codes with abhi

Basic input output in C++

2021-02-03T09:56:00.000+05:30

Basic input output in C++

C++ comes with a libraries which is help us in programming input/output. In C++ sequence of bytes corresponding to input and output are commonly known as stream.

1. Input Stream:-

Direction of flow of bytes take place from input devices.

For example: keyboard to the main memory.

2. Output Stream:-

Direction of flow of bytes take place from main memory to the output device.

For example: Display.

Lets take one example

# include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main();

{

int num1, num2;

cout<<"Enter the value of num1 and num2 <<endl; -- Output function

cin>>num1>>num2>>endl; -- Input function

cout<<"The sum of mum1 and num2 is = "<<num1+num2<<endl;

return 0;

}

Reserved keyword in C++

This is a list of keyword reserved in C++
Since they are uses by the language itself these keywords are not available for variable and overloading.
In short you can not create a variable with these names

There are some reserved keyword in C++ following are:-

alignas (since C++11)
alignof (since C++11)
and
and_eq
asm
atomic_cancel (TM TS)
atomic_commit (TM TS)
atomic_noexcept (TM TS)
auto (1)
bitand
bitor
bool
break
case
catch
char
char8_t (since C++20)
char16_t (since C++11)
char32_t (since C++11)
class (1)
compl
concept (since C++20)
const
consteval (since C++20)
constexpr (since C++11)
constinit (since C++20)
const_cast
continue
co_await (since C++20)
co_return (since C++20)
co_yield (since C++20)
decltype (since C++11)
default (1)
delete (1)
do
double
dynamic_cast
else
enum
explicit
export (1) (3)
extern (1)
false
float
for
friend
goto
if
inline (1)
int
long
mutable (1)
namespace
new
noexcept (since C++11)
not
not_eq
nullptr (since C++11)
operator
or
or_eq
private
protected
public
reflexpr (reflection TS)
register (2)
reinterpret_cast
requires (since C++20)
return
short
signed
sizeof (1)
static
static_assert (since C++11)
static_cast
struct (1)
switch
synchronized (TM TS)
template
this
thread_local (since C++11)
throw
true
try
typedef
typeid
typename
union
unsigned
using (1)
virtual
void
volatile
wchar_t
while
xor

--------------------------------------------------

FAU-G: Fearless and United Guards - Apps on Google Play | Downlaod FauG

2021-01-27T18:06:00.004+05:30

Download FauG

FAU-G: Fearless and United Guards

Faug registration

So guys finally the registration of the faug game start so if you want to register in the game then you are in the correct site .

SCROLL DOWN FOR FAUG LINK

FAUG REGISTERATION

So friends the link is below and you have to scroll for it .

Faug registration

faug game download apk for pc

So guys basically the game is about our INDIAN SOLDIERS and this game is so popular and few days ago the tralior of the game will released . And as most of us saw the tralior so the graphics of that game is also so good . There is also a song and we all love it . In tralior we saw the fight in the Galvan valley between INDIA and china . Where we saw that that first china enters in the zone of INDIA and they start fighting . But INDIA brutally beat the soldier of china and after some time INDIA take the revenge . So basically this is so realistic game and you all are enjoyed it .

faug game download pc

WHAT IS FAUG ?

FAUG REGISTERATION

So as we all know that it is a game and the full form of fauG is FEARLESS AND UNITED GUARDS and our INDIAN SOLDIERS ARE FEARLESS . So this game is created by ncore games and it first time known in the appearance when the pubg ban .

faug game download apk for pc

Some says that this is a plan but it doesn’t all things is a concidennce .

REGISTER IN FAUG

FAUG REGISTERATION

So friends there I’ll going to give you the link of fauG registeration .

Download Faug - Fearless and United Guards

Direct Link

faug game release date
faug official site
faug beta version
faug pc download
faug download
faug game download pc
faug game download apk
faug game download apk for pc

Program to perform operation on array in C language

2021-01-26T21:52:00.003+05:30

Program to perform operation on array in C language | codeswithabhi

PUBLISHED BY ABHIJEET DWIVEDI

JANUARY 26TH, 2021

In this tutorial you will learn,

Perform operation on array in C language

First see what is an array?

Array

Array is the collection of homogeneous data items that share a common name , Array contain similar kind of values on a same name it allocate contiguous or sequential memory. for more visit - Array in C-Programming. | Codes With Abhi

* Declaration of an array:-

data type array name [ array size ] ;

Operation on an array in C programming:-

Create an array.
Insert element into an array.
Delete element from an array.
Display element of an array.

For more

Let's take a program as an example:-

Write a program to perform operation on an array in c programming

Before starting a program, first create an array

now here we create an array and we also insert some element

___array

0 0

#include

void main()

{

int array[ ], n,i,loc; //creation of array

printf("\n How many element you want");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("\n enter %d element', n);

for(i=0 ; i<=4 ; i++)

{

scanf("%d",&array[i]); //inserting values into an array

}

printf("\n you enter tha following values=");

for(i=0 ; i

{

printf("\n%d", array[i]); //print the values ---Displaying

}

printf("\n enter the location where you want to delete");

scanf('%d", &loc);

if(loc>n)

{

printf("\n Deletionn not possible");

}

else

{

i=0;

while(i!=loc-1)

{

i++;

}

while(i

{

array[i]=array[i+1];

i++;

}

So here we are perform all four operation on array in C programming.

Click below for more

Array in C-Programming. | Codes With Abhi

Program to perform operation on array in C language
While writing the range in case statement in C How can we write a number using greater than symbol in case
C program for Calculate total using switch case
Program to print reverse number using Getchar putchar in C
stdlib.h functions in C language in Hindi
c programming online compiler
c programming functions
c programming string
c programming online
c programming compiler
c programming in vs code
how learn c programming
c programming software
c programming reverse number
c programming for loop
c programming practice
c programming for beginners
c programming examples with output
c programming recursion

Preprocessor directives in C++ | C++ Tutorial with Codes With Abhi | C++ Programming Language | Codes WIth Abhi

2021-01-20T17:12:00.004+05:30

The preprocessor directives in C++

The preprocessor is a unique feature of C++. In C++, we have steps like compilation, linking and execution for a typical program. In reality, we have a lot of other features in a C++ program that needs to be processed before passing the program for compilation.

For this purpose, a special step called preprocessing is carried out. Preprocessing is carried out before the compilation process and the special features are preprocessed. As a result, an expanded C++ program is obtained and then it is passed to the compiler.

In this tutorial, we will explore the various preprocessor directives supported by C++.

File Inclusion Directives

#include

File inclusion directive #include allows us to include other files in our source program. We can include any header file that contains definitions of various predefined functions in our program using these functions. We can include header files in our program using the following syntax.

#include <filename>

Example:#include <iostream>

We have already seen this in our C++ programs. The header iostream contains the functions required for input/output data streaming like cout, cin, etc.

As our programs grow larger or the functionality becomes complex, we might want to divide our program into various files or import functionality from the other files. In this case, we make use of user-defined files. To include user-defined files in our program we can make use of the following syntax of #include directive

include “filename”

Example: #include “vector_int.h”

This is a user-defined header file that we intend to include in our program in order to use its functionality.

The below code Example shows the usage of the #include directive.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

cout<<"This is an example demonstrating inclusion directive #include";

}

Output:

This is an example demonstrating the inclusion directive #include.

As shown, we have used the #include directive to include the functionality of the <iostream> header in our program.

Macro Definition Directives

#define

The #define directive is used to define the symbolic constants or macros in C++ program.

The general form of a #define directive is:

#define macro_name replacement code

When a preprocessor encounters the macro in the program, the preprocessor replaces this macro with the code that is defined using the #define directive before the code is passed to the compiler.

The below code Example shows a symbolic constant RADIUS that is defined using #define directive and its usage in the program.

#include <iostream>

#define RADIUS 5

using namespace std;

int main()

{

cout<<"Area of a circle : "<<3.142 * RADIUS * RADIUS;

}

Output:

Area of a circle : 78.55

As shown in the program, we can make use of symbolic constant RADIUS in our code and it will be replaced by the value defined for it using the #define directive.

We can use the #define directive to define a proper function code. These functions are usually small functions.

An example is shown below.

#include <iostream>

#define REC_AREA(length, breadth) (length * breadth)

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int length = 20, breadth = 5, area;

area = REC_AREA(length, breadth);

cout << "Area of a rectangle is: " << area;

return 0;

}

Output:

Area of a rectangle is: 100

Here using the #define directive we have defined a function REC_AREA that takes two arguments i.e. length and breadth and calculates the area of a rectangle. In the main function, we just make use of this macro and supply two arguments to it to obtain the area of a rectangle.

#undef

Macros in a program defined with the #define directive last until it is undefined using the #undef directive. Once the program encounters #undef, the subsequent use of macro (undefined by #undef) will give a compilation error.

In the above program, if we just give a statement #undef REC_AREA after the integer declarations, then the program will give a compilation error.

Conditional Compilation Directives

Apart from the directives explained above, C++ also provides the following directives that can be used for conditional compilation of code. These directives can be used on similar lines of the if-else statement of C++.

For Example, we can set DEBUG for a program ON or OFF using these conditional directives.

Some of the conditional compilation directives provided in C++ include:

#if

#elif

#endif

#ifdef

#ifndef

#else

The below program demonstrates the usage of conditional compilation directives in a C++ program.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

#define DEBUG

#define MAX(a,b) (((a)>(b)) ? a : b)

int main () {

int i, j;

i = 100;

j = 50;

#ifdef DEBUG

cout <<"Trace: Start of main function" << endl;

#endif

cout <<"The maximum is " << MAX(i, j) << endl;

#undef MAX

//cout <<"The maximum is " << MAX(10,20) << endl;

#ifdef DEBUG

cout <<"Trace: End of main function" << endl;

#endif

return 0;

}

Output:

Trace: Start of main function

The maximum is 100

Trace: End of main function

In the above program, we use #ifdef – #endif directive to define a DEBUG for the program. Then we undefined the macro function MAX using the #undef directive. The conditional compilation directive constructs #ifdef – #endif checks if DEBUG is set and if it’s set, it prints few messages in the program.

The # & ## Operators

The # and ## operators are two special operators that are respectively used to convert a text token into a string to be displayed and concatenate two tokens.

Below given is an Example demonstrating both these operators.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

#define MKSTR( x ) #x

#define concat(a, b) a ## b

int main () {

cout <<"MKSTR(Hello World) = "<< MKSTR(Hello World) << endl;

int xy = 100;

cout <<"concat(x,y) = "<<concat(x,y);

return 0;

}

Output:

MKSTR(Hello World) = Hello World

concat(x,y) = 100

In the above program, we define MKSTR with an argument x. It has body #x. When we print this MKSTR using the argument “Hello World”, we see that because of #x, the argument is converted to a string and is displayed to the output.

Learn Python Programming Language

Jarvis project by python | Jarvis project | Jarvis software | codeswithabhi

2020-12-19T11:13:00.011+05:30

Jarvis project by python

Hello everyone,

Today we are came up with the one new software Jarvis

As you saw in the Avengers movie, Tony Stark orders his virtual personal assistant and he works for him. Today, We are going to make similar software which is named Jarvis.

So without wasting any time, we move to our coding section now! And make your virtual assistant today 😁

Today, I make a Jarvis software with a some common instructions

You can also add many other instructions which you wanna in your daily life.

Jarvis project by python | A.I of Jarvis | Jarvis Software

Jarvis python code

import speech_recognition as sr

from time import ctime

import time

import os

from gtts import gTTS

def speak(audioString):

print(audioString)

tts = gTTS(text=audioString, lang='en')

tts.save("audio.mp3")

os.system("mpg321 audio.mp3")

def recordAudio():

# Record Audio

r = sr.Recognizer()

with sr.Microphone() as source:

print("Say something!")

audio = r.listen(source)

# Speech recognition using Google Speech Recognition

data = ""

try:

# Uses the default API key

# To use another API key: `r.recognize_google(audio, key="GOOGLE_SPEECH_RECOGNITION_API_KEY")`

data = r.recognize_google(audio)

print("You said: " + data)

except sr.UnknownValueError:

print("Google Speech Recognition could not understand audio")

except sr.RequestError as e:

print("Could not request results from Google Speech Recognition service; {0}".format(e))

return data

def jarvis(data):

if "how are you" in data:

speak("I am fine")

if "what time is it" in data:

speak(ctime())

if "where is" in data:

data = data.split(" ")

location = data[2]

speak("Hold on Frank, I will show you where " + location + " is.")

os.system("chromium-browser https://www.google.nl/maps/place/" + location + "/&")

# initialization

time.sleep(2)

speak("Hi Frank, what can I do for you?")

while 1:

data = recordAudio()

jarvis(data)

Now our Jarvis software is ready with the help of python programming.

You can also add many other option which you wanna in your daily life...

And now you can run this code in any python interpreter like, visual studio code any many more. And believe me this Jarvis software make your life easier.

Jarvis software.....

Jarvis project | Jarvis software | Jarvis project by python | codeswithabhi

Learn Python Programming Language

Learn C Programming Language

Learn C++ Programming Language

Differences between C and C++ | Basic difference between c and c++ | codes with abhi

2020-08-14T10:22:00.007+05:30

C++ Programming:-

In this tutorial you will learn:-

Differences between C and C++:

C C++

C does no support polymorphism, encapsulation, and inheritance which suggests that C doesn't support object oriented programming	C++ supports polymorphism, encapsulation, and inheritance because it's an object oriented programing language
C may be a subset of C++	C++ may be a superset of C.
C contains 32 keywords	C++ contains 52 keywords.
For the event of code, C supports procedural programming	C++ is understood as hybrid language because C++ supports both procedural and object oriented programming paradigms.
Data and functions are separated in C because it's a procedural programing language	Data and functions are encapsulated together in sort of an object in C++.
C doesn't support information hiding	Data is hidden by the Encapsulation to make sure that data structures and operators are used as intended

C may be a function driven language because C may be a procedural programing language	C++ is an object driven language because it's an object oriented programming.
Function and operator overloading isn't supported in C	Function and operator overloading supported in C++
C may be a function-driven language \	C++ is an object-driven language
Namespace features aren't present inside the C	Namespace is employed by C++, which avoid name collisions.
Header file employed by C is stdio.h	Header file employed by C++ is iostream.h.
Reference variables aren't supported by C	Reference variables are supported by C++.
Virtual and friend functions aren't supported by C	Virtual and friend functions are supported by C++.
C doesn't support inheritance	C++ supports inheritance.

C provides malloc() and calloc() functions for dynamic memory allocation, and free() for memory de-allocation	C++ provides new operator for memory allocation and delete operator for memory de-allocation.
C was developed by Dennis Ritchie between the year 1969 and 1973 at AT&T Bell Labs	C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979.

For Example

C-Variable declaration

Only at the top:

int i;

for(i=10; i<10;i++)

C++ variable declaration

Anywhere in the program;

for(i=1;i<10;i++)

Function Overloading in C++

2020-08-12T18:59:00.002+05:30

C++ Programming:-

In this tutorial you will learn:-

Function Overloading in C++

Function overloading means two or more functions can have an equivalent name, but either the amount of arguments or the info sort of arguments has got to vary . within the first example, we create two functions of an equivalent name, one for adding two integers and another for adding two floats. within the second program, we make two functions with identical names but pass them a special number of arguments. Function overloading is additionally referred to as compile-time polymorphism.

We created two functions "add" for integer and float data types, you'll create any number of them of an equivalent name as needed . Just confirm a compiler are going to be ready to determine which one to call. In the program, you'll create add function for long, double, and other data types.

Function overloading C++ program

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

/* Function arguments are of different data type */

int add(int, int);
float add(float, float);

int main()
{
int a, b, x;
float c, d, y;

cout << "Enter two integers\n";
cin >> a >> b;

x = add(a, b);

cout << "Sum of integers: " << x << endl;

cout << "Enter two floating point numbers\n";
cin >> c >> d;

y = add(c, d);

cout << "Sum of floats: " << y << endl;

return 0;
}

int add(int x, int y)
{
int sum;

sum = x + y;

return sum;
}

float add(float x, float y)
{
float sum;

sum = x + y;

return sum;
}

In the functions, the code is that the same but data types are different, C++ provides an answer to the present problem. We can create one function for various data types which can reduce the dimensions of code by employing a feature of C++ referred to as templates.

C++ program for function overloading

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
/* Number of arguments are different */
void display(char []);  // print the string passed as argument
void display(char [], char []);
int main()
{
   char first[] = "C programming";
   char second[] = "C++ programming";
   
   display(first);
   display(first, second);
   
   return 0;
}
void display(char s[])
{
   cout << s << endl;
}
void display(char s[], char t[])
{
   cout << s << endl << t << endl;
}

Output of program:

C programming
C programming
C++ programming

A function return type has no role because it returns a value when called and at compile time compiler will not be able to decide which one to call.

Polymorphism and Inheritance in C++

2020-08-12T18:57:00.003+05:30

C++ Programming:-

In this tutorial you will learn:-

Polymorphism

Polymorphism is that in which we can perform a task in multiple forms or ways. It is applied to the functions or methods. Polymorphism allows the thing to make a decision which sort of the function to implement at compile-time also as run-time.

Types of Polymorphism are:

1. Compile-time polymorphism (Method overloading)

2. Run-time polymorphism (Method Overriding)

Inheritance is the process of by which a replacement class is made that inherits the properties of the exist already class. It supports the concept of code reusability and reduces the length of the code in object-oriented programming.

Types of Inheritance are:

1. Single inheritance

2. Multi-level inheritance

3. Multiple inheritance

4. Hybrid inheritance

5. Hierarchical inheritance

Difference between Inheritance and Polymorphism:

S.NO	Inheritance	Polymorphism
1.	Inheritance is one in which a new class is created (derived class) that inherits the features from the already existing class(Base class).	Whereas polymorphism is that which can be defined in multiple forms.
2.	It is basically applied to classes.	Whereas it is basically applied to functions or methods.
3.	Inheritance supports the concept of reusability and reduces code length in object-oriented programming.	Polymorphism allows the object to decide which form of the function to implement at compile-time (overloading) as well as run-time (overriding).
4.	Inheritance can be single, hybrid, multiple, hierarchical and multilevel inheritance.	Whereas it can be compiled-time polymorphism (overload) as well as run-time polymorphism (overriding).
5.	It is used in pattern designing.	While it is also used in pattern designing.

Dynamic and Static Binding in C++

2020-08-12T18:49:00.003+05:30

C++ Programming:-

In this tutorial you will learn:-

Dynamic binding

Dynamic memory is the process of linking procedure call to a selected sequence of code (method) at run-time. It means the code to be executed for a selected procedure call isn't known until run-time. Dynamic binding is additionally referred to as late binding or run-time binding.

Dynamic binding is an object oriented programming concept and it's related with polymorphism and inheritance.

Dynamic binding definition

Dynamic binding(dispatch) means a block of code executed with regard to a procedure(method) call is decided at run time.

Dynamic dispatch is usually used when multiple classes contain different implementations of an equivalent method. It provides a mechanism for choosing the function to be executed from various function alternatives at the run-time. In C++, virtual functions are wont to implement dynamic binding

Definitions of Static Binding

When compiler acknowledges all the knowledge required to call a function or all the values of the variables during compile time, it's called “static binding“. As all the specified information are known before runtime, it increases the program efficiency, and it also enhances the speed of execution of a program.

Static Binding makes a program very efficient, but it declines the program flexibility, as ‘values of the variable’ and ‘function calling’ are predefined within the program. Static Binding is implemented during a program at the time of coding.

Overloading a function or an operator are the instance of compile-time polymorphism, i.e. static Binding.

Difference between Static and Dynamic Binding

BASIS FOR COMPARISON	STATIC BINDING	DYNAMIC BINDING
Event Occurrence	Events occur at compile time are "Static Binding".	Events occur at run time are "Dynamic Binding".
Information	All information needed to call a function is known at compile time.	All information need to call a function come to know at run time.
Advantage	Efficiency.	Flexibility.
Time	Fast execution.	Slow execution.
Alternate name	Early Binding.	Late Binding.
Example	Overloaded function call, overloaded operators.	Virtual function in C++, overridden methods in java

Abstraction and Encapsulation in C++ |Difference between Abstraction and Encapsulation in C++

2020-08-10T13:46:00.003+05:30

C++ Programming:-

Abstraction and Encapsulation both are basic object oriented programming (OOP) concepts which permit you to implement real-world objects into programs and codes. While both go hand in hand, they're very different from one another . In simple terms, once you put various things together to make an entity, you really create an idea – an abstract. While both are technically inseparable, they have got literally nothing in common. It’s almost true that each encapsulation is an abstraction because they both hide something, however, they need their justifiable share of differences

What is Abstraction?

Abstracting is a basic OOP concept which focuses on just the relevant data of an object and hides all the irrelevant details which may or may not be for generic or specialized behavior. It hides the background details and emphasizes on the essential points to scale back complexity and increase efficiency. Basically, abstraction may be a programming tool to manage complexity. Abstraction focuses on ideas rather than events. It hides the small print on the planning level by providing functionality to the users. The resulting object also can be called an abstraction. The programmer makes sure the named entity will have all the essential aspects included and none of the irrelevant ones.

Let’s take a real-world example of abstraction. Let’s consider the case of a vehicle, which in this case is your vehicle. A mechanic tries to repair your car or let’s say a specific part of your car. Here, you're the user and you don’t want to urge into the specifics of your car or what part actually broke. You don’t actually care about those things; you just want your vehicle back in its original condition without worrying about the details. So, you really told the mechanic what you would like by segregating the implementation part. This is abstraction. You focused on the foremost essential thing, which is getting your car fixed, instead of that specialize in the specifics.

Difference between Abstraction and Encapsulation

What is Encapsulation?

Encapsulation is yet another OOP concept which binds data and functions into a single component while restricting access to some components. It’s one among the most fundamental concepts of OOP which wraps data and knowledge under one unit. In technical terms, encapsulation means hiding attributes to shield variables from outside access so that change in one part of an application won’t affect the other parts. On the contrary, by making the knowledge more open you’ll risk misuse of knowledge . It provides basic integrity to the info by protecting it from the surface world. In simple terms, it hides the extra details from the outside world.

Let’s take an example of a Bluetooth mouse. You only got to realize the device’s behavior without fear about the implementation details like what quite sensors the mouse has, is it wireless or not, etc. Every single detail describes the mouse but regardless of the details, it’s just a mouse. You just need an interface to use the mouse, which in this case is the mouse pointer. This is encapsulation.

Difference between Abstraction and Encapsulation

While both are fundamental concepts related to OOP and they are technically inseparable, they still have their differences in many aspects.

Differences in “ Definition” of Abstraction and Encapsulation – Abstraction is a fundamental OOP concept which emphasizes on all the essential aspects of an object by hiding the irrelevant details to increase efficiency and eliminate complexity. Encapsulation, on the opposite hand, may be a data hiding mechanism which wraps the info and knowledge during a capsule to limit access from outside world.

Differences in “Functionality” of Abstraction and Encapsulation– Abstraction is a data hiding mechanism which highlights only the essential features to make complex programs simpler, while encapsulation, on the other hand, is a method of binding data and codes into one entity. The idea is to shield the implementation details from external access.

Differences in “Implementation” of Abstraction and Encapsulation – Abstraction is implemented using abstract class and interface, while encapsulation is implemented using access modifiers. Five sorts of modifiers are wont to encapsulate data: Private, Public, Internal, Protected, and guarded Internal.

Differences in “Concept” of Abstraction and Encapsulation– The idea behind abstraction is to focus on what rather than how. Encapsulation hides the internal mechanics of how. For example, once you drive a car, you recognize exactly what the pedal does but you'll not know the entire mechanism behind it because the info is encapsulated.

Differences in “Example” of Abstraction and Encapsulation – Let’s take an example of a smartphone. You know what it does but you may not know how it does what it does. You only care about the monitor and keypad buttons instead of worrying about its inner circuitry. Here, smartphone is an abstract where the inner implementation details are encapsulated.

Features of object oriented programming c++

2020-08-10T13:22:00.005+05:30

C++ Programming

Features of C++

C++ is an upgraded version of C programming. the most idea behind creating C++ programming was to feature object orientation to the C programing language . the main upgradations are object-oriented programming methodology, namespace feature, operator overloading, error & exception handling. The motivation behind object-oriented programming is to undertake to ascertain the entire world within the sort of classes & objects.

There are various features of C++ like ,

Object Oriented

Simple

Platform Dependent

Mid-level programing language

Structured programing language

Rich Library

Memory Management

Powerful & Fast

Pointers

Compiler based

Syntax based language

Let’s discuss all of them one by one.

Object Oriented programing language

The main upgradation from C to C++ is object-oriented programming. It follows concept of oops like polymorphism, inheritance, encapsulation, abstraction. This makes development and maintenance easier.

Let’s briefly understand the concepts of object-oriented programming.

Class: a category may be a user-defined blueprint or prototype from which objects are created. It represents the set of properties or methods that are common to all or any objects of 1 type.

Object: it's a basic unit of Object-Oriented Programming and represents the real-life entities. A C++ program creates many objects which interact by invoking methods.

Polymorphism: Polymorphism refers to the power of OOPs programming languages to differentiate between entities with an equivalent name efficiently.

Inheritance: Inheritance is that the mechanism during which one class is allowed to inherit the features (fields and methods) of another class.

Encapsulation: Encapsulation is defined because the wrapping from data under one unit. it's the mechanism that binds together code and therefore the data it manipulates.

Abstraction: Data Abstraction is that the property by virtue of which only the essential details are showed the user. The trivial or the non-essentials units aren't showed the user.

Features of C++ : Simple

C++ provides a structured approach wherein you'll break the matter into parts and style the answer modularly. It provides you an upscale set of library functions that you simply can use while implementing the answer .

If you've got worked with C language, then moving to C++ would be a really smooth transitioning. The syntax is nearly similar with minute changes.

Platform Dependent

Platform dependent language means the language during which programs are often executed only thereon OS where it's developed & compiled. It cannot run or execute it on the other OS .

C++ may be a platform-dependent language. Having said that, C++ programs are often executed in many machines with bit or no change.

Mid-level programing language

C++ has the power to try to to both low-level & high-level programming. this is often the rationale why C++ is understood as a mid-level programing language . once we mention low-level programming, C++ is employed to develop system applications like the kernel, driver, etc.

Structured programing language

In C++ programming, the code is modular with the assistance of functions, classes & objects, and therefore the modules are loosely coupled. Modular code is straightforward to know & modify. This makes C++ a structured programing language .

Rich Library

Developers have access to a lot of in-built functions provided by C++ language. this protects time & makes development fast. Let’s check out a number of the C++ header files & functionalities provided by it.

: Contains C++ standard input and output functions

: Contains stream manipulators that format streams of knowledge

: Contains math library functions

: Contains function for conversions of numbers to text and vise versa, memory allocation, random numbers and various other utility functions.

: Contains function for manipulating the time and date

: Contains function for functions that perform input from files on disk and output to files on disk

: Contains classes and functions employed by the C++ Standard Library to allocate memory to the C++ Standard Library containers

: Contains classes for accessing data within the C++ Standard Library containers

: Contains functions for manipulating data in C++ Standard Library containers

Memory Management

C++ supports dynamic memory allocation. you'll free the allocated memory at any time. Not only this C++ also provides dynamic memory management techniques.

Powerful & Fast

C++ may be a fast language as compilation and execution time is a smaller amount . Also, it's a good sort of data types, functions & operators.

Pointers

Pointers are variables that store the address of another variable. Pointer points to the memory location of a variable. C++ supports pointer and provides solutions to a lot of problems that demand access to memory location.

Compiler based

C++ may be a compiler-based programing language . Without compilation, no C++ program are often executed. The compiler first compiles the C++ program then it's executed.

C++ Features: Syntax based language

C++ may be a language that complies strongly with syntax. Language following rules and regulations very strictly is understood as tight syntax-based language. C, C++, Java, .net are a number of the examples.

Now I hope you'd have understood different features provided by C++. I hope this blog is informative and added value to you.

Thus we've come to an end of this text on ‘Features of C++’. If you would like to find out more, inspect the Java Training by Edureka, a trusted online learning company. Edureka’s Java J2EE and SOA training and certification course is meant to coach you for both core and advanced Java concepts along side various Java frameworks like Hibernate & Spring.

Got an issue for us? Please mention it within the comments section of this blog “C++ features” and that we will revisit to you as soon as possible.

Object and Class in c++

2020-07-02T14:57:00.003+05:30

Object and Class in C++

In this tutorial you will learn

Object(Instance of classes):-

It is a piece of code which represent the real life entity and this is created in runtime.

* It combine data & function.

* Object also give a life to class.

* Object can be manipulated.

* Object occupy the memory location.

* It is also instance of classes.

For example:-

In the above figure, you can see a car so car have a some attributes like color, speed, model,etc and functionality like get speed, get fuel, etc.

Then the all attributes and functionally of car is OBJECT.

And, Car is class.

Class:-

Collection of similar object(Homogeneous) is called class.

* Class is also a user define function.

* Class can not be manipulated cause it is not available memory except static class.

* Class does not occupy memory location.

Syntax of class

Class class name

{

Private: ------------------Hide data

variable declaration;

function;

Public: ---------------------- Private data

function and variable;

};

Differentiate between Object and Class:-

OBJECT

CLASS

1.	Object is an instance of class	Class is a collection of similar object.
2.	Object gives life to the class	The class can be generate by object.
3.	Object occupy memory loaction	Class can not occupy memory location.
4.	Object can be manipulated.	Class can not be manipulated cause it is not available memory except static class

Introduction and features of c++

2020-06-21T09:19:00.006+05:30

C++ Programming

In this tutorial you will learn:-

Introduction of c++

Bjarne stroustrup

The programming language is developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 at AT & T (new jersey).

1. C++ is a high level programming language

2. C++ is object oriented programming language.

3. C++ is a superset of C programming language. We apply all concept of C in C++ programming languages.

4. C++ is develop by the combination of two programming language first is Simula 67 and second one is C.

Features of C++

1. Object:- Object is primary entity and this is created in runtime, it combines data and function.

2. Classes:- Classes is a collection of similar object (homogeneous object) and it is also a user define datatype.

3. Abstraction:- An abstraction is used for hiding of data.

4. Inheritance:- Inheritance is a process by which one object can acquire the properties of another object.

5. Encapsulation:-
Encapsulation is a process of wrapping of data and function together.

6. Overloading:- The concept of overloading p provised extensibility this means that we can extend the existing features.

7. polymorphism:- The word polymorphism means having many forms. Typically, polymorphism occurs when there is a hierarchy of classes and they are related by inheritance.

8. Dynamic Binding:- The dynamic binding is a process of connecting one program to another program.

Uses of C++:-

1. Games:- With the help of C++ it is very easy to develop a game because C++ provide all resources for gaming type software.

2. GUI based application:- GUI based application is also developed with the help of C++ programming language. For example:- Adobe system.

3. Database software:- C++ is also used for develop database software.

4. Operating system:- C++ is also used for develop operating system. There are some famous operating system which is written in c++. For example- Apple OS, Microsoft, etc.

5. Browser:- This language C++ is also used for develop browser software. for example:- fire fox, and some google application.

6. Banking application:- C++ is also used for develop banking application.

7. Compilers:- C++ programming language is also used for developing compilers and most of the compilers are written in C++.

8. Enterprise software:- C++ is also used in many enterprise software.

Tokens and Data type in Python Programming

2020-05-24T13:50:00.004+05:30

Python Programming:

In this tutorial, you will learn:-

Token:

The smallest individual unit in a program is known as token in python.

There are 5 types of token available in python programming:-

1. Identifiers:-

An identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, modules, or another object, etc.

Rules:-

* Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase(a to z) and uppercase(A to Z) or digit(0 to 9) or an underscore(_)

* Identifiers can't be stored with digit.

* Keywords can't be used as an identifier.

* Special symbol like : !, @, #, $, %,etc are use as identifiers.

* Identifier can be of any length.

2. Keyword:-

Keyword is a reserved words that have a special meaning in python programming

* Keywords can't be used as identifiers.

* Python 3.7 has 33 keywords.

* All keywords except true, false, & name are the lower case and they must be written at it is.3.

3. Operator:-

Operator are sign which is used to generate an expression or to perform any calculation. Python uses a nonalphanumeric character and character combination as an operator.

please visit our operator post to get more information, python operator.

For example:- x+y=c; ----- Airthmatic operator.

4. Delimiters:

Delimiters are the symbols and symbols combinations used in expression like list, dictionaries, string, etc.

For Example:- {, }, [, ], :, =, +=,>>,etc

5. literals:-

A literals is a numbers or string that appears in a programming.

For example:-

42 --- Integer type (literals)

29.8 ---- float

"codeswithabhi" -----string

12+i --- complex

Data type:-

1. None:

In this data type not any value stored means null value carries none data type.

2. Numeric:

* Integer:

In integer we have to take all values in integer data type.

For e.g: >> abhi=10 ---int value

if we wanna confirm our data type so, you can use this function to check to check type of data type:

>> type(a)

<class'int'>

* Float:-

In this type of data type, we have to take all values in floating values (Decimal values).

For eample: >>c=10.34 ---- Float value

If we wnna check type of data type that we takes type function :

>>Type(c)

<class'float'>

* Complex:

The complex data type holds the comples data type.

For exmple: a=100+3k

print("type of data type",a type(a))

<class'comple'>

* Boolean:

The boolen check the condition of two variables and also comparing two values.

For example:

>>a=10

>>b=100

>>a>b

>> False

3. List :

In python we can create and also store data, and this data may be in integer, flaot, string, also combination of all 3 types of data type:

For Example: >>abc[1,2,3]

type (abc)

<class'list'>

We discuss list in brief in our next post..

4. Tuple :

It is colllection of objects enclosed within ( ).

For example: >> a= (9,1,2)

>>type(a)

>> <class'tuple'>

There are some charactrstics of tuple:

* Hetrogeneous :

* Immutable :

* Duplicate

We will discuss more in detail in our next upcomming post...

5. Set :

A set is an un oredered collection of items, Every set element is unique (no duplicates)p and cannot be changed.

For example: >> A=(1,2,4,1,7,2)

>>print(A)

>>1,2,4,7 ----- here repeating number is avoid by set

And if we wanna check type of set:

>>Type(A)

>> <class'set'>

We discuss this topic in detail in our next upcomming post.

6. String :

The group of character is know as string. In pytho we can eaisly access string rather than another various programming language.

For example:

>> S="codeswithabhi"

Print(S)

codeswithabhi

And we can also check it by using type function

>>type(S)

<class' string'>

Learn complete Complete course

7. Range:

In other programming language we use loops and give condition to access a particular condition which is given by programmer, similary range gives a also a path, condition, and printing range.

For example:

>>Range(1,10)

So, in this condition interpreter print only 1 to 9.

8. Dictionary:-

Dictinary in python is an un ordered collection of data values , used to store data values like a map, for every values assign a key.

For example:

>>d={'abhi':'codes','hello':'abhi'}

>>d.key

>>dict.key(['abhi':'codes']) -- so here we print key

d values

dict.values(['hello':'abhi') ---here we print values.

Thanks for reading....

If you any doubt related this topic please drop your question in comment box.

Python Variables - Codes With Abhi

2020-05-23T00:28:00.009+05:30

Python Programming:-

In this tutorial, you will learn:-

Variables:-

In Python, a variable is considered as a tag that is tied to some value. In other words, variables are a type of container which holds some value. A variable name can be in alphanumeric type but not start with a number. For e.g: name1=100
Python considered variables as an object

.

Variable assignment:

In python programming language there no need to declare or defined in advance as a case of another programming language.

Let, create a variable and assign value.

>>n=100

>>print(n)

>>100

so very easy you can assign any value in a variable and print it using print() function which is already stored in python's library.

Multiple variable assignment:-

In other programming languages like c, c++,etc We need to declare and assign like this:

a=10;

b=10;

c=10;

and then print, but in python,we can assign value in only one line like this:

>>a=b=c=10;

>>print(a)

>>print(b)

>>print(c)

>>10

>>10
>>10

For example, suppose we take,

>>a=10

a ------Tag name

1002 ---------Address

>>Print(a)

10 ------- - output

type(a) ---by type function we find the type of variable

<class' int'> -------- type of datatype

id(a) ---by this id function we can get the address of the value

1002 -------address

So, in python "a" is a type of tag we can not say it variable in python it is just a tag that carries integer value.

As we know that in other programming languages a variable takes an address in memory, but in python the value takes an address.
And one more thing suppose if we take two types of the same value and try to take in a different variable like this :

>> a=10

>> b=10

So, in this situation 10 already takes one address, and when the interpreter read b's value it cannot give another address to b's 10, it just combines both a and b into one tag which has a value 10.

Rules for variable declaration:-

1. Every variable should start with alphabet or underscore (_)

2. No space is allowed in variable declaration.

3. Except underscore (_) no other special symbol is allowed in the middle of the variable declaration

4. A variable is written with a combination of letter, number, & any special character

For example:-

* a

* name

* abhi12

* _city

* codewith_abhi

* Codeswithabhi

so this is some variable declarations

Python

Thanks for reading and if any doubt related to this topic ask your question below comment box.

Introduction and History of Python in brief for beginners

2020-05-21T19:50:00.002+05:30

Python Programming:-

In this tutorial, you will learn:-

Introduction of Python:-

Python was developed by Guido Van Rossum in year in 1991 at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC.

* Python is a program that combines features of C and Java.

* By the T.V show Manty python's flying circus, this programming language got the name "Python".

* Python is a powerful object-oriented programming language, comparable tp pear, Ruby, and java.

Features of Python:-

1. Easy to learn and use.

2. The programming language Python is very easy because of its easy syntax, and it is a high-level programming language that gives the user to write a code in English.

3. The python is object-oriented programming.

4. The python has a huge library, which is very helpful for the programmer in writing programs and also has many modules.

5. Python is an interpreted language. The interpreter executes the code line by line at a time.

6. Python can run different platforms like Windows, Linux, and Unix, etc.

7. The python is case sensitive.

History of python and version:-

* The planning of python had started in the 1980s.

* But the real work and implementation had started in 1989.

* And finally published on 27 Feb 1991.

* Python was developed by Guido Van Rossum in year in 1991 at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC.

* ABC language and modula-3 had a major influence on the python programming language.

* In 1994, The python released their Python 1.0 with some features like map, filter, etc.

* In 2002, The python released their Python 2.0 with features like garbage collection system.

* In December 2008, Python 3.0 had released (also called "Py3K").

Python Versions List:-

Python version	Released Date
Python 0.9.0	February 1991
Python 1.0	January 1994
Python 2.0	October 2000
Python 3.0	December 2008
Python 3.1	June 2009
Python 3.2	February 2011
Python 3.3	September 2012
Python 3.4	March 2014
Python 3.5	September 2015
Python 3.6	December 2016
Python 3.7	June 2018

Python 3.8

Python application:-

Generally, the python is mainly developed for developing software, web application, desktop application, and games, etc.

1. Web application:-

Python is used for developing web applications. Python has a huge library so, when we develop any web application through python its looks and their features are so good. Some important developments are PythonWikiEngines, etc.

2. Desktop GUI application:-

The Tkinter is a very popular platform where we develop various types of GUI desktop applications.

3. Console based application:-

We can develop console based application easily by python.

4. Games and 3D application:-

The python is also very popular for games and 3D games.

5. Mobile app:-

We can use python for development of mobile application. like social media apps , many more.

6. Scientific and numeric:-

Pyhton is widely use in scientific and numeric. Some useful library and package are SciPy, Pandas, etc.

7. Data science:-

Python is also used in Data science.

8. Machine learning:-

Python is also use for machine learning, their are some popular platform like Scikit learn & Tensor flow.

9. Data analysis:-

Python is also widely used in data analysis, and their are some platforms are Matplotlib, Seaborn, etc.

10. Business application:-

Tryton is high level platform, where we design some appliction related to our business.

What is byte code in Python:-

Byte code - Byte code represent the set of intstruction created by python developers representing all type of operation like arithmatic operations, memory related operation, etc.

Size of one byte code is 8 bits.

The location of byte code in the .pyc file.

Python compiler:-

A python compiler converts the program source code into byte code.

Types of compiler in pythons:

* CPython

* JPython/ Jython

* PyPy

* RubyPython

* IronPython

* StacklessPython

* Pythonxy

* AnacondaPython

If you complete this so, now I recommended to learn python variable

Thanks for reading.....

if anyone have any doubt related to this topic drop your question in comment section.

Operators full explaination in C Programming.

2020-05-19T16:23:00.000+05:30

C-Programming

In this tutorial, you will learn:

Operators:-

Operator are sign which is used to generate an expression or to perform any calculation.

For example:- x=y+z;

Types of operator on the basis of expression performance:-

1. Uninary operator:-

When a single variable or operands use and operator is known as Uninary operator

For example:- {x++ or ++x}

{x-- or --x}

2. Binary operator:-

When more than one or two variable or operands uses any opeartors to generate an expression known as Binary operator.

For example: x=x+1;

x=a+b;

There are some types operator available in C.

* Airthmatic operator (+, -, /, *)

For example:-

int x=1, y=1, s;

s=x+y; ------------(here we use additional operator).

* Relational operator (>, <, <=, >=)

Relational operator are used for comparison of two values to understand the type of relationship.

A simple defintion is here we are omparing two value and two operand and in last we get result which one is greater, smaller, etc.

For example:-

int x=1, y=3;

if(x>y)

{

printf("x is greater");

}

else

{

printf("y is greater");

}

OUTPUT:-

Y is greater.

* Logical operator {AND(&&), OR(||), NOT(!)}

For example:

int x=10, y=100;

if(x=10 && y>x)

{

printf("code with abhi")

}

else

{

printf("wrong choice");

}

OUTPUT:

Code with abhi

* Increment / Decrement (--, ++)

The increment operator add +1 to it's operands whereas, The decrement operator subtract -1 to it's operator.

For example:

int x=1;

for(x=1;x<5;x++) ------here we use increment operator.

{

printf("%d",x);

}

OUTPUT:

* Assignment operator (=)

An Assignment operator is used to assign value to a variable.

For example:

int x=1; ------- assignment operator

printf("%d",x);

}

OUTPUT:

* Equality operator (==)

The equality perator is used to compare two values or expression.

For example:

Int x=10, y=100;

if(x==y);

{

printf("10");

}

else

{

printf("0");

}

OUTPUT:

* Short hand operator

The shorthand operator is used to express anything in shorter way.

For example:

int x=10;

x=+1;

printf("%d",x);

OUTPUT:

* Conditional / Ternary operator

The conditional operator is used for check whthere condition is triue or false. Ternary operator is used to test a condition either condtion will be true or false. In ternary operator they have to use (? , :) sign for execute the true or false condition by using the following syntax.

(Ternary operator is subsitiute of if else)

Syntax:-

(Condition test) ? (statement 1) : (statement 2) ;

For example:-

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int l, x=50 ; y=20;

l=(x>y) ? x : y ;

printf('largest no is = %d",l);

getch();

}

OUTPUT

Largest no is = x

Program which are frequently asked in interviews [C-Programming]

2020-05-02T23:59:00.000+05:30

C-Programming:-

In this tutorial you will learn:-

Program which are frequently asked in interviews

1. Fibonacci series:

#include<stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int n1=0, n2=1, n3,number;
int= i;
printf("enter the number of element");
scanf('%d%d",&number);
printf("\n%d%d",n1,n2); //printing 0 and 1
for(i=2 ; i<number ; ++i) // loop starts from 2 bacause 0 and 1 is already printed
{
n3=n1 + n2 ;
printf("%d"n3);
n1=n2;
n2=n3;
}
return 0 ;
}

OUTPUT:

enter the number of element :7
0 1 1 2 3 5 8

3. Prime number:-

#include<stdio.h>

int main ()

{

int n, i, m=0, flag=0 ;

printf("Enter the number to check prime :");

scanf("%d",&n);

m=n/2 ;

for(i=2 ; i<=m ; i++)

{

if(n%i==0)

{

printf("number is not prime");

}

flag=0 ;

break;

}

if(flag==0)

{

printf("number is prime");

return 0 ;

}

OUTPUT:

Enter the number to check prime: 11

number is prime

4. Palindrome number:

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

int n sum=0, rev temp;

printf("enter number to check palindrome number");

scanf("%d",&n);

temp=n;

while(n>0)

{

r=n%10;

sum=(sum*10)+r;

n=n/10;

}

if(temp=sum)

{

printf("number is palindrome");

}

else

{

printf("number is not palindrome");

}

return 0 ;

}

OUTPUT:

enter a number to check palindrome number: 121

number is palindrome

5. Factorial number:-

#includestdio.h>

int main()
{

int n, f=1, i;

printf("enter any number");

scanf("%d"&n);

for(i=1 ; i<n ; i++)

{

f=f*i;

}

printf("fact is: %d",f);

return 0 ;

}

OUTPUT:

enter any number: 3

fact is 6

6.Amstrong number:

#include<stdio.h>

int mian()

{

int n, r, c, temp, sum=0;

printf("enter any number to check amstrong number");

scanf("%d",n);

temp=n;

while(n>0)

{

r=n%10;

c=r*r*r;

sum=sum+c ;

n=n/10;

}

if(temp=sum)
{

printf("nummber is amstrong");

}

else

{

printf("number is not amstrong");

}

return 0;

}

OUTPUT:

enter any number to check Armstrong number: 153

number is amstrong number

7. Swap number using without using third variable:-

#include<stdio.h>

int main ()

{

int n, a=10 , b=20;

printf("before swapping: a=10 , b =20);

a=a+b; //a=30(10+20)

b=a-b; //b=10(30-20)

a=a-b; //a=20(30-10)

printf("after swapping :\n a= %d b= %d",a,b);

return 0;

}

OUTPUT:

before swapping a=10 , b=20
after swapping
a=20 b=10

8. Swap number using third variable:

#include<stdio.h>

int main ()

{

int a=10, b=20 , c;

printf("before swap a=10 , b =20");

c=a;

a=b;

b=c;

printf("after swapping: a=%d , b=%d", a ,b);

return0;

}

OUTPUT:

before swapping: a=10 , b=20

after swapping: a=20 , b=10

9. Matrix multiplication:

In this program, we multply two matrices of any order but the order of row and column must be same other wise the compiler ma confuse and show some errors in your program.

Include<stdio.h>

int mian()

{

clrscr();

int a[3][3] , b[3][3] , c[3][3];

int i, j, k;

printf("enter the elements of matrix a\n ");

for(i=0;i<3;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<3;j++)

{

scanf("%d",a[i][j]);

}

printf("enter the element of matrix b\n");

for(i=0;i<3;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<3;j++)

{

scanf("%d",b[i][j]);

}

printf("multiply of matrix a and b is :\n");

for(i=0;i<3;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<3;j++)

{

c[i][j=0;

for(k=0;k<3;k++)

{

c[i][j]=a[i][j] * b[i][j] ;

}

printf("result is = \n");

for(i=0;i<3;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<3;j++)

{

printf('%d",c[i][j]);

}

printf("\n");

}

return0;

}

OUTPUT:-

enter the first matrix element=
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
enter the second matrix element=
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
multiply of the matrix=
6 6 6
12 12 12
18 18 18

10. Convert Decimal to Binary:-

Decimal Number

A decimal number is a base 10 number because it ranges from 0 to 9, there are total 10 digits between 0 to 9. Any combination of digits is a decimal number such as 23, 445, 132, 0, 2, etc.

Binary Number

The binary number is a base 2 number because it is either 0 or 1. Any combination of 0 and 1 is a binary number such as 1001, 101, 11111, 101010 etc

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

int a[10] i, n;

printf("enter a number to convert");

scanf("%d"&n);

for(i=0;n>0;i++)

{

a[i]=n%2;

n=n/2;

}

printf("binary is :\n");

for(i=i;i>=0;i--)

{

printf("%d",a[i]);

}

return 0 ;

}

OUTPUT:-

Enter the number to convert: 5

Binary of Given Number is=101

Thanks for reading.........

Recursion full explaination in C Programming.

2020-04-28T12:31:00.000+05:30

C-Programming:-

In this tutorials, you will learn:-

Recursion:-

A function is called recursive when it calls itself. There are is always if statement in recursive function to force the function to return without the recursive call being executed otherwise the function goes in an indefinite loop.

For example:

//Write a program to print factorial of any given no using recursion.

#include<stdio.h>

int fact(int);

int main()

{

int n, r;

printf("enter any no: ");

scanf("%d",&n);

r= fact(n);

printf("factorial is = %d", r);

}

int fact (int x)

{

int f;

if(x==1)

return(1);

else

f=x*fact(n-1);

return(f) ;

}

OUTPUT:

enter any no: 3

factorial is = 6

Types of factorial:-

There are 4 types of factorial are:-

1. Direct recursion:-

A function is called direct recursion if it calls the same function again.

For example:

structure of direct recursion

fun ( ) {

// some code

fun ( ) ;

// some code

}

2. Indirect recursion:

A function (let say fun) is called indirect recursion if it calls another function (let say fun 2) and then fun 2 calls function direct and indirectly.

structure of indirect recursion

For example:

fun() { fun2( ){

// some code // some code

fun2( ) ; fun ( ) ;

// some code // some code

} }

3. Tailed recursion:

A recursion function is said to tailed recursive of the recursive if the recursive call is the last thing done by the function there are is no need to keep records of the previous steps.

For example:

void fun(int n)

{

if(n==0)

return ;

else

printf("%d",n);

return fun(n-1) ;

}

main()

{

fun(3);

return 0 ;

}

OUTPUT:

3 2 1

4. Not tailed recursion:

A recursion function is said to be not talked recursive. If the recursive calls are not the lost thing done by the function different returning back. There the some something left to execute.

For example:

void fun(int x)

{

if(x==0)

return 0 ;

fun(x-1);

printf("%d",x);

}

int main()

{

fun(3)

return 0 ;

}

OUTPUT:

1 2 3

Advantages of recursion.

* It will be useful when the same kind of job has to be continued for a finite number of inputs.

* This function is very useful in tree transversal and stack.

* We can solve complex tasks easily using recursion.

Disadvantages of recursion:

* It recursion function there are must be a contain somewhere in the function to return without the recursive call being executed.

* It is difficult to trace the logic of the function.

* It executed a little bit slow because to maintain the stack.

Thanks for reading.......

If anyone have any doubt to related this topic , Plese comment.

Bitwise operator in C Programming

2020-04-25T12:44:00.000+05:30

C-Programming:-

In this tutorial you will learn:-

Bitwise operator :-

In C programming the following 6 operator are bitwise operator are:-

1. &( Bitwise AND ):-

(bitwise AND ) takes two number and does AND on every bit of two number . The result of AND is 1 only of both bits are 1 .

2. | ( Bitwise OR ) :-

The | (bitwise OR ) in C takes two numbers as operands and does OR every bit of two numbers the result of OR is 1 if any of the two bits is 1 .

3. ^ ( Bitwise XOR ):-

( Bitwise XOR ) takes two number and does XOR on every bit of two numbers .

4. << ( Left shift ) :-

The << ( Left shift ) in C takes two numbers , left shifts the bits of the first operands , the second operands decides the numbers of places to shift.

5. >> ( Right shift ) :-

( Right shift ) takes two numbers , right shift the bits of the first number the seconds number decides the number of place to shift .

6. ~ ( Bitwise NOT ):-

The ~ ( Bitwise NOT ) in C takes one number and inverts all bits of it.

Note point:-

* The left shift and right shift operators should not be used for negative number . if any of the operands is a negative number it result in undefined behaviour .

for example :- -1 << 1 and 1 << -1 is undefined.

* The bitwise XOR operator is the most useful operator from technical interview perspective

It is used in many problems .

A simple example is:-

A set of number where all element occur even number of time except one number find odd occuring number this problem can be efficiently solved by just doing XOR of all numbers.

#include<stdio.h>

int findodd( int arr [] , int n )

{ // user define method

int res = 0 , i ;

for ( i=0 ; i<n ; i++)

{

res ^ = arr[i];

return(0);

}

// Driver mode :-

#include<stdio.h>

int main ( void )

{

int arr [] = { 12 , 12 , 14 , 90 , 14 , 14 , 14 };

int n = sizeof(arr) , sizeof(arr[0]);

printf("The odd occuring element is = %d",find odd (arr,n));

return (0);

}

OUTPUT:-

The odd occuring element is = 90

Thanks for reading........

Structure and Union full explaination in C Programming

2020-04-24T15:50:00.000+05:30

C-Programming:-

In this tutorials you will learn:-

Structure :-

It is a collection of different data type variable group together under a single name.

Syntax :-

struct structure name

{

data type mem 1 ;

data type mem 2 ;

data type mem 3 ;

, , , , , , , , , , , , ,

data type mem n;

Declaration of structure:-

struct book

{

int pages ;

char name [ 100 ] ;

float price ;

} b ;

There are 3 types of declaration of structure :-

1. struct book

{

int pages ;

char name [ 100 ] ;

float price ;

} ;

struct book b ;

2. Struct book

{

int pages ;

char name [ 100 ] ;

float price ;

} b ;

3. struct

{

int pages ;

char [ 100 ] ;

float ;

} b ;

Initializing and accessing of declaration :-

The link between a member and a structure variable is establish using member operator and dot operator.

Struct book

{

int pages ;

char name [ 100 ] ;

float price ;

} b = { 100 , codeswithabhi , 1000.234 } ;

page name price

By using member operator :-

struct book

{

int pages ;

char name [ 30 ];

float price ;

};

struct book b;

b.pages = 100 ;

strcpy ( b. name , : codeswithabhi");

b.price = 345.32;

so here we see the use of member operator in structure

Let see one example of structure for understand every point ..

#include<stdio.h>

struct book

{

int pages ;

char name [ 100 ] ;

float price ;

};

int main ( )

{

struct book b ;

printf("enter pages , book name , price of book");

scanf("%d%s%f ", &b.pages , b.name , &b.price);

printf("\n details of books are ");

printf(" pages of book are = %d", b.pages);

printf("writer name = %s", b.name);

printf(" price of book = %d",b.price);

return ( 0 );

}

OUTPUT

enter pages , writer name , price of books 1600

codeswithabhi

234.23

details of book are

pages of books = 1600

write name = codeswithabhi

price of books = 234.23

Array of structure :-

Array of structure means collection of structure array storing different type of structure variable

For example :-

#include<stdio.h>

struct result

{

int rollno ;

char name [ 30 ] ;

float marks ;

};

int main ( )

{

struct result r [ 60 ] ;

int i ;

printf("enter details of student ");

for (i=1 ; i<=60 ; i++)

{

printf("\n enter rollno , name , marks ");

scanf("%d", & r[i].rollno);

scanf("%s", r[i].name );

scanf("%f", & r[i].price);

}

for(i=1 ; i<=60 ; i++)

{

printf("%d\n",name );

printf('%s\n", rollno);

printf("%f\n",marks);

}

return( 0 ) ;

}

OUTPUT

enter details

enter roll no , name , marks

Abhijeet

90.4

it will be continued up to 60 ....

Pointer to structure :-

We have already learned that a pointer is a variable which points to the address of another variable of any data type . Similarly we can have a pointer to structure , where a pointer variable can be points to the address of a structure variable.

Syntax

struct tag name

{

member 1 ;

member 2 ;

};

struct tag name *struct name ;

For example :-

#include<stdio.h>

struct name

{

int a ;

float b;

};

int main ( )

{

struct name *ptr, p;

ptr = &p;

printf("enter integer no : ");

scanf("%d\n",&(*ptr).a);

printf("enter float value");

scanf("%f\n", &(*ptr).b);

printf("displaying: ");

printf("%d \ n %/f ", (*ptr).a , (*ptr).b);

return( 0 );

}

OUTPUT

enter integer no 10

enter float value 10.5

a = 10

b = 10.5

Nested structure :-

A structure that contain another structure as a member of a variable is known as nested structure .

For example:-

#include<stdio.h>

int main ()

{

struct address

{

char city [30];

char colony [30];

int pin ;

};

struct employ

{

char name [30];

struct address a;

};

struct employ e = { "abhi" , "kanpur" , "abc" , "208011" } ;

printf("%s\n%s", e.a.colony , e.a.city);

printf("%d\n %s", e.a.pi , e.name );

return( 0 );

}

OUTPUT

abhi

kanpur

abc

208011

Difference between array and structure:-

	Array	Structure
1	An array behave like a built in data type all we have to do this to declare an array variable and use it.	First we have to design and declare a data type structure before the variable are declare and use.
2	An array is the collection of similar data type.	A structure have a collection of different data type.
3	An array is a derived data type,.	A structure is a user defined data type.

Union :-

* Union is user defined data type just like structure.

* Each member of structure is assigned it's own unique storage area whereas union all the member share common storage area.

* All member share common area so only one member can be active at a time.

* Union are used when all the member are not assigned value at the same time.

syntax:-

Union tag name

{

data type member 1;

data type member 2 ;

};

There are 3 types of declaration of union in C are :-

union sample

{

int a;

float b;

char c;

};

union sample s;

union sample

[

int a ;

float b;

char c;

}s;

union

{

int a ;

float b;

char c;

}s;

Initialization and accessing of union :-

Union sample

{

int a;

float b;

char c;

};

int main ( )

{
union sample s ={ 10 , 10.5 , 'a' };

printf('%d \ n ", s.a);

printf('%f \ n", s.b);

printf('%c \ n ", s.c);

return( 0 );

}

OUTPUT

10.5

Memory status of union and structure :-

1. Union's memory status:-

declare one union--

union sample

{

int a;

float b;

char c;

} s;

----------sample---------

-------------int a ------

---------------------------float b ----------------

--char c---

As we know that a union share common storage area.

so here, int a takes 2 bytes in memory.

float b takes 4 bytes

char c 1 byte

so total bytes use during the program is = 4 bytes .

2. Structure:-

Structure's memory status:-

declare one srtucture -

struct sample

{

int a;

float b;

char c;

} s;

-----sample-----

---------int a ---------

--- ------------------float b ---------------------------

---char c ---

As we know that the structure's member occupy separate storage area.

so here int a takes separate 2 bytes

float b takes separate 4 bytes

and char c is separate 1 byte in memory

then, the total space require by structure is 7 bytes.

Difference between union and structure :-

	Union	Structure
1.	All member share the same storage area.	Each member is assigned it's own unique storage area .
2.	Maximum memory required by the member is allocated.	Total memory required by all member is allocated.
3.	Only one member is active at a time	All member is active at a time.
4.	Only first member can be initialized	All member can be initialized .
5.	Require less memory.	Require more memory.

Thanks for reading..........

Dynamic memoey and static memory allocation in C Programming.

2020-04-24T11:40:00.000+05:30

C-Programming

In this tutorial you will learn:-

1. Dynamic memory allocation:-

* Dynamic memory allocation means a program can obtain it's memory while it is running.

* Unwanted space at the run time pointer support dynamic memory allocation.

* There are 4 library functions in C Programming language known as memory management function .

malloc ( )

malloc ( ) function is used to allocate blocks of memory in required size of bytes .

free ( )

free ( ) function is used to release previously allocate memory space .

calloc ( )

calloc function is used to allocate memory space for an array of element .

realloc ( )

realloc ( ) function is used to modify the size of the previously allocate memory space .

Static memory allocation :-

The static memory is allocated during compilation time , when a variable is declared , based on their types , compiler allocate allocate space in memory , these variable can be indirectly accessed with the help of pointer variable , This way assigning the pointer variable is called static memory allocation .

let see one example to more clear this topic :-

// Write a program to find the sum of two number using pointer..

#include<stdio.h>

int main ( )

{

int a , b , c ;

int *a , * b ;

printf("enter value of a & b \n");

scanf("%d %d", &a , &b );

*a=&a;

*b=&b;

c = *a + *b ;

printf(" sum is is = %d\n", c);

return( 0 ) ;

}

OUTPUT

enter the value of a & b 10

sum of a and b is = 30

Pointer full expalination C-Programming.

2020-04-21T18:05:00.000+05:30

C-Programming:-

In this tutorial you'll learn :-

Pointer:-

Pointer is a variable that stores the address of another variable . The pointer is represented by sign ( * ) .

There are some features of pointer in C programming language are :-

1. Pointer saves memory space .

2. Execution time with pointer is faster because data is manipulate with the address is direct access to memory location .

3. Pointer reduce length and complexity of the program .

4. 2D and 3D array and many more dimension array representation is easy in pointer .

Pointer declaration :-

Pointer declaration names a pointer variable and specifies the type of the object to which the variable point.

syntax :- Data type * pointer name ;

for e,g:-

int x=15; // declaration of pointer

int *p ;

*p=&x;

so, here we accessing the pointer value.

Initializing the pointer variable :-

The process of assigning the add variable in a pointer variable is known as initialization of a pointer variable.

for e.g -

int q=100 , *p ;

p=&q ;

so this is the initializing pointer.

Let see one example :-

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

int x=10 , *a ;

float y=20 , * b ;

a=&x;

b= &y;

printf(" a = %d \ n b = %f",(*a),(*b));

return( 0 ) ;

}

OUTPUT

a=10

b=20

Pointer to pointer:-

Pointer to pointer, the first pointer contain the address of second pointer. let see below.

Pointer pointer variable

Value

Address

for e.g:-

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

int v=300 ;

int *ptr , *p ;

p=&v ;

ptr = & p ;

printf(" value of v is = %d",v);

printf(" value of p is = %d", p);

printf(" value of ptr is = %d", ptr);

return( 0 ) ;

}

OUTPUT:-

value of v is= 300

value of p is = 300

value of ptr is 300

Pointer and function :-

The pointer can be used as arguments in the function . The argument or parameters to the function are passed in two ways:-

* Call by value :-

The process of passing of actual value of variables is known as "call by value " . When a function is called in program , the values to the arguments in the function are taken by the calling program, the values taken can be used inside the function. Alteration to the value isn't accepted inside the function in calling program but change is locally available in the function .

For example:-

// Write a program to swap the values stored in two variable using function with pointer.

#include<stdio.h>

void swap ( int , int );

int main( )

{

int a =10 , b =20 ;

printf("\n Before swapping a= %d , b + %d", a , b );

swap ( a , b) ;

printf(" After swapping : a =%d b = %d\n",a,b);

}

void swap ( int a , b )

{

int temp;

temp = a;

a = b;

b = temp;

}

OUTPUT:-

Before swapping a = 10 , b = 20

After swapping a = 10 , b =20

* Call by reference:-

The process of calling a function using pointer to pass the address of variable is known as call by reference . A function can be declared with pointer as it's arguments.

The address of the variable are altered to the pointer and any changes made to the value inside the function is automatically carried out in the location. This change is accepted by the calling function.

For example:-

// Write a program to swap the values stored in two variable using function with pointer.

#include<stdio.h>

void swap ( int * , int * );

int main( )

{

int a =10 , b =20 ;

printf("\n Before swapping a= %d , b + %d", a , b );

swap ( &a , &b) ;

printf(" After swapping : a =%d b = %d\n",a,b);

}

void swap ( int * a , *b )

{

int temp;

temp = *a;

*a = *b;

*b = temp;

}

OUTPUT:-

Before swapping a = 10 , b = 20

After swapping a = 20 , b = 10

Pointer and array :-

* Array is a collection of similar data type element stored under common name .

* The element of an array can be efficently accessed by using pointer.

* The base address of array start with zero element of the array.

for e.g:-

int a[5] = { 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 , 50 };

element = a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4]

value = 10 20 30 40 50

address = 1000 1002 1004 1006 1008

Relation between pointer and array:-

An array is a block of sequential data , where as pointer ois a variable which holds the base address of an array so there are a relation between an array and pointer are :-

let see one example:-

//Write a program to print a address of array element.

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

int x[5] , i ;

for(i=0 ; i<5 ; i++)

{

printf("address of an array x is =%p", x);

return (0);

}

Another example:-

#include<stdio.h>

int main ()

{

int x[5] = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 } ;

int *p ;

p=&a[1] ;

printf("%d", *p);

printf("%d",*(p+1)) ;

printf("%d", *( p+2-1) ;

return(0) ;

}

OUTPUT

Formula of calculating address of an array using pointer :-

Address of an array element is a calculating using it's index and the scale factor of data type.

scale factor= size of data type in bit.

int arr [3] = ( base address ) + ( 3*scale factor ) .

Array of pointer:-

The array element can be accessed by two method :-

1. Standard array notation.

2. Pointer arithmetic .

A collection od address or collection of pointers .

Advantages of an array of pointer :-

1. Accessing arrays through pointer is marginally faster than using array notation

2. Pointer gives better control over array processing

For e.g:-

include<stdio.h>

int main ()

{

int *p[5] ;

int a=10 , b=20 , c=30 , d= 40 , e= 50 , i ;

p[0] = &a ;

p[1] = &b ;

p[2] = &c ;

p[3] = &d ;

p[4] = &e;

for( i=0 ; i<5 ; i++)

{

printf(" address =%d \ t value = % \ n ", p[i] , * p[i] );

}

return ( 0 ) ;

}

Pointer and structure :-

This topic carry a new topic STRUCTURE, that we are not know how to use this so we learn this topic in our upcoming post structure and union .

Pointer and string :-

A character pointer is a pointer to the character . It can be declared as :-

char * pointer character ;

A character pointer can also be used to access character array and string constant in the same way as accessing numeric arrays using their respective pointer variable .

Let see one example :-

'// Write a program to input any string using pointer .

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

char name [ ] = " codeswithabhi " ;

char *p ;

p=name ;

while ( *p != '\0' )

{

printf("%c",*p);

p++;

}

return(0);

}

OUTPUT

codeswithabhi

Thanks for reading ...........

Mode	Meaning
r	Open text file in read mode. * If file exists, the maker is poistioned at begining. * If file doesn't exist, it is created.
w	Open text file in write mode. * If file exists, it is erased. * If file doesn't exist, it is created.
a	Open tezt file in append mode. * If file exists, the maker is positioned at end. * If file doesn't exists, it is created.

	Union	Structure
1.	All members share the same storage area.	Each member is assigned its own unique storage area.
2.	The maximum memory required by the member is allocated.	The total memory required by all members is allocated.
3.	Only one member is active at a time	All member is active at a time.
4.	Only first member can be initialized	All members can be initialized.
5.	Require less memory.	Require more memory.

codes with abhi

Basic input output in C++

Basic input output in C++

Lets take one example

Reserved keyword in C++

FAU-G: Fearless and United Guards - Apps on Google Play | Downlaod FauG

Download FauG

SCROLL DOWN FOR FAUG LINK

WHAT IS FAUG ?

REGISTER IN FAUG

Program to perform operation on array in C language

* Declaration of an array:-

Operation on an array in C programming:-

Write a program to perform operation on an array in c programming

___________________array________________

Preprocessor directives in C++ | C++ Tutorial with Codes With Abhi | C++ Programming Language | Codes WIth Abhi

The preprocessor directives in C++

Jarvis project by python | Jarvis project | Jarvis software | codeswithabhi

Differences between C and C++ | Basic difference between c and c++ | codes with abhi

C++ Programming:-

In this tutorial you will learn:-

Differences between C and C++:

C C++

C may be a subset of C++

C++ may be a superset of C.

For Example

Function Overloading in C++

C++ Programming:-

In this tutorial you will learn:-

Function Overloading in C++

Function overloading C++ program

C++ program for function overloading

Polymorphism and Inheritance in C++

C++ Programming:-

In this tutorial you will learn:-

Polymorphism

Difference between Inheritance and Polymorphism:

Dynamic and Static Binding in C++

Dynamic binding

Definitions of Static Binding

Difference between Static and Dynamic Binding

Abstraction and Encapsulation in C++ |Difference between Abstraction and Encapsulation in C++

C++ Programming:-

What is Abstraction?

Difference between Abstraction and Encapsulation

What is Encapsulation?

Difference between Abstraction and Encapsulation

Features of object oriented programming c++

C++ Programming

Features of C++

There are various features of C++ like ,

Object and Class in c++

Introduction and features of c++

Tokens and Data type in Python Programming

Python Programming:

In this tutorial, you will learn:-

Token:

There are 5 types of token available in python programming:-

1. Identifiers:-

Rules:-

2. Keyword:-

3. Operator:-

4. Delimiters:

5. literals:-

Data type:-

1. None:

2. Numeric:

* Integer:

* Float:-

* Complex:

* Boolean:

3. List :

4. Tuple :

There are some charactrstics of tuple:

5. Set :

6. String :

7. Range:

8. Dictionary:-

Thanks for reading....

If you any doubt related this topic please drop your question in comment box.

___array

In Python, a variable is considered as a tag that is tied to some value. In other words, variables are a type of container which holds some value. A variable name can be in alphanumeric type but not start with a number. For e.g: name1=100
Python considered variables as an object