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Dasara, Navaratri and Vijayadashami; the festival related to Mother Goddess

2013-10-12T23:35:00.000+05:30

Navaratri or Dasara (Dussehra, Dashera or Dussera) is one of the most important Hindu festivals celebrated in India, Nepal and Bangladesh. The festival is related to the worship of Hindu Goddess Durga and which is also called Vijayadashami, Kullu Dussehra and Durga Puja in various parts of the Country. In Nepal it is known as Dashain.

The Sanskrit word 'Navaratri' means 'nine nights'. During these nine nights nine different forms of Shakti (Mother Goddess; also known as Devi) are worshiped. The tenth day is known as 'Vijayadashami' or 'Dussehra'. The name Dussehra (Dasara) is derived from the Sanskrit word 'Dasha-hara', which means 'remover of bad fate'. The word 'Vijayadashami' is derived from Sanskrit word 'Vijaya-dashmi' which means the victory on the dashmi (Dashami is the tenth day of the paksha of the Hindu calendar. Every month there are two 'Dashami' days. One on Krishna paksha and the other on Shukla paksha).
In India Navaratri is celebrated five times in a year. They are called Vasanta Navaratri, Ashadha Navaratri, Sharad Navaratri, and Paush/Magha Navaratri. Among them Sharad Navaratri and Vasanta Navaratri are the most important.
The festival of Navaratri (Sharad Navaratri) begins on the first day (pratipada) of the Shukla paksha (bright fortnight) on Ashvin month (the seventh month of the lunisolar Hindu calendar). As the name indicates it is celebrated for nine nights.
Dussehra is celebrated to remember the victory of God Shri Rama (The hero of the epic Ramayana; the seventh avatar of Vishnu and the Son of Dasaratha) over the demon king Ravana. Ravana abducted Sita, the wife of Shri Rama, to his kingdom of Lanka. Shri Rama, his brother Lakshmana, follower Hanuman, and an army of monkeys went to Lanka to fight against Ravana. During the battle Shri Rama performed 'Chandi Homa' for the blessings of Durga. Durga blessed him by telling a way to kill Ravana. On the day of Dashami of Shukla paksha (bright fortnight) on the lunar month of Ashvin Shri Rama found her wife and defeated Ravana. In other words it is the victory of good over evil. Here after this day is termed as Vijaya Dashami.
This occasion is celebrated as Kullu Dussehra on Himachal Pradesh. It is one of the main festivals in Gujarat. 'Durga puja' is the biggest festival of West Bengal. The last four days of sharad navaratri is celebrated there as 'Durga puja'. During the celebration the people of Bengal immerse the idols and images of Goddess Durga in lakes and rivers. People of Gujarat and Mumbai celebrates 'Navaratri' with Garba and Dandiya-Raas dance.
In South India during the festival of Navaratri, a toy festival is also celebrated which is called by several names such as Golu, Kolu, Bombe Habba (Kannada), Bommai Kolu (Tamil) or Bommala Koluvu (Telugu). It is popular in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka and also among the Tamil people of Sri Lanka.
In Andhra Pradesh 'Batukamma Panduga' is celebrated during Navaratri. Kerala celebrates the last three days of Navratri. That is, Ashtami, Navami and Vijaya Dashmi. on the day of Ashtami people place books, in front of the idol of Goddess Saraswati. On Navami (Mahanavami) instruments are placed in front of the idol. On the day of 'Vijaya Dashami' the books and instruments are taken out for reading.

Nobel Peace Prize winners; Complete list from 1901 to 2013

2013-10-11T21:00:00.000+05:30

Nobel Peace Prize is established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel.This award is administered by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and awarded annually by a committee of five people elected by the Parliament of Norway to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.The first Nobel Peace Prize (Nobel prize given for peace) was awarded in 1901 to Frédéric Passy and Henry Dunant.Mother Teresa, a nun who was born at Skopje (now in Yugoslavia) and came Calcutta in 1929,founded a group of similar minded people called the Missionaries of Charity, was awarded in 1979.
Nobel Peace Prize winner for 2013

The Nobel Peace Prize for 2013 was awarded to Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) for it's extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons. It is an intergovernmental organisation led by General Director Ahmet Üzümcü, which is located in the Hague (Netherlands) and has 189 member states.

2012
European Union (EU) [Europe]- Awarded for having over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe
2011
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (Liberia), Leymah Gbowee (Liberia), Tawakkol Karman (Yemen)- Awarded for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work
2010
Liu Xiaobo (China)- Awarded for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China
2009
Barack H. Obama (U.S.A)- Awarded for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples
2008
Martti Ahtisaari (Finland)- Awarded for his efforts on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts
2007
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [U.N] , Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. (U.S.A)- Awarded for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change
2006
Muhammad Yunus (Bangladesh), Grameen Bank (Bangladesh)- Awarded for advancing economic and social opportunities for the poor, especially women, through their pioneering microcredit work
2005
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) [U.N] , Mohamed ElBaradei (Egypt)- Awarded for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way
2004
Wangari Muta Maathai (Kenya)- Awarded for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace
2003
Shirin Ebadi (Iran)- Awarded for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children
2002
Jimmy Carter (U.S.A)- Awarded for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development
2001
United Nations (U.N.) , Kofi Annan (Ghana)- Awarded for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world
2000
Kim Dae-jung (South Korea)- Awarded for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular
1999
Médecins Sans Frontières (Switzerland)- Awarded in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents
1998
John Hume (U.K), David Trimble (U.K)- Awarded for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland
1997
International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) [Switzerland] , Jody Williams (U.S.A)- Awarded for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines
1996
Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo (East Timor), José Ramos-Horta (East Timor)- Awarded for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor
1995
Joseph Rotblat (U.K), Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs (Canada)- Awarded for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms
1994
Yasser Arafat (Egypt), Shimon Peres (Israel), Yitzhak Rabin (Israel)- Awarded to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East
1993
Nelson Mandela (South Africa), Frederik Willem de Klerk (South Africa)- Awarded for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa
1992
Rigoberta Menchú Tum (Guatemala)- Awarded for her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples
1991
Aung San Suu Kyi (Burma)- Awarded for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights
1990
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (U.S.S.R)- President of the Soviet Union. Awarded for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community
1989
The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) (Tibet)- In his struggle for the liberation of Tibet [he] consistently has opposed the use of violence. He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people
1988
United Nations Peacekeeping Forces [U.N]- Awarded for their efforts that have made important contributions towards the realization of one of the fundamental tenets of the United Nations
1987
Oscar Arias Sánchez (Costa Rica)- Awarded for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year
1986
Elie Wiesel (U.S.A)- Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust
1985
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (U.S.A)- Awarded for "authoritative information and by creating an awareness of the catastrophic consequences of atomic warfare. The committee believes that this in turn contributes to an increase in the pressure of public opposition to the proliferation of atomic weapons and to a redefining of priorities, with greater attention being paid to health and other humanitarian issues
1984
Desmond Mpilo Tutu (South Africa)- Bishop of Johannesburg; former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches
1983
Lech Walesa (Poland)- Founder of Solidarność; campaigner for human rights
1982
Alva Myrdal (Swedan), Alfonso García Robles (Mexico)- Awarded for their magnificent work in the disarmament negotiations of the United Nations, where they have both played crucial roles and won international recognition
1981
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)[U.N]- An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951
1980
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (Argentina)- Human rights leader;He founded non-violent human rights organizations to fight the military junta that was ruling his country (Argentina)
1979
Mother Teresa (Albania)- Founder of Missionaries of Charity
1978
Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat (Egypt), Menachem Begin (Israel)- Awarded for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"
1977
Amnesty International (U.K)- Awarded for protecting the human rights of prisoners of conscience
1976
Betty Williams (U.K), Mairead Corrigan (U.K)- Founders of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)
1975
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (U.S.S.R)- Awarded for his struggle for human rights, for disarmament, and for cooperation between all nations
1974
Seán MacBride (Ireland)-President of the International Peace Bureau; President of the Commission of Namibia. Awarded for his strong interest in human rights: piloting the European Convention on Human Rights through the Council of Europe, helping found and then lead Amnesty International and serving as secretary-general of the International Commission of Jurists
Eisaku Sato (Japan)-Prime Minister of Japan; Awarded for his renunciation of the nuclear option for Japan and his efforts to further regional reconciliation
1973
Henry A. Kissinger (U.S.A),Le Duc Tho (North Vietnam)- Awarded for the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam war and a withdrawal of the American forces
1972
Not awarded this year
1971
Willy Brandt (West Germany)-Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; Awarded for West Germany's Ostpolitik
1970
Norman E. Borlaug (U.S.A)- Awarded for his contributions to the "green revolution" that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America
1969
International Labour Organization (I.L.O.)[U.N]- Awarded to International Labour Organization
1968
René Cassin (France)- President of the European Court for Human Rights
1967
Not awarded this year
1966
Not awarded this year
1965
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) [U.N]- An international aid organization
1964
Martin Luther King Jr. (U.S.A)- Awarded for his Campaigner for civil rights,first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence
1963
International Committee of the Red Cross (Switzerland), League of Red Cross Societies(Switzerland)- Awarded for their work in the protection of human rights in the ICRC's 100 years of existence
1962
Linus Carl Pauling (U.S.A)- Awarded for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing
1961
Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld (Swedan)- Secretary General of the U.N.,awarded for strengthening the organization
1960
Albert John Lutuli (South Africa)- President of the African National Congress, he was in the very forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa
1959
Philip J. Noel-Baker (U.K)- Member of Parliament; lifelong ardent worker for international peace and co-operation
1958
Georges Pire (Belgium)- Father in the Dominican Order; Leader of the relief organization for refugees
1957
Lester Bowles Pearson (Canada)- Awarded for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations
1956
Not awarded this year
1955
Not awarded this year
1954
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) [Switzerland]- An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951
1953
George Catlett Marshall (U.S.A)- General President American Red Cross; Former Secretary of State and of Defense; Delegate U.N.; Originator of the "Marshall Plan
1952
Albert Schweitzer (France)- Missionary surgeon; Founder of Lambaréné (République de Gabon)
1951
Léon Jouhaux (France)- President of the International Committee of the European Council, vice president of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, vice president of the World Federation of Trade Unions, member of the ILO Council, delegate to the United Nations
1950
Ralph Bunche (U.S.A)- Professor, Harvard University Cambridge, MA; Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948
1949
Lord (John) Boyd Orr of Brechin (U.K)- Physician; Alimentary Politician; Prominent organizer and Director, General Food and Agricultural Organization; President, National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations
1948
Not awarded this year due to the absence of suitable Candidates.A tribute to the recently-assassinated Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) of India, since the prize cannot be awarded posthumously.
1947
Friends Service Council (The Quakers) [U.K], American Friends Service Committee (The Quakers) [U.S.A]- Awarded for compassion for others and the desire to help them
1946
Emily Greene Balch (U.S.A)- Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
John Raleigh Mott (U.S.A)- Chairman, International Missionary Council; President, World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations
1945
Cordell Hull (U.S.A)- Awarded for his fight against isolationism at home, his efforts to create a peace bloc of states on the American continents, and his work for the United Nations Organization
1944
International Committee of the Red Cross (Switzerland)- Awarded for the great work it has performed during the war in behalf of humanity
1943
Not awarded this year
1942
Not awarded this year
1941
Not awarded this year
1940
Not awarded this year
1939
Not awarded this year
1938
Nansen International Office for Refugees (Switzerland) - Awarded for its work in aiding refugees
1937
Cecil of Chelwood, Viscount (Robert Cecil) (U.K)- Awarded for his work with the League of Nations
1936
Carlos Saavedra Lamas (Argentina)- Awarded for his mediation of an end to the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia
1935
Carl von Ossietzky (Germany)- Awarded for his struggle against Germany's rearmament
1934
Arthur Henderson (U.K)- Awarded for his work for the League, particularly its efforts in disarmament
1933
Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane) [U.K]- Awarded for authoring The Great Illusion and for being a "supporter of the League of Nations as well as an influential publicist and educator for peace in general
1932
Not awarded this year
1931
Jane Addams (U.S.A)- Awarded for her social reform work" and "leading the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
Nicholas Murray Butler (U.S.A)- Awarded for his promotion of the Briand-Kellogg pact" and for his work as the "leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement
1930
Nathan Söderblom (Swedan)- Awarded for his efforts to involve the churches not only in work for ecumenical unity, but also for world peace
1929
Frank Billings Kellogg (U.S.A)- Awarded for the Kellogg-Briand pact, whose signatories agreed to settle all conflicts by peaceful means and renounced war as an instrument of national policy
1928
Not awarded this year
1927
Ferdinand Buisson (France), Ludwig Quidde (Germany)- Awarded for contributions to Franco-German popular reconciliation
1926
Aristide Briand (France), Gustav Stresemann (Germany)- Awarded for work on the Locarno Treaties
1925
Sir Austen Chamberlain (U.K)- Awarded for work on the Locarno Treaties
Charles Gates Dawes (U.S.A)- Awarded for work on the Dawes Plan for German reparations which was seen as having provided the economic underpinning of the Locarno Pact of 1925
1924
Not awarded this year
1923
Not awarded this year
1922
Fridtjof Nansen (Norway)- Awarded for his work in aiding the millions in Russia struggling against famine" and "his work for the refugees in Asia Minor and Thrace
1921
Karl Hjalmar Branting (Swedan)- Awarded for his work in the League of Nations
Christian Lous Lange (Norway)- Awarded for his work as the first secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee" and "the secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union
1920
Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois (France)- Awarded for his participation in both the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907" and for his work towards "what became the League to such an extent that he was frequently called its 'spiritual father
1919
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (U.S.A)- Awarded for his crucial role in establishing the League
1918
Not awarded this year
1917
International Committee of the Red Cross (Switzerland)- Awarded for undertaking the tremendous task of trying to protect the rights of the many prisoners of war on all sides (of World War I), including their right to establish contacts with their families
1916
Not awarded this year
1915
Not awarded this year
1914
Not awarded this year.
1913
Henri La Fontaine (Belgium)- Awarded for his work as head of the International Peace Bureau
1912
Elihu Root (U.S.A)- Awarded for his strong interest in international arbitration and for his plan for a world court
1911
Tobias Michael Carel Asser (Netherlands)- Awarded for being a member of the Court of Arbitration as well as the initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law
Alfred Hermann Fried (Austria)- Awarded for his work as founder of the German Peace Society
1910
Permanent International Peace Bureau (Switzerland)- Awarded for acting as a link between the peace societies of the various countries
1909
Auguste Marie François Beernaert (Belgium)- Awarded for being a representative to the two Hague conferences, and a leading figure in the Inter-Parliamentary Union
Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant (France)- Awarded For combined diplomatic work for Franco-German and Franco-British understanding with a distinguished career in international arbitration
1908
Klas Pontus Arnoldson (Swedan)- Awarded for his work as founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration League
Fredrik Bajer (Denmark)- Awarded for being the foremost peace advocate in Scandinavia, combining work in the Inter-Parliamentary Union with being the first president of the International Peace Bureau
1907
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta (Italy)- Awarded for his work as a key leader of the Italian peace movement
Louis Renault (France)- Awarded for his work as a leading French international jurist and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague
1906
Theodore Roosevelt (U.S.A)- Awarded for his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration, having provided the Hague arbitration court with its very first case
1905
Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von Suttner, née Countess Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau (Austria-Hungary)- Awarded for authoring Lay Down Your Arms and contributing to the creation of the Prize
1904
Institute of International Law (Belgium)- Awarded for its efforts as an unofficial body to formulate the general principles of the science of international law
1903
William Randal Cremer (U.K)- Awarded for his role as the the 'first father' of the Inter-Parliamentary Union
1902
Élie Ducommun (Switzerland)- Awarded for his role as the first honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau
Charles Albert Gobat (Switzerland)- Awarded For his role as the first Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union
1901
Jean Henry Dunant (Switzerland)- Awarded for his role in founding the International Committee of the Red Cross
Frédéric Passy (France)- Awarded for being one of the main founders of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and also the main organizer of the first Universal Peace Congress

Nobel prize winners in Chemistry; Complete list from 1901 to 2013

2013-10-11T19:00:00.000+05:30

Nobel prize in Chemistry is annually awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.It is given to the scientists with Outstanding contributions in various fields of chemistry.The first Nobel Prize for Chemistry was given in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff of Netherlands for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions.An Indo-American,Venkataraman Ramakrishnan,has shared Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Thomas Steitz and Ada Yonath for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome in 2009.The complete list of Nobel prize winners for chemistry is given below.
Nobel prize for Chemistry for the year 2013

The Nobel prize for Chemistry for the year 2013 was given jointly to three US based scientists, Martin Karplus (US and Austrian citizen), Michael Levitt (British and US citizen) and Arieh Warshel (US and Israeli citizen) for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems.
2012
Robert J. Lefkowitz (U.S.A), Brian K. Kobilka (U.S.A)- Awarded for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors
2011
Dan Shechtman (Israel)- Awarded for the discovery of quasicrystals
2010
Richard F. Heck (U.S.A), Ei-ichi Negishi (U.S.A), Akira Suzuki (Japan)- Awarded for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis
2009
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (U.S.A/ India), Thomas A. Steitz (U.S.A), Ada E. Yonath (Israel)- Awarded for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome
2008
Osamu Shimomura (Japan), Martin Chalfie (U.S.A), Roger Y. Tsien (U.S.A)- Awarded for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP
2007
Gerhard Ertl (Germany)- Awarded for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces
2006
Roger D. Kornberg (U.S.A)- Awarded for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription
2005
Yves Chauvin (France), Robert H. Grubbs (U.S.A), Richard R. Schrock (U.S.A)- Awarded for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis
2004
Aaron Ciechanover (Israel), Avram Hershko (Israel), Irwin Rose (U.S.A)- Awarded for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
2003
Peter Agre (U.S.A)- Awarded for the discovery of water channels
Roderick MacKinnon (U.S.A)- Awarded for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels
2002
John B. Fenn (U.S.A), Koichi Tanaka (Japan)- Awarded for for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules
Kurt Wüthrich (Switzerland)- Awarded for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution
2001
William S. Knowles (U.S.A), Ryoji Noyori (Japan)- Awarded for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions
K. Barry Sharpless (U.S.A)- Awarded for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions
2000
Alan J. Heeger (U.S.A), Alan G. MacDiarmid (U.S.A/ Newzealand), Hideki Shirakawa (Japan)- Awarded for their discovery and development of conductive polymers
1999
Ahmed H. Zewail (Egypt/ U.S.A)- Awarded for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy
1998
Walter Kohn (U.S.A)- Awarded for his development of the density-functional theory
John A. Pople (U.K)- Awarded for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry
1997
Paul D. Boyer (U.S.A), John E. Walker (U.K)- Awarded for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Jens C. Skou (Denmark)- Awarded for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase
1996
Robert F. Curl Jr. (U.S.A), Sir Harold W. Kroto (U.K), Richard E. Smalley (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discovery of fullerenes
1995
Paul J. Crutzen (Netherlands), Mario J. Molina (U.S.A), F. Sherwood Rowland (U.S.A)- Awarded for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone
1994
George A. Olah (U.S.A/ Hungary)- Awarded for his contribution to carbocation chemistry
1993
Kary B. Mullis (U.S.A)- Awarded for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method
Michael Smith (Canada)- Awarded for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies
1992
Rudolph A. Marcus (U.S.A)- Awarded for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems
1991
Richard R. Ernst (Switzerland)- Awarded for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
1990
Elias James Corey (U.S.A)- Awarded for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis
1989
Sidney Altman (Canada/ U.S.A), Thomas R. Cech (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA
1988
Johann Deisenhofer (West Germany), Robert Huber (West Germany), Hartmut Michel (West Germany)- Awarded for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre
1987
Donald J. Cram (U.S.A), Jean-Marie Lehn (France), Charles J. Pedersen (U.S.A)- Awarded for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity
1986
Dudley R. Herschbach (U.S.A), Yuan T. Lee (U.S.A/ Taiwan) , John C. Polanyi (Canada/ Hungary)- Awarded for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes
1985
Herbert A. Hauptman (U.S.A), Jerome Karle (U.S.A)- Awarded for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures
1984
Robert Bruce Merrifield (U.S.A)- Awarded for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix
1983
Henry Taube (U.S.A)- Awarded for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes
1982
Aaron Klug (U.K)- Awarded for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes
1981
Kenichi Fukui (Japan), Roald Hoffmann (U.S.A)- Awarded for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions
1980
Paul Berg (U.S.A)- Awarded for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA
Walter Gilbert (U.S.A), Frederick Sanger (U.K)- Awarded for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids
1979
Herbert C. Brown (U.S.A), Georg Wittig (West Germany)- Awarded for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis
1978
Peter D. Mitchell (U.K)- Awarded for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory
1977
Ilya Prigogine (Belgium)- Awarded for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures
1976
William N. Lipscomb (U.S.A)- Awarded for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding
1975
John Warcup Cornforth (Australia/ United Kingdom)- Awarded for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
Vladimir Prelog (Yugoslavia/ Switzerland)- Awarded for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions
1974
Paul J. Flory (U.S.A)- Awarded for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules
1973
Ernst Otto Fischer (West Germany), Geoffrey Wilkinson (U.K)- Awarded for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds
1972
Christian B. Anfinsen (U.S.A)-- Awarded for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation
Stanford Moore (U.S.A), William H. Stein (U.S.A)- Awarded for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule
1971
Gerhard Herzberg (Canada)- Awarded for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals
1970
Luis F. Leloir (Argentina)- Awarded for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates
1969
Derek H. R. Barton (U.K), Odd Hassel (Norway)- Awarded for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry
1968
Lars Onsager (U.S.A)- Awarded for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes
1967
Manfred Eigen (West Germany), Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (U.K), George Porter (U.K)- Awarded for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy
1966
Robert S. Mulliken (U.S.A)- Awarded for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method
1965
Robert Burns Woodward (U.S.A)- Awarded for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis
1964
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (U.K)- Awarded for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances
1963
Karl Ziegler (West Germany), Giulio Natta (Italy)- Awarded for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers
1962
Max Ferdinand Perutz (U.K), John Cowdery Kendrew (U.K)- Awarded for their studies of the structures of globular proteins
1961
Melvin Calvin (U.S.A)- Awarded for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants
1960
Willard Frank Libby (U.S.A)- Awarded for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science
1959
Jaroslav Heyrovsky (Czechoslovakia)- Awarded for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis
1958
Frederick Sanger (U.K)- Awarded for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin
1957
Lord (Alexander R.) Todd (U.K)- Awarded for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes
1956
Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (U.K), Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (U.S.S.R)- Awarded for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions
1955
Vincent du Vigneaud (U.S.A)- Awarded for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone
1954
Linus Carl Pauling (U.S.A)- Awarded for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances
1953
Hermann Staudinger (West Germany)- Awarded for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry
1952
Archer John Porter Martin (U.K), Richard Laurence Millington Synge (U.K)- Awarded for their invention of partition chromatography
1951
Edwin Mattison McMillan (U.S.A), Glenn Theodore Seaborg (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements
1950
Otto Paul Hermann Diels (West Germany), Kurt Alder (West Germany)- Awarded for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis
1949
William Francis Giauque (U.S.A)- Awarded for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures
1948
Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (Swedan)- Awarded for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins
1947
Sir Robert Robinson (U.K)- Awarded for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids
1946
James Batcheller Sumner (U.S.A)- Awarded for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized
John Howard Northrop (U.S.A), Wendell Meredith Stanley (U.S.A)- Awarded for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form
1945
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (Finland)- Awarded for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method
1944
Otto Hahn (Germany)- Awarded for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei
1943
George de Hevesy (Hungary)- Awarded for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes
1942
Not awarded this year.
1941
Not awarded this year.
1940
Not awarded this year.
1939
Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (Germany)- Awarded for his work on sex hormones
Leopold Ruzicka (Croatia)- Awarded for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes
1938
Richard Kuhn (Germany)- Awarded for his work on carotenoids and vitamins
1937
Walter Norman Haworth (U.K)- Awarded for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C
Paul Karrer (Switzerland)- Awarded for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2
1936
Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye (Netherlands)- Awarded for his work on molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases
1935
Frédéric Joliot (France), Irène Joliot-Curie (France)- Awarded for their synthesis of new radioactive elements
1934
Harold Clayton Urey (U.S.A)- Awarded for his discovery of heavy hydrogen
1933
Not awarded this year.
1932
Irving Langmuir (U.S.A)- Awarded for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry
1931
Carl Bosch (Germany), Friedrich Bergius (Germany)- Awarded for their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods
1930
Hans Fischer (Germany)- Awarded for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin
1929
Arthur Harden (U.K), Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (Germany)- Awarded for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes
1928
Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (Germany)- Awarded for his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins
1927
Heinrich Otto Wieland (Germany)- Awarded for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances
1926
The (Theodor) Svedberg (Swedan)- Awarded for his work on disperse systems
1925
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (Germany/ Hungary)- Awarded for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used
1924
Not awarded this year.
1923
Fritz Pregl (Austria)- Awarded for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances
1922
Francis William Aston (U.K)- Awarded for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule
1921
Frederick Soddy (U.K)- Awarded for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes
1920
Walther Hermann Nernst (Germany)- Awarded his work in thermochemistry
1919
Not awarded this year.
1918
Fritz Haber (Germany)- Awarded for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements
1917
Not awarded this year.
1916
Not awarded this year.
1915
Richard Martin Willstätter (Germany)- Awarded for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll
1914
Theodore William Richards (U.S)- Awarded for his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements
1913
Alfred Werner (Switzerland)- Awarded in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry
1912
Victor Grignard (France)- Awarded for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry
Paul Sabatier (France)- Awarded for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals.
1911
Marie Curie, née Sklodowska (Poland/ France)- Awarded for the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element
1910
Otto Wallach (Germany)- Awarded for his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds
1909
Wilhelm Ostwald (Germany)- Awarded for his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction
1908
Ernest Rutherford (U.K/ New Zealand)- Awarded for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances
1907
Eduard Buchner (Germany)- Awarded for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation
1906
Henri Moissan (France)- Awarded for investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him
1905
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer (Germany)- Awarded for the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds
1904
Sir William Ramsay (U.K)- Awarded for discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system
1903
Svante August Arrhenius (Swedan)- Awarded for his electrolytic theory of dissociation
1902
Hermann Emil Fischer (Germany)- Awarded for his work on sugar and purine syntheses
1901
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (Netherlands)- Awarded for discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions

Nobel prize winners in Physics; From 1901 to 2013

2013-10-09T20:00:00.000+05:30

The Nobel Prizes in Physics are awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to the scientists for their outstanding contributions in physics.Various fields of physics are considered for Nobel prize.The first Nobel prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen of Germany for the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (C. V. Raman) and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won Nobel prize in Physics for India.

Nobel prize winners for Physics in 2013

The Nobel Prize in Physics for the year 2013 was awarded on 8th October 2013 to François Englert and Peter W. Higgs jointly for their contributions for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of sub atomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hardon Collider.
2012
Serge Haroche (France), David J. Wineland (U.S.A)-Awarded for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems
2011
Saul Perlmutter (U.S.A), Brian P. Schmidt (U.S.A), Adam G. Riess (U.S.A)-Awarded for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae
2010
Andre Geim (Russia), Konstantin Novoselov (Russia)-Awarded for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene
2009
Charles Kuen Kao (U.K/ China)-Awarded for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication
Willard S. Boyle (U.S.A), George E. Smith (U.S.A)-Awarded for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor
2008
Yoichiro Nambu (U.S.A)-Awarded for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics
Makoto Kobayashi (Japan), Toshihide Maskawa (Japan)-Awarded for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature
2007
Albert Fert (France), Peter Grünberg (Germany)-Awarded for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance
2006
John C. Mather (U.S.A), George F. Smoot (U.S.A)-Awarded for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation
2005
Roy J. Glauber (U.S.A)-Awarded for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence
John L. Hall (U.S.A), Theodor W. Hänsch (Germany)-Awarded for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique
2004
David J. Gross (U.S.A), H. David Politzer (U.S.A), Frank Wilczek (U.S.A)-Awarded for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction
2003
Alexei A. Abrikosov (U.S.A/ Russia), Vitaly L. Ginzburg (Russia), Anthony J. Leggett (U.K/ U.S.A)-Awarded for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids
2002
Raymond Davis Jr. (U.S.A), Masatoshi Koshiba (Japan)-Awarded for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos
Riccardo Giacconi (Italy)-Awarded for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources
2001
Eric A. Cornell (U.S.A), Wolfgang Ketterle (Germany), Carl E. Wieman (U.S.A)-Awarded for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates
2000
Zhores I. Alferov (Russia), Herbert Kroemer (Germany)-Awarded for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics
Jack S. Kilby (U.S.A)-Awarded for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit
1999
Gerardus 't Hooft (Netherlands), Martinus J.G. Veltman (Netherlands)-Awarded for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics
1998
Robert B. Laughlin (U.S.A), Horst L. Störmer (U.S.A), Daniel C. Tsui (U.S.A)-Awarded for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations
1997
Steven Chu (U.S.A), Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (France), William D. Phillips (U.S.A)-Awarded for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light
1996
David M. Lee (U.S.A), Douglas D. Osheroff (U.S.A), Robert C. Richardson (U.S.A)-Awarded for their discovery of superfluidity in helium
1995
Martin L. Perl (U.S.A)-Awarded for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics
Frederick Reines (U.S.A)-Awarded for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics
1994
Bertram N. Brockhouse (Canada)-Awarded for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter
Clifford G. Shull (U.S.A)-Awarded for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter
1993
Russell A. Hulse (U.S.A), Joseph H. Taylor Jr. (U.S.A)-Awarded for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation
1992
Georges Charpak (Poland/ France)-Awarded for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber
1991
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (France)-Awarded for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers
1990
Jerome I. Friedman (U.S.A), Henry W. Kendall (U.S.A), Richard E. Taylor (Canada)-Awarded for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics
1989
Norman F. Ramsey (U.S.A)-Awarded for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks
Hans G. Dehmelt (Germany/ U.S.A), Wolfgang Paul (Germany)-Awarded for the development of the ion trap technique
1988
Leon M. Lederman (U.S.A), Melvin Schwartz (U.S.A), Jack Steinberger (U.S.A)-Awarded for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino
1987
J. Georg Bednorz (West Germany), K. Alexander Müller (Switzerland)-Awarded for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials
1986
Ernst Ruska (West Germany)-Awarded for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope
Gerd Binnig (West Germany), Heinrich Rohrer (Switzerland)-Awarded for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope
1985
Klaus von Klitzing (West Germany)-Awarded for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect
1984
Carlo Rubbia (Itali), Simon van der Meer (Netherlands)-Awarded for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction
1983
Subramanyan Chandrasekhar (India/ U.S.A)-Awarded for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars
William Alfred Fowler (U.S.A)-Awarded for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe
1982
Kenneth G. Wilson (U.S.A)-Awarded for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions
1981
Nicolaas Bloembergen (U.S.A), Arthur Leonard Schawlow (U.S.A)-Awarded for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy
Kai M. Siegbahn (Swedan)-Awarded for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy
1980
James Watson Cronin (U.S.A), Val Logsdon Fitch (U.S.A)-Awarded for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons
1979
Sheldon Lee Glashow (U.S.A), Abdus Salam (Pakistan), Steven Weinberg (U.S.A)-Awarded for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current
1978
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (U.S.S.R)-Awarded for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics
Arno Allan Penzias (U.S.A), Robert Woodrow Wilson (U.S.A)-Awarded for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
1977
Philip Warren Anderson (U.S.A), Sir Nevill Francis Mott (U.K), John Hasbrouck van Vleck (U.S.A)-Awarded for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems
1976
Burton Richter (U.S.A), Samuel Chao Chung Ting (U.S.A)-Awarded for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind
1975
Aage Niels Bohr (Denmark), Ben Roy Mottelson (U.S.A/ Denmark), Leo James Rainwater (U.S.A)-Awarded for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection
1974
Sir Martin Ryle (U.K), Antony Hewish (U.K)-Awarded for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars
1973
Leo Esaki (Japan), Ivar Giaever (U.S.A)-Awarded for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively
Brian David Josephson (U.K)-Awarded for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect
1972
John Bardeen (U.S.A), Leon Neil Cooper (U.S.A), John Robert Schrieffer (U.S.A)-Awarded for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory
1971
Dennis Gabor (Hungary/ U.K)-Awarded for his invention and development of the holographic method
1970
Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén (Swedan)-Awarded for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics
Louis Eugène Félix Néel (France)-Awarded for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics
1969
Murray Gell-Mann (U.S.A)-Awarded for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions
1968
Luis Walter Alvarez (U.S.A)-Awarded for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis
1967
Hans Albrecht Bethe (U.S.A)-Awarded for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars
1966
Alfred Kastler (France)-Awarded for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms
1965
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga (Japan), Julian Schwinger (U.S.A), Richard P. Feynman (U.S.A)-Awarded for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles
1964
Charles Hard Townes (U.S.A), Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov (U.S.S.R), Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov (U.S.S.R)-Awarded for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle
1963
Eugene Paul Wigner (U.S.A)-Awarded for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles
Maria Goeppert Mayer (U.S.A), J. Hans D. Jensen (West Germany)-Awarded for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure
1962
Lev Davidovich Landau (U.S.S.R)-Awarded for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium
1961
Robert Hofstadter (U.S.A)-Awarded for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons
Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer (West Germany)-Awarded for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name
1960
Donald Arthur Glaser (U.S.A)-Awarded for the invention of the bubble chamber
1959
Emilio Gino Segrè (Italy), Owen Chamberlain (U.S.A)-Awarded for their discovery of the antiproton
1958
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (U.S.S.R), Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank (U.S.S.R), Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (U.S.S.R)-Awarded for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect
1957
Chen Ning Yang (China), Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee (China)-Awarded for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles
1956
William Bradford Shockley (U.S.A), John Bardeen (U.S.A), Walter Houser Brattain (U.S.A)-Awarded for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect
1955
Willis Eugene Lamb (U.S.A)-Awarded for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum
Polykarp Kusch (U.S.A)-Awarded for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron
1954
Max Born (U.K)-Awarded for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction
Walther Bothe (West Germany)-Awarded for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith
1953
Frits (Frederik) Zernike (Netherlands)-Awarded for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope
1952
Felix Bloch (U.S.A), Edward Mills Purcell (U.S.A)-Awarded for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith
1951
Sir John Douglas Cockcroft (U.K), Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (Ireland)-Awarded for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles
1950
Cecil Frank Powell (U.K)-Awarded for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method
1949
Hideki Yukawa (Japan)-Awarded for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces
1948
Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (U.K)-Awarded for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation
1947
Sir Edward Victor Appleton (U.K)-Awarded for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer
1946
Percy Williams Bridgman (U.S.A)-Awarded for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics
1945
Wolfgang Pauli (Austria)-Awarded for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle
1944
Isidor Isaac Rabi (U.S.A)-Awarded for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei
1943
Otto Stern (U.S.A)-Awarded for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton
1942
Not awarded this year.
1941
Not awarded this year.
1940
Not awarded this year.
1939
Ernest Orlando Lawrence (U.S.A)-Awarded for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements
1938
Enrico Fermi (Italy)-Awarded for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons
1937
Clinton Joseph Davisson (U.S.A), George Paget Thomson (U.K)-Awarded for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals
1936
Victor Franz Hess (Austria)-Awarded for his discovery of cosmic radiation
Carl David Anderson (U.s)-Awarded for his discovery of the positron
1935
James Chadwick (U.K)-Awarded for the discovery of the neutron
1934
Not awarded this year.
1933
Erwin Schrödinger (Austria), Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (U.K)-Awarded for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory
1932
Werner Karl Heisenberg (Germany)-Awarded for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen
1931
Not awarded this year.
1930
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (India)-Awarded for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him
1929
Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie (France)-Awarded for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons
1928
Owen Willans Richardson (U.K)-Awarded for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him
1927
Arthur Holly Compton (U.S.A)-Awarded for his discovery of the effect named after him
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (U.K)-Awarded for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour
1926
Jean Baptiste Perrin (France)-Awarded for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium
1925
James Franck (Germany), Gustav Ludwig Hertz (Germany)-Awarded for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom
1924
Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn (Swedan)-Awarded for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy
1923
Robert Andrews Millikan (U.S.A)-Awarded for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect
1922
Niels Henrik David Bohr (Denmark)-Awarded for his services in the investigation of the structure of [[atom]s and of the radiation emanating from them
1921
Albert Einstein (Germany)-Awarded for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect
1920
Charles Edouard Guillaume (Switzerland)-Awarded for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys
1919
Johannes Stark (Germany)-Awarded for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields
1918
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (Germany)-Awarded for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta
1917
Charles Glover Barkla (U.K)-Awarded for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements",[23] another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy
1916
Not awarded this year.
Sir William Henry Bragg (U.K), William Lawrence Bragg (U.K)-Awarded for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays",[22] an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography
1914
Max von Laue (Germany)-Awarded for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals",[21] an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy
1913
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Netherlands)-Awarded for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium
1912
Nils Gustaf Dalén (Swedan)-Awarded for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys
1911
Wilhelm Wien (Germany)-Awarded for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat
1910
Johannes Diderik van der Waals (Netherlands)-Awarded for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids
1909
Guglielmo Marconi (Italy), Karl Ferdinand Braun (Germany)-Awarded for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy
1908
Gabriel Lippmann (France)-Awarded for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference
1907
Albert Abraham Michelson (U.S.A)-Awarded for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid
1906
Joseph John Thomson (U.K)-Awarded for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases
1905
Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (Germany/ Hungary)-Awarded for his work on cathode rays
1904
Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt) [U.K]-Awarded for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies
1903
Antoine Henri Becquerel (France)-Awarded for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity
Pierre Curie (France), Marie Curie (Poland/ France), née Sklodowska-Awarded for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel
1902
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (Netherlands), Pieter Zeeman (Netherlands)-Awarded in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena
1901
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (Germany)-Awarded in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him

Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine; Complete list from 1901 to 2013

2013-10-08T21:00:00.000+05:30

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. It is awarded annually by the Swedish Karolinska Institute to scientists and doctors for their outstanding contributions in the various fields of physiology or medicine. The award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members and an executive secretary elected by the Karolinska Institute. The first Nobel prize in physiology or medicine was awarded to Emil Adolf von Behring of Germany in 1901 for his work on serum therapy. Hargobind Khorana a person of Indian origin [Dr Khorana was born in Raipur, Punjab (now in Pakistan)] was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1968. Ronald Ross, foreign citizens born in India won the nobel prize for medicine in 1902.
2013
The Nobel prize for Physiology or Medicine for current year (2013) has been awarded to three scientists of United States for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic,
a major transport system in our cells. They are James. E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Sudhof.

Nobel Prize winners for Physiology or Medicine for year 2013

2012
Sir John B. Gurdon (U.K), Shinya Yamanaka (Japan)- Awarded for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent
2011
Bruce A. Beutler (U.S.A), Jules A. Hoffmann (France)-Awarded for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity
Ralph M. Steinman (Canada/ U.S.A)- Awarded for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity (posthumously awarded).
2010
Robert G. Edwards (U.K)- Awarded for the development of in vitro fertilization
2009
Elizabeth H. Blackburn (U.S.A/ Australia), Carol W. Greider (U.S.A), Jack W. Szostak (U.S.A)- Awarded for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
2008
Harald zur Hausen (Germany)- Awarded for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (France), Luc Montagnier (France)- Awarded for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus
2007
Mario R. Capecchi (U.S.A), Sir Martin J. Evans (U.K), Oliver Smithies (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
2006
Andrew Z. Fire (U.S.A), Craig C. Mello (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
2005
Barry J. Marshall (Australia), J. Robin Warren (Australia)- Awarded for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
2004
Richard Axel (U.S.A), Linda B. Buck (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system
2003
Paul C. Lauterbur (U.S.A), Sir Peter Mansfield (U.K)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging
2002
Sydney Brenner (U.K), H. Robert Horvitz (U.S.A), John E. Sulston (U.K)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
2001
Leland H. Hartwell (U.S.A), Tim Hunt (U.K), Sir Paul M. Nurse (U.K)- Awarded for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle
2000
Arvid Carlsson (Swedan), Paul Greengard (U.S.A), Eric R. Kandel (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system
1999
Günter Blobel (U.S.A)- Awarded for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell
1998
Robert F. Furchgott (U.S.A), Louis J. Ignarro (U.S.A), Ferid Murad (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system
1997
Stanley B. Prusiner (U.S.A)- Awarded for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection
1996
Peter C. Doherty (Australia), Rolf M. Zinkernagel (Switzerland)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence
1995
Edward B. Lewis (U.S.A), Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (West Germany), Eric F. Wieschaus (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development
1994
Alfred G. Gilman (U.S.A), Martin Rodbell (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells
1993
Richard J. Roberts (U.K), Phillip A. Sharp (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries of split genes
1992
Edmond H. Fischer (Switzerland/ U.S.A), Edwin G. Krebs (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism
1991
Erwin Neher (West Germany), Bert Sakmann (West Germany)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells
1990
Joseph E. Murray (U.S.A), E. Donnall Thomas (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease
1989
J. Michael Bishop (U.S.A), Harold E. Varmus (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes
1988
Sir James W. Black (U.K), Gertrude B. Elion (U.S.A), George H. Hitchings (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment
1987
Susumu Tonegawa (Japan)- Awarded for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity
1986
Stanley Cohen (U.S.A), Rita Levi-Montalcini (Italy/ U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries of growth factors
1985
Michael S. Brown (U.S.A), Joseph L. Goldstein (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism
1984
Niels K. Jerne (Denmark), Georges J.F. Köhler (West Germany), César Milstein (Argentina/ U.K)- Awarded for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies
1983
Barbara McClintock (U.S.A)- Awarded for her discovery of mobile genetic elements
1982
Sune K. Bergström (Swedan), Bengt I. Samuelsson (Swedan), John R. Vane (U.K)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances
1981
Roger W. Sperry (U.S.A)- Awarded for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres
David H. Hubel (U.S.A), Torsten N. Wiesel (Swedan)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system
1980
Baruj Benacerraf (Venezuela/ U.S.A), Jean Dausset (France), George D. Snell (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions
1979
Allan M. Cormack (U.S.A), Godfrey N. Hounsfield (U.K)- Awarded for the development of computer assisted tomography
1978
Werner Arber (Switzerland), Daniel Nathans (U.S.A), Hamilton O. Smith (U.S.A)- Awarded for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics
1977
Roger Guillemin (U.S.A), Andrew V. Schally (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain
Rosalyn Yalow (U.S.A)- Awarded for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones
1976
Baruch S. Blumberg (U.S.A), D. Carleton Gajdusek (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases
1975
David Baltimore (U.S.A), Renato Dulbecco (Italy/ U.S.A), Howard Martin Temin (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell
1974
Albert Claude (Belgium), Christian de Duve (Belgium), George E. Palade (Romania/ U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell
1973
Karl von Frisch (West Germany), Konrad Lorenz (Austria), Nikolaas Tinbergen (U.K)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns
1972
Gerald M. Edelman (U.S.A), Rodney R. Porter (U.K)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies
1971
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. (U.S.A)- Awarded for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones
1970
Sir Bernard Katz (U.K), Ulf von Euler (Swedan), Julius Axelrod (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation
1969
Max Delbrück (U.S.A), Alfred D. Hershey (U.S.A), Salvador E. Luria (Italy/ U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses
1968
Robert W. Holley (U.S.A), Har Gobind Khorana (India), Marshall W. Nirenberg (U.S.A)- Awarded for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis
1967
Ragnar Granit (Finland/ Swedan), Haldan Keffer Hartline (U.S.A), George Wald (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye
1966
Peyton Rous (U.S.A)- Awarded for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses
Charles Brenton Huggins (U.S.A)- Awarded for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer
1965
François Jacob (France), André Lwoff (France), Jacques Monod (France)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis
1964
Konrad Bloch (U.S.A), Feodor Lynen (West Germany)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
1963
Sir John Carew Eccles (Australia), Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (U.K), Andrew Fielding Huxley (U.K)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane
1962
Francis Harry Compton Crick (U.K), James Dewey Watson (U.S.A), Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins (Newzealand/ U.K)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material
1961
Georg von Békésy (U.S.A)- Awarded for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea
1960
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet (Australia), Peter Brian Medawar (U.K)- Awarded for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance
1959
Severo Ochoa (Spain/ U.S.A), Arthur Kornberg (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid
1958
George Wells Beadle (U.S.A), Edward Lawrie Tatum (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events
Joshua Lederberg (U.S.A)- Awarded for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria
1957
Daniel Bovet (Italy)- Awarded for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles
1956
André Frédéric Cournand (U.S.A), Werner Forssmann (West Germany), Dickinson W. Richards (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system
1955
Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell (Swedan)- Awarded for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes
1954
John Franklin Enders (U.S.A), Thomas Huckle Weller (U.S.A), Frederick Chapman Robbins (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue
1953
Hans Adolf Krebs (U.K)- Awarded for his discovery of the citric acid cycle
Fritz Albert Lipmann (U.S.A)- Awarded for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism
1952
Selman Abraham Waksman (U.S.A)- Awarded for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis
1951
Max Theiler (South Africa)- Awarded for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it
1950
Edward Calvin Kendall (U.S.A), Tadeus Reichstein (Switzerland), Philip Showalter Hench (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects
1949
Walter Rudolf Hess (Switzerland)- Awarded for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs
Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (Portugal)- Awarded for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses
1948
Paul Hermann Müller (Switzerland)- Awarded for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods
1947
Carl Ferdinand Cori (U.S.A), Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz, (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen
Bernardo Alberto Houssay (Argentina)- Awarded for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar
1946
Hermann Joseph Muller (U.S.A)- Awarded for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation
1945
Sir Alexander Fleming (U.K), Ernst Boris Chain (U.K), Sir Howard Walter Florey (Austria)- Awarded for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
1944
Joseph Erlanger (U.S.A), Herbert Spencer Gasser (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres
1943
Henrik Carl Peter Dam (Denmark)- Awarded for his discovery of vitamin K
Edward Adelbert Doisy (U.S.A)- Awarded for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"
1942
Not awarded this year.
1941
Not awarded this year.
1940
Not awarded this year.
1939
Gerhard Domagk (Germany)- Awarded for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil
1938
Corneille Jean François Heymans (Belgium)- Awarded for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration
1937
Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrápolt (Hungary)- Awarded for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid
1936
Sir Henry Hallett Dale (U.K) , Otto Loewi (Austria)- Awarded for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses
1935
Hans Spemann (Germany)- Awarded for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development
1934
George Hoyt Whipple (U.S.A), George Richards Minot (U.S.A), William Parry Murphy (U.S.A)- Awarded for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia
1933
Thomas Hunt Morgan (U.S.A)- Awarded for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity
1932
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (U.K), Edgar Douglas Adrian (U.K)- Awarded for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons
1931
Otto Heinrich Warburg (Germany)- Awarded for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme
1930
Karl Landsteiner (Austria)- Awarded for his discovery of human blood groups
1929
Christiaan Eijkman (Netherlands)- Awarded for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (U.K)- Awarded for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins
1928
Charles Jules Henri Nicolle (France)- Awarded for his work on typhus
1927
Julius Wagner-Jauregg (Austria)- Awarded for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica
1926
Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger (Denmark)- Awarded for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma
1925
Not awarded this year.
1924
Willem Einthoven (Netherlands)- Awarded for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram
1923
Frederick Grant Banting (Canada), John James Rickard Macleod (Canada)- Awarded for the discovery of insulin
1922
Archibald Vivian Hill (U.K)- Awarded for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle
Otto Fritz Meyerhof (Germany)- Awarded for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle
1921
Not awarded this year.
1920
Schack August Steenberg Krogh (Denmark)- Awarded for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism
1919
Jules Bordet (Belgium)- Awarded
1918
Not awarded this year.
1917
Not awarded this year.
1916
Not awarded this year.
1915
Not awarded this year.
1914
Robert Bárány (Austria)- Awarded for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus
1913
Charles Robert Richet (France)- Awarded for his work on anaphylaxis
1912
Alexis Carrel (France)- Awarded for his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs
1911
Allvar Gullstrand (Swedan)- Awarded for his work on the dioptrics of the eye
1910
Albrecht Kossel (Germany)- Awarded in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances
1909
Emil Theodor Kocher (Switzerland))- Awarded for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland
1908
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Russia), Paul Ehrlich (Germany)- Awarded in recognition of their work on immunity
1907
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (France)- Awarded in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases
1906
Camillo Golgi (Italy), Santiago Ramón y Cajal (Spain)- Awarded in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system
1905
Robert Koch (Germany)-Awarded for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis
1904
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (Russia)- Awarded in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged
1903
Niels Ryberg Finsen (Denmark)- Awarded for his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science
1902
Ronald Ross (U.K)- Awarded for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it
1901
Emil Adolf von Behring (Germany)- Awarded for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths

How to link your aadhaar number with gas connection for subsidy

2013-10-06T14:08:00.000+05:30

India's major gas companies Indane, Bharat Gas and HP Gas have introduced subsidy sharing to customers through aadhaar linked bank account (Direct Benefit Transfer). More States and districts will come under the scheme on coming days. So it is necessary to link your aadhaar to gas agency and to your bank account. There are several ways to link your gas account to aadhaar.

The first one is to fill in the application form and submit it directly to your gas distributor.

Then link your bank account to aadhaar using the following form. You have to produce a copy of your aadhaar letter at the time of submission.

The second one is the online seeding process.

Go to aadhaar seeding website

Click on 'Start Now' button
Now you are on the seeding application window.

In step 1,
First select your 'State'
Then select 'District'
In step 2,
Choose 'benefit type' (LPG)
Then select 'scheme name' (BPCL/ HPCL/ IOCL)
Select your 'distributor name'
Then enter your consumer number. Now your name will be appear on right side of the box.
Now go to Step 3,
Enter your email id, mobile number and aadhaar number on prescribed columns.
Then click on 'submit'.
Now you will be asked for confirmation.
Click on 'OK'
At this stage you will receive a four digit pin number on your mobile phone and email id.
Enter your pin number on next page. Then do as per the instructions. You have done.
After this don't forget to link your aadhaar to your bank account.

The third way to link your aadhaar account with your gas connection is through IVRS or sending SMS in the following format

UID Aadhaar number

BPCL/ Bharat gas consumers send SMS to
57333 (All India)
52725 (Vodafone, MTNL, Idea, Airtel & Tata users

HPCL/ HP Gas consumers use the following numbers

States / Areas             Phone Number

Andhra Pradesh             96660 23456
Bihar & Jharkhand         95071 23456
Delhi & NCR             99909 23456
Gujarat             98244 23456
Kerala                 99610 23456
Karnataka             99640 23456
Maharashtra & Goa         88888 23456
Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh     96690 23456
Odisha                 90909 23456
Punjab                 98556 23456
Rajasthan             78910 23456
Tamil Nadu             90922 23456
Puducherry             90922 23456
Uttar Pradesh             98896 23456
West Bengal             90888 23456

IOCL/ Indane consumers can use the numbers below

State         City             IVRS Number

Andhra Pradesh     Chittoor        9848824365
        Hyderabad        9848824365
        Tirupathi        9848824365
        Vijayawada        9848824365
        Vizag            9848824365

Bihar         Patna            9708024365

Delhi         Delhi            9911554411

Gujarat     Ahmedabad        9624365365
        Rajkot            9624365365
        Surat            9624365365

Haryana     Faridabad        9911554411

Jharkhand     Ranchi            9708024365

Karnataka     Bengaluru        8970024365

Kerala         Kochi            9961824365

Madhya Pradesh     Bhopal            9669124365
        Indore            9669124365
        Jabalpur        9669124365
        Nigari            Nil
        Padariya        Nil

Maharashtra     ALL            9223101260

Orissa         BHUBANESWAR        9090824365
        CUTTACK            9090824365

Punjab         Ludhiana        9781324365

Rajasthan     Jaipur            9785224365
        Jodhpur            9785224365

Tamil Nadu     Chennai            8124024365
        Coimbatore        8124024365
        Kallanai        8124024365
        NAGAMALAI PUDUKOTTAI    8124024365

UNION TERRITORY Chandigarh        9781324365

Uttar Pradesh     Agra            8726024365
        AHERIPUR        16G91
        Allahabad        8726024365
        Ghaziabad        9911554411
        Lucknow            8726024365
        Noida            9911554411

West Bengal     kolkata            9088324365
        Siliguri        9088324365

After connecting your aadhaar account to your gas provider using any of the above said methods, wait for a few days and then visit the transparency portal of gas providers given below to check the status of your aadhaar linking.
Indane/ IOCL
Bharat Gas/ BPCL
HP Gas/ HPCL

E-Aadhaar; Check status and download online or through mobile

2013-10-05T20:47:00.003+05:30

As I said on my previous post in this topic, you will get aadhaar by post. But if you are not getting aadhaar even after three months you can check your aadhaar status in UID Portal. Here you have to enter your 14 digit EID number and date and time in 'dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. (You will get this from your enrollment slip). Then click on 'Check Status' button.

If your aadhaar is ready, then you can download e-aadhaar from portal. Go to the link. Then enter the enrollment number, date and time. Then enter the resident name. Then enter your pincod. After spam verification click on 'Submit'.
After entering the correct details you will be redirected to mobile verification cum confirmation page. You can enter the mobile number here. You will receive an one time pass word (OTP) on your mobile. You need to enter that number.
After this you will get an option to download e-aadhaar. Click on that. Now you will get aadhaar in a pdf file. Open the file. You will be asked for a password. Your Pincode is the password. After entering password you can see aadhaar card.
If you are unable to download your aadhaar through this method, there is an option to get aadhaar on your mobile.

Here enter your EID and date, time etc. Enter your mobile number. After entering security code click on 'Get OTP' to get one time password. Enter your one time password and submit. You will receive your aadhaar on mobile.

Aadhaar unique identification number; uses and how to get it

2013-10-05T20:31:00.001+05:30

Aadhaar is the brand name of UID issued by the Unique Identification Authority of India, an agency of India Government. It is an individual identification number consists of twelve digits and it can be used as an identity proof or address proof. Aadhaar number is unique and valid for the life time of that person.

Who is eligible to get aadhaar?

Any individual of India, irrespective of age and gender can get aadhaar. He or she must be a resident of India and must go through a verification process.

Uses of aadhaar?

Aadhaar is becoming very popular in India. It is getting the acceptability like PAN Card and Voters identity card. But many of us are unaware of the usages of aadhaar.
It is mainly an identity cum address proof. This is the simplest identity proof available and using this one can open bank accounts, book online tickets, take driving license, passport, telephone and mobile phone connections. It can also be used in several other government and non government services in India.
It ensures that a particular person is identified through out the country. As aadhaar is unique it eliminates the chances of duplication. It is also used for Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT), an anti-poverty program launched by the Government of India. One have to link aadhaar with gas connection and to bank account to get Subsidy.

How to apply for aadhaar card online

We can't apply for aadhar card online. Instead it is possible to apply for an online appointment (only available for selected aadhaar enrollment centres). Then you must physically go to the Aadhaar enrollment centre with aadhaar application form and supported documents.

At aadhaar enrollment center your photo, finger-prints and iris scan will be taken as a part of the enrollment. After that you will get an acknowledgment slip and a temporary enrollment number (EID). You can enroll only once for UID. You will get aadhaar by post.

Documents needed to get aadhaar card

You must provide documents to prove your date of birth, address proof and identity to get aadhaar enrollment. Along with photo copy of documents you must also produce original documents for verification.
Below there is a list of supported documents.

Identity proof (Containing name and photo)

Passport
PAN Card
Ration/ PDS Photo Card
Voter's ID Card
Driving License
Government issued Photo Identity Cards
NREGS Job Card
Photo ID issued by Recognized Educational Institution
Arms License
Photo Bank ATM Card
Photo Credit Card
Pensioner Photo Card
Freedom Fighter Photo Card
Kissan Photo Passbook
CGHS / ECHS Photo Card
Address Card having Name and Photo issued by Department of Posts
Certificate of Identify having photo issued by Group A Gazetted Officer on letterhead
Disability id cards issued by government

Proof of Address (Containing name and address)

Passport
Bank Statement/ Passbook
Post Office Account Statement/Passbook
Ration Card
Voters Identity Card
Driving License
Government issued Photo ID cards
Electricity Bill (must be not older than 3 months)
Water bill (not older than 3 months)
Telephone Land line Bill (not older than 3 months)
Property Tax Receipt (not older than 3 months)
Credit Card Statement (not older than 3 months)
Insurance Policy
Signed Letter having Photo from Bank on letterhead
Signed Letter having Photo issued by registered Company on letterhead
Signed Letter having Photo issued by Recognized Educational Institution on letterhead
NREGS Job Card
Arms License
Pensioner Card
Freedom Fighter Card
Kissan Passbook
CGHS / ECHS Card
Certificate of Address having photo issued by MP or MLA or Group A Gazetted Officer on letterhead
Certificate of Address issued by Village Panchayat head or its equivalent authority (for rural areas)
Income Tax Assessment Order
Vehicle Registration Certificate
Registered Sale / Lease / Rent Agreement
Address Card having Photo issued by Department of Posts
Caste and Domicile Certificate having Photo issued by State Govt.

Indian culture, history and ancient literature general knowledge

2013-09-29T11:47:00.001+05:30

India is one of the largest countries in the world. It is a peninsula, it has it's own culture and heritage. Indian culture is entirely different from western culture. If you are a history student, or studying for competitive examinations, you must be aware of the languages, religions, customs and manners, dance and music, which contributes to Indian culture. We are publishing all these aspects on three posts including this one. This post is an attempt to provide some general knowledge to the students who are interested in Indian history, culture and ancient Indian literature. General knowledge questions and answers on Religions; customs and manners, and Dance, music and painting are published in two other posts.

What is the national anthem of India? Jana Gana Mana
Who was the writer of Jana Gana Mana? Rabindranath Tagore
Jana Gana Mana was officially adopted as the Indian national anthem on? 24 January 1950
What is the 'National song' of the Republic of India? Vande Mataram
Who was the writer of Bande Mataram? Bankimchandra Chatterjee
The great epics of India are? Ramayana and Mahabharata
Who wrote Ramayana? Valmiki
Who wrote Mahabharata? Veda Vyasa
Name the capital of Harsha Vardhana? Kannaauj
'Fatehpur' Sikri city was built by which Mughal emperor? Akbar
Azad Hind Fauj was formed in which country? Singapore
'Satyameva Jayate' the words inscribed below the emblem of India are taken from? Mundak Upanishad
'Uttara-Rama-Charitam' was written by? Bhavabhuti
'Kuvalayananda' was written by? Appayya Dikshita
'Ashtadhyayi', the famous grammar book in Sanskrit was written by? Panini
'Natya Shastra' is a famous book on Indian classical dances was written by? Bharat Muni
'Arthashastra' is a famous book on Economics was written by? Kautilya (Chanakya)
Who wrote Kadambari? Banabhatta
The famous poet and dramatist who was born in 'Guptha empire'? Kalidasa (The word Kalidasa means the servant of Kali)
The most famous play written by kalidasa? Abhijñanasakuntalam (Malavikagnimitram and Vikramorvasiyam are other famous plays written by him)
The two epic poems written by Kalidasa? Raghuvamsa and Kumarasambhava
'Rajatarangini', the famous work records the heritage of Kashmir was written by? Kalhana
Who wrote 'Prithviraj Raso'? Chand Bardai
The first Hindi epic 'Ramacharitamanas' was written by? Tulsidas (1543–1623)
Five Great Epics according to Tamil literary tradition? Manimegalai, Civaka Cintamani, Valayapathi and Kundalakesi
'Silappatikaram' was written by? Ilango Adigal (Jain poet)
'Manimekalai' was written by? Seethalai Saathanar (Tamil Buddhist poet)
'Civaka Cintamani' was written by? Tirutakkatevar
'Valayapathi' is a? Tamil Jain epic
'Kundalakesi' (Tamil Buddhist epic) was writen by? Nathakuthanaar
'Kamba Ramayanam' was written in Tamil by? Kamban
'Vardhaman Charitra' was a Kannada epic written by? Asaga
'Vikramarjuna Vijaya' was written by? Adikavi Pampa (902-975 CE)
'Vikramarjuna Vijaya' is also known as? pampa bharatha
'Adipurana' was a Kannada work by? Adikavi Pampa
'Vaddaradhane' was written by? Shivakotiacharya
'Shanti Purana' (Kannada) was written by? Sri Ponna (939-966 CE)
'Ajita Tirthankara Purana' and 'Gada Yuddha' was written by? Ranna
Who was the author of 'Siribhoovalaya'? Kumudendu Muni
'Ascharya Choodamani' was a Sanskrit drama written by? Sakthibhadra
'Sreekrishna vilasam' is a Sanskrit work written by? Sukumara kavi
'Adhyathmaramayanam' was written by? Thunchathu Ramanujan Ezhutthassan
'Mudrarakshasa' was an ancient Indian play written by? Visakhadutt
'Buddha Charita' was written by? Ashvaghosha
The houses on Indus valley were built of? Bricks
The great musician in the court of Akbar was? Tansen
The famous king Ashoka was born in the year? 269 BC
Asoka sent Sangamitra to foreign countries to? Preach Buddhism
Gautam Buddha was born in? Lumbini
Taj Mahal was built by Shah jahan in the memory of? Mumtaz Mahal (His third wife)
'Indraprastha' was the capital of? Ancient India
Who was Krishnadevaraya? Famous king of Vijayanagar Empire
Who founded Aligarh Muslim University? Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Rabindranath tagore was born in? May 7, 1861, Jorasanko
Rabindranath tagore was died in? August 7, 1941, Jorasanko Thakur Bari
Bankim Chandra was born in? 27 June 1838 (Naihati, Bengal, India)
Bankim Chandra was died in? 8 April 1894 (Kolkata, Bengal, India)
'Anandamath' was a bengali novel written by? Bankim Chandra
Who founded 'Agra' City? Sikandar Lodhi
Who was Fahien? A Chinese traveller (Visited india during the reign of Chandragupta II)
Hiuen-Tsang visited India during the reign of? Harsha

Religions, Festivals and religious organisations General knowledge

2013-09-29T11:34:00.000+05:30

India is a land of spirituality. It is the birth place of four major religions in the World; Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. In addition to these there are other major religions like Islamism and Christianism. Religions are essential parts of our culture. All the religions have their own festivals, customs and manners. But the diversity in religions does not affect the unity of the country. Unity in diversity makes India different from other countries .
This post consists general knowledge questions and answers on different religions, organisations and festivals. GK questions and answers on Indian culture, history and literature, dance, music and painting are provided on other posts.

India's national festival popularly known as 'festival of lights'? 'Deepavali' (Diwali)
The harvest festival celebrated in Tamilnadu? Thai Pongal (Pongal)
The national festival which is also known as 'Festival of Colours' is? Holi (Phagwah)
As per the Hindu calendar, Holi is celebrated on? Phalguna Purnima (February- March)
The national festival of Kerala (harvest festival)? Onam (Clebrated on Chingam)
The festival dedicated to the worship of the Hindu deity Durga? Dussehra (Navratri)
Eid al-Fitr is celebrated on the first day of? Shawwal
Day of Ashura is celebrated by the Muslims on which day? 10 Muharram
Eid al-Adha (Bakrid) is celebrated by Islam relegion to? Honour the sacrifice of prophet Ibrahim (Abraham)
Christmas is celebrated on which day? 25th December
Christian commemorates Good Friday in the memory of? the crucifixion and death of Jesus Christ
Christians Celebrates the resurrection of Jesus as? Easter
'Gurpurb' is celebrated in India by? Sikh (Anniversary related to the lives of the Sikh gurus)
Buddha's Birthday is celebrated as? Vesak (Buddha Purnima)
Who was the founder of Din-i-Ilahi? Akbar
Maha Shivaratri is a festival of which relegion? Hindu (Celebrated on 13th night/14th day of the Maagha month)
The harvest festival of Punjab? Baisakhi (Vaisakhi- celebrated on the first day of Vaisakh)
The harvest festival of Assam? Bihu
The New Year's Day for the people of the Deccan region of India? Ugadi
The New Year's Day in Maharashtra is celebrated as? Gudi Padwa
'Pohela Boishakh' is celebrated on? West Bengal
'Vishu' is celebrated on the state of? Kerala
'Sajibu Cheiraoba' is celebrated on? Manipur
New Year’s Day of Kashmiri Pandits is known as? Navreh
The Oria New year's day is celebrated as? Vishuva Sankranti (Pana Sankranti- on 1st of Vaisakha; Oria calendar)
The New Year's Day for Gujaratis is celebrated as? Bestu Varas
The New Year festivals celebrated in the state of Himachal Pradesh? Chaitti and Basoa (Bishu)
Shigmo (Shishirotsava) is a spring festival celebrated in which state? Goa
'Thaipusam' is a Hindu festival celebrated in which state? Tamilnadu (Celebrated on the full moon day of Thai)
The main proponent of Vishishtadvaita philosophy? Ramanuja
Vallabhacharya is associated with? Pushti sect and Shuddha advaita
Nimbarka propagated the Vaishnava Theology of? Dvaitadvaita
Sankaracharya is associated with the theory of? Advaita vedanta
The famous poet Kabir was the disciple of? Ramanand
'Arya Samaj' was founded by? Swamy Dayanand Saraswati
'Brahmo Samaj' was founded by? Raja Ram Mohan Roy
'Prarthana Samaj' was founded by? Dr. Atmaram Pandurang
'Ramakrishna Mission' was founded by? Swami Vivekananda
What was the real name of Swami Vivekananda? Narendra Nath Datta
Narendra Nath was born in? 12 January 1863 (Calcutta, India)
Narendra Nath was died in? 4 July 1902 (At the age of 39, Belur Math, India)
'Sati' was abolished in the year 1829 by? Raja Ram Mohan Roy (with the help of Lord Bentik)
Who was the first Guru of the sikh? Guru Nanak Dev
Who was the tenth Guru of the sikhs? Guru Gobind Singh
Who built the Golden Temple? Guru Arjan Dev
Guru Gobind Singh was born in? December 22, 1666, Patna
Guru Gobind Singh was died in? October 7, 1708, Nanded
What was the full name of Guru Gobind Singh? Gobind Rai
Guru Gobind Singh was the son of? Guru Teg Bahadur
'Guru Granth Sahib' was written in? Gurmukhi script
The Guru Granth Sahib is also known as? Adi Granth

Music, dance and painting general knowledge

2013-09-29T11:21:00.000+05:30

'Mohiniattam' is a famous dance devoloped in which state? Kerala
'Bhangra' dance and music style is popular in which state? Punjab
'Bharatanatyam' is a classical dance popular in which state? Tamilnadu
'Padma Subrahmanyam' is popular in the field of Indian classical dance? Bharata Natyam
'Kuchipudi' is a classical dance popular in which state?Andhra Pradesh
Classical dance 'Odissi' is popular in which state? Odisha
'Sanjukta Panigrahi' is popular in the dance? Odissi
'Kathakali' is a highly stylized classical dance-drama popular in which state? Kerala
Who was the founder of Kerala Kalamandalam? Vallathol Narayana Menon
Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair is popular for? Kathakali
'Kathakali' is believed to be originated from which dance drama? Krishnanattam
'Kalamandalam Gopi' is known for? Kathakali
'Chhau' dance is popular in which state? Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal
'Kathak' dances is basically from which state? Uttar Pradesh
Pandit Birju Maharaj is known for? Kathak
'Bihu' is a folk dance popular in the state of? Assam (related to the festival of Bihu)
'Yakshagana' is popular in which state? Karnataka (and Kasaragod district in Kerala)
'Margam Kali' is one of the ancient group dance of? Kerala
'Kolattam' is a folk dance popular in which state? Andhra Pradesh
'Chakyar Koothu', 'Ottan thullal' and 'Chavittunadakam' are popular in? Kerala
Ottamthullal was founded by? Kunchan Nambiar
Chakyar koothu is performed in the Koothambalam by?
members of the Chakyar community along with the Ambalavasi Nambiars
Nangyar kuthu is performed by?
The women of the Ambalavasi Nambiar community
'Garba' Dance is a popular folk Dance in which state? Gujarat
'Giddha' is a female folk dance from which state? Punjab
'Rukmini Devi' is popular in the dance? Bharata Natyam
'Mallika Sarabhai' is an Indian classical dancer known for? Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam
'Pandit Ravi Shankar' was popular in the field of? Sitar
'Hariprasad Chaurasia' is popular in which musical instrument? Flute
L. Subramaniam is popular in the field of? violin
Ustad Zakir Hussain is famous in the field of? Tabla
Qureshi Alla Rakha Khan (Alla Rakha) is known for? Tabla
Pallavoor Appu Marar was popular for playing which musical instrument? Idakka
'Pandit Shiv Kumar Sharma' is popular for? Santoor (folk instrument from Kashmir and Jammu)
Ustad Sultan Khan is known for? Sarangi
Amjad Ali Khan is popular in the field of? Sarod
Ustad Bismillah Khan is popular for? Shehnai
Ustad Vilayat Khan is known for? Sitar
Thetakudi Harihara Vinayakram is known for playing? Ghatam
Ali Akbar Khan was popular in the field of? Sarod
Upalappu Srinivas is popular for playing? Electric mandolin
V. Selvaganesh is popular for playing? Percussion instrument
Who is Pandit Jasraj? Popular Indian classical vocalist
Bhimsen Joshi is popular as? Indian vocalist (Hindustani classical tradition)
Trilok Gurtu is popular in playing? Percussion
Raja Ravi Varma, the famous Indian artist was born in? April 29, 1848, Kilimanoor
Raja Ravi Varma was died in? October 2, 1906, Thiruvananthapuram
MF Husain (Maqbool Fida Husain), an Indian-Qatari painter associated with Indian modernism in the 1940s was born in? September 17, 1915, Pandharpur
MF Husain was died in? June 9, 2011, London, United Kingdom
Abanindranath Tagore is known for? painting

How to pay your BSNL landline or mobile phone bills online

2013-09-04T13:51:00.000+05:30

In previous post We have discussed about the e-Payment of electricity bills on Kerala state electricity board. This post tells you how to pay the landline or mobile phone bills issued by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) through online.
You can pay these bills in two different ways.
First of all go to bsnl portal.

You can choose from the options available on the menu bar or screen.
From the menu bar you can simply choose Landline/FTTH/DID, PostPaid GSM/WiMAX, PrePaid Mobile, Buy Telephone card, CDMA Postpaid Bill, View bill online,Customer Care or Help.
Choose the option 'Landline/FTTH/DID' if you want to pay your landline bill. Choose 'PostPaid GSM/WiMAX' for post paid mobile or wimax bill payment. For prepaid mobile recharge or top up choose 'PrePaid Mobile' option. For the payment of CDMA post paid mobile choose 'CDMA Postpaid Bill' option. You can also view bills online and contact customer care or get help from here using the available options.
If you are a registered user of BSNL Portal you can login to the portal using your username and password. For each of the available options you may have to login separately.

After logging in select the bill or payment type. Then click on 'submit' to proceed to the payment. Use Credit Cards, Debit Cards, NetBanking, Cash Cards or IMPS for payment.

If you are not a registered user you can register from the sign up option or use the 'Quick pay' Option available on the website.

In order to use quick pay option you must first select the type of bill you want to pay from the available options 'Individual Bills', 'FTTH Bills', 'Corporate Bills' or 'DID Bills'.
Then enter the phone number you want to pay on the box provided. Enter account number, mobile number and email id. Account number is mandatory for payment, which you will get from your phone bill.
After entering the details you can click on submit button to proceed to payments.

How to pay Kerala state electricity board bills online

2013-09-04T12:00:00.000+05:30

Many of us are paying electricity bills on Kerala state electricity board (KSEB) offices. Now there is an online payment option available on KSEB website.

This is a quick payment option, which does not require even a registration. All that you need to pay the bill online is a valid email id and a mobile number. These two are mandatory for payment.You will get confirmation of payment on both, your mobile number and email id.
To pay the bill first go to the payment gateway.
1. Select your electrical section
2. Now enter your consumer number on the box below electrical section.
3. Now enter the bill number, which is available on your electricity bill. If you don't have a bill you can view or download the latest bill from kseb website.

4. Now on right side enter your email id and mobile number. Then click on bill details. If it is correct you can proceed to payments.
Consumers can make payments through Net Banking or Credit/Debit cards.

For support you can contact kseb lt payment support

Space and astronomy GK; Questions and answers

2013-07-13T18:53:00.000+05:30

In which Galaxy, Earth is located? The Milky Way Galaxy
Which is the largest constellation? Hydra
The founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics? Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Hermann Oberth and Robert H. Goddard
Who was the first man in the space? Yuri Gagarin (Soviet Cosmanaut)
In which year Yuri Gagarin reached in space? 1961 (April 12)
The name of Yuri Gagarin's space capsule? Vostock 1
Who was the first person to walk in the space? Alexi Leonov
Who was the first woman in space? Valentina Tereshkova (Soviet Cosmonaut- Vehicle Vostok 6 on June 16, 1963)
Who was the first space couples? Andrin Nikaloyev and Valentina Tereshkova
Who was the first person to walk on Moon? Neil Alden Armstrong (1969 July 20)
The site on the moon at which Neil Armstrong set his foot? Mare Transquilthtis
What was the first spacecraft to land on the moon? Luna 2 (Lunik II- Launched on September 12, 1959)
The name of the spacecraft that landed on the moon in 1969? Apollo 11
Which is the first satellite sent into space? Sputnik 1
What was the first weather satellite in Space? TIROS- 1 ( Launched by NASA on April 1, 1960)
Who was the first person died in Space? Vladimir Komarov
Who was the first Asian astronaut (Outside of Russia)? Pham Tuan
Who was the first American in space? Alan B. Shepard (May 5, 1961)
The first American to orbit the Earth? John Glenn (Feb. 20, 1962)
Who was the first British female astronaut in space? Helen Patricia Sharman
The first Space Shuttle Columbia was launched on? 12 April 1981
The space shuttle Challenger was crashed in? 1986 (January 28)
The first animal sent to space? Laika (A dog)
Name the theory which states that the Universe was created after a huge explosion? The Big Bang Theory
Name the force holding us to the Earth? Gravity
The most famous space telescope of NASA? Hubble space telescope
The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in the year? 1990
Which is the largest asteroid ever found? CERES
Who discovered CERES? Giuseppe Piazzi
The first successful artificial satellite launched to Mars? Mars-III (Russia- May 28, 1971)
The first mission to Venus? Mariner 2 by NASA on 1962
Mariner 4 send the first clear pictures of Mars in? 1965
The first American probe to land on Mars was? Viking 1 (20 July, 1976)
Viking II landed on Mars in the year? 1976
The person who laid the foundation of modern space science in India? Vikram Sarabhai
When and where the first rocket station in India was launched? Thumpa, On 21 November, 1963
When was the first rocket launched in India? November 21, 1963 (A Nike-Apache, procured from the US)
Who was the first Indian to go into space? Rakesh Sharma (Soyuz T-11 spacecraft on April 2, 1984)
Who aws the first Indian woman in space? Kalpana Chawla (space shuttle Columbia on November 19, 1997)
ISRO was established in which year? 1969 (August 15)
What is the full form of ISRO? Indian Space Research Organisation
Where the Space Programme began in India? Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) near Thiruvanathapuram
India’s first indigenous sounding rocket was launched In? November 20, 1967 (RH-75)
The first launch vehicle by ISRO? Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 (SLV-3), launched on July 18, 1980 from SDSC SHAR
Who launched INSAT series? ISRO
The Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) was started by ISRO in which year? 1987
What is the full form of VSSC? When it was formed? Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre. In 1972
What is the full form of PSLV? Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
What is the full form of GSLV? Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
India's GSAT series satellite KALPANA-1 was launched with which vehicle? PSLV
India's first Earth satellite station is situated at? Arvi (Pune)
India's first satellite? Aryabhatta (Built by ISRO)
Aryabhatta was launched in which year? 1975 (April 19 from former Soviet Union)
Aryabhatta was named after the great Indian astronomer? Aryabhatta [ Vehicle- C-1 Intercosmos]
First experimental remote sensing satellite? Bhaskara-I (7 June 1979) [ Vehicle- C-1 Intercosmos]
India's first operational multipurpose communication and meteorology satellite? INSAT-1A (10 April 1982) [ Vehicle- Delta 3910 PAM-D]
Which was the first meteorological satellite built by ISRO? Kalpana-1 (METSAT) [ Vehicle- PSLV-C4]
India’s first exclusive educational satellite? EDUSAT (20 October 2004, Vehicle- GSLV-F01)
Name the heaviest satellite launched by India from Indian soil? INSAT-4CR (Weight- 2130 kg, launched by GSLV-F04 on September 2, 2007)
Which is the first Indian planetary science and exploration mission? Chandrayaan-1
Chandrayaan-1 was launched in? October 22, 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota (SHAR).

Famous books and authors; General Knowledge

2013-07-07T13:54:00.003+05:30

Books Author

A brief history of time- Stephen Hawkings
Adam Bede- George Eliot
A Devine Comedy- Dante
Adonis- P.B. Shelley
Adventures of Sherloch Holmes- Arthur Conan Doyle
Alice's adventures in Wonderland- Lewis Carrol
Amar kosh- Amar Singh
Anandmath- Bankim Chandra Chatterji
An area of darkness- V.S. Naipaul
An autobiography- Jawaharlal Nehru
An autobiography of an unknown Indian- Nirad.C. Choudhari
Anna Karenina-Leo Tolstoy
Antony and Cleopatra- William Shakespeare
A passage to England- Nirad.C. Choudhari
A passage to India- E.M. Forster
A prisoners scrapbook- L.K. Advani
Arms and the Man- George Bernad Shaw
A secular agenda- Arun Shourie
As You like it- William Shakespeare
Audacity of hope- Barak Obama
A view from outside; Why good economics works for everybody- P. Chidambaram
Bermuda Triangle- Charles Berlitz
Between hope and history- Bill Clinton
Budda Charitham- Aswaghosha
Caesar and Cleopatra- George Bernad Shaw
Candide- Volataire
Comedy of errors- William Shakespeare
Communist Manifesto- Karl Marx, Fredrik Angels
Crime and Punishment- Destoevsky
Dark Room- R.K. Narayan
Das Kapital- Karl Marx
Daughter of the East- Benazir Bhutto
David Copper Field- Charles Dickens
Desent of Man- Charles Darwin
Discovery of India- Jawaharlal Nehru
Doctors Dilema- George Bernad Shaw
Dracula- Bram Stocker
Dreams of my father- Barak Obama
Durgesanandini- Bankim Chandra Chatterji
Dynamics of social change- Chandrasekhar
Erewhon- Samuel Butler
Ethics for new millennium- Dalai Lama
Fifty years of India's Independence- D.S. Subramaniam
Flight to parliament- Rajesh Pilot
Fortynine days- Amrita Pritam
Freedom at Midnight- Larry Collins, Dominique Lapierre
Freedom from fear- Aung San Suu Kyi
Gandhi and Stalin- Louis Fisher
Geetanjali- Rabindranath Tagore
Gitarahasya- Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Gulliver's travels- Jonathan Swift
Hind Swaraj- Mahatma Gandhi
India devided- Rajendraprasad
India for sale- Chitra Subramanian
India of our dreams- M.V. Kamath
India's China perspective- Subramaniam Swami
India unbound- Gurcharan Das
In search of Gandhi-Attenborough
Inspiring thoughts- Dr.APJ Abdul Kalam
Jail Diary- Chandrasekhar
Jurassic Park- Michel Crichton
Kargil; From surprise to victory- Gen. V.P. Malik
Koraner Nari- Thaslima Nasreen
Lajja- Thaslima Nasreen
Long walk to freedom- Nelson Mandela
Lost Horizon- James Hilton
My experiments with truth- Mahatma Gandhi
My life is a story- Morarji Desai
My music my life- Pandit Ravishankar
My presidential years- R. Venkataraman
My struggle for Existence- Mamatha Banarjee
My Truth- Indira Gandhi
Our struggle- Saddam Hussain
Pakistan the gathering storm- Benazir Bhutto
Peter and Wendy- J.M. Barrie
Politics- Aristotle
Prison Days- Vijayalakshmi Pandit
Prison Diary- Jayaprakash Narayan
Republic- Plato
Resurrection-Leo Tolstoy
Satyagraha in South Africa- Mahatma Gandhi
Sketch book- Washington Irving
Straight from the heart- Kapil Dev
Symposium- Plato
The adventure of Huckleberry Finn- Mark Twain
The Alchemist- Poulo Coheleo
The colour of magic- Terry Prachett
The fall of a sparrow- Dr. Salim Ali
The four million- O. Henry
The God of small things- Arundhati Roy
The great Indian Novel- Sashi Tharoor
The great war for civilization- Robert Fisk
The guide- R.K. Narayan
The Idiot- Destoevsky
The little book of romance- Jayashri Misra
The midnight children- Salman Rushdie
The prisoner of Zenda- Anthony Hope
The wealth of Nations- Adam Smith
The winner stands alone- Poulo Coheleo
The World is flat- Thomas Friedman
Three men in a boat- Jerome K Jerome
Utopia- Thomas Moore
Waiting for the Mahatma- R.K. Narayan
War and peace-Leo Tolstoy
Why England slept- John F Kennady
Wings of fire-Dr.APJ Abdul Kalam

Health science and medical science quiz; Questions with answers

2013-07-06T21:40:00.000+05:30

The largest sensory organ is?
Skin
Which is the first antibiotic?
Penicillin
Who discovered Penicillin?
Alexander Fleming (1928)
The common name of Hypertension is?
Blood Pressure
Beta blockers is used in the treatment of?
Blood Pressure
What is known as shock treatment?
Electro Convulsive Therapy
Goitre is a disease caused by the lack of
Iodine
The largest internal organ is?
Liver
Myopia is a disease connected with?
Eyes
Short sightedness is known as?
Myopia
Night blindness is caused by the lack of?
Vitamin A
White blood cells are known as?
Leucocyte
Leprosy is caused by which bacteria?
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy is also known as?
Hansen's disease
Insulin is produced in which organ of the body?
Pancreas
Diphtheria is caused by?
Coryne bacterium diphtheria
Diphtheria affects which part of the body?
Throat
There are how many bones on the human body?
206
Pregnacy last for how many months?
Nine months
Gingivitis disease affect which part of the body?
Gums
Pyorrhoea is a disease affect which part of the body?
Gums
The labyrinth is situated in which part of the body?
Ear
A Pediatrician specializes in?
Treatment of infants and children (up to twelve years)
Who discovered X-ray?
Roentgen
Who invented microscope?
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
World Diabetes day is observed on?
November 14
World AIDS day is observed on?
December 1
The name of AIDS virus is?
HIV (Human Immunnodeficiency Virus)
Vaccine immunizes you against certain infectious diseases.True or False?
True
How many chromosomes are present in a born child?
46
The normal temperature of human body is?
98.4 F
A Gerontologist specializes in?
Old age diseases
The number of chromosomes in Down's syndrome is?
47
Too much salt in food leads to?
Increased blood pressure
The term ECT stands for?
Electro Convulsive Therapy
The expansion of ECG is?
Electro Cardiogram
Which causes cancer in smoking?
Tar
American redcross was established by?
Clara Barton
An orthodontist specializes in?
Problems of position of teeth and jaws
The full form of DNA?
Deoxy Ribo Nucleic Acid
The device used to measure Blood pressure?
Sphygmo Manometer
Device used to measure heart beat?
Stethascope
Who invented the stethascope?
Rene Laennec
Who invented bifocals?
Benjamin Franklin
Cholera is caused by which bacteria?
Vibrio cholerae
Prothrombin is released by?
Blood platelets
Medulla oblongata is situated in?
Brain
The tounge is attached with a bone called?
Hyoid bone
How many tastebuds tongue has?
More than 8000
A Phrenologist specializes in?
The study of skull features
The main source of body's energy is?
Carbohydrates
What is the use of proteins in human body?
Necessary for growth, development, replacement and repair of body tissues
The first heart transplant was done by?
Christian Barnard

Geographical discoveries of the World

2013-07-01T20:38:00.000+05:30

In 981 Eric the Red discovered Greenland.
China was discovered by Venetian merchant Marco Polo. He traveled from Europe to Asia from 1271 to 1295.

Marco Polo

West Indies was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492.
In 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered America.
In 1493 (November 19) Christopher Columbus discovered Puerto Rico.
New Foundland was discovered by John Cabot Sebastian in 1497 June 24.
South America was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1498
Vasco da Gama of Portugal discovered the sea route to India and reached Calicut in 1498.
Pedro Alvares Cabral of Portugal discovered Brazil in 1500.
Magellan sailed around the World in 1519. He discovered passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic through Straits.
Jacques Cartier discovered Canada in 1534.
Solar system was discovered by Copernicus in 1540. He also propounded the astronomical system.
Francisco De Orellana discovered Amazon river
The Laws of Planetary Motion was discovered by Kepler in 1609.
Hudson Bay was discovered by Henry Hudson in 1610.
Tasmania Island and New Zealand was discovered by the Dutch navigator Abel Janszoon Tasman in 1642.
Sandwich Isles was discovered by Captain James Cook in 1770.
Hawaii Islands was discovered by Captain James Cook in January 18, 1778
Davis Livingstone discovered Victoria Falls in 1855.
The Zambezi expedition was leaded by Davis Livingstone in 1858.
John McDouall was the first to reach the center of Australia and to cross Australia. He discovered a large creek with 'permanent waters' in the arid region, south west of Lake Eyre.
The first person to set foot on moon was Neil Amstrong of U.S.A (1969 July 21).
Tenzing Norgay (Indian) and Edmund Hillary reached first to Mount Everest (1953 May 29).
Amundsen of Norwey discovered South Pole in December 14, 1911.Shackleton, reached with in 160 km of the South Pole.
Robert Peary reached first on the North Pole in 1909.
Cape of the Good Hope was discovered by Baurtho Romeiodeis.
The plan of the Suez Canal was conceived by Ferdinand de Lesseps. The work was completed in 1969.

Indian Premier League (IPL) Quiz; Questions with answers

2013-06-30T12:27:00.000+05:30

The full form of IPL is?
Indian Premier League
The year at which IPL was started?
2008
The team which won the first IPL tournament?
Rajasthan Royals
The batsman who scored the first century in IPL?
Brendon McCullum
Who was the first Indian batsman who scored a century in IPL?
Manish Pandey
In IPL the purple cap is given to the?
Highest wicket taking bowler
The batsman who won the orange cup twice in IPL?
Chris Gayle
The bowler who got first hatrick in IPL?
Lakshmipathy Balaji
The captain who won IPL twice?
MS Dhoni
The first Kerala player, who played in IPL?
S. Sreesanth
Who was the Player of Series in IPL 2008?
Shane Watson
Which team won IPL 2009?
Deccan Chargers
How many teams participated in IPL 2009?
8
The number of matches played in IPL 2009?
59
The player who won purple cap in IPL 2009?
RP Singh
Which team was the winner of IPL 2010?
Chennai Super Kings
The total number of matches played in IPL 2010?
60
The highest individual run scorer in IPL 2010?
Sachin Tendulkar
Who was the player of the tournament IPL 2010?
Sachin Tendulkar
The number of matches played in IPL 2011?
74
Name the two teams first played in IPL 2011?
Pune Warriors India and Kochi Tuskers Kerala
Who scored most runs in IPL 2011?
Chris Gayle
Who was the winner of IPL 2012?
Kolkata Knight Riders
Who was the highest run scorer in IPL 2012?
Chris Gayle
The team terminated from IPL in IPL 2012?
Kochi Tuskers Kerala
The team which played first time in IPL 2013?
Sunrisers Hyderabad
The opening ceremony of IPL 2013 was held in which stadium?
Salt Lake stadium
The highest individual run scorer in an innings in IPL 2013?
Chris Gayle (175)
Who was the winner of IPL 2010?
Chennai Super Kings
Who was the captain of Winning team in IPL 2010?
MS Dhoni
Who is the winner of IPL 2013?
Mumbai Indians
How many teams participated in IPL 2013?
9
Number of Matches palayed in IPL 2013?
76

Sobriquets; Nick names of famous persons in India

2013-06-30T10:00:00.000+05:30

Acharya                      Vinoba Bhave
Adi Kavi                  Valmeeki
Andhra Kesari                T Prakasam
Anna                         C N Annadurai
Babuji                       Jagjivan Ram
Bangabandhu                  Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Bapuji                       Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Bengal Tiger                 Bipin Chandrapal & Saurav Ganguli
Bismark of India             Vallabhai Patel
Buddha                          Siddhartha Gautama
Chacha                       Jawaharlal Nehru
C R                          C Rajagopalachari
Deenabandhu                  C F Andrews
Desabandhu                   C R Das
Father of Nation (India)     Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Flying Sikh          Milkha Singh
Frontier Gandhi              Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
Gandhiji                     Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Grand Old Man of India       Dadabhai Naoroji
Gurudev                  Rabindranath Tagore
Guruji                       M S Gohlwalkar
Haryana Hurricane          Kapil Dev
Hockey Wizard           Dhyan Chand
Indian Machiavelli           Chanakya
Iron Lady of India           Indira Gandhi
J P                          Jayaprakash Narayan
Kaviguru                  Rabindranath Tagore
Light of Asia                Sreebuddha
Lion of Kashmir              Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah
Lion of Maratha              Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Lokmanya                     Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Loknayak                     Jayaprakash Narayan
Mahamana                     Madan Mohan Malaviya
Mahatma Gandhi                  Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Man of Destiny               Napolean Bonaparte
Man of Iron                  Vallabhai Patel
Man of Peace                  Lal Bahadur Shastri
Napolean of India            Samudragupta
Netaji                          Subhash Chandra Bose
Nightingale of India          Sarojini Naidu
Panditji                  Jawaharlal Nehru
Panjab Kesari                Lala Lajpat Rai
Payyoli Express       P. T. Usha
Prince of Kolkata          Saurav Ganguly
Priyadarshini                Indira Gandhi
Rajaji                          C Rajagopalachari
Saint of Sabarmati           Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Saint of the Gutters          mother Teresa
Shakespere of India          Kalidasa
Sparrow                      Rajinder Singh
Strong Man of India          Vallabhai Patel
The Little Master            Sachin Tendulkar
Tiger of Mysore              Tipu Sultan

Fathers or founders of different fields including Science and Medicine

2013-06-23T12:07:00.000+05:30

Who is the father of Mathematics? Archimedes
Who is the father of Medicine? Hippocrates
Who is the father of Homeopathy? Samuel Hahnemann
Who is the father of Ayurveda? Charaka
Who is the father of Biology? Aristotle
Who is the father of Physics? Albert Einstein
Who is the father of Statistics? Ronald Fisher
Who is the father of Zoology? Aristotle
Who is the father of History? Herodotus
Who is the father of Microbiology? Louis Pasteur
Who is the father of Embryology? Aristotle
Who is the father of Botany? Theophrastus
Who is the father of Modern Botany? K. Bauhin
Who is the father of Concept of Evolution? Empedocles
Who is the father of Ecology? Theophrastus
Who is the father of Algebra? Diophantus
Who is the father of Physiology? Thales
Who is the father of Experimental Physiology? Galen
Who is the father of Stress Physiology? Hans Selye
Who is the father of Plant Physiology? Stephen Hales
Who is the father of Bacteriology? Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur
Who is the father of Modern Anatomy is? Andreas Vesalius
Who is the father of comparative Anatomy? George Cuvier
Who is the father of Microscopic Anatomy? Morcello Malpighi
Who is the father of Plant Anatomy is? N. Grew
Who is the father of Electro Cardiogram? Einthoven
Who is the father of Gerontology? Korenchevsk
Who is the father of Heart transplantation? Christian Bernard
Who is the father of Plastic Surgery? Susrutha
Who is the father of Modern Surgery? Pare
Who is the father of Brain Surgery? Harvey Cushing
Who is the father of Virology? Martinus Willem Beijerinck
Who is the father of Endocrinology? Thomas Addison
Who is the father of Antibiotics? Alexander Fleming
Who is the father of Osteotherapy? Andrew Taylor Still
Who is the father of Chromatography? Michael Tswett
Who is the father of Immunology? Edward Anthony Jenner
Who is the father of Antiseptic Surgery? Joseph Lister
Who is the father of Vaccination? Louis Pasteur
Who is the father of Gene Therapy? Anderson
The person who discovered Chemo Therapy? Paul Ehlrich
Who is the father of Parasitology? Platter
Who discovered Circulation of blood? William Harvey
Who is the father of Blood groups? Landsteiner
Who discovered Malaria Parasite? Ronald Ross
Who discovered viruses? Martinus Willem Beijerinck
Who invented vaccine against Poliomyelitis? Sir Jonas Salk
Who is the inventor of oral polio vaccine? Albert Bruce Sabin
Who is the father of Microscopy? Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
Who is the father of Epidermology? John Snow
Who is the father of DNA printing? Alee Jeffreys
Who is the father of Biochemistry? Liebig
Who is the father of Plant pathology? De Bary
Who is the father of Genetics? Gregor Mendel
Who is the father of Modern Genetics? Bateson
Who is the father of Experimental Genetics? T.H. Morgan
Who is the father of Parasitology? Platter
Who is the father of Pharmacy? William Procter
Who is the father of Aerodynamics? George Cayley
Who is the father of Biotechnology? Karl Ereky
Who is the father of Electricity? Benjamin Franklin
Who is the father of Trigonometry? Hipparchus
Who is the father of Geometry? Euclid
Who is the father of Modern Chemistry? Antoine Lavoisier
Who is the father of Periodic Table? Dmitri Mendeleev
Who is the father of Mechanics? Isaac Newton
Who is the father of Robotics? Nikola Tesla
Who is the father of Electronics? Ray Tomlinson
Who is the father of Internet? Vinton Cerf
Who is the father of Economics? Adam Smith
Who is the father of Taxonomy? Carolus Linnaeus
Who is the father of Geography? Eratosthenes
Who is the father of Sociology? Auguste Comte
Who is the father of Geology? James Hutton
Who is the father of Law? Cicero
Who is the father of Philosophy? Thales
Who is the father of Psychology? Wilhelm Wundt
Who is the father of Meteorology? Luke Howard
Who is the father of English Literature? Geoffrey Chaucer
Who is the father of Green Revolution? Norman E Borlaug (In India M.S. Swaminathan)
Who is the father of Binomial Nomenclature? Carolus Linnaeus
Who is the father of Calculus? Gottfried Leibniz

Sobriquets; Nick names of various places in India

2013-05-18T07:00:00.000+05:30

All Seasons State- Himachal Pradesh
Apple State- Himachal Pradesh
Bangle City- Hyderabad
Blue Mountains- Nilgiri Hills
Bread basket of India- Punjab
Cathedral City- Bhuvaneswar
City of Blood- Tezpur
City of Dawn- Auroville
City of Padala- Jaipur
City of Palaces- Kolkotta
City of Lakes- Udaipur
City of Seven Islands- Mumbai
City of Joy- Kolkotta
City of Golden temple- Amritsar
City of Statues- Thiruvananthapuram
City of Stenos- Delhi
Dakshin Ganga- Kaveri
Deccan Queen- Pune
Detroit of India- Pitampur
Diamond City in India- Surat, Gujrat
Eco City- Panipat
Economic Capital of India- Mumbai
Egg City- Namakkal
Electronic City- Banglore
Emrald Land- Goa
Garden city of India- Bangalore
Gateway of India- Mumbai
Granary of India- Punjab
Heaven of the world- Kashmir
Hitech City- Hyderabad
House of Clouds- Meghalaya
Jewel of India- Manipur
Kohinoor Of India- Andhra Pradesh
Land of five rivers- Punjab
Land of Tigers- Madhya Pradesh
Manchester of India- Ahamedabad
Manchester of South India- Coimbatore
Milk Pail of India- Haryana
Mini Switzerland- Khajjiar (Himachal)
Orange City- Nagpur
Old Ganga- Godavari
Paradise Of Botanist- Sikkim
Paradise Of Earth- Kashmir
Pearl City- Tuticorin
Pearl Harbour of India- Tuticorin
Pearl of the Orient- Goa
Pensioners' Paradise- Bangalore
Queen of Himalayas- Darjeeling
Sandalwood City- Mysore
Scotland of the East- Shillong, Meghalaya
Silent Shore- Ladakh
Silicon Valley of India- Banglore
Sorrow of Assam- Brahmaputra
Sorrow of Bengal- Damodar River
Sorrow of Bihar- Kosi River
Space city of India- Bangalore
Spice Garden of India- Kerala
Sugar Bowl of India- Uttar Pradesh
Sun City- Jodhpur
Switzerland of India- Kashmir
Tea garden of India- Assam
Temple City- Madhura & Bhuvaneswar
The Economic Capital Of India- MUMBAI
The land of high passes- Ladakh
The Land of Sunrise in India- Arunachal
The Land Of Tigers- Madhya Pradesh
The last Shangri-La- Bhutan
The Pink and Rose city- Jaipur
The spice garden of India- Kerala
Venice of the East- Alappuzha
Weavers City- Panipat
White City- Udaipur

Presidents of India; List of all Indian Presidents in order

2013-02-22T19:43:00.001+05:30

Indian President is the head of state in India. He is also the first citizen of India.In hindi he is known as 'Rashtrapati'.He is the formal head of the executive, legislature and judiciary of India.He is the Commander in Chief of Indian armed forces.
Indian President is elected by the members of the Parliament houses both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.Till now there are 13 presidents of India.The time period of Indian President is 5 years.The president of India resides in Rashtrapati Bhavan (in New Delhi).
The first president of India, Dr.Rajendra Prasad was elected in Jan 26, 1950.The current President of India is Pranab Mukherjee, he was elected on 25 July 2012 and sworn in 25th July 2012.

Here is the complete list of Indian Presidents

1. Dr. Rajendra Prasad (1884-1963) - He was the first President of Independent India. He took office on Jan 26, 1950 and left on May 13, 1962.He was the only Indian president to serve for two terms in office.

2. Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888-1975)- He was the second President of India.He took over the position from Dr.S.Rajendraprasad.He was in office from May 13, 1962 to May 13, 1967.

3. Dr.Zakir Husain (1897-1969)- Dr.Zakir Husain was the third President of India.He was preceded by Dr.S. Radhakrishnan and succeeded by V.V.Giri. He was in office from May 13, 1967 to May 3, 1969.

4. Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1894-1980) - Varahagiri Venkata Giri (V.V.Giri) was the forth President of India. He was the acting president of India from May 3, 1969 to July 20, 1969.He was first appointed as the acting president of India.After that Muhammad Hidayatullah served (from July 20, 1969 to August 24, 1969) as the Acting President of India.Then once again V.V.Giri was sworn in on August 24, 1969 and he was in post till August 24, 1969.Then he was Succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.

5. Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1905–1977)- Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed was the Fifth President of India. He was the president from August 24, 1974 to Feb 11, 1977.He was preceded by Varahagiri Venkata Giri.He died in 1977 before the end of his term.He was succeeded by Basappa Danappa Jatti (Acting president from February 11, 1977 to July 25, 1977)

6. Shri Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1913–1996)- He was the Sixth President of India. He was the president of India from Jul 25, 1977 to Jul 25, 1982.He was preceded by Basappa Danappa Jatti (Acting president) and succeeded by Giani Zail Singh.

7. Giani Zail Singh (1916–1994)- Giani Zail Singh was the Seventh President of India. He was in office from Jul 25, 1982 to Jul 25, 1987.He was preceded by Shri Neelam Sanjiva Reddy and succeeded by R.Venkataraman.

8. Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1910–2009)- R.Venkataraman was the Eighth President of India. He was president of India from Jul 25, 1987 to Jul 25, 1992.He was preceded by Giani Zail Singh and succeeded by Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma.

9. Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma (1918–1999)- He was the Nineth President of India. He was in office from Jul 25, 1992 to Jul 25, 1997.He was preceded by R.Venkataraman and succeeded by K.R.Narayanan.

10. Kocheril Raman Narayanan (1920–2005)- K.R.Narayanan was the tenth President of India. He was the prime minister from Jul 25, 1997 to Jul 25, 2002.He was preceded by Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma and succeeded by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.

11. Dr A.P.J Abdul Kalam (1931- )- He is the Eleventh President of India. He is president of India from Jul 25, 2002 to Jul 25, 2007.He was preceded by K.R.Narayanan and succeeded by Pratibha Patil.

12. Pratibha Patil (1934- )- Pratibha Patil is the first women President of India and the tweleveth President of India.He is president of India from to Jul 25, 2007 to July 25, 2012.She was preceded by Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam and succeeded by Pranab Mukherjee.

13. Pranab Mukherjee (1935- )- Pranab Mukherjee is the thirteenth President of India.He is president of India since Jul 25, 2012. He was preceded by Pratibha Patil.

Solar system; Information and facts about Sun, planets and their satellites

2013-02-21T22:30:00.000+05:30

The solar system consists of Sun and eight planets.They are
1.Mercury
2.Venus
3.Earth
4.Mars
5.Jupiter
6.Saturn
7.Uranus
8.Neptune
The Sun is the center of the solar system.Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are rocky planets also called the terrestrial planets.Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are Gas planets, which is also known as Jovian planets.
Mercury
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun.It is the smallest planet and it zips around the Sun in 88 days.It has a revolution period of 58 days.Its average distance from the sun is 58 million kilo meters.
It is the fastest planet and it has no moons. It is the.second hottest planet after Venus.
Venus
Venus is the second nearest planet to the Sun.Its average distance from the Sun is 108 million kilometers.It is the brightest and hottest planet.It is the nearest planet to Earth.It has no satellites.The volcanic plains of hot desert covering two-thirds of this planet.It has the longest period of rotation.
It spins backward.To turn once it takes 243 days.
Earth
Earth is the only planet to support life.It is the third planet from the Sun.Air and water is present on this planet.
The Earth spins once every 23 hours 59 minutes and 6 seconds.It orbits around the Sun once every 365.25 days.
Sun is the closest star to the Earth.The second closest star to the Earth is Proxima Centory.Moon is the natural satellite of Earth.
Sometimes it is called blue planet, because most of the surface of Earth is covered with water.
Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the sun and the second smallest planet in Solar System.It is an Earth-like planet.Its average distance from the Sun is 249 million kilometers.The iron rich rock and dust covers much of the planet, so it is reddish in colour and known as red planet.We can see Mars from Earth with the naked eye.Its orbital period is 686.971 days.
Jupiter
Jupiter is the largest and most massive planet.It is the fifth planet from the Sun.It is the king of all planets.It is 1300 times bigger than Earth.It has the shortest period of rotation (0.41 days).86 per cent of the atmosphere of Jupiter is hydrogen and 14 per cent is helium.This is the planet with the largest number of satellites.
Saturn
Saturn is the second largest planet in the solar system.Its place is sixth from the Sun.Its atmosphere mainly consists hydrogen and helium. It is also visible to naked eye. It has a rotation period of 0.44 days.Titan is the largest satellite of Saturn, which is bigger than the planet Mercury.This planet has big rings.Galileo described the rings of Saturn as 'ears' in 1610.
Uranus
Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun.It was discovered by William Herschel in 1781. It has a rotation period of 0.72 days.Its atmosphere mainly consists hydrogen.Methane is also present, which give a blue-green colour to the planet.Uranus also has a ring system.It has 27 satellites.
Neptune
Neptune is the eighth and the farthest planet from the Sun.It was discovered in 1846 by Galle and d'Arrest. It is also blue because of the presence of methane in its atmosphere.It is the coldest planet in the Solar system.Its rotation period is 0.44 days.
Pluto
Pluto was discovered in 1930, once it was considered as the ninth planet and the smallest planet in the World.But in 2006 International Astronomical Union classified Pluto as a dwarf planet , due to its small size.

First in India; Governance and Administration

2013-01-08T19:27:00.000+05:30

1. Who was the first president of India?
Dr.Rajendra Prasad (1950–1962)
2. The first president of India?
Pratibha Patil (2007–2012)
3. Who was the first prime minister of India?
Jawaharlal Nehru (15 August 1947 – 27 May 1964)
4. The first Vice-President of India?
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1952–1962)
5. Who was the first deputy prime minister of India?
Vallabhbhai Patel (1947–1950)
6. The first Law Minister of India?
Dr B. R. Ambedkar
7. The first Home Minister of India?
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
8. The first Woman Minister in India?
Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (Minister of UP)
9. The first Leader of Opposition in India?
A. K. Gopalan (1952–1967)
10. The first Indian Prime Minister to be voted out of office?
Indira Gandhi (1977)
11. The first Non-Congress Prime Minister?
Morarji Desai (Janata Party,1977–1980)
12. The first Prime Minister from South India?
P. V. Narasimha Rao (1991-1996)
13. The first Speaker of Lok Sabha?
G.V. Mavlankar (1952–1956)
14. The first Finance Minister of Independent India?
R.K. Shanmukhan Chetty (1947–1949)
15. The first Defence Minister of Independent India?
Baldev Singh (1947–1952)
16. The first Education Minister of Independent India?
Abul Kalam Azad (1947-1958)
17. The first Labour Minister of Independent India?
Jagjivan Ram
18. The first Power and Public Works Minister of Independent India?
Narahar Vishnu Gadgil (1947-1952)
19. The first Communications Minister of Independent India?
Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
20. The first Health Minister of Independent India?
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
21. The first tourism minister of India?
Dr.Karan Singh
22. The first woman Cabinet minister in India?
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
23. The first Railways Minister of Independent India?
John Mathai
24. The first Women Railway Minister of India?
Mamata Banerjee
25. Who presented the first Budget after India's Independence?
R. K. Shanmukhan Chetty (26 November 1947)
26. The first non-Congress State government with Majority by a single party?
CPI Ministry lead by E. M. S. Namboodiripad (Kerala,1957)
27. Who was the first president of indian national congress?
Womesh Chandra Banerjee
28. The first President of the Indian National Congress of independent India?
Acharya Kripalani (till Nov 1947)
29. Who was the first chief justice of india?
H. J. Kania (January 26, 1950-November 6, 1951, Bombay High Court)
30. Who was the first woman judge of Indian Supreme Court?
M.Fathima Beevi
31. The first woman prime minister of india?
Indira Gandhi
32. The first Viceroy of India?
Lord Canning (1858)
33. The first British Governor-General of India?
Warren Hastings (1773)
34. The first Governor-General of Independent India?
Lord Mountbatten (1947)
35. Who was the first Indian Governor-General of India?
C Rajagopalachari (1948)
36. who was the first woman chief minister in india?
Sucheta Kriplani (Uttar Pradesh,Indian National Congress,October 1963 to May 1967)
37. The first Woman Speaker of the Lok Sabha?
Meira Kumar
38. The first Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha?
Anandha Sayanam Iyengar
39. The first Chief Election Commissioner?
Sukumar Sen
40. The first Minister to resign from the Central Cabinet?
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
41. The first Chief Minister of West Bengal?
Dr. Prafulla Chandra Ghosh
42. Who was the first deputy planing commission chairman?
Gulzari Lal Nanda
43. The first Reserve Bank of India Governor?
HVR Ayyangar
44. The first Indian ICS Officer?
Satyendranath Tagore (1863)
45. The first Commander-in-Chief of Free India?
General Sir Roy Bucher
46. The first Indian Commander-in-Chief of Free India?
KM Cariappa (General Kodandera Madappa Cariappa-1949)
47. First Field Marshal of Indian Army?
Gen.S.Maneckshaw
48. Who was the first female officer to be court martialled?
Anjali Gupta
49. Who was the first female jawan in the Army?
Sapper Shanti Tigga
50. Who was the first Indian elected to British Parliament?
Dadabai Navroji
51. In which year India's first Industrial policy resolution was presented?
1948
52. The first official Census of India was taken in which year?
1872

First Women in India; All fields

2013-01-08T19:23:00.001+05:30

1. First woman chief election commissioner of India?
V.S.Remadevi
2. First Graduates in India?
Kadambini Ganguly and Chandramukhi Basu (1883)
3. Who was the first Indian woman Honours Graduate?
Kamini Roy (1886)
4. Who was the first Indian woman Director General of Police?
Kanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya
5. Who was the first Indian woman to receive Nobel Prize?
Mother Teresa (1979,Calcutta-Albanian born Indian citizen))
6. The first Women Railway Minister of India?
Mamata Banerjee
7. Who was the first Indian woman Court martialled?
Anjali Gupta (2005)
8. Who was the first Indian woman lawyer?
Cornelia Sorabjee (1892)
9. Who was the first woman Airline pilot?
Durba Banarjee
10. Who was the first Indian woman Photojournalist?
Homai Vyarawalla (1913)
11. Who was the first Indian woman to get Doctorate in Science?
Asima Chatterjee (1944)
12. Who was the first Indian woman Chief Justice of a High Court?
Leila Seth (Himachal Pradesh- 1991)
13. Who was the first Indian woman to become Air Vice Marshal?
P. Bandopadhyaya
14. Who was the first Indian woman to become Supreme Court judge?
Kumari Fathima Beevi
15. Who was the first Indian woman to become High Court Judge?
Anna Chandy
16. Who was the first woman Magistrate in India?
Omana Kunjamma
17. Who was the first Indian woman to become President of the United Nations General Assembly?
Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (1953)
18. Who was the first Indian woman Physician?
Kadambini Ganguly (1886)
19. Who was the first Indian woman Airline Pilot?
Durba Banerjee
20. Who was the first Indian woman in space?
Kalpana Chawla (Space Shuttle Columbia)
21. Who was the first Indian woman to sit in civil services exam, to join IFS?
Muthamma Chonira.
22. Who was the first Indian woman to cross English Channel?
Aarti Saha
23. Who was the first Indian woman to become Monarch of Delhi Sultanate? Razia Sultana (1205–1240)
24. Who was the first Indian woman Prime Minister?
Indira Gandhi, 1966
25. Who was the first Indian woman Minister in a government?
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur (Ministry of Health)
26. Who was the first Indian woman to become the Chief Minister of a State? Sucheta Kripalani (Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh,1963–1967)
27. Who was the first woman Chief Minister of West Bengal?
Mamata Banerjee
28. Who was the first Indian woman to become a Governor?
Sarojini Naidu (Governor of U P, 1947–1949)
29. Who was the first woman president of Indian national Congress?
Annie Besent
30. Who was the first India woman President of Indian national Congress?
Sarojini Naidu
31. Who was the first Indian foreign minister of India?
Lakshmi.N.Menon
32. Who was the first Indian woman to become Central Minister (before Independence)?
Vijayalakshmi Pandit (Ministry of local self-government and public health, 1937)
33. Who was the first Indian woman Speaker of the Lok Sabha?
Meira Kumar
34. Who was the first Indian woman to become the speaker of a state?
Shano Devi
35. Who was the first woman to become Indian National Congress President?
Annie Besant
36. Who was the first Indian woman to become President?
Pratibha Patil (2007)
37. Who was the first Indian woman IPS Officer?
Kiran Bedi
38. Who was the first Indian woman Mayer?
Sulochana Modi
39. Who was the first Chairperson of National Womens Commission?
Jayanthi Padnaik
40. Who was the first Indian woman to become Asian Games gold medal winner?
Kamlijit Sandhu
41. Who was the first Indian woman to climb Mount Everest?
Bachendri Pal (1984)
42. Who was the first Indian woman Chess Grandmaster?
Koneru Humpy (2002)
43. Who was the first Indian woman to win a Grand Slam junior title?
Sania Mirza (in Doubles of the 2003 Wimbledon. Partner- Alisa Kleybanova.)
partnering with Russian
44. Who was the first Indian woman to become Finance Minister?
Dr Upinderjit Kaur (Punjab, 2010)
45. Who was the first Indian woman pilot?
Harita Kaur Deol (1994)
46. Who was the first Indian woman to Cross Gobi Desert ?
Sucheta Kadethankar(2011)
47. Who was the first Indian woman to reach the final of an Olympic event? PT Usha (Pilavullakandi Thekkeparambil Usha)
48. Who was the first Indian woman IAS officer?
Anna Malhotra
49. Who was the first Indian female Ultramarathoner to run a 100 Mile Race(Himalayas)?
Priya Darshini (2007)