Byte Hook

NRB Property Management Infographic

noreply@blogger.com (Shazed Muntashir Ovi) — Sat, 11 Apr 2026 16:05:00 +0000

The Golden Gap: NRB Property Management in Dhaka

🏢

The Golden Gap

Capitalizing on NRB Property & Asset Management in Dhaka's Booming Market

📈 1. The Macro Opportunity

Dhaka's real estate market is experiencing unprecedented, sustained growth. Fueled by record-breaking remittances from Non-Resident Bangladeshis (NRBs) seeking stable, long-term returns outside volatile global equities, massive capital is flowing into luxury and premium residential zones like Gulshan, Banani, and Bashundhara.

💰

Record Remittances

$26.67B

Annual influx driving diaspora real estate acquisitions.

🏘️

Premium Rental ROI

5.5% - 7.5%

Attractive yields making Dhaka a prime target for investment.

Real Estate Asset Class Trajectory (Dhaka Metro)

Industry projections show a massive expansion of the total asset pool, creating an ever-growing addressable market for property management services.

⚠️ 2. The Crisis of Absentee Ownership

Despite the influx of capital, NRB investors face severe hurdles. Properties entrusted to distant relatives or informal guards suffer from neglect, unauthorized occupation, and inconsistent rent collection. This lack of professional oversight actively hemorrhages value.

💸

The Cost of Neglect

Without formal management, luxury assets degrade rapidly due to maintenance delays and tenant defaults.

-15%

Value Loss Over 5 Years

Asset Depreciation Profile

For an unmaintained BDT 2.5 Crore apartment, the financial loss equates to lakhs of Taka annually.

📋 3. The Solution & Revenue Model

A specialized property management firm acting as a formal fiduciary solves this multi-million dollar problem. The revenue model is structurally protected from inflation, operating on percentage-based fees tied directly to gross rental yields.

Average Management Fees (Dhaka Market)

Firms align their incentives with owners. As property values and rents rise, revenue increases without requiring additional capital expenditure.

✔️ One-Time Leasing Fee

Equivalent to 1 month's rent. Covers vacancy marketing, background checks, and contract execution compliant with the Premises Rent Control Act 1991.

✔️ Vacant Property Maintenance

BDT 10k - 25k / month (Fixed). Covers preventative upkeep, plumbing flushes, and pest control for properties awaiting tenants.

⚙️ 4. Low Effort, High Reward: Financial Projections

This business ranks exceptionally high on the effort-to-reward scale. Once Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and vetted contractor networks are established, the day-to-day management is entirely delegable and systemic.

ROI

Boutique Portfolio Projection

🏡

Units Managed

✖️

⬇️

💵

80k BDT

Avg. Monthly Rent

✖️

⬇️

📊

10%

Mgmt Fee

⬇️

💰

400k BDT

Monthly Recurring Revenue

*Excludes highly lucrative one-time leasing fees (BDT 80,000 per unit turnover) and contractor coordination markups. Overhead is minimal: a small admin office, digital tracking software, and a freelance contractor network.

🤖⛔ 5. The Ultimate Moat: AI Immunity

While AI can automate internal accounting or draft marketing copy, this specific business model is fundamentally immune to replacement by software, IoT, or smart devices.

The premium fee is paid precisely for the human element. No software program can physically inspect a flat for water damage, negotiate aggressively with a local Dhaka contractor to ensure fair pricing, or stand before a municipal authority (RAJUK) to resolve a complex, localized compliance dispute. It requires trust, physical presence, and socio-cultural arbitration.

🤝

No Job, No Experience: Launch a Customer-Centric Business in 6 Months

noreply@blogger.com (Shazed Muntashir Ovi) — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 06:45:00 +0000

How can a person with no knowledge of AI and ML, no knowledge of digital marketing and SEO, who is not good at Sales and Negotiation, and who does not have any skills in Business Communication and Leadership, develop these skills in 6 months without joining any job, and eventually figure out how to start a customer-centric business?

Starting a customer-centric business within six months, especially without a background in AI/ML, digital marketing, sales, negotiation, or leadership, is very challenging. While building mastery is unlikely in this timeframe, you can acquire foundational knowledge and practical skills by focusing on integration and "learning by doing". This approach prioritises hands-on experience over theory, preparing you for the realities of entrepreneurship.

A 6-month roadmap for skill acquisition

Month 1: Focus on learning to sell and understand customers

Your initial focus should be on understanding and addressing customer needs, as this is the core of a customer-centric business.

Learn to sell: Watch YouTube videos on sales and negotiation basics, such as those on "how to sell" and "negotiation basics for beginners". Look for content from industry experts and practice the principles of active listening and creating win-win scenarios.
Identify your market and customer: Choose a niche that interests you and that is showing growth. Then, define your ideal customer by identifying their needs and pain points.
Conduct market research: Use tools like Google Trends and social media to see if there is demand for your business idea. Observe and analyse competitors' strategies to understand the market landscape.

Months 2–3: Build your digital presence

With a better understanding of sales and your target customers, begin building an online platform and implementing basic digital marketing strategies.

Create a business website: Use a platform like WordPress or a website builder to create a simple, professional website for your business. Focus on making it user-friendly and mobile-responsive from the start.
Acquire digital marketing fundamentals: Complete free online certifications from platforms like Google Digital Garage and HubSpot Academy to learn the basics of SEO, content marketing, and email marketing.
Start practising digital marketing: Begin creating and posting content for your business, applying the SEO skills you've learned. Experiment with social media campaigns and measure the results.

Months 4–5: Integrate AI and begin leading

Start leveraging AI tools to enhance your marketing and customer service efforts, while developing your leadership skills by communicating your vision effectively.

Use AI for content creation: Use AI-powered tools like Jasper or Canva to help you create compelling blog posts, social media updates, and visuals.
Implement AI customer service: Deploy a simple AI-driven chatbot on your website to answer customer questions and generate leads around the clock.
Develop communication and leadership skills: Listen to business podcasts, read articles on leadership communication, and practice your new sales and communication skills with potential customers. This helps you build authentic connections and communicate your brand's vision clearly.

Month 6: Launch and get paying customers

Launch your business and start generating revenue. The focus should be on getting real-world feedback to iterate and improve.

Get paying customers quickly: Use your newly acquired sales skills to validate your business idea by getting your first paying customers.
Create a feedback loop: Regularly collect customer feedback through surveys, reviews, and direct communication. Use this feedback to make adjustments and improve your offerings.
Measure success: Set up tools like Google Analytics to measure your website's performance and track key business metrics. Use this data to make informed business decisions.

While this is an intense schedule, focusing on practical application and leveraging free online tools can make it achievable. The key is prioritising "learning by doing" and focusing on the skills most critical for a customer-centric business.

Starting a business from a researcher's perspective

noreply@blogger.com (Shazed Muntashir Ovi) — Wed, 17 May 2023 04:47:00 +0000

An analysis of starting a business from the viewpoint of a researcher

Entrepreneurship and research might seem unconnected, yet they have numerous similarities. Researchers have critical thinking skills, problem-solving ability, and specific knowledge that may be used in business. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend of researchers converting their original ideas into profitable companies. The ambition to commercialize their research, address real-world issues, and bring their ideas to market is driving this movement. However, being an entrepreneur as a researcher is not without its difficulties, and it necessitates a unique set of talents, expertise, and dedication.

This article will look at how a researcher may become an entrepreneur, pointing out the important phases and factors involved. We will cover all of the essential components of successful entrepreneurship for researchers, from identifying a problem and finding a solution to building a strong team, seeking support and funding, networking and collaborating, continuously innovating, developing a strong brand, and being prepared for challenges. Researchers may transform their entrepreneurial ambitions into reality and make a lasting effect on the world with the correct resources and assistance.

Researchers frequently have the abilities and expertise required to recognize issues and discover solutions. These abilities, when paired with their experience and inventive ideas, have the potential for leading to successful careers as entrepreneurs. The shift from academics to entrepreneurship, on the other hand, might be difficult. Several actions could potentially be implemented by researchers to become successful entrepreneurs:

Identify a problem and find a solution: The initial stage in becoming an entrepreneur is identifying a problem in the market and finding a solution. Researchers are well-suited to this task since they have received training in problem-solving and critical thinking. It is critical to identify a relevant problem with a possible market before proceeding, thus conduct research and validate the problem before proceeding. This will also assist you to comprehend your solution's competitors and market demand. Once you've recognized an issue, think imaginatively and try out alternative techniques to solving it. Consider performing market research to learn more about your target audience and prospective competition.
Build a team: Researchers usually have specific knowledge and talents, but they may lack the whole skill set required to launch a firm. Putting together a team with complementary abilities is critical for success. Look for people who have experience in business, marketing, and finance to join your team. Consider employing individuals from varied backgrounds to provide a wide variety of viewpoints to your company. When assembling a team, it is critical to consider both technical and soft abilities, as well as finding individuals who share your vision and enthusiasm for your company. Collaboration and open communication are also essential for a successful team, so set clear roles, duties, and expectations from the beginning.
Seek assistance and funding: launching a business requires significant resources, including funding. Researchers can seek assistance from research institutes and government organizations, as well as investors and business incubators. To secure your company's long-term success, you must have a robust financial strategy in place. You might also try crowdsourcing or applying for grants to get your firm started. Furthermore, ensure that you are aware of the legal procedures for beginning a business, such as registering your firm, acquiring licenses and permits, and obtaining insurance. You may also want to consider hiring a business mentor or adviser to guide and assist you as you embark on your entrepreneurial path.
Network and collaborate: Networking and collaboration are essential components of entrepreneurial success. Attend industry events, join business groups, and seek out mentors to assist you in developing contacts and learning about the sector. Working with other entrepreneurs can also help you learn from their mistakes and develop valuable contacts. You can also take part in business accelerator programs, which provide coaching, tools, and investment to entrepreneurs. Joining a startup community or network may also provide you with useful tools, support, and guidance, as well as allow you to interact with other like-minded individuals and entrepreneurs.
Continuously innovate: Successful entrepreneurs are constantly looking for new ways to better their products or services. This necessitates taking chances and thinking beyond the box. Researchers have the benefit of being up to date on the newest technologies and trends, which they may use in their entrepreneurial initiatives. It is also critical to be adaptive and open to new ideas, even if they differ from your initial vision. Make it a habit to evaluate your company on a frequent basis and look for opportunities to enhance procedures, increase efficiency, and create better client experiences. To stay ahead of the competition, keep an eye on industry trends and new technology, and be open to experimenting and trying new things.
Develop a strong brand: Creating a strong brand is critical for every business's success. Your brand should represent your company's beliefs and goals, as well as the benefits and characteristics of your products or services. Consider hiring a branding professional to help you establish a compelling brand image and messaging that will appeal to your target audience. All touchpoints, including your website, social media, marketing materials, and consumer encounters, should express your brand consistently.
Be prepared for challenges: Starting a business has its own set of challenges and barriers, and being a researcher entrepreneur is no different. Entrepreneurship is a high-risk activity, and there will be failures and hurdles along the road. When confronted with these problems, it is critical to be prepared and to have a good mindset. Create a solid support network, seek guidance from experienced entrepreneurs, and have a plan in place to overcome hurdles and keep your firm going ahead.

The path from researcher to entrepreneur is not simple. Many scholars, however, have successfully made the transition and gone on to find profitable businesses that have a lasting effect on society. This is due, in part, to their backgrounds in research, which have provided them with the knowledge, skills, and expertise required to tackle challenging challenges and bring breakthrough goods to market. In this blog, we will look at several successful academics who have turned entrepreneurs, as well as the particular abilities and experiences that have fueled their entrepreneurial careers.

>Andrew Ng: Andrew Ng is a computer scientist and entrepreneur who graduated from Stanford University with a Ph.D. in computer science. He co-founded Google Brain and DeepMind, a Google-owned artificial intelligence startup. Andrew's business path has been motivated by a desire to spread the benefits of artificial intelligence to a larger audience.

>Dean Kamen: Dean Kamen is a patent-holding engineer and inventor best known for creating the Segway. He studied engineering and started the firm DEKA Research & Development Corp. Dean's experience in engineering and research has enabled him to develop items that have had a long-term influence on society.

>Bob Metcalfe: Bob Metcalfe is an electrical engineer and entrepreneur who graduated from Harvard University with a Ph.D. in computer science. He is most known for creating Ethernet, the technology used to connect computers in local area networks (LANs). Bob created 3Com, and his experience in research and engineering has allowed him to create novel ways of linking computers and transferring data.

>Steve Blank: Steve Blank is an entrepreneur and researcher best recognized for his work on the subject of customer development. He obtained his engineering education and is a co-founder of the Lean Startup movement. Steve's entrepreneurial experience has been motivated by a desire to assist startups in building successful businesses through customer development and iterative product development.

>Sergey Brin: Sergey Brin is an entrepreneur and computer scientist who co-founded Google with Larry Page. He holds a Ph.D. in computer science from Stanford University and has made substantial contributions to search engine technology. Sergey's business path has been motivated by a desire to provide people with accessible and relevant information via revolutionary search technologies.

>Larry Page: Along with Sergey Brin, Larry Page is a computer scientist and businessman who co-founded Google. He earned his Ph.D. in computer science from Stanford University and has significantly advanced the technology behind search engines. Through the use of cutting-edge search technology, Larry's business career has been motivated by a desire to make information accessible and pertinent to people.

>Marissa Mayer: Marissa Mayer is an entrepreneur and computer scientist best recognized for her work at Google, where she held numerous high leadership roles. She holds a Ph.D. in computer science from Stanford University and has made substantial contributions to search engine technology. Marissa's business experience has been motivated by a desire to create breakthrough technological products that benefit people.

>Max Levchin: Max Levchin is an entrepreneur and computer scientist who co-founded PayPal. He studied computer technology and has been a pioneer in the field of online payments. Max's business path has been motivated by a desire to offer consumers a safe and convenient option to make online payments.

Researchers who want to start their own businesses need a unique set of abilities, expertise, and willpower. With their critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and specific expertise in their industry, researchers provide distinct benefits to the table. Researchers may realize their entrepreneurial goals by recognizing a problem and coming up with a solution, assembling a good team, looking for assistance and funding, networking and cooperating, constantly inventing, creating a strong brand, and being ready for difficulties. But it's crucial to keep in mind that entrepreneurship is a journey, and obstacles and difficulties are a normal part of the procedure. Researchers may succeed as entrepreneurs by overcoming challenges with persistence and a good outlook.

Achieving Brain-Like Behavior In Computer Chips

noreply@blogger.com (Shazed Muntashir Ovi) — Thu, 01 Dec 2022 06:19:00 +0000

In the near future, organic circuits that mimic biological neurons may have the power to boost processing speed and might even be able to connect directly to the brain.

There is no doubt that the human brain is an amazing computer. This tiny device weighs approximately three pounds, can process information a thousand times faster than supercomputers, can store a thousand times more information than powerful laptops, and uses no more energy than a 20-watt lightbulb.

Soft, flexible organic materials are being tested by researchers in an attempt to replicate this success. They have the capability of operating like biological neurons, and someday might even be able to interconnect with them. It is likely that computer chips made of soft "neuromorphic" material will be implanted directly into the brain in the future, allowing people to think about controlling artificial arms and monitors using only their minds. In contrast to conventional computer chips, these devices send and receive chemical as well as electrical signals, just like real neurons do.

“Your brain works by releasing chemicals such as dopamine and serotonin through neurotransmitters. We have developed materials that can interact electrochemically with them,” says Alberto Salleo, whose article in the 2021 Annual Review of Materials Research discusses the possibilities for organic neuromorphic devices.

Using these soft organic materials, Salleo and other researchers have developed electronic devices that work like transistors (which amplify electrical signals and switch them) and memory cells (which store information). Taking inspiration from the way human neuronal connections, or synapses, work, the team developed neuromorphic computer circuits. It's more like the brain's network of neurons than the circuits in digital computers, whether they're made of silicon, metal, or organic materials.

There is a fundamental distinction between calculation and memory on conventional digital computers since they work one step at a time. It creates a bottleneck for speed and energy consumption since one and zero have to be shuttled across the processor.

The brain is responsible for various functions. The electrical state of one neuron is affected by the signals received from many other neurons. By integrating all the signals it has received, neurons serve both as calculating devices and as memory devices: storing the value of all of these combined signals as an infinitely variable analog value, rather than a zero or one value like digital computers.

There have been a number of different "memristive" devices developed by researchers that mimic this ability. Electrical resistance is changed when current is passed through them. In the same way that biological neurons calculate by adding up all the currents they have been exposed to, these devices also do the same. As a result, they remember the value that their resistance takes as a result.

For example, an organic memristor is made up of two layers of materials that conduct electricity. In the presence of an electric current, positive ions are driven from one layer into the other, thereby altering how easily the second layer conducts electricity when faced with the same current again. "It allows physics to perform the computation," explains Matthew Marinella, a computer engineer at Arizona State University in Tempe who is researching neuromorphic computing.

Moreover, the technique allows the computer to be liberated from the constraints of strictly binary values. “In classical computer memory, there is either a zero or a one. As a result of our work, we made a memory that can have any value between zero and one. In this way, it can be tuned analogically," Salleo explains. Most memristors and related devices are made from silicon chips and do not contain organic materials. Artificial intelligence programs even use some of these to speed up their performance. Yet organic components can work faster and use less energy, Salleo says. It would be even better if they were integrated into your brain. These materials are soft and flexible, and they interact with biological neurons because they have electrochemical properties.

French engineer Francesca Santoro, currently at RWTH Aachen University in Germany, is creating a polymer device that can learn from real cells. Unlike real neurons, the cells in her device are separated from the artificial neuron by a small space, like synapses. In response to the release of dopamine, a chemical that signals nerves, the artificial half of the device change its electrical state. Similar to the electrical state of biological neurons, the artificial neuron changes as the amount of dopamine produced by the cells increases. “We are interested in designing an electronic device that looks like a neuron and behaves like a neuron,” Santoro shared. It is possible to employ this approach to improve the control of prosthetics or computer monitors using brain activity. Electrodes on today's systems can only detect broad patterns of electrical activity, as they only use standard electronics. To operate the equipment, external computers are required. At least two ways could be improved with flexible, neuromorphic circuits. Their ability to translate neural signals at a much more granular level, responding to individual neurons, would be greatly enhanced. Furthermore, Salleo says, the devices might also be able to perform some computations themselves, saving energy and speeding up processing. Salleo and Santoro believe that low-level, decentralized neuromorphic computing systems are promising avenues for neuromorphic computing involving small, neuromorphic computers. “Because they closely resemble the electrical operation of neurons, they are excellent for electrically and physically coupling with neuronal tissue,” Santoro says, “not to mention the brain.”

An original version of this article was first published in Knowable Magazine, an independent publication from Annual Reviews.

Research terms | Most often used terms in research article | A Brief Introduction

noreply@blogger.com (Shazed Muntashir Ovi) — Mon, 19 Sep 2022 14:25:00 +0000

A Brief Introduction: Terms Used in the Research Field

1. What is a Citation?

2. What is a reference?

3. Number of sites

4. Citation method

5. Vancouver citation and referencing system

6. In-text citations

7. Footnote & Endnote

8. Harvard / Parental Citations

9. Primary source and secondary source

10. Quoting and Paraphrasing

11. How to cite the other author's statement?

12. As citation and reference sources what sources can be used?

13. Full referencing

1. Citation:

Citation is the phrase used to define the way by which you refer to the source of the information in your piece, and this task is called a citation.

By visiting the citation, you may educate your readers about the references in your work, which helps to standardize your writing and content. In this approach, the reader can grasp the depth or quality of the material in your work by glancing at the source cited in it. It is a concise, alphanumeric statement of a reference that you have utilized in your writing from another source, which is hyperlinked to the author's work or is generally a reference. As a consequence, if the reader ever has reservations about the quality of your work or the information offered, he can readily discover the information from the original text from the references created by your citation.

Also, if you are improving your writing by utilizing someone's hard-earned research material in your writing and you don't appreciate or give credit to the person who utilized the information, should that be right? The job of honoring him or appreciating his credit is achieved by visiting the site. This prevents the notoriety of someone stealing information. But the fundamental goal of the citation is not merely to give credit to someone; it has additional meaning. Doing so on such citation boosts the acceptance and credibility of your article. Cite lets people identify the prior source of information utilized in your work. As a consequence, the fundamental facts may be grasped more fully.

2. References:

A reference is a list of your references that is normally presented at the end of a page in the form of a footnote or at the conclusion of an article in the form of an endnote.

Citations, on the other hand, are references that you instantaneously insert in brackets or superscripts in the center or side of your work. The sources used on the site are appended at the conclusion of the article in the form of a reference list.

And in the case of the footnote referring technique, further information or references are offered at the bottom of the page, which is also a sort of reference. However, footnotes include not just references but also remarks.

Citations may be straight descriptions of someone's citations or mild editing of someone's material, retaining the original meaning in their own words, or summarizing what it is termed. A reference is a precise kind of citation that is grouped in a reference list. Usually, when any information is quoted from someone or someone's information is utilized, the name, identity, and year of the original informant are supplied in brackets next to the text, or the reference number is given by superscript or superscript as well as the reference is hyperlinked in it. These references are provided in footnotes or endnotes at the end of the article in the form of lists, known as reference lists or references. Many times, hyperlinks are not included while superscripting; just the reference number is shown, which is stated in full in the reference list. Thus, stating merely the reference number is likewise a sort of citation.

References are a list of references from which you have gotten information about your writing, and citations are references that you have briefly cited in the midst of your writing or adjacent to the text following particular guidelines. These guidelines are the same for each form of citation style, however, there are also different techniques of reference that vary from organization to organization and genre of writing. The two processes in reference and citation are two parts of the reference system.

3. Number of cites:

In scientific research or any research, the total number of citations in an article is determined by counting the number of times your writing was utilized in another article or the number of times your article was used by another individual, researcher, or organization. Thus, as the number of references grows, so does the acceptability or worth of your essay. With the number of cites, individuals might obtain an impression of how acceptable or trustworthy your content is to others. The impact factor of a journal is calculated by this.

4. Citation method:

Various methods of citation are prevalent all over the world. However, the two main ones are:

A. The Harvard Method or Parenthetical Citation

B. The Vancouver Method or Numerical Citation

Besides these two systems, there are many more site styles. The citation method is the same in each case. However, in this case, there are some standards made by different organizations around the world. such as:

a.       American Psychological Association (APA) style of referencing
b.      Modern Language Association of America (MLA) style of referencing
c.       MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association) format
d.       The Chicago (reference list) (Turabian) style
e.       CSE (Council of Science Editors)

5. Vancouver citation and referencing system:

The references are next to the author's text.

First bracket or,

Third bracket or,

Superscript or,

with a combination of bracket-superscript

and is represented by a serial number.

For example:

1st way: Modern science is often organized into three primary areas.

2nd way: Modern science is often organized into three primary divisions.

3rd way: Modern science is often organized into three primary areas.

4th way: Modern science is often organized into three primary divisions.

Referencing is a terrific method to find out how much work you have put into making an article, how many books you have read, or how many hundreds of references or research papers you have read.

You are not only referring to references in your own manner at the conclusion of writing, but there are also particular rules and styles for referencing that are the same for each form of writing or for each sort of organization.

There are three kinds of references in the academic world: footnotes, endnotes, and in-text citations.

For more, you can read the following site.

6. In-text citations

The reference that is briefly mentioned in brackets or superscript in the midst of the text is an in-text citation. An aspect of the referencing process is a citation.

7. Footnote & Endnote

Footnotes We all know pretty much this. We often see this when we read different books or articles.

The footnote or footnote that is placed under the page of a research paper or book is called a footnote. In this case, one or more superscripts or lowercase letters are placed with a number just above the text where the reference to someone else is mentioned or a special subject needs to be informed. A simple line is drawn at the bottom of the page, and the original reference, special information, or note is written below it. Each of the reference numbers placed on a page has to be referenced below.

Endnote referencing is much the same as footnote references, but in this case the list of references by number is mentioned at the end of the chapter, as we see in Wikipedia. Wikipedia has both in-text-citation and endnotes, but footnotes are not commonly seen.

8. Harvard / Parental Citations

In the case of in-text citations, the last part of the author's name, the year of publication of the book or article, and page number are indented. At the very end of the article or paper, the original references have to be given in full in numerical or alphabetical order. This method is also called a parenthetical or parental citation, also known as Harvard referencing.

Another thing is that not all the information needs to be on the site. There is some information that we have known for a long time and it is very common. In this case, there is no obligation on those information sites. Moreover, common knowledge, one's own general comment, or enlightening comment that has not been published in the research paper cannot be made on the site.

9. Primary source and secondary source

Now, the sources of speech are usually of two kinds.

If a statement is taken directly from the research, book, or publication of an author or researcher, then that reference is called a primary source.

And if someone's statement is taken from a book or research paper, not from a source, but from another author's book, then that other author or source is called secondary sourcing.

10. Quoting and Paraphrasing

There are two ways you can incorporate another author's statement into your writing.

A. Through Quotation

B. Alternatively, paraphrasing

Quoted writing means learning English grammar narration and typing someone's information or words in the quotation mark in the same way as we have seen the other author's statement written in direct narration.

And paraphrasing means writing like the other author's statement, leaving the original meaning unchanged.

If you use other people's information without quoting or paraphrasing or without citing references in any way, it will be a ploy or plagiarism. Therefore, after mentioning the statement of the author or researcher, it is necessary to mention the reference in the side note or footnote or at the end of the book.

11. How to citate the other author's statement?

It is arranged individually for each type of site. However, some issues are common in all cases. E.g.

A. The name of the author from whom the information is taken should be mentioned briefly.

B. It should be mentioned from which book/publication of that author it has been taken.

C. The period when the book was printed, the name and address of the publication, etc., should be mentioned.

D. It is necessary to specify the number of pages from which the information has been taken or the number of pages, sections, or paragraphs from which the information has been taken.

E. In special cases, web links or unique identifiers for research or references, such as: ISBN (International Standard Book Number), Serial Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI) or, The International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), A Digital Object Identifier (DOI),

Biomedical research articles such as PubMed ID (PMID) should be mentioned. [1]

The above principles of citation have to be strictly adhered to in the field of science or the value of that information or author is low

12. As citation and reference source what sources can be used?

Information can be collected from various books, research papers, magazines, journals, newspapers, interviews, websites, blogs, educational videos, images, statistics, graphs, dramas, literature, poems, special quotes, etc. 1]

However, in the case of citations in scientific research, other research papers, books, and journals are seen to have more sites, and the last four or five topics are missing.

13. Full referencing

There are also separate and specific rules for reference.

When writing the reference list, when writing each reference, the first part of the last part of the author's name should be the first or the last part, the year of publication should be where, and the name of the book should not be inside the quotation marks, should it be bold or italic, etc. Things have to be written according to specific rules. The use of symbols like a full stop, comma, colon, bracket, etc. also has to follow certain rules.

There are various referencing styles for these rules, among which MLA, APA, Chicago, CSE, and others are widely used. The APA (American Psychological Association) style is widely used in the fields of education, psychology, and science. The Vancouver system is also used.

Also, make sure that a specific style is used for writing. From footnotes, endnotes, and in-text citation methods, any one of the following must be followed.

Some sites that will help you in your studies and career

noreply@blogger.com (Shazed Muntashir Ovi) — Thu, 18 Aug 2022 14:42:00 +0000

As a student and as a professional, you will need to use the internet in your life. There are many websites available that can help you with your studies and career. Here are some of them:

1️⃣ 𝗧𝗼𝗽 𝟭𝟬 𝗪𝗲𝗯𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗿 💼

1. Linkedin (https://www.linkedin.com/)

2. Indeed (https://www.indeed.com/)

3. Naukri (https://www.naukri.com/)

4. Monster ( https://www.monster.com/)

5. JobBait (https://www.bayt.com/)

6. Careercloud (https://www.careercloud.com/)

7. Dice (https://www.dice.com/)

8. CareerBuilder (https://www.careerbuilder.com/)

9. Jibberjobber (https://www.jibberjobber.com/)

10. Glassdoor (https://www.glassdoor.com/)

2️⃣ 𝗧𝗼𝗽 𝟭𝟬 𝘁𝗲𝗰𝗵 𝘀𝗸𝗶𝗹𝗹𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗱𝗲𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗱 💡

1. Machine Learning ( IBM:Machine learning)

2. Mobile Development ( Mobile app development)

3. SEO/SEM Marketing ( SEO and SEM)

4. Data Visualization (What is Data Visualization? - IBM)

5. Data Engineering (What Is a Data Engineer?)

6. UI/UX Design (UX and UI Design)

7. Cyber-security (What is cybersecurity?)

8. Cloud Computing/AWS (What is cloud computing?)

9. Blockchain (What Is a Blockchain?)

10. IOT (What is the internet of things (IoT)?)

3️⃣ 𝟭𝟭 𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗳𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗢𝗻𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗘𝗱𝘂𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 📖

1. Coursera (https://www.coursera.org)

2. edX (https://www.edx.org/)

3. Khan Academy (https://www.khanacademy.org/)

4. Udemy (https://www.udemy.com/)

5. iTunesU Free Courses (https://www.open.edu/itunes/)

6. MIT OpenCourseWare (https://ocw.mit.edu/)

7. Stanford Online (https://online.stanford.edu/)

8. Codecademy (https://www.codecademy.com/)

9. ict iitr (https://eict.iitr.ac.in/)

10. ict iitk (https://ict.iitk.ac.in/)

11. NPTEL (https://nptel.ac.in/)

4️⃣ 𝟭𝟬 𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻 𝗠𝗶𝗰𝗿𝗼𝘀𝗼𝗳𝘁 𝗘𝘅𝗰𝗲𝗹 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗳𝗿𝗲𝗲 📊

1. Microsoft Excel Help Center

2. Excel Exposure

3. Chandoo

4. Excel Central

5. Contextures

6. Excel Hero b.

7. Mr. Excel

8. Improve Your Excel

9. Excel Easy

10. Excel Jet

5️⃣ 𝟭𝟬 𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝘂𝗺𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗳𝗿𝗲𝗲 📃

1. Zety Resume Builder

2. Resumonk

3. Resume dot com

4. VisualCV

5. Cvmaker

6. ResumUP

7. Resume Genius

8. Resumebuilder

9. Resume Baking

10. Enhancy

6️⃣ 𝟭𝟬 𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 🗃️

1. Ambitionbox

2. AceThelnterview

3. Geeksforgeeks

4. Leetcode

5. Gain

6. Careercup

7. Codercareer

8. interview

9. InterviewBest

10. Indiabix

The above sites are just a few of the many options available. The internet has so much to offer, and there is always something new to learn or discover. So don't be afraid to try out some new things!

Disclaimer: 📌 Collected from different newsletters and Blogs

Regarding IELTS scoring and online source to study.

noreply@blogger.com (Shazed Muntashir Ovi) — Sat, 06 Aug 2022 19:29:00 +0000

One of the most common problems we face when dealing with ELTS is the use of materials. Since everything about IELTS is regulated by the Cambridge Assessment English Authority, it is best to use Cambridge books. So I tried here to gather some online sources collection to overcome this problem.

★All Cambridge Books + Audio Free:

Cambridge 16

https://drive.google.com/folderview...

Cambridge 15

https://drive.google.com/folderview...

Cambridge-14

https://drive.google.com/folderview...

Cambridge-13

https://drive.google.com/folderview...

Cambridge-12

https://drive.google.com/folderview...

Cambridge-11

https://drive.google.com/folderview...

Cambridge-10

https://drive.google.com/folderview...

Cambridge-9

https://drive.google.com/folderview...

Cambridge-8

https://drive.google.com/folderview...

Cambridge-7

https://drive.google.com/folderview...

Cambridge-6

https://drive.google.com/folderview...

Cambridge-5

https://drive.google.com/folderview...

Cambridge-4

https://drive.google.com/folderview...

Cambridge-3

https://drive.google.com/folderview...

Cambridge-2

https://drive.google.com/folderview...

Cambridge-1

https://drive.google.com/folderview...

Besides, I am giving some extra book links. Which will make your IELTS practice more mature. I'm not saying that all the following books are must-reads, just practice more on the ones you feel are necessary.

★ The Official Cambridge Guide To IELTS (Ebook + CD) Link:

https://drive.google.com/.../1MUj6V97GMrH5...

★ Cambridge Practice Tests For IELTS Series(1–13) Student’s Book With Answers With Audio Link - https://ieltsmaterial.com/cambridge-practice-tests-for.../

★ Cambridge English Vocabulary For IELTS Link - https://drive.google.com/.../0B62gv1Q0MTngczV5dkV.../view...

★ Cambridge grammar for IELTS Link - https://drive.google.com/.../0B3LnBMC7ElWQQzBQX2l.../view...

★ English Collocations in Use Link - https://drive.google.com/.../1JHPlX1ap2Nqm7N301ty.../view...

★ Official IELTS Practice Materials 1 Link - https://drive.google.com/.../1AahnITqDPQJnHXbwm7s.../view...

★ Official IELTS Practice Materials 2 Link - https://drive.google.com/.../1J50jdSOP6PR_pRmtVs9.../view...

Answer- https://drive.google.com/.../1025lgqi99dQhLAu.../view...

★ Barron practice test Link - https://drive.google.com/.../0BxPtM4Xal6GGeTdod0p.../view...

★ New Insight into IELTS With Answers (PDF) Link-

https://drive.google.com/.../1SMeyK1K6oksVolHlxr...

★ Cambridge English Vocabulary In Use With Answers (Upper-Intermediate) Link- https://drive.google.com/.../1kFj7TLTtA8VUj72YXBA.../view...

★ English Grammar In Use By Raymond Murphy With Answers (PDF) Link- https://drive.google.com/.../0B42obC0zvaVuak41eDN.../view...

Feel free to check out some important YouTube channel links that will make your preparation easier.

https://youtube.com/playlist...

https://youtube.com/c/BanglayIELTS

https://youtube.com/c/IELTSLiz789

https://youtube.com/c/E2IELTS

https://youtube.com/c/AsadYaqubIELTS

https://youtube.com/c/EnglishSpeakingSuccess

https://youtube.com/c/Ieltsadvantage

https://youtube.com/channel/UCRSFsZwTpcm2IZKcWTOyyZg

Here are some important site links where you will get many tips and tricks, which will help to increase band scores.

http://ieltsliz.com/

https://ielts-simon.com/

https://www.ielts-mentor.com/

Below are links to some articles where some brothers from Bangladesh who participated in IELTS and got good band scores to describe in detail what routine they followed or how they studied.

https://hsa.grecbd.com/?s=ielts

https://www.germanprobashe.com/archives/16629 (avijit bhattacharjee)

https://www.germanprobashe.com/archives/15912 (Farjana Yesmin)

https://www.germanprobashe.com/archives/15748 (Tariqul Dipu)

Moreover, the link of an effective site for giving IELTS mock test online-https://ieltsonlinetests.com/

Special Acknowledgment: This content was compiled from various Facebook pages and people, with additional own resources.

Google suspend engineer claiming their AI is intelligent

noreply@blogger.com (Shazed Muntashir Ovi) — Wed, 27 Jul 2022 15:16:00 +0000

Can artificial intelligence be able to perceive?

SAN FRANCISCO - Google recently laid off an engineer with pay after dismissing his claims that its artificial intelligence is sentient, raising another blow to cutting-edge technology company's best. Blake Lemoine, senior software engineer at Google's responsible AI organization, said in an interview that he was put on leave on Monday. The company's human resources department said he violated Google's privacy policy. The day before the suspension, Mr. Lemoine said he had forwarded documents to the office of a US senator, saying they had provided evidence that Google and its technology engaged in discriminatory behavior. religious treatment. Google says its system mimics chat exchanges and can talk about different topics but has no awareness. “Our team – made up of ethologists and technologists – reviewed Blake’s concerns in light of the A.I. Principles. us and advised him that the evidence did not support his claim," Brian Gabriel, a Google spokesman, said in a statement. "Some in the broader A.I. are looking at the long-term possibility of perceptual or general artificial intelligence, but it doesn't make sense to do so by anthropomorphizing today's conversational models that aren't inherently non-existent. conscious." The Washington Post first reported Mr. Lemoine’s suspension.

For months, Mr. Lemoine has been arguing with Google managers, executives, and human resources over his startling claim that the company's language model for dialog applications, or LaMDA, has consciousness and soul. Google says hundreds of its researchers and engineers chatted with LaMDA, an internal tool, and reached an unrelated conclusion to Mr. Lemoine. Most A.I experts. Everyone believes that the industry is far from having the ability to feel computers. Some AI researchers have long made optimistic claims that these technologies will soon gain interest, but many others are extremely abrupt to dismiss such claims. "If you were using these systems, you would never say such things," said Emaad Khwaja, a researcher at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of California, San Francisco, who is exploring similar technologies.

You can check out New York Times Further Queries>>

While chasing A.I. The predecessor, Google's search organization, spent several years mired in scandals and controversies. Divisional scientists and other employees admit faithfully feuded over personnel matters and technology issues in episodes that in episodes in that admit regularly spilled in the direction of the public arena. In March, Google fired a researcher who sought to publicly disagree with the published work of two of its colleagues. And the testimony of two A.I. Ethics researchers, Timnit Gebru and Margaret Mitchell, after criticizing Google's language models, further cast a shadow over the group.

Mr. Lemoine, a military veteran who describes himself as a priest, ex-convict, and A.I. researcher, gives facts about google executives as senior as kent Walker, the chief executive officer of global affairs, that he believed lamda was a child of 7 or 8 dotages old. He wanted the club to seek the brain program’s consent ahead of functioning experiments on it. His claims are alive and founded on his religious beliefs, which he said the company’s human resources department discriminated against.

The Engineer edited a transcript of conversations at some point asking what the AI system was afraid of. The exchange is eerily reminiscent of the 1968 sci-fi film 2001: A Space Odyssey, where the artificial intelligence computer HAL 9000 refuses to obey a human operator for fear of shutting it down. “Google can call this shared private property. I call this a conversation I had with one of my colleagues,” Lemoine quoted a transcript of the conversation in a tweet.

Feel free to check more out The Guardian>>

“They retain repeatedly questioned my sanity.” Mr. Lemoine said. “They said, ‘Have you last checked out by a psychiatrist recently?’” In the months before he was placed on administrative leave, the company offered him a mental health break.

A.I. Director Yann LeCun Meta researcher and key figure in the growth of neural networks, said in an interview this week that these types of systems aren't powerful enough to achieve true intelligence. Google technology is what scientists call neural networks, which are mathematical systems that learn skills by analyzing large amounts of data. For example, you can learn to recognize a cat by identifying patterns in thousands of cat pictures.

<<Scientific American also gives a brief about Google AI chatbots>>

Over the past few years, Google and other major companies have developed neural networks that can learn from vast amounts of prose, including unpublished books and thousands of Wikipedia articles. This "large language model" can be applied to many problems. You can also summarize articles, answer questions, create tweets, and even write blog posts.

But they are very harmful. Sometimes they produce perfect prose. Sometimes they generate nonsense sounds. Systems are very good at re-creating patterns they have seen in the past, but they cannot reason like humans.

DeepMind AI learns basic physics like a newborn.

noreply@blogger.com (Shazed Muntashir Ovi) — Wed, 20 Jul 2022 07:34:00 +0000

Scientists developed artificial intelligence that seems to 'learn' basic physics like a human baby.

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are already much superior to humans in certain tasks, such as playing Go or processing enormous amounts of data, yet even only a few months after we are born, AI is still far behind us in many other areas.

For example, even young babies instinctively know that one object briefly passing behind another shouldn't vanish and reappear elsewhere. Presented with such a magic act, babies act with surprise. But such a simple rule of continuity, along with other basic physical laws, hasn't been so intuitive for AI. Now a new study introduces an AI called PLATO inspired by research on how babies learn. PLATO stands for Physics Learning through Auto-encoding and Tracking Objects, and it was trained through a series of coded videos designed to represent the same basic knowledge that babies have in their first few months of life.

Interestingly for us, developmental psychologists have spent many years recording the many components or ideas that go into physical cognition, according to neuroscientist Luis Piloto of the UK-based AI research facility DeepMind.

"We created and open sourced a physical concepts data set as an extension of their work. To evaluate physical principles in our models, this synthetic video data set draws inspiration from the original developmental studies." according to researchers.

Researchers basically develop an early understanding of three fundamental ideas: permanence (items will not abruptly vanish); solidity (items can not flow through one another); and continuity (objects move in a consistent way through space and time).

These three notions were included in the data set that the researchers created, along with two more: directional inertia and unchangeableness (the idea that an object's attributes, such as its form, remain constant).

Clips of balls falling to the ground, bouncing off one other, vanishing behind other objects and reappearing, and so on were used to convey these notions. After training PLATO with these clips, the next step was to put it to the test.

When PLATO was given recordings depicting 'impossible' events that went against the rules of physics it had learned, it exhibited astonishment (or the AI equivalent of it) because it was intelligent enough to realize that something strange had occurred that violated the laws of physics. This occurred after just brief training durations, in some cases only 28 hours. Technically speaking, the researchers were seeking violation-of-expectation (VoE) signals that would indicate that the AI grasped the principles that it had been taught, exactly like in newborn studies.

Despite having been trained on video data in which the precise probe events did not occur, the researchers' object-based model "displayed strong VoE effects across all five concepts we tested."

Using items other than those in the training set, the team conducted further experiments. Again, PLATO demonstrated that it could learn and go beyond its fundamental training knowledge by exhibiting a clear comprehension of what should and should not be occurring. PLATO, although still isn't nearly at the level of a three-month-old infant. When AI presented with situations without any objects or when the training and testing models were comparable, there was less surprising.

Additionally, the videos that PLATO was trained on had additional information to aid in its recognition of the objects and their three-dimensional movement. To fully understand the situation, it seems that some innate information is still needed, and developmental biologists are still perplexed by the "nature vs nurture" dilemma in newborns. The study may improve our comprehension of the human mind and aid in the development of more accurate AI models of it.

According to the researchers, "this modeling work offers a proof-of-concept showing that at least certain key notions in intuitive physics may be learned by visual learning." Whereas research in certain precocial (born in an advanced condition) animals implies that some fundamental physical notions might be present from birth, the findings indicate that in humans, intuitive physics knowledge arises early in life but can be influenced by visual experience.

The research has been published in Nature Human Behavior.

Instructions on accessing the physical concepts dataset are available at https://github.com/deepmind/physical_concepts

Aurangzeb Alamgir is a Mughal emperor who conquered the Indian subcontinent and might act as a role model for young people.

noreply@blogger.com (Shazed Muntashir Ovi) — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 11:00:00 +0000

A quick introduction to Aurangzeb Alamgir, along with a discussion of various myths and realities from his historical life.

Aurangzeb, Shah Jahan's third son, was born on October 21, 1618, in Dohad, on the border of Gujarat and Rajputana. He was younger than Dara Shikoh and Shuja, yet he easily outperformed them in terms of skill and character. He was hardworking, visionary, and meticulous. He would be made a name for himself as a capable administrator. During the many years, he spent in the Deccan and other Empire regions. He was a fierce soldier and a skilled commander, yet he was calm and careful when dealing with others. Aurangzeb was recognized as a prince for his commitment to the Muslim faith and following Islamic injunctions. In several of his letters to Shah Jahan during the succession conflict, Aurangzeb said that he was acting for the sake of true religion and the peace of the realm. Read More From Wikipedia>>

Aurangzeb Alamgir was India's sixth and last great Mughal ruler. From 1658 until 1707 AD, he governed India. Emperor Aurangzeb is regarded as the greatest of all Mughal rulers. In the economic realm, he was adamantly opposed to any unlawful exactions and levies that were not allowed by Islamic law. Immediately after his coronation, he repealed the inland transit tax (rahdari) of 10% of the value of products and the octori (Pandari) on all items of food and drink carried into cities for sale. These actions provided respite to the people and were well received. Under his rule, the Mughal state achieved its pinnacle. The state held 29.2 percent of the global population (175 million out of 600 million in 1700 AD) under its flag and was one of the wealthiest nations the world had ever seen, with a world GDP of 24.5 percent ($ 90.8 billion out of $371 billion in 1700).

Aurangzeb launched an era of strong rule by tightening up the administration early on. Provincial viceroys began to impose imperial prestige everywhere. Energetic Subedars expanded the empire's borders to Assam. Local notables discovered that disobeying instructions would no longer be tolerated. It was taught to the border tribes that no transgression of the imperial boundaries would go unpunished.

The Jat Revolt

The Jats were the first organized Hindu insurrection against the policy of religious persecution. Abdul Nabi, a local Muslim officer in Mathura, was demolishing Hindu temples and demeaning their women. He razed a Hindu temple and built a mosque on its remains in 1661 A.D. The Jats, commanded by Gokal, rose against this and murdered Abdul Nabi in 1669 A.D. He vanquished some minor Muslim soldiers deployed against him. At the battle of Tilpat, he was defeated and died. The Jats were brutally punished.

Policy for the North-West

Aurangzeb, although a defender of Muslim orthodoxy, had to fight conflicts with similarly fanatical Muslim tribes in the North Western Frontier area. These individuals have long been a big challenge and a major nuisance for India's rulers. This region's fanatical and turbulent tribes never attempted to become a country. They were separated into tribes and were never united under a single head. They have always made a living by robbing others. The Mughal Emperor found it impossible to capture and tame the tribesmen by force, so they paid them to keep the roads along the border open to peaceful commerce. Aurangzeb paid the border chiefs six lakh rupees every year, but the tactic of buying the frontier chiefs did not always work, since new leaders emerged among the tribesmen, and they often returned to looting Mughal territory. In sum, the Mughal government was sick of these tribesmen's operations in this area.

Islamic law enforcement

Until the reign of Aurangzeb, Indian Islam was influenced by mystical Sufi doctrines. Despite having Sunni ancestors, the emperors of Humayun tolerated or actively supported the activities of the Chisti Sufis. He advocated a more orthodox view of Sharia-based Islamic beliefs and conduct, which he sought to codify via edicts and legislation. His Fatawa-e-Alamgiri, a 33-volume collection of these edicts, set the pattern for Sharia-based civil legislation, which continues to influence Islamic states today. This is an example of a common conflict between the areas of fiqh (jurisprudence) typically overseen by religious academics and siyasin (politics). Aurangzeb asserted his power in both realms by drafting his own legal code. In reality, he was doing the same thing as Akbar, but while Akbar's intention was to promote an inclusive, tolerant form of Islam, his was to promote an exclusive, bigoted one.

Mughal court life altered considerably under Aurangzeb. His understanding of Islam forbade music, therefore he expelled court musicians, dancers, and singers. Furthermore, based on Muslim rules prohibiting the use of pictures, he halted the creation of representational artwork, including the miniature painting that had reached its pinnacle prior to his reign. Soldiers and residents were also allowed carte blanche to deface architectural motifs, including faces, flowers, and vines, even on the walls of Mughal palaces. Thousands of photos were deleted in this manner. Aurangzeb abandoned the Hindu-inspired rituals of previous Mughal emperors, particularly the practice of "darshan," or public visits to confer blessings, which had been customary since Akbar's reign.

Aurangzeb started to create and implement a series of edicts that were harsher on non-Muslims and had less tolerance for them. Most notably, Aurangzeb enacted regulations that expressly prohibited non-Muslim worship. Non-Muslim worship places were destroyed, non-Muslim religious meetings were prohibited, non-Muslim religious schools were closed, and certain Hindu customs such as sati (self-immolation by widows) and temple dancing were prohibited. The penalty for breaching such laws was often death.

In such a harsh enforcement atmosphere, the Mughal infrastructure became arbitrary and corrupt. As a result, instead of feeling accepted and tolerated, non-Muslims started to feel harassed and afraid. Throughout many cases, these impulses would culminate to open political and military insurrection.

Let's discuss the various myths and realities of his historical life.

Britishers spread false history

As per British historian Sir Henry Elliot, Hindus "had not left any record that may allow us to evaluate the traumatic effect of Muslim invasion and governance on them?" Elliot went on to write his own eight-volume history of India, with inputs from British historians, since there were none (1867). His history claimed that Hindus were killed for disagreeing with 'Mohammedans,' that they were generally forbidden from worshiping and participating in religious processions, that their idols were mutilated, that their temples were destroyed, that they were forced into conversion and marriage, and that they were killed and massacred by drunk Muslim tyrants. As a result, Sir Henry and a slew of other imperial professors went on to write a synthesis Hindu-Muslim history of India, and their falsehoods became history. The secretary of state for India, George Francis Hamilton, instructed Lord Curzon (Governor General of India 1895-99 and Viceroy 1899-1904(d.1925) that they should "so organize the educational texts that the disparities between community & community are further accentuated." The secretary of state in London wrote another Viceroy, Lord Dufferin (1884-88), that the "division of religious emotions is immense to our benefit", and that he anticipated "some good because of your commission of investigation on Indian education & on teaching material ". "We have preserved our influence in India by playing off one section against the other," recalled another viceroy, Lord Elgin (1862-63), "and we must continue to do so." Do all you can to prevent everyone from feeling the same way?"

Myth about temple demolition

Aurangzeb was accused by certain Hindu historians of damaging Hindu temples. How credible is this charge against a guy who has been considered to be a holy man and a devout Muslim? The Qur'an forbids Muslims from imposing their will on non-Muslims, declaring, "There is no coercion in religion." 2.256 (Surah al-Baqarah). The Surah al-Kafirun declares unequivocally, "To you is your faith, and to me is mine." It would be very unbecoming of a knowledgeable Muslim scholar of his quality, as Aurangzeb was considered to be, to conduct things that contradict the Qur'an's teachings. Surprisingly, the 1946 version of the history textbook Etihash Parichaya (introduction to history) used in Bengal for 5th and 6th graders states: "If Aurangzeb had intended to destroy temples to create space for mosques, India would not have had a single temple standing tall." Aurangzeb, on the other hand, provided vast estates for use as temple grounds and support in Benaras, Kashmir, and elsewhere. Official paperwork for these land transfers is still available. The old Balaji or Vishnu temple, situated north of Chitrakut Balaghat, still has a stone inscription indicating that it was commissioned by the monarch himself. His government donated a substantial tribute to the temple of Pandharpur, the seat of the god Vitthal. According to the historian the late D.G Godse, trustees of Vitthal temple were more concerned about roving Maratha forces than Mughal armies. The deed documents at the prominent Hindu sacred sites in Varanasi are readily confirmed as documentation of Aurangzeb's property donation. According to the same textbook (Etihash Parichaya), "not a single Hindu was compelled to accept Islam throughout Aurangzeb's fifty-year rule." He made no interference with Hindu religious activity." A British historian named Alexander Hamilton visited India at the conclusion of Aurangzeb's fifty-year rule and noticed that everyone was free to serve and worship God in his own manner. Aurangzeb, the Mughal emperor, is the most despised Muslim king in India. He was said to be a huge destroyer of temples and oppressor of Hindus, as well as a 'fundamentalist.' Dr. Bishambhar Nath Pande, the chairman of the Allahabad municipality from 1948 to 1953, had to deal with a property dispute between two temple priests. One of them had presented firmans (royal instructions) as proof that Aurangzeb had granted the property in issue for the upkeep of his shrine in addition to cash. Given Aurangzeb's fanatically anti-Hindu persona, Dr. Pande wondered whether they were not forgeries. He exhibited them to Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, a prominent barrister and scholar of Arabic and Persian. He, too, was a Brahmin. Sapru analyzed the papers and determined that they were authentic Aurangzeb firmans. Dr. Pande saw this as a "new picture of Aurangzeb," so he wrote to the head priests of the country's most significant temples, asking for photocopies of any firman issued by Aurangzeb that they may have in their hands. He got copies of Aurangzeb's firmans from the renowned temples of Mahakaleshwara, Ujjain, Balaji temple, Chitrakut, Umanand temple Gauhati, and the Jain temple of Shatrunjai, as well as smaller temples and gurudwaras spread across northern India. These firmans were issued between 1659 and 1685 AD. Though these are just a few examples of Aurangzeb's kind attitude toward Hindus and temples, they are sufficient to demonstrate that what historians have written about him is prejudiced and only one side of the story. India is a large country with hundreds of temples strewn throughout. If an adequate investigation is conducted, I am convinced that many more examples of Aurangzeb's compassionate treatment of non-Muslims will be discovered. Aurangzeb did not indiscriminately demolish Hindu temples, as is often assumed. And that he only ordered temple demolition when confronted with the insurgency. This was almost likely the case with the Keshava Rai temple in the Mathura area when the Jats revolted, but even this policy of retaliation may have been adjusted since Hindu temples in the Deccan were seldom destroyed. The image of Aurangzeb as an idol-breaker may not stand up to scrutiny, because evidence suggests that, like his predecessors, he continued to bestow land grants or jagirs (large parcels of agricultural land) upon Hindu temples such as the Someshwar Nath Mahadev temple in Allahabad, Jangum Badi Shiva temple in Varanasi, Umanand temple in Gauhati, and numerous others. During his invasion of Deccan, he spared the famed Alura temples (a vast complex of ancient temples). Read more from ummid.com>>

Kashi Vishwanath Temple's demolition

Dr. Pande's study revealed that Aurangzeb was just as concerned about the rights and welfare of his non-Muslim people as he was about the rights and welfare of his Muslim subjects. Hindu plaintiffs obtained complete justice against their Muslim defendants, and if found guilty, Muslims were sentenced accordingly. One of the most serious allegations leveled against Aurangzeb was the destruction of the Vishwanath temple in Varanasi. That was true, but Dr. Pande discovered the cause behind it. "While Aurangzeb was traveling through Varanasi on his route to Bengal, the Hindu Rajas in his entourage begged that the pause be made for a day so that their Ranis might go to Varanasi, take a plunge in the Ganges, and pay their respects to Lord Vishwanath." Aurangzeb accepted without hesitation. "Army pickets were stationed along the five-mile road to Varanasi." The Ranis traveled to the Palkis. They bathed in the Ganges and paid their respects at the Vishwanath shrine. Except for the Maharani of Kutch, all the Ranis returned after doing puja (prayer). The temple premises were thoroughly searched, but the Rani was nowhere to be seen. Aurangzeb was furious when he learned about this. He sent his top officers to find the Rani. They eventually discovered that the statue of Ganesh (the elephant-headed deity) that was attached to the wall was movable. When the statue was relocated, they discovered a set of steps leading to the basement. They were horrified to see the vanished Rani dishonored and wailing, stripped of all her jewelry. Lord Vishwanath's throne was right under the basement." "The Raja sought retributive action, and Aurangzeb ordered that, since the holy precincts had been despoiled, Lord Vishwanath be relocated, the temple be burned to the ground, and the Mahant (chief priest) be imprisoned and punished."

Employment for Non-Muslims

Aurangzeb has frequently been accused of shutting the doors of official employment on the Hindus, but a check of the list of his officials reveals this is not true. Actually, there were more Hindu officials under him than under any previous Mughal emperor. Though this was mostly due to a general rise in the number of officers, it illustrates that there was no prohibition on the hiring of Hindus. In his government, the state policy was formed by Hindus. Two Hindus held the top position in the state treasury. Some prejudiced Muslims even questioned the validity of his choice to appoint non-Muslims to such prominent places. The emperor contradicted them by declaring that he had been following the dictates of the Shariah (Islamic law) which necessitates selecting appropriate men in proper places. During Aurangzeb’s lengthy rule of fifty years, numerous Hindus, notably Jaswant Singh, Jay Singh, Raja Rajrup, Kabir Singh, Arghanath Singh, Prem Dev Singh, Dilip Roy, and Rasik Lal Crory, occupied extremely important administrative posts. Two of the highest-rated generals in Aurangzeb’s government, Jaswant Singh and Jay Singh, were Hindus. Other noteworthy Hindu generals who commanded a garrison of two to five thousand warriors were Raja Vim Singh of Udaypur, Indra Singh, Achalaji, and Arjuji. One asks if Aurangzeb was hostile to Hindus, why would he elevate all these Hindus to high positions of power, particularly in the military, who might have mutinied against him and deposed him from his throne? Most Hindus respect Akbar over Aurangzeb for his multi-ethnic court where Hindus were valued. Historian Shri Sharma argues that whereas Emperor Akbar had 14 Hindu Mansabdars (high officials) in his court, Aurangzeb really had 148 Hindu high officials in his court (Ref: Mughal Govn). (Ref: Mughal Govn.). But this truth is relatively lesser recognized. If Aurangzeb was so fierce a communalist, why is it, some historians have argued, that the percentage of Hindu employees in positions of prominence throughout Aurangzeb’s reign climbed from 24.5 percent in the time of his father Shah Jahan to 33 percent in the fourth decade of his own rule?

Jizya and other Taxes

Let's all just consider Aurangzeb's imposition of the Jizya tax, which has been heavily criticized by numerous Hindu historians. Jizya was removed under the reigns of Akbar and Jahangir, and it was subsequently reintroduced by Aurangzeb. Before delving into Aurangzeb's Jizya tax, or taxing non-Muslims, it is important to note that Jizya is nothing more than a "War Tax" collected solely from able-bodied young non-Muslim male residents residing in a Muslim nation who did not wish to enlist for the country's defense. That is, no such levy was levied on non-Muslims who volunteered to fight in the country's defense. This tax was not collected from women, immature males, crippled or elderly male residents. In exchange for the payment of such taxes, the Muslim government became obligated to defend the lives, property, and riches of its non-Muslim inhabitants. If the government failed to defend its population for whatever reason, particularly during a war, the taxable sum was refunded. It should be noted that Zakat (2.5 percent of savings) and Ushr (10 percent of agricultural goods) were levied on all Muslims who had some money (beyond a certain minimum, called nisab). Sadaqah, Fitrah, and Khums were also paid by Muslims. None of these were gathered from non-Muslims. In reality, per capita collection from Muslims was three times that of non-Muslims. Aurangzeb is also credited with abolishing several taxes, however, this fact is seldom emphasized. Sir Jadunath Sarkar, the leading historian of the Mughal dynasty, mentions in his book Mughal administration that during Aurangzeb's time in power, roughly 65 kinds of taxes were repealed, resulting in a monthly income loss of 50 million rupees from the imperial treasury. According to some historians, when Aurangzeb eliminated 80 different sorts of taxes, no one praised him for his kindness. People started to express their discontent when he imposed merely one (jizya), which was not at all heavy. While some Hindu historians are rejecting the falsehoods, textbooks and historical records in Western nations have yet to accept their mistake and correct the record.

[The above percentages and reviews are collected from the research result.]

He waged near-constant warfare, justifying the resulting death and destruction on moral and religious grounds. His single-minded devotion to conquest and control based on his personal worldview is still felt today. Even today, political groups of all stripes use his rule to justify their actions. Without much effort, one can trace a direct line from Aurangzeb to many of today's political and religious conflicts. The Fatawa-e-Alamgiri has had a significant impact on future Islamic governments.

You can feel free to check out the video of Shaykh Muhammad Musa ash-Shareef about Aurangzeb Alamgir:

Unlike his predecessors, Aurangzeb regarded the royal treasury as a trust of his empire's citizens and believed it should not be used for his personal expenses. However, his constant warfare drove his empire to the brink of bankruptcy in the same way that earlier emperors' personal prolifagcy had. Despite his success in imposing Sharia within his kingdom, he alienated many constituencies, including native Shias as well as non-Muslims. This resulted in increased militancy among the Marathas, Sikhs, and Rajputs, who broke away from the empire after his death, as well as disputes among Indian Muslims. The destruction of Hindu temples continues to elicit strong emotions. He alienated many of his children and wives, exiling some and imprisoning others. He expressed his loneliness, and perhaps regret, at the end of his life.

Apart from his predecessors, Aurangzeb left few buildings. In Aurangabad, he built a modest mausoleum for his first wife, dubbed the "mini-Taj." Besides that, he constructed in Lahore the largest mosque outside of Mecca at the time: the Badshahi Masjid ('Imperial' Mosque, sometimes called the 'Alamgiri' Mosque). He also erected a modest marble mosque known as the Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) in the Red Fort complex in Delhi. Aurangzeb's personal piety is undeniable. He led an extremely simple and pious life. He followed Muslim precepts with his typical determination and even memorized the Qur'an. He knitted haj caps and copied out the Qur'an throughout his life, and sold these works anonymously. He used the proceeds, and only these, to fund his modest resting place. At the age of 90, he passed away at Ahmednagar in 1707, having outlived several of his offspring. In line with his interpretation of Islamic precepts, his remains lie in an open-air burial in Kuldabad, near Aurangabad.

Researchers in China claim 'mind-reading' artificial intelligence that can measure loyalty

noreply@blogger.com (Shazed Muntashir Ovi) — Tue, 12 Jul 2022 16:33:00 +0000

Chinese AI can assess party members' allegiance.

According to The Sunday Times UK, researchers at China's Comprehensive National Science Center in Hefei claimed to have developed "mind-reading" artificial intelligence capable of measuring citizens' loyalty to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

As per The Times, the institution said in a now-deleted video and article that the software could analyze party members' responses to "thought and political instruction" by studying facial expressions and brain waves.

As shown in the report, the findings can be used to "further solidify their confidence and determination to be grateful to the party, listen to the party, and follow the party."

According to the VOA article published Saturday, the post was removed after a public outcry from Chinese citizens. Dr. Lance B. Eliot, an AI and machine learning expert, wrote in Forbes last week that it is impossible to prove the institute's claims without knowing the specifics of the research study.

Humans Can Feel What Robots Do—And Robots Can Feel What Humans Feel

noreply@blogger.com (Shazed Muntashir Ovi) — Sun, 03 Jul 2022 17:50:00 +0000

The combination of soft materials, sensors, and flexible electronics is bringing robotic "skin" closer to reality than ever before.

Having tens of millions of nerve endings that can detect temperature and touch, human skin is soft, stretchable, and pleasant. As a result, it is a fantastic tool for sensing and reacting to the cutaneous environment. For the last 40 years, engineers have tried to nurture similar skills in an artificial model, but their efforts have always failed due to the suppleness and adaptability of living skin. However, new research is now introducing more abilities and challenges to bring the industry closer to its goal: e-skin, or e-skin, with applications ranging from covering robots to bonding wearable to humans. These devices may eventually enable remote control of robots and the ability to "feel" the signals they pick up. Read More>>

According to Ravinder Dahiya, professor of electronics and nanoengineering and director of the College of Glasgow's Digital Bending and Sensing Applied Sciences Group, "we began seeing certain touch sensors that you might term a rudimentary form of the skin" in the 1980s. In the middle of the 1980s, the first so-called versatile sensor arrays were created. One such array used Kapton film, a flexible but non-stretchable film developed in the 1960s, to aid in the coupling of infrared sensors and detectors. A simple robotic arm had this "skin" wrapped over it, allowing the arm to "dance" with a person ballerina if she was within 20 cm of it. It could feel the ballerina's movements and respond by automatically changing the ballerina's movements.

An electronic skin placed on human skin decodes the surface electromyography signals for remote robotic control.

Credit: Wei Gao/California Institute of Technology

Moreover, compared to the abilities of biological skin, these abilities were quite basic. The electronics and materials that were available throughout the first decade of the twenty-first century have improved to become softer, more flexible, and most importantly, stretchy. According to Dahia, these improvements have made it possible for scientists to integrate new sensors and electronics into a fully-fledged dermal system. This approach includes a skin-like basis that can bend and stretch, as well as an influence supply, several sensors, and channels for transmitting sensor data to a central CPU.

The first sensors created for this kind of system were contact and temperature sensors. A biomedical engineer at Caltech named Wei Zhao made the decision to try combining these sensors with others that could identify chemical substances. According to Zhao, "We sought to build a robotic skin with the capacity to physically detect, which is what humans currently do." Additionally, we wanted to give it a powerful chemical sense. Science Robotics published an article on the work his team did earlier this month.

Zhao's team layered specialized ink made from nanomaterials—a combination of minuscule bits of metal, carbon, or other compounds—within a cozy hydrogel foundation using an inkjet printer. Gao's team has created skins that can detect explosives, nerve agents like those used in chemical warfare, and even viruses like the COVID-19 virus by printing with several nanomaterials that are each tailored to detect a specific chemical. Additionally, the researchers included pre-made temperature and strain sensors. The resulting digital skin resembles a transparent bandage with metallic patterns engraved onto its surface.

Check out their video presentation:

This skin is capable of more than just sensing its environment. Additionally, Gao adds, "We want to ensure that human-machine contact may be shared." The team created artificial intelligence software to enable communication between two digital skin patches—one on a robot and one on a human—to do this. The process of printing skin is scalable, so the researchers were able to print a patch the size of a human forearm and a patch the size of a finger for a robotic hand. This skin gave the robot the ability to "feel" how firmly it is holding something and determine if it is covered in certain chemicals. People now can remotely control a connected robotic device and monitor electrical signals from the device if it detects certain chemical substances. According to the researchers, this interaction might one day enable the robots to confront a human control system, like a physical avatar, in unfriendly places.

In order to process the data from the digital skin sensor, the Gao project needs an external system. For sensing, stability, and wireless transmission of sensor data to a nearby computer or smartphone for collection and processing, many layers of metallic ink have been used. However, it is not the only way a robot may research the information it gathers. Numerous research facilities are working on skins that can disclose information on their own, much as the human nervous system does.

Two other publications from Science Robotics, both released this month, detail how Suburb utilized human skin as an inspiration to process its digital skin data. He claims that "we can establish something like a peripheral nervous system" by using digital building elements like transistors and capacitors. Before being sent to a central processor in his system, the signal from the sensors must meet a certain threshold. This lessens the amount of information that is sent out at any one moment. Dahia says, "You can not transfer an infinite amount of data." "You need to make certain arrangements so that the data can wait in the queue and the one at the front can wait if you want to transmit enormous data."

Suburban refers to a touch sensor created by his team that helps robotic skin detect and learn by using small transistors, devices that control the flow of electrical current to and from various digital components. The robot "feels" the strain when the transistors inside the skin are squeezed since this changes "the electrical" presence. It could eventually modify its reactions based on how much tension is being felt. All of these transistors can learn and adapt, he claims, and are similar to neurons. He claims that since the skin learns the automatic equivalent of pain, it will not send the signal until it experiences anything "painful."

E-skins may be used for a variety of things, including remote control of robots and programming them to adapt to their surroundings. Carmel Magidi, a mechanical engineer at Carnegie Mellon University, adds, "I believe a lot of the prospects are not for robots." Her team develops pleasant accessories for human-compatible gadgets. Majidi believes that digital skins would make excellent sensors for robots as well as for odd problems. They will end up serving as the model for pleasant and adaptable touch pads for interactive digital devices, such as interactive clothing or furniture that can sense temperature extremes and other environmental factors. These skins will be useful in medicine as well. According to Majidi, the concept is to use these robot skins as body stickers so that you can rapidly monitor your vital signs.

The current e-skin prototypes still need improvements in terms of industrial applications. Zhao points up the need for durability. Numerous developments have occurred. People do come rather near, he claims. However, one of the main issues with [electronic skins] is their durability and dependability over prolonged use. Zhao asserts that despite these difficulties, robotic leathers may be used in industrial settings during the next five years. "Robot skin is not really the limiting element since these technologies already exist. In terms of commercial accessibility, I believe there is greater demand. Robots are still absent from most houses. With all of the potential uses for e-skin ", he asserts that it is crucial to work with Events beyond the engineering field. "People who are not robotics, and they are not engineers, should not feel that there are difficult barriers to getting involved in this field," Majidi says, implying that potential collaborators could be people wearing a prosthetic who might be fitted with digital skin sensors or those who have a chronic illness who might benefit from continuous monitoring through a wearable patch.

Check out the Caltech Website for future inquiries:

<<Artificial Skin Gives Robots Sense of Touch and Beyond>>

Nepal intends to relocate Everest's base camp away from a glacier.

noreply@blogger.com (Shazed Muntashir Ovi) — Sat, 02 Jul 2022 14:31:00 +0000

According to the BBC, Nepal is shifting the Everest base camp away from the melting Khumbu glacier.

Research demonstrates that the Khumbu glacier is quickly thinning as a consequence of the changing environment. “We witness increasing rock falls and moving of melt-water on the surface of the glaciers that may be hazardous,” Scott Watson, a researcher at the University of Leeds who studies glaciers, told the BBC.

The existing base camp position is getting destabilized by the ice melt and is no longer safe. Climbers claim fissures form in the ground overnight, and guides say they anticipate additional avalanches and ice falls at the present position coming ahead. The new campsite will be roughly 200 to 400 m away lower in height — and in a position where there isn’t year-round ice.

Climate change isn’t the only contributing element, though: the sheer volume of people traveling through the base camp contributes to the instability. “For illustration, we identified that individuals urinate roughly 4,000 liters at the base camp every day,” Khimlal Gautam, a member of the organization that urged the action, told the BBC. “And the vast quantity of fuels like kerosene and gas we consume there for preparing food and heat will undoubtedly have repercussions on the glacier’s ice.”

Situations on Everest are progressively worsening throughout, not even at the base camp. Other glaciers are melting, shedding ice in a few years that took hundreds of years to form. It’s continuing to make the ascent exceedingly risky. The melting is also exposing the ice, dead remains of prior climbers, and mounds of trash.

Stay with our more discussion on the Environment.

Hermès Handbags are made from this mushroom leather.

noreply@blogger.com (Shazed Muntashir Ovi) — Fri, 01 Jul 2022 13:51:00 +0000

A bioreactor-created substance is being touted as an animal-friendly leather substitute that will also help save the earth.

The biotechnology business is growing into the fashion industry, with investors supporting leather alternatives derived from mushrooms, animal cells, or yeast-produced recombinant collagen. On January 13, MycoWorks announced a $125 million round of investment to build a full-scale manufacturing factory in South Carolina to produce a leather substitute from Ganoderma lucidum mycelium. This follows a $7 million investment in VitroLabs, which produces hide from animal cell cultures, last year.

"We have certainly seen an inflow of biotech firms formed in the fashion and materials arena in the past couple of years," says Fiona Mischel, head of international outreach at Built with Biology (formerly SynBioBeta) in London.

Made with reishi. Credit: MycoWorks

"Their vision is to reimagine the fashion business with sustainable materials," she explains. According to these firms, cowhide and contemporary false, fossil fuel-based equivalents are poisonous and wasteful. Leather manufacturing necessitates the growing and butchering of animals, which has a significant environmental impact, and the tanning process often employs harmful chemicals like chromium. Because biotech leather does not need to be polished in the same manner as traditional leather, fewer chemicals are utilized. And today's imitation leather, or "pleather," is not only created with synthetic polymers derived from nonrenewable fossil fuels, but it is also not easily biodegradable.

As a result, biotech entrepreneurs are stepping into the leather replacement market, using a variety of innovative biotech technologies (See table). To simulate leather, one approach grows mushrooms on a substrate (such as agricultural waste, maize cobs, hemp hurds, paper pulp waste, rice hulls, or sawdust) under precisely regulated environmental conditions. Another method involves growing mammalian cells into leather-like sheets. Another method involves genetically engineering bacteria to make collagen, which is subsequently converted into textile fibers. Many bio-based materials have similar qualities and look to leather, enabling designers to use them in place of animal leather.

VitroLabs, for example, creates its product from cells. Scientists encourage unknown immortalized cell lines to thrive in a nutrient-rich environment in their technique. Cells generate tissue with the intricacy of actual animal skin using scaffolds, eliminating the need to kill animals. The method is similar to that employed in the cultured meat business, in which cell lines derived from animal muscle are cultivated in bioreactors and coupled with biocompatible scaffolds for cell development and maturation to create an edible meat replacement. VitroLabs will benefit from advances and investment in the food side of this business, which is decreasing the cost of the growing medium and pushing scaffold innovation.

Mushroom-based leather. Credit: los_angela/Getty Images

Other businesses are identifying proteins that can be connected to make biomaterials with characteristics comparable to leather rather than utilizing complicated cell culture techniques. Hide Biotech in London creates a leather substitute for isolated collagen proteins. Scales, skin, and other fish debris provide the proteins. The company's proprietary enzymatic and chemical technique aids in the formation and strengthening of a protein network into a transparent substance. According to Yudi Ding, co-founder of the firm, dyes and fat liquors may be added to the material as it is created, eliminating the need for a separate dying or tanning procedure.

Several businesses are using biological techniques to manufacture leather alternatives. MycoWorks, for example, cultivates the fungus G. lucidum in trays of sawdust the size of half a cowhide. Researchers use patented methods to persuade the fungus to grow and branch into thread-like filamentous structures called hyphae (together referred to as mycelium) by regulating temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide levels, and other characteristics of the fungus's environment. According to the business, the fungus colonizes the trays, resulting in a material that looks and feels like leather thanks to an unknown unique method. MycoWorks said last year that it has teamed with Hermès, a high-end leather goods maker, to provide the material for the Victoria luxury handbag, which is set to hit stores this year.

In Arequipa, Peru, Le Qara ferments a consortium of natural, unknown microorganisms to make a biopolymer, which it then formulates into a textile with qualities akin to leather using an undisclosed technique.

According to Jacqueline Cruz, co-founder of Le Qara, the biomaterial can withstand the high heat and pressures used by machines to polish animal leather. All of these technologies are innovative, but they all confront the same core challenge: replicating the quality and feel of genuine animal leather. The fashion sector has very stringent standards. "Nobody is prepared to forgo quality and performance for sustainability," says MycoWorks CEO Matt Scullin. "The original performance material is animal leather." It boasts a very unusual mix of hand feel, warmth, breathability, beauty, and durability. When all of these qualities are combined, we get the emotional reaction that leather provides. It is very strong and precious. "As a result, the bar is set exceedingly high," he explains.

Many in the biotech industry claim that their fabrics reach or come close to meeting the high standard for leather. They also want biotech leather to outperform plant-based leather alternatives such as cactus, pineapple, seaweed, and apple peels. Vartest, an independent testing company, has received MycoWorks' material.

This material, according to MycoWorks, meets the performance standards of cowhide in terms of durability, color fastness, and tensile strength. Aside from the realistic feel and quality of the material, biotech leather producers must also overcome the difficulty of mass-producing their fabrics at a price competitive with animal leather. That is not a simple task for businesses experimenting with the delicate biology of live objects or cultured cells. Historically, competing with fossil fuels has proven too difficult for life. Many firms attempted to create biofuels from algae in the mid-2000s but came into roadblocks when attempting to scale up at a price point competitive with crude oil. Amyris, a pioneer in that industry, eventually shifted to genetically altered yeast, which produces high-value specialty compounds for perfumes, cosmetics, food and drinks, and medicines. These items have pricing values that correspond to the amount of manufacturing that biology enables.

Alternative leather businesses have already changed direction. According to Anna Bakst, the company's CEO, who first joined the board of directors in 2017 after it changed directions, Modern Meadow was founded in 2012 with the intention of growing animal hide in the lab by culturing mammalian cells. However, the company changed its focus when it realized that producing a high-quality material at scale would require too much time and money.

Now, the business purchases proteins from plants. Because we are using existing infrastructures and know-how, she claims that this method of doing business is more sustainable. According to Bakst, the platform also helps the business to develop more swiftly in order to satisfy the needs of apparel manufacturers. Fashion develops more swiftly than [biotech] R&D, according to the expert.

Modern Meadow intends to use their combination of plant-based polymers in a variety of fabrics, including ones that resemble leather. Following a $130 million round of venture funding, the business declared a joint venture with Italian textile manufacturer Limonta in October of last year.

Beyond scalability and performance issues, leather replacement businesses also face opposition from the animal leather industry, which has campaigned vehemently to prevent the use of the word "leather" for anything that does not originate from an animal. At Hide Biotech, Ding explains, "We may say it is 'influenced by leather,' but we avoid calling the substance 'leather,' since I fear it will spark the leather industry." In fact, in response to the demands of the animal sector, a number of European nations have prohibited the use of the phrases "hide" or "leather" for non-animal textiles.

So the obstacles confronting biotech leather are enormous, but the sustainability argument is on their side. Raising cows and other animals for their meat and skins contributes to deforestation when forest area is converted to pasture. The procedure for cleaning and tanning hides creates waste and effluent containing harmful chemicals. Plus, a hide is typically obtained, tanned, and polished at numerous sites throughout the globe, sending it traveling tens of thousands of kilometers before it reaches the buyer.

International climate change treaties and new legislation may force fashion businesses toward more sustainable materials. For example, the New York state in January presented legislation that would compel businesses to trace their supply chains and publish an environmental sustainability impact report. Beyond the ecological argument, fashion designers may come to realize that they just need alternatives. “The leather supply chain was nearing its limits—and this precedes the pandemic,” adds Scullin of MycoWorks. The availability of the substance fluctuates from season to season, especially since it’s a co-product of the cattle sector. Purchasers of leather don’t have control over what they’re going to receive, he argues. “So the industry,” he says, “is looking at its supply chains and trying to figure out where they’re going to acquire high-quality materials over the next 20 or 30 years.”

Biotech provides not simply an alternative that resembles leather, but a potential to accomplish more with a textile. “It’s one thing to have a material, but it’s another thing to take that and continue to enhance that material and develop that material so that you can fulfill the diverse demands of the brands,” says Bakst of Modern Meadow. Adds Scullin: “We’re particularly enthusiastic about the possibility to further modify the biology to open up new functions that leather does not have.”

This item is copied and was originally published on March 16th, 2022.

NASA loses two weather satellites when Astra rocket launch fails to deliver them to orbit

noreply@blogger.com (Shazed Muntashir Ovi) — Sat, 25 Jun 2022 08:30:00 +0000

NASA loses two weather satellites when Astra rocket launch fails to deliver them to orbit

Astra space company's rocket failed to send two NASA weather-tracking satellites to orbit after its second-stage engine went down prematurely.

Astra's Launch Vehicle 0010 (LV0010) lifted off from Florida's Cape Canaveral Space Force Station at 1:43PM ET, but failed around 10 minutes later due to an upper-stage problem.

The launch was part of NASA's plan to deploy six TROPICS satellites into space – these little, foot-long CubeSats are designed to assist NASA track emerging tropical storms.

CubeSats are low-cost satellites that are typically manufactured by college and university researchers.

We had a nominal first stage flight. The upper stage shut down early and we did not deliver the payloads to orbit. We have shared our regrets with @NASA and the payload team. More information will be provided after we complete a full data review.
— Astra (@Astra) June 12, 2022

"The upper stage shut down early, and we were unable to transfer the payloads to orbit," Astra said on Twitter. "We have apologized to @NASA and the payload crew." In a Twitter thread, Thomas Zurbuchen, the associate administrator for NASA's science division, recognized the failed launch but remained positive, adding that it still "provided a tremendous chance for new science and launch capabilities."

It is unknown when or if NASA intends to launch the other TROPICS satellites with Astra, or whether the two losses will be replaced. When contacted for comment, NASA sent. Update on its website, saying that Astra and the Federal Aviation Administration are looking into the event. Until NASA says it "would offer any expertise required," it "would anticipate the launch with Astra to be paused while an inquiry is undertaken."

Astra first teamed up with NASA in February to send a group of CubeSats into space, marking its first launch from Cape Canaveral. However, Astra lost its payload after the rocket appeared to spin out of control after launch. To date, Astra has only made two successful launches out of a total of seven - the company launched its first orbit last November and successfully deployed a customer satellite into orbit. religion in March. A variety of problems have affected other Astra launches, from problems with the navigation system to engine failure.

Update June 13th, 9:29AM ET: Updated to add an additional statement from NASA.

Microsoft discloses the scope of Russian hacking strikes on Ukraine allies

noreply@blogger.com (Shazed Muntashir Ovi) — Thu, 23 Jun 2022 07:52:00 +0000

According to Microsoft, Russian hackers have conducted cyber strikes on targets in 42 nations associated with Ukraine since Vladimir Putin's campaign started.

Microsoft says that several European countries still have "serious collective defensive deficiencies."

According to the technological behemoth, hacking efforts were successful 29% of the time, and data was taken in at least a quarter of the successful network incursions.

It stated that over two-thirds of the targets were NATO allies, with the US being the primary focus.

Putin's power in Russia is 'eroding,' according to the most recent Ukraine conflict reports.

Poland is the primary route for military aid coming to Ukraine -Denmark, Norway, Finland, Sweden, and Turkey have all witnessed increased targeting in the last two months.

A striking exception was Estonia, where Microsoft said it had detected no Russian cyber intrusions since Mr. Putin launched the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February.

The company credited Estonia's adoption of cloud computing, where it is easier to detect intruders. Microsoft warned that "significant collective defensive weaknesses remain" among some other European governments, without identifying them.

Across the 42 countries, half of the 128 organisations targeted were government agencies and 12% were non-governmental agencies, typically think tanks or humanitarian groups, according to Microsoft's report. Other targets included telecommunications, energy, and defense companies.

Microsoft said Ukraine's cyber defenses "have proven stronger" overall than Russia's capabilities in "waves of destructive cyberattacks".

According to the article, Moscow's military hackers have been careful not to release damaging data-destroying worms that may spread outside of Ukraine, like the NotPetya virus did in 2017.

"Over the last month, as the Russian military shifted its focus to the Donbas area, the number of devastating assaults has decreased," it stated.

The research also analyzed Russian propaganda and misinformation aimed at "undermining Western unity and diverting condemnation of Russian military war crimes."Microsoft projected that "Russian cyber influence operations effectively expanded the circulation of Russian propaganda after the conflict started by 216 percent in Ukraine and 82 percent in the United States" using artificial intelligence capabilities.

Twitter is testing a 2,500-word-limit 'notes' feature.

Afghanistan earthquake: Taliban want international assistance

Twitter is testing a 2,500-word-limit 'notes' feature.

noreply@blogger.com (Shazed Muntashir Ovi) — Thu, 23 Jun 2022 03:02:00 +0000

Twitter is testing a new feature that will enable users to submit "notes" of up to 2,500 words.

Normally, postings on social networking sites are limited to 280 characters.

Twitter said that the change was made in response to users using the platform to share images of lengthier announcements and direct followers to external newsletters.

The test will last two months and will feature a small group of authors from Canada, Ghana, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

The new feature intends to retain readers in the Twitter ecosystem by allowing them to view a headline and then click on a link to receive the entire remark.

"Writers have relied on Twitter from the business's early days to publish their work, get seen, get read, spark discussion - everything except the actual writing," the firm stated, announcing the new Notes tool.

"The objective of Notes is to fill in the blanks."

The move follows Twitter's acquisition of Revue, a Dutch newsletter start-up, last year. It said on Wednesday that Revue will be folded into the new Notes platform, which would enable authors to integrate gifs, photographs, and other elements into long-form essays that can be read on and off Twitter.

Dr. Laura Toogood, a social media specialist, said the experiment was a huge step forward for Twitter.

She claims that the function will encourage users to remain on the platform rather than referring to other websites that may hold long-form material.

"With this additional feature, Twitter is now in a position to compete with some of the most popular blogging sites and maybe attract a new audience and a different sort of user," she told the BBC.

"It would also encourage current users to write on Twitter rather than on other platforms, which will help them keep their following."

Following an experiment with a limited sample of users, Twitter expanded the maximum amount of characters for tweets from 140 to 280 in 2017.

The new action comes amid criticism of Twitter's commercial prospects, as Elon Musk's impending acquisition raises doubts about the company's future. The business disclosed in April that it was working on an edit button, soon after Mr Musk, who had requested such a feature, revealed that he had purchased a substantial share in the company.

Twitter said that the two incidents were unconnected.

Mr. Musk has also said that he believes there is potential in a subscription model in which users pay to utilize the site.

Dr. Nikki Usher, a journalism professor at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, said it was difficult to tell if Twitter was experimenting with various forms for profit or with a genuine desire to enhance the site.

"One thing we do know in this situation is that people do not like to read big paragraphs online," she told the BBC.

"So, whether giving individuals 2,500 characters to work with would eventually improve the quality of the digital public realm - I doubt it. Is it an opportunity to make headlines ahead of any big changes at the company? Absolutely."

Afghanistan earthquake: Taliban want international assistance

noreply@blogger.com (Shazed Muntashir Ovi) — Thu, 23 Jun 2022 02:42:00 +0000

Afghanistan's Taliban have requested foreign assistance as the country struggles with the aftermath of a deadly 6.1 magnitude earthquake.

Over 1,000 people got killed, and at least 1,500 have been injured.

Unknown numbers of people are buried beneath the wreckage of damaged, often mud-brick dwellings.

The UN is rushing to offer emergency shelter and food supplies in the southeastern Paktika province.

Heavy weather and a shortage of resources are hampering rescue attempts. Survivors and rescuers have informed the BBC of communities utterly wrecked around the center of the earthquake, as well as ruined highways and cell phone towers, and their worry that the death toll may increase further.

The country's worst earthquake in two decades poses a serious challenge to the Taliban, the Islamist outfit that reclaimed power last year when the Western-backed government fell.

The earthquake occurred roughly 44 kilometers (27 miles) from Khost, and vibrations were detected as far afield as Pakistan and India.

Afghanistan is in the grip of a humanitarian and economic catastrophe, and a top Taliban official, Abdul Qahar Balkhi, stated that the government is "financially unable to support the people to the level that is required."He claimed that humanitarian groups, neighboring nations, and international powers were assisting, but that "support needs to be pushed up to a very significant amount since this is a severe earthquake that hasn't been seen in decades."

António Guterres, the UN Secretary-General, stated that the organization was "completely mobilized" in response to the calamity. Health teams, medical supplies, food, and emergency shelters were on their way to the disaster area.

GETTY IMAGES

Communication is difficult because of damage to mobile phone towers

Afghanistan is prone to earthquakes due to its location in a tectonically active area, which includes the Chaman fault, the Hari Rud fault, the Central Badakhshan fault, and the Darvaz fault. More than 7,000 people have died in earthquakes in the country during the last decade, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.

Earthquakes kill an estimated 560 people per year. In January, two earthquakes in the country's west killed more than 20 people and damaged hundreds of homes. Even before the Taliban took power, Afghanistan's emergency services were overburdened by natural calamities, with few planes and helicopters accessible to rescue.

However, the nation has lately faced a medical supply shortfall. According to the UN, 93 percent of Afghan families are food insecure.

According to the Red Cross' Lucien Christen, Afghanistan's "dire economic condition" means that "they [Afghan families] are unable to put food on the table."

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