Digital Species

Digital Species Version 2

noreply@blogger.com (yeangdonal@gmail.com) — Sun, 23 Mar 2008 13:34:00 +0000

The Faculty of Forestry Science at Royal University of Agriculture (RUA) and German Development Services (DED) presented the second version of "Digital Species" at the end of February. "Digital Species" is a compendium of Cambodian forestry species on CD. No similar source is currently available in Cambodia, neither in digital nor printed form. The project idea was initiated by a Bachelor thesis work in 2003 and has since the support of a Cambodian team of the RUA and DED expert Jens Richter. When the CD was launched in Phnom Penh the deputy director of the RUA, Dr. Lau Ny, and DED country director, Mr Wolfgang Möllers, praised the success of the four years old project.

In Cambodia there are more than 200 different trees that man utilizes as decorative or useful plant. "Digital Species" covers 85 of them. The bilingual database (Khmer and English) provides extended information on more than 700 datasheets with more than 400 photos and drawings. Conditions of growth, botanic characteristics and use of tree sort are only three categories tagged with each species. A search engine serves for specific research and on the other hand invites to discover unknown tree sorts. When you want to know where in Cambodia which tree is growing, you can select a map. Further online research opportunities, an extended glossary and a notepad make the CD an indispensable tool for students, teachers, local and international development agencies as well as research institutions.

The software was developed by Cambodian students of the RUA specifically for this project. Further financial and personnel support was granted by the German Embassy, InWEnt and Senior Expert Service (SES).

Source: http://tinyurl.com/tree-of-Cambodia-on-CD

To download the Digital Species Version 2

Link0 (1 file , Username: digital.species2@gmail.com,
Password:123456, Desktop Folder)

Link 1 (2 files)

Link 2 (4 files)

Digital Species E Book

ប្រភេទឌីជីថល (Digital Species in Khmer)

List of Tree Species in Digital Species V1.0

noreply@blogger.com (yeangdonal@gmail.com) — Wed, 06 Feb 2008 00:22:00 +0000

1 Acacia auriculiformis អាកាស្យាស្លឹកតូច

2 Afzelia xylocarpa បេង

3 Albizzia lebbek ច្រេស

4 Anacardium occidentale ស្វាយចន្ទី

5 Anisoptera costata ផ្តៀក

6 Aquilaria crassna ច័ន្ទក្រស្នា

7 Artocarpus heterophyllus ខ្នុរ

8 Azadirachta indica ស្តៅ

9 Bombax ceiba រកា

10 Borassus flabellifer ត្នោត

11 Cajanus cajan សណ្ដែកគ្រាប់ស

12 Cassia siamensis អង្កាញ់

13 Casuarina equisetifolia ស្ងាវ

14 Cinnamomum cambodianum ទេពិរូ

15 Citrus aurantifolia ក្រូចឆ្មាមូល

16 Citrus hystrix ក្រូចសើច

17 Citrus maxima ក្រូចថ្លុង

18 Cocos nucifera ដូង

19 Dalbergia cochinchinensis ក្រញូង

20 Dalbergia oliveri នាងនួន

21 Dimocarpus longan មៀន

22 Dipterocarpus alatus ឈើទាលទឹក

23 Dipterocarpus costatus ឈើទាលបង្គួយ

24 Dipterocarpus dyeri ឈើទាលធ្ងរ

25 Dipterocarpus intricatus ត្រាច

26 Dipterocarpus obtusifolius ត្បែង

27 Dipterocarpus tuberculatus ខ្លុង

28 Dipterocarpus turbinatus ឈើទាលដង

29 Durio zibethinus ធូរេន

30 Eucalyptus camaldulensis ប្រេងខ្យល់ស្លឹកស

31 Eucalyptus teretiocormis ប្រេងខ្យល់

32 Fagraea fragrans តាត្រាវ

33 Hevea brasiliensis ដើមកៅស៊ូ

34 Hopea ferrea គគីថ្ម

35 Hopea helferi គគីដែក

36 Hopea odorata គគីរម្សៅ

37 Hopea pierrei គគីខ្សាច់

38 Leucanea leucocephala កន្ឋំថេត

39 Litchi chinensis គួលែន

40 Mangifera indica ស្វាយព្រៃ

41 Melia azedarach ដកហ៊ាន

42 Moringa oleifera ម្រុំ

43 Nephelium lappaceum សិរមាន់

44 Pinus merkusii ស្រល់ស្លឹកពីរ

45 Pithecellobium dulce អំពិលទឹក

46 Psidium guajava ត្របែកព្រៃ

47 Sesbania grandifolia អង្គាដី

48 Shorea farinosa លំបោ

49 Shorea obtusa ផ្ចឹក

50 Shorea siamensis រាំងភ្នំ ឬ ផ្ចឹករាំង

51 Shorea thorelii ខ្ចូវ

52 Sindora siamensis កកោះ

53 Tamarindus indica អំពិល

54 Tectonia grandis ម៉ៃសាក់

55 Zizyphus mauritiana ពុទ្រា

*Note Unicode is needed to view Khmer Name

Toona sureni (ឆាំឆារឺខ្លឹមចន្ទន៍ )

noreply@blogger.com (yeangdonal@gmail.com) — Tue, 05 Feb 2008 05:25:00 +0000

Tree Species Data Sheet for Digital Species

Species: Toona sureni

Name of collector: Kay Panzer
Date of collection: 22-09-2007

Part 1: Text information

- For every chapter give the sources right after the text (e.g. Text. [1]), then list all cited sources under ‘Part 2 - References’ at the bottom of this document.

A. Latin name(s):
Toona sureni (Blume) Merr. [16]

B. English name(s):
red cedar [12]

C. Synonym(s):
Toona febrifuga Roem.; Cedrela febrifuga Blume; Toona febrifuga (Blume) M.J. Roemer; Cedrela sureni (Blume) Burkill [16,26]

D. Other name(s) / Trade name(s):
suren (Indonesia-general); serijan, surian amba (Sumatera); surian wangi (Malaysia-Peninsular); danupra (Philippines-general); ye tama (Burma); surian (Thailand); Xoan moc; lat khet, truong van, ma nham; (Vietnam); cèdre de Cochinchine (French) [2,4,16].

E. Khmer name(s) (Khmer letters):
ឆាំឆារឺខ្លឹមចន្ទន៍

F. Khmer name(s) (Latin letters):
chham chha: khlüm chan [4]

G. Taxonomic position (complete):
Kingdom: Viridiplantae
Phylum: Spermatophytae
Sub-Phylum: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Sapindales
Family: Meliaceae subfamily Swietenioideae
Genus: Toona (Endl.) M. J. Roemer [16]
Species: Toona sureni (Blume) Merr. [12]
Source: 4,11,16

H. Botanical characteristics (d)
Preliminary remark: The genus Toona comprises 4 or possibly 5 species and is distributed from Pakistan and China to Australia and it occurs widely throughout Malesia, where 3 or 4 species are found. [16]. T. calantas is occuring almost exclusively in the Philippines [16].

[General]: A large tree, up to 25-30 m high. Bole straight, cylindrical; young branchlets first covered by brownish-yellow tomentum, then glabrous [2]. Tree, 20-40 m tall,[4]. Large size tree, up to 35 m tall, up to over 100 cm diameter. Stem cylindrical, straight, base with buttress. Young branches dark brown [14]. A medium-sized to fairly large tree up to 40(-60) m tall, with bole branchless for up to 25 m and up to 100 cm in diameter, in mountainous areas up to 300 cm diameter; buttresses, if present, up to 2 m high [16].

[Bark]: Bark brown, sparsely lenticillate (2). Bark thick, brownish-grey, longitudinal fissures, bark peeling off [14]. Bark surface usually fissured and flaky, whitish, greyish-brown or pale brown; with aromatic odor when cut [16].
[Leaves]:Paripinnate, sometimes imparipinnate, 25-60 cm long. Leaflets 14-16 pairs (often 8 pairs), opposite or subopposite. Leaf-blade thin, 9-17 cm long 2.5-7.0 cm wide, tapering, mucronate at the apex, oblique at the base, margin entire, glabrous on both surfaces, or only pubescent on the midrib and nerve axils. Lateral nerves 10-15 pairs , prominent beneath. Petiolule 0.5-1.5 cm long [2]. Leaves paripinnate, rarely odd pinnate, alternate. Leaflets 7-14 pairs, usually 8 pairs, nearly opposite, 8-17 cm long, 2.5-7.0 cm wide, elliptic, apex mucronate, base unequal, margin entire or crenulate. Leaf-blade glabrous, base of the midrib has a tuft of hairs, lateral veins 12-15 pairs conspicuous on lower surface [14]. Leaflets entire, usually hairy on veins above, petal margins, ovary and disc hairy [16].

[Flowers]: Flowers small, arranged into terminal panicles, same length as the leaf, or slightly shorter, covered with setae. Flowers white, 5 mm long, pedicel short. Sepals 5 very short, united at the base, obtuse, pubescent outside. Petals thin, white, oval, apex obtuse, 4-5 mm long, margin ciliate. Stamens 5, as long as the petals, or slightly shorter, anthers oval. Disc as long as the ovary, pubescent. Ovary setaceous, style glabrous, stigma discoid, 8-10 ovules in each loculus [2]. Inflorescence racemose, apical. Flowers bisexual, corolla white, margin with fine hairs. Stamens 5, free, nearly as long as petals, sometimes with staminodes. Disc (receptacle) stout, rounded, lobed, stigma cup-shaped, veins 5. Ovary tomentose, 5-locular, each locule containing 8-10 ovules [14].

[Fruit]: Fruit a capsule, oblong-oval, sparsely silvery-white lenticillate, 2.5-3.5 cm long. Seed has 2 wings at each end, about 1.0-1.5 cm long [2]. Fruit a capsule, elliptic, 3.0-3.5 cm long, 1 cm in diameter, fruit coat with many white spots. Seed flat, brilliantly brown, wings at both ends, irregular. Tree has a tap root system [14]. Columella of fruit concave with apical scarring, fruit valves rough and verrucose with conspicuous lenticels; seed winged at both ends [16]. Flowering in March-April, fruiting in December-January (of next year) [2].
Flowering January-February, fruit ripe for collection April-May, when black in colour [14].
In Java T. sureni flowers in May and bears fruit from July to October [16].

I. Wood properties: (n)
The following data on wood properties are averages obtained from a mix of Toona species, e.g. T. ciliata, T. sinensis, and T. sureni. Toona spp. are traded under the name of Surian as a light-weight hardwood [16].
Sapwood and heartwood distinct; sapwood pale yellow, heartwood brownish-pink, fragrant. Annual rings conspicuous, clearly delimited, 5-7 mm wide. Vessels single and double, short, distribution circle or semi-circle, usually there is a brown substance in the vessels. Rays small and medium with sweet-smelling essential oil. Paraparenchyma scanty and aggregate in terminal band. Parenchyma is also scattered in fibre mass. Wood medium position in hardness and weight, specific gravity of dry wood 540 kg/m³. Coefficient of volume shrinkage 0.53. Grain saturation point 23%. Compression strength along the grain 507 kg/cm²; cleavage strength 12 kg/cm². Collision bending strength 0.52 [14].
Wood aromatic, reddish-brown, ribbed, soft and easy to work with [2]. Surian is a light-weight and comparably soft wood. Heartwood pale-red to reddish-brown, darkening to dark red-brown on exposure, clearly demarcated from the grey-white, pink or pale-red sapwood. Specific gravity is 270-530(-670)kg/m³ at 15% m.c. The grain is straight to interlocked, sometimes wavy, texture rather coarse and uneven. The wood often has an aromatic, cedar-like odour [16].
At 15% m.c. the modulus of rupture is 42-85 N/mm², modulus of elasticity 7,115-10,700 N/mm², compression parallel to grain 21.5-45.0 N/mm², compression perpendicular to grain 2-7 N/mm², shear 3-9 N/mm², cleavage 32-43 N/mm² radial and 36-52 N/mm² tangential; Janka side hardness 1,215-3,960 N, and Janka end hardness 2,585-4,605 N. The rates of shrinkage are moderately to fairly high: from green to 12% moisture content (m.c.) 1.1-4.0% radial and 2.6-7.0% tangential; from green to oven dry 2.1- 5.0% radial and 3.6-8.2% tangential. In Malaysia surian wood is reported to dry rapidly with only slight warping. However, elsewhere it is reported that the timber is somewhat refractory in drying and prone to warping, collapsing and cupping, particularly with thin planks. Close spacing of stickers and weighting of stacks is recommended. Boards 25 mm (1 inch) thick take 1-3.5 months to air-dry. In Malaysia kiln schedule J is recommended; boards 25mm thick can be kiln-dried from 50% to 10% m.c. in 3-6 days without any degrade.
The wood is easy to saw, cross-cut and plane and the planed surface is smooth. It takes a good polish. Some material tends to produce a wooly finish and it is therefore essential to use sharp tools. Mortising, turning, and sanding give moderate results, but boring sometimes gives poor results. The gluing and nailing properties are rated as good but the nail-holding strength is moderate. The timber peels well, and produces good-class veneer with a nice figure. It can be peeled into 1.5 mm thick veneer at a 90º peeling angle without pretreatment. Sometimes logs are liable to lateral and end splitting which may result in the veneer breaking during peeling. Surian veneer glued with urea-formaldehyde produces plywood complying with the German standard [16]. In Malaysia the wood is rated as non-durable. Reports from elsewhere indicate that the heartwood is moderately durable but susceptible to dry-termite and borer attack. The heartwood is resistant to impregnation with preservatives or may show an unsatisfactory penetration pattern, but the sapwood is permeable. Wood dust may irritate mucous mebranes or induce bronchitis or dermatitis.
Wood of T. sureni contains 61% cellulose, 27% lignin, 11.5 % pentosan, 0.8% ash and 0.5% silica. The solubility is 2.3% in alcohol-benzene, 3.0% in cold water, 6.5% in hot water, and 10.2% in a 1% NaOH solution. The energy value is about 21,870 kJ/kg [16].

J. Geographic distribution and vegetation: (a),(e)
T.sureni occurs in Nepal, India, Bhutan, Burma, Bangladesh, Indochina, southern China, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia (14), throughout Malesia to western New Guinea [2,16]. A tree of the dense coastal forest formations in SE Asia [4]. Grows mixed with many species in evergreen and semi-deciduous forest types [14]. T. sureni occurs in primary forests but is more common in secondary forest, often on riparian hillsides and slopes up to 1700(-2100) m elevation [16]. The area of distribution extends approximately from 40ºN to 10ºS [12].

K. Climate and environmental amplitude: (b),(c)
The species of Toona grow in tropical as well as near subtropical climates, from sea level to 3000 m, in Southeast Asia to 2000 m elevation above sea-level [14], 0-2300m [12]. Trees occur scattered in primary forests, but usually more numerous in secondary forests [16]. In Vietnam scattered in hilly regions or rocky hills, below 700 m asl. A light demanding tree, growing quickly (2). Prefers hot and humid climate, mean annual rainfall varying between (850)-1120-4000 mm/m² with a uniform distribution during the summer [12] and a dry season lasting 3-4 [14], 2-6 [12]) months. Lowest and highest mean temperatures range from 6ºC to 18ºC, and 28ºC to 45ºC, respectively [14].

L. Gene ecological zone in Cambodia:
Not determined

M. Soil and site conditions: (f),(g),(h),(i),(j)
Prefers deep, wet soil of high fertility [2]. It grows well on thick soil layer, sufficiently moist and with good drainage. It can grow on acid to neutral [12], acidic as well as alkaline soils [14]. Toona prefers deep, rich, moist, loamy soils with good drainage, the majority of species preferring alkaline soils. T. sureni demands fertile and moist soils [16], with a light to medium soil texture, free drainage and acid to neutral soil reaction [12].

N. Utilization and importance: (n),(o),(p)
[Wood): The wood can be used for joinery, sawing boards, and wood carving [2]. Surian is much in demand for cabinetry and construction [4]. Used for fences; gates; containers; pallets; crates; boxes; cases; vats; wood ware; industrial and domestic wood ware; tool handles; musical instruments; wood carvings; pencils; veneers; boats; wood based materials; plywood [12]. The wood is suitable for furniture manufacture, boards and structural elements requiring high strength [14]. Used as all surian timber for house building, and implements, furniture, joinery, cabinet work, decorative panelling, ceiling boards, packing cases, bent work, boat and canoe building, paddles, oars, piano cases, musical instruments, face veneer, plywood, carving, sculpture. [16]. The species is considered worth for reforestation [2].

[Non-Wood]: There are diiferent medicinal uses, e.g., an infusion prepared from the flowers is said to have an antispasmodic effect; decoctions prepared from bark and roots can lower fever and have antidysenteric effect [4]. Roots and seeds can be used for preparing medicines, the bark contains much tannin [14]. Various parts of the plant, especially the bark, are used in local medicine as adstringent, tonic and for treatment of diarrhoea. Leaf extracts are said to exhibit antibiotic activity. Trees are being planted as ornamentals, firebreaks, and in reforestation[16].
Bark fibres are pepared for manufacture of string bags; in India flowers are used to produce a red or yellow dye [16].

O. Cambodian wood classification: (n)
Not included [18].

P. Silviculture and management: (e),(l),(m)
The species is worth to be considered for reforestation because of its advantages such as fast growth, easy regeneration and high value of the wood [2]. Trial plantations have been established with T. ciliata in Africa, Latin America, Australia, Hawaii and West Java. Young plants need some shade, later full light, lateral shade is tolerated and useful in reducing Hypsipyla damage [16]. Young plants need protection against browsing by wildlife and against fire. Optimum rotation age is around 40 years thereafter increment diminishes. Mean annual increment ranges from 7-18 m³/ha . Hypsipyla robusta, the shoot borer is the main pest threatening plantations. The presence of a toxine in T. ciliata is promising for breeding Hypsipyla-resistant Meliaceae [16]. At present no forest planting models with T. sureni have been successful. There are only a few experimental enrichment and line plantings but the results are not yet satisfactory. The survival rate is low because of damage caused by the shoot borer. Possibly by planting in mixed plantations protection against the shoot borer is more effective [14].

Q. Propagation: (k)
The following information concerns predominantly Toona species other than T. sureni:
For Southeast Asia the following seed counts per kg have been made: T. calantas 83,000- 420,000; T. ciliata 280,000-425,000; T.sinensis 403,000-721,000; for T. sureni 64,000- 468,000. Fruits should be collected when they start to open. They are left to dry in the sun for several days and, after shelling, seed may be separated by winnowing. Fresh seed of T. ciliata showed 60-90% germination, but only 45% for T. sureni. Seed can be sown without any pretreatment in beds protected from direct sunlight and rain and covered thinly with fine sand. 2-4 weeks after germination the 5-10 cm tall seedlings may be transplanted. Direct seeding is uncommon because the fine seed may be easily washed away. Striplings at least 1 m long, short stumps (7cm shoot, 25 cm root), bare-rooted seedlings or seedlings with attached soil clump may be used for planting. Stumps of 1.5-2.5 cm diameter performed better than those with diameter 0.5- 1.25 cm. For enrichment line planting of depleted primary forest or poor secondary forest 1.5-2-year-old stumps are used. A 60% rooting was obtained by using stem cuttings from 2-4 -year-old material of T. sureni treated with indolebutyric acid (IBA) placed in a saw dust medium. Branch cuttings taken from old T.calantas trees and planted in nursery beds failed to sprout. Both, T. sinensis and T. ciliata produce root suckers abundantly and both coppice fairly well.
Spacings most commonly reported are 2 m x 2 m for T. ciliata, 1.5 m x 1.5 m for T. sureni.

R. Hazards and protection:
All Meliaceae are susceptible to the attack of the Hypsila robusta borer. Its larvae feed on the buds and destroy the leader shoot. Planting under shade may reduce the risk but cannot fully stop it [16].

S. Conservation:
The species T. calantas is close to extinction in the Philippines due to over-exploitation, no details of the situation of Toona sureni are known [16].

T. Species location in Cambodia:
unknown

U. Species location in the world (native and introduced):
Native species in Nepal, India, Bhutan, Burma, Indochina, southern China, Thailand, throughout Malesia to western New Guinea, but introduced and increasingly planted as a roadside and ornamental tree in other tropical and subtropical countries [12,16].

V. Miscellaneous :
Surian species provide good-quality timber which can be used for various purposes. Moreover they grow fast and are easy to propagate vegetatively. Surian species, therefore, are worth including into silvicultural trials. They may also have great potential for use in mixed timber plantations to suppress pests of other timber species. The wide-spread planting of surian for multipurpose uses should be encouraged.[16].

W. Further readings :
Bahadur, K.N. 1988: Monograph on the genus Toona (Meliaceae). Bishen Sing Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun. 251 pp.
Edmonds, J.M. 1993: The potential value of Toona species (Meliaceae) as multiple purpose and plantation trees in Southeast Asia. Comm. For. Review 72(3): 181-186.
Chen FH, 1987: Flora of Guangdong. Guangdong, China: Guangdong Science and Technology Press.
Gupta RK, 1993. Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation. Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation., xv + 562 pp.; [18 pp. of ref + refs in text].
Lemmens RHMJ, Soerianegara I, Wong WC, 1995. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5 (2). Timber trees: minor commercial timbers. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5 (2). Timber trees: minor commercial timbers., 655 pp.; [Also published by Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. PROSEA NUGI 835.]; 747 ref.
Liu P, Yang JJ, Lu FJ, 1993: Wood of Southeastern Asia. Beijing, China: China Forestry Publishing House, pp. 179-180.
Luna RK, 1996: Plantation trees. Plantation trees., xii + 975 pp.; [refs at ends of sections].
Merrifield LE, Howcroft NHS, 1975: Propagation of Cedar, Toona sureni (Bl.) Merr., from cuttings treated with growth substances. Turrialba, 25(1):54-57; 7 ref.
Mohd Shukari M, 1985: Malaysian timbers - surian. Trade Leaflet, Malaysian Forest Service, No. 93:5pp.; 3 ref.
Storrs A, Storrs J, 1984: Discovering trees in Nepal and the Himalayas. Discovering trees in Nepal and the Himalayas., xxiv + 366pp.; 15 ref.
Tang Y, 1973: Tropical and Subtropical Timber in Yunnan. Yunnan, China: People's Publishing House.
Webb DB, Wood PJ, Smith JP, Henman GS, 1984: A guide to species selection for tropical and sub-tropical plantations. Tropical Forestry Papers, Commonwealth Forestry Institute, University of Oxford, No. 15 (rev.):ii + 256 pp.; 175 ref.
Xiao GG, 1991: Forest insects of China. Forest insects of China., Ed. 2:vi + 1362 pp.; many ref.
Ye GY, 1980. Promising trees in limestone area: Toona sureni and Cinnamomum camphora. Subtropical Forest Science and Technology, 3:49-59.
Ye X, 1983. Afforestation of Broad-leaved Trees. Guangxi, China: People's Publishing House, 32-34.
Zheng WJ, 1978. Silvicultural techniques for major forest trees in China. Volume 1. Beijing, China; China Agriculture Press.
Zhou GS, 1994: Introduction and Silviculture of fast-growing Toona sureni and T. ciliata var. pubescens. J. of Fujian Forestry College, 14(3):271-276.

Part 2 References:

(You can also use your personal experience as a reference. Example:[1] Petri, M. (DED), 2006: Own observations.)

2) Nguyen, N.C. et al.: Vietnam Forest Trees, Hanoi 1997 788 pp.

4 ) Dy Phon, Pauline, 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House; Phnom Penh, 915 pp.

5) Gardner, S., Sidisunthorn, P. and Vilaiwan Anursarnsunthorn, 2000: A Field Guide to Forest Trees of Northern Thailand. CMU Herbarium Biology Dept. University of Chiang Mai, Thailand; 546 pp.

8) Sam, H. V.,Nanthavong, Kh.and P.J.A. Kessler 2004: Trees of Laos and Vietnam: A field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species.BLUMEA J. Plant Tax. and Plant Geogr. 49(2004) p. 201- 349 pp., Univ. Leiden Br., Leiden, The Netherlands

11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press, New York; 336 pp.

12) CABI Forestry Compendium 2003

14) FSIV/JICA 2003: Use of Indigenous Tree Species in Reforestation in Vietnam. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi, 188 pp.

16) Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. And W.C. Wong (Eds.) 1995: Plant Resources of Southeast Asia 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 655 pp.

20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor B, and Mutua A, 2002: Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ROM).

26)World Agroforestry Centre http.www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/Speciesinfo.asp?

27) Wikipedia http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/species name (Internet source)

* Leaflet of Toona sureni in Khmer Language

Dipterocarpus intricatus (Sample Datasheet)

noreply@blogger.com (yeangdonal@gmail.com) — Fri, 14 Dec 2007 03:02:00 +0000

Tree Species Data Sheet for
‘Digital Compendium of Forest Species in Cambodia’

Species: Dipterocarpus intricatus

Name of collector: Mathias Petri
Date of collection: 31/07/2006 (dd/mm/yyyy)

Part 1: Text information

- Divide the information within the chapters by paragraphs for each source
- For every information give the source after the text, then list all cited sources under ‘Part 3 - References’ at the bottom of this document)

A. Latin name(s):

Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer

B. English name(s):

No name available.

C. Synonym(s):

No synonym available.

D. Other[1]:

may sa beng (Trade name) [4] - krat, hiang krat, chik, cha baeng, tabaeng, hiang khon, sat, tat (Thailand) [1] - dau trai, dau long (Vietnam) [4]

E. Khmer name(s) (Khmer letters):
Rtac
Source: [3]

F. Khmer name(s) (Latin letters):

krai, trai [1], trach, trach sa, trach snaeng, trach sra [2]

G. Taxonomic position (complete):

Kingdom: Viridiplantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Sub-Phylum: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Malvales
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Genus: Dipterocarpus Gaertner f.
Species: Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer
Source: [1]

H. Botanical characteristics (d)[2]
[General]: A large deciduous tree, 20-30 m high [4] (15-30 m [2]) and 60-80 cm in DBH. Twigs and buds are covered with many star-shaped grey yellow to brown hairs.
[Bark]: The bark surface is grey brown or dark brown and longitudinally splitted into pieces. The inner bark is orange pink, 8-10 mm [4] thick or more.
[Leaves]: The leaves are simple, alternate and egg-shaped to oblong with a wedge-shaped base and a blunt leaftip, 10-30 x 8-14 cm [4] in size and hairy on both surfaces but especially on the lower surface. The secondary veins occur in 14 (-21) pairs [4] (10-15 pairs [1]. Leafstalks are 3-4.5 cm long [4] with protecting buds. The stipules are 3 cm long [4]. Dipterocarpus intricatus loses its leaves for only a few days every year. Old leaves fall in the end of December, young leaves appear in the beginning of January [4].
[Flowers]: The inflorescence (=raceme) is 16-18 cm long [4], often branched in 2-4, each branch consisting of 6-8 flowers [4], arranged in 2 rows with stalk-less flower at the place where the branches divide. The outer flower leaves (=sepals) are fused into a 5 lobed hairless tube, with the longest lobe 14 mm long [4], the other smaller lobes 2-3 mm long [4]. The outer flower leaves (=petals) are red, 3 cm long [4] and sickle-shaped. The flower contains 30 stamens [4]. Flowering starts in January [4] (January-December [1]).
[Fruits]: Fruiting occurs from March to April [4] (January-November [1]). The fruit is opposite egg-shaped, red when young and brown when mature, 2 x 1-1.5 cm [1] (1.5 cm long [4]). The fruit wings are spirally folded, 5 winded, with two large wings 6-7 x 1.5 cm [1] (8-11 cm long [4]) with 3-5 basal veins. The 3 shorter wings are approximately 1 x 0.5 cm [1] and curled back.
[1, 2, 4, 7]

I. Wood properties: (n)
[Wood Properties]: Sapwood and heartwood are distinctive. The sapwood is reddish and thin, the heartwood is red brown to dark red with a coarse texture and is heavy with a density of 0.66-0.93 g/cm³. It is durable and resistant to termites and insects.
[2, 4]

J. Geographic distribution and vegetation: (a),(e)
Dipterocarpus intricatus is a native species of the Indochine Peninsula where it is commonly found in open dry deciduous dipterocarp forests and periodically flooded plain forests mixed with other dipterocarps or in pure stands. "In Thailand, it is fairly common in open deciduous dipterocarp forest in the northeast. It is also found in the transition zone between dry evergreen and deciduous dipterocarp forests with Pinus merkusii" [1]. In Cambodia it occurs in open forests with other dipterocarps, in dense forests or secondary forests where Pinus merkusii is more or less abundant. There it is associated with Calophyllum spp., Payena elliptica, Carallia lucida, Eugenia zeylanica, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Anisoptera spp., Shorea cochinchinensis, Shorea cf. hypochra, Parinarium annamense, Irvingia oliveri, Sindora cochinchinensis, Fragraea fragrans and Melanorrhoea laccifera. It is one of the dominant species in Cambodian open dry dipterocarp forest stands. There it grows with Capparis, Randia tomentosa, Memecylon laevigatum, Memecylon edule, Buchanania, Intsia, Irvingia oliveri, Cratoxylon spp., Terminalia mucronata, Pterocarpus pedatus, Dalbergia oliveri, Albizzia lebeck, Eugenia spp., Shorea cochinchinensis, Ochrocarpus spp., Azadirachta indica, Parinarium annamense, and Gardenia spp. In degraded dense deciduous forest it grows with Xylia, Schleichera, Andina, Spondias, Ceiba, Vitex, Hymenodyclion, Sterculia colorata, Milletia erythrocalyx, Strychnos, Schrebera, Holarrhena antidysenteria and species of the open forest like Cycas siamensis, Shorea obtusa, Careya, Arundinaria falcata, Buchanania latifolia, Terminalia bialata, Terminalia tomentosa, Aporosa (Krung), Phoenix humilis and common elements of secondary forests such as Combretum quadrangulare, Cratoxylon, Zizyphus, Cochlospermum, Streblus asper and Oroxylum. In closed moist evergreen forests it grows with Shorea cochinchinensis and Eugenia spp. It can also be found in degraded open forest (shrub savanna).
[1, 2, 4, 7]

K. Climate and environmental amplitude: (b),(c)
D. intricatus is mostly found in plains but also in hilly areas up to 500 m [2] (up to 400 m altitude [1], from 50-700 m [4], also below 50 m [7]). A tropical monsoon climate with a distinct dry season of 3-6 months [8] is suited best.
[1, 2, 4, 7, 8]

L. Gene ecological zone in Cambodia:[3]
No information available.

M. Soil and site conditions: (f),(g),(h),(i),(j)
Generally it grows on ferrallitic or sandy soils. "In the Prek Te region (Cambodia) it grows on soils which are sandy and easily friable (=easily breaking down into crumbs, like old bread). Their color is white to greyish on the surface, yellowish at 20 cm depth, becoming more and more solid with depth, more humid and loamy with traces of iron below 50 cm depth and lateritic concretions (= hard pieces of Al-Fe oxides). The parent (=underlying) rock, sometimes reaching the surface, consists of siliceous (=containing silicon) sandstone. Termite mounds are rare" [7].
[4, 7]

N. Utilization and importance: (n),(o),(p)
[Wood]: The wood is appreciated for the construction of carts and houses.
[2, 4]
[Non-wood]: The grey brown resin is collected from the tree and used in the same way as the one of Dipterocarpus alatus (see chapter 'Utilization and Importance' in the datasheet of Dipterocarpus alatus). It is mainly used for the preparation of torches.
[2, 4]
[Others]: No information available.

O. Cambodian wood classification: (n)
2nd class [3]

P. Silviculture and management: (e),(l),(m)
[General]: Dipterocarpus intricatus is is commonly found in open dry deciduous dipterocarp forests and periodically flooded plain forests mixed with other dipterocarps or in pure stands. In Cambodia it occurs in open forests with other dipterocarps, in dense forests or secondary forests where Pinus merkusii is more or less abundant. It is one of the dominant species in Cambodian open dry dipterocarp forest stands and in degraded dense deciduous forests but also in degraded open forest (shrub savanna). In closed moist evergreen forests it grows with Shorea cochinchinensis and Eugenia spp.
[1, 2, 4, 7]
[Natural regeneration]: "Dipterocarpus seedlings and saplings can persist in the forest for years under heavy shade. In the first 2 years, major openings in the canopy are not tolerated, but after the seedlings are well established (about 120 m tall) the canopy can be opened up, to speed up growth. Many species regenerate well only in primary forest" [6] .
[Establishment]: "When the seedlings are planted in open areas shade trees are used, such as Acacia auriculiformis and Paraserianthes falcataria" [6].
[Management]: No information available.

Q. Propagation: (k)
Natural and coppice regeneration is good. Seedlings are also used for planting.
[4, 6]

R. Hazards and protection:
[Pests]: No information available.
[Diseases]: No information available.
[Others]: No information available.

S. Conservation:
This species has not yet been classified according to the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) World List of Threatened Trees (='IUCN Red Databook'). However, its status is suggested as a species 'of least concern' (LR lc). Although it is confined to the northeast of Thailand and Indochina, it is common throughout its potential distribution.
[1]

T. Species location in Cambodia (native and introduced):

No information available.

U. Species location in the world (native and introduced):
[World Distribution]:
[Native]:
Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia.
[4, 5]
[Introduced]:
Apparently this species does not occur yet outside of its natural range.
[8]

V. Miscellaneous[4]:
[Hybrids]: "Dipterocarpus intricatus x D. tuberculatus was collected in Sakaerat, Nakhon Ratchasima (Thailand). It is characterised by intermediate characters of the fruit." [1]

W. Further readings[5]:
No information available.
[1] Here you can type in names in e.g. French, Thai, Vietnamese, etc.
[2] The small letters refer to the sections in Part 2 - Tick List which contain similar information. It will allow you to convert your text data easily into tick list data.

[3] As defined by the Cambodian Tree Seed Project (CTSP). You can find further information in ‘CTSP, 2003: Gene Conservation Strategy, Species Monographs, Gene Ecological Zonation, Species Site Matching Model. (CD-ROM).
[4] Type in here all the information that doesn’t fit into one of the sections.
[5] If you have discovered a new source like a book or website with specific information about this species, please type it here.

To download the Digital Species Version 2 Click Here

Digital Species

noreply@blogger.com (yeangdonal@gmail.com) — Fri, 23 Nov 2007 16:53:00 +0000

Digital Compendium of Forestry Species of Cambodia is also known as “Digital Species” which is a user friendly software and database that allows user to search, view, combine and update tree species information. Furthermore, this is the first forestry software of Cambodia and this program can be used for training and education purpose and as a decision making tool in forestry, agroforestry, agriculture, land use planning and especially reforestation program. The description of more than 55 tree species of Cambodia was translated into Khmer language under the support of German Development Service (DED) in Cambodia and in addition, the glossary of forestry was also translated. The Khmer version of “Digital Compendium of Forestry Species of Cambodia” is going to launch at the end of this year (2007) and some free copies of this software will be distributed to educational institutes, NGOs, and other stakeholders. The new version of Digital Species of Khmer and English version will be released at the end of this year and both versions will also support Window Vista which is the latest operating system of Microsoft.

To download the Digital Species Version 2 Click Here

Digital Species

Digital Species Version 2

List of Tree Species in Digital Species V1.0

Toona sureni (ឆាំឆា​រឺ​ខ្លឹមចន្ទន៍ )

Dipterocarpus intricatus (Sample Datasheet)

Digital Species

Toona sureni (ឆាំឆារឺខ្លឹមចន្ទន៍ )