowerPoint, found it too cumbersome, or time consuming. It was simply that there was no pedagogical reason to use it. As far as learning is concerned, using the chalk board and encouraging the students to take notes is far more effective than flashing something up on the screen.

After further investigation, it seems as though Professor Diamond makes a similar statement at the beginning of every semester (see Fall 2007 and Fall 2008). This suggests that it wasn’t just a passing thought in casual conversation, but that it is important enough for her students to understand the deliberate choice she made to improve their education.

Now, I am not saying definitively that you shouldn’t use PowerPoint. But if you do, there had better be a darn good reason. Don’t use it just because it’s easier or because you want to look cool using ‘up to date technology.’ And further more, if you do use PowerPoint, you’d better make them darn good slides. That’s what this blog is all about, so be sure to read some other posts. You might like to start with 2 Design Changes That Follow All Brain Rules, since we are talking about neuroscience here.

This coincides nicely with the Brain Rule on Attention – “We don’t pay attention to boring things.” Our brains can only pay attention to one thing at a time, and it usually chooses to pay attention to the thing that is more interesting. I think you can agree that anything is more interesting than a blank, black screen.

A blank slide like this one can pull students' attention away from the slides to focus on you.

A simple trick in PowerPoint or Keynote can help refocus your students’ attention on you – turning off the slides. Yep, that’s it. If you want students to pay attention to YOU, force them to stop paying attention to YOUR SLIDES, just by turning them off. This doesn’t mean you have to exit the program or shut down the projector, though. Here are 2 quick and easy ways to blank the screen during your lecture.

The ‘B’ Key

In both PowerPoint and Keynote, pressing the ‘B’ key on your keyboard will make the screen go black. (Alternatively, the ‘W’ key in either application makes the screen completely white.) To return to your slides, press any key. Many presenter remotes (such as the Targus Presentation Remote) have a dedicated button to blank the screen, allowing you to blank the screen without having to be stuck at your computer behind the lectern.

Insert Black Slide

If you are preparing a lecture ahead of time and anticipate a moment that requires the students’ attention, insert a blank, black slide. (To be clear, any layout will appear blank when presented, unless you have inserted text or other objects onto the slide. I prefer to explicitly choose the Blank layout to avoid any confusion while creating the slide deck.)

To do this in Keynote:

1. Insert a new slide.
2. Change the Slide Layout to Blank Slide.
3. Change the Theme to Black.

To do this in PowerPoint:

1. Insert a new slide.
2. Change the Slide Layout to Blank
3. Change the Slide Background to Black and be sure ‘Hide Background Graphics’ is checked.

Kashi designed a beautiful document, but confusingly presented it as a slideshow

I received a monthly e-mail newsletter from SlideRocket, an online presentation service. Featured under their Presentation Showcase was a SlideRocket presentation created by Kashi, the San Diego based whole foods company. I clicked on the link and was taken to a beautifully designed, visually appealing presentation… I mean document. No, they were definitely slides… but, they’re in portrait orientation… wait a minute!!  (You can view the presentation here.)

I was greatly confused. I liked what I was seeing, but felt weird clicking through slides that looked like 8.5×11″ pages. I quickly realized that I was looking at the ultimate incarnation of what Presentation Zen‘s Garr Reynolds calls a “slideument.” As Garr explains,

“Slides are slides. Documents are documents. They aren’t the same thing. Attempts to merge them result in what I call the ‘slideument’ (slide + document = slideument).”

Slideuments are a symptom of ignorance and, to a degree, laziness. Conference organizers tend to require their speakers to submit their presentation slides to be used as handouts or to otherwise be distributed to attendees. More and more, college professors distribute their lecture slides to their students as a form of notes – all but obliterating the need for students to pay attention in class and take notes. This creates a design dilemma, because well designed slides do not function well as a document. What these organizers and professors don’t understand is that the purpose of slides is completely different from the purpose of a document. Paraphrasing from Edward Tufte, slides have a low density of information while documents have a high density of information. In other words, slides are a visual supplement to the main medium of information (the lecturer) while documents are the main medium of information. Instead of combining the two into a slideument, they should be creating two separate versions of the document – one for reading, the other for presenting.

Kashi’s Yearbook celebrating their “25 Years of Passion for Positive Eating” was an incredibly well designed document full of great information divided into 7 sections. It was information dense. Presenting it page by page in a slideshow, however, added no functionality. If anything, it lessened the effectiveness of the document by constraining the viewable size of the document and forcing the reader to move in a linear fashion. If the document had also been redesigned specifically to be presented as slides, it would have been much more effective.

In an upcoming post, I will present some solutions to the slideument conundrum. I will share examples of how to fill the needs of conference organizers and teachers by utilizing notes and/or creating two documents.

Update: After some more consideration, and comments from readers, I’ve written a follow up post clarifying the problems with this presentation and suggesting a new term for the Kashi dilemma – docuslides.

2. Use More Images

For thousands of years the human brain has developed to process the visual input received through the eyes from the surroundings. Survival depended on being able to see the mammoth from far off, spot the snake in the grass, or the color of fruit in a tree. Only recently in its evolution has the brain’s visual system spent so much time decoding letters, such as the ones that make up War & Peace. The cortex of the human brain has developed immensely to be able to read and ponder such literary works, not to mention complex scientific textbooks. And yet, even now, the brain still responds more actively to vibrant pictures.

Trade weapons for art. Replace your bullet points with high quality photographs. Bullet points are great for shopping lists and talking points, but not for getting your point across. They just don’t work, because text is boring and lists are distracting.

If each item truly is that important, create a separate slide with a high quality image that represents the idea. Or use an image to represent the overall idea of the list, and verbally give the key points of the idea.

Go ahead and bleed. Using a full screen image is much more effective than copying the thumbnail from a Google search. Instead, download the full resolution file and fill the screen with it.

Fill the screen with image for more impact

Don’t clip to save. This is one instance when cheaper isn’t better. Don’t use the built in clip-art for graphics. Dip into your classroom funds and purchase stock images for the really important lectures. Web sites like iStockPhoto sell high quality images for relatively low prices. Once you sign up as a member, you can access their Free Image of the Week. Collect these over the years and you’ll have a substantial library of great images that are bound to fit in to your lecture slides somewhere.

Purchase high quality stock images for important presentations

Join the commonwealth. Ok, so most classroom budgets won’t get you very far, but there are alternatives. You can access a wealth of images created by amateur and professional photographers who license their images for reuse – it’s called a Creative Commons license. I explained how to do this in a previous post.

But that’s not all! There are many organizations who provide many of their images for free. Just for starters, visit some of these sites:

• NASA Photo Gallery
• Associated Press Images
• LIFE Magazine (hosted by Google)
• Bureau of Land Management Image Library

NASA provides high quality images for public use.

DIY. If you’re still struggling to find the image that you want, get creative and Do It Yourself. Grab a digital camera (a 3-megapixel camera is commonplace today and is sufficient quality for a presentation) and make the image yourself. Take a moment to review some basic photography concepts, such as the Rule of Thirds and lighting, at a website like Digital Photography School and then go out and explore your inner Ansel Adams.

There is so much more that we could discuss in relation to the use of images in your lecture slides, but they can be addressed in future posts. For now, see how you can improve one of your lecture slide decks by using less text and more images.