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		<title>How the Nationals – and CJ Abrams – are enjoying dramatic improvement (Yes, we had a little something to do with it) </title>
		<link>https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/06/nationals-cj-abrams-dramatic-improvement/</link>
					<comments>https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/06/nationals-cj-abrams-dramatic-improvement/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Travis Sawchik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 08 Jun 2026 17:43:53 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog Article]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/?p=652791</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>There is still low-hanging fruit to pluck at even the highest levels of professional baseball. Consider the Washington Nationals. It ...<a class="more-link" href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/06/nationals-cj-abrams-dramatic-improvement/">read more</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/06/nationals-cj-abrams-dramatic-improvement/">How the Nationals – and CJ Abrams – are enjoying dramatic improvement (Yes, we had a little something to do with it) </a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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<p>There is still low-hanging fruit to pluck at even the highest levels of professional baseball. Consider the Washington Nationals.</p>
<p>It was not too long ago that under former general manager Mike Rizzo &#8212; in the spring of 2024 – when Nationals placed placards in their Florida complex and spring-training bullpens that read “I don’t care how hard you throw ball four.”</p>
<p>The real message was that the Nats were fighting the reality that velocity is king in terms of pitching performance. Unless you are a Greg Maddux-like <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2025/07/greg-maddux-was-a-unicorn/?srsltid=AfmBOor32Ak0ER6NGk7ECrwV0NmjV4R_dAcD_KSbpsj2EFgw5SFNavE6">command outlier</a>, you’re going to need stuff.</p>
<p>But times are changing in Washington.</p>
<p>This past winter under a new regime, the Nationals revamped their pitching program. They hired Simon Mathews as a 30&#8211;year-old major league pitching coach &#8211; he worked at Driveline and Push Performance before serving as an assistant pitching coach for the Cincinnati Reds. Washington added another Driveline alum Luke Dziados as an assistant pitching coach.</p>
<p>Dziados contributed in a number of ways at Driveline including research on topics like the limits of motion capture <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2025/03/the-limits-of-motion-capture-understanding-arm-pain/?srsltid=AfmBOooiC4ubot2m2xRBJpPvgTViKooSu2yAW5-d2z2kQt6WR6af66cR">in understanding</a> arm pain.</p>
<p>While pitching is not yet a team strength, the Nationals improved their ERA from a 5.35 mark last year, worse than only the Rockies, to 4.69 ERA this year – among the top-five improvements in the sport.</p>
<p>But in this piece, I want to focus on their hitting progress this season. Progress there is even more remarkable, and also with plenty of Driveline influence.</p>
<p>More than a third of the way through the season, the Nationals lead the majors in run scoring.</p>
<p>Yes, the Nationals.</p>
<p>The Nationals ranked 20th last year in run scoring (687 runs, 4.24 runs per game). This season they’ve scored more runs than the Dodgers as of June 5 (331 runs to 330) and are scoring 5.32 runs per game – a 1.08 runs-per-game improvement that ranks second in baseball to only the Pirates.</p>
<p>The Pirates improvement is largely tied to external additions like Brandon Lowe, Ryan O’Hearn and the arrival uber prospect Konnor Griffin.</p>
<p>But so much of what the Nationals have done is tied to internal improvement, which shows the game is far from optimized in some corners of the highest level of play.</p>
<p>More than 80% of plate appearances this year have come from returning players – players like James Wood, Jacob Young &#8211; already with a career-best eight home runs &#8211; and C.J. Abrams.</p>
<p>Abrams, an extraordinary athlete, is tapping into his phenomenal potential this season, enjoying career bests across the board.</p>
<p>I spoke to Abrams recently to understand how he’s benefitted from new training regimens, approaches, and working with Driveline alumni in Andrew Aydt, hired as the team’s major league assistant hitting coach this past offseason. Travis Fitta, the Triple-A hitting coach – who is occasionally embedded with the major league team – is a former Tampa hitting trainer at Driveline.</p>
<p>Abrams is the ninth-most improved player in the majors in terms of wRC+ &#8211; +42 &#8211; and two of his teammates, Wood and Young, also rank in the top 30.</p>
<p>What’s changed?</p>
<p>Abrams was introduced to an underload-overload bat-speed program this offseason, which is on brand for an organization benefiting from a strong Driveline influence.</p>
<p>Abrams’ bat speed (72.7 mph), fast swing percentage and blast percentage are all improved.</p>
<p>“Being able to swing the bat fast that’s always good,” Abrams quipped.</p>
<p>We agree, C.J.</p>
<p>But we don’t just train bat speed at Driveline.</p>
<p>Yes, improving bat speed is a big deal. But we also focus on swing paths – Abrams is enjoying 61% ideal attack angle &#8211; and swing decisions. They are all core tenets of what we train, of what leads to performance gains. His teammate, Young, is a great example of bat path improvements.</p>
<p>Young is also a Driveline client – adding further Driveline flavor to the Nationals.</p>
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<p>Young’s ideal attack angle is up 12 percentage points to 62% and his bat speed is up 1.6 mph. He’s hit seven of his eight home runs to his pull side after entering the year with just five home runs. His air pull % is increased three times from a year ago to 15.9%.</p>
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<p>And it is not always high tech.</p>
<p>Something new Abrams is engaging with from the new staff is surprisingly low tech.</p>
<p>In the depths of National Park, or even in a road batting cage, the hitting staff will place a five-gallon bucket behind the plate and perch a medicine ball atop it.</p>
<p>If a pitch from the machine hits the ball and Abrams did not offer – he should have swung. It was a meatball. It’s designed to zero-in his approach. It is a low-tech feedback loop.</p>
<p>Abrams is doing just that. His air pull percentage is up to a career-best and elite 23.9%.</p>
<p>Consider how zeroed in his swings on fastballs in the heart of the plate are this year <a href="https://baseballsavant.mlb.com/statcast_search?hfPT=FF%7CSI%7C&amp;hfAB=&amp;hfGT=R%7C&amp;hfPR=foul%7Cfoul%5C.%5C.bunt%7Cbunt%5C.%5C.foul%5C.%5C.tip%7Cfoul%5C.%5C.pitchout%7Chit%5C.%5C.into%5C.%5C.play%7Cmissed%5C.%5C.bunt%7Cfoul%5C.%5C.tip%7Cswinging%5C.%5C.pitchout%7Cswinging%5C.%5C.strike%7Cswinging%5C.%5C.strike%5C.%5C.blocked%7C&amp;hfZ=&amp;hfStadium=&amp;hfBBL=&amp;hfNewZones=1%7C2%7C3%7C4%7C5%7C6%7C7%7C8%7C9%7C&amp;hfPull=&amp;hfC=&amp;hfSea=2026%7C2025%7C2024%7C2023%7C2022%7C&amp;hfSit=&amp;player_type=batter&amp;hfOuts=&amp;home_road=&amp;pitcher_throws=&amp;batter_stands=&amp;hfSA=&amp;hfEventOuts=&amp;hfEventRuns=&amp;hfABSFlag=&amp;game_date_gt=&amp;game_date_lt=&amp;hfMo=&amp;hfTeam=&amp;hfOpponent=&amp;hfRO=&amp;position=&amp;hfInfield=&amp;hfOutfield=&amp;hfInn=&amp;hfBBT=&amp;batters_lookup%5B%5D=682928&amp;hfFlag=&amp;metric_1=&amp;group_by=name-year&amp;min_pitches=0&amp;min_results=0&amp;min_pas=0&amp;sort_col=xwoba&amp;player_event_sort=api_p_release_speed&amp;sort_order=desc&amp;chk_stats_abs=on&amp;chk_stats_hits=on&amp;chk_stats_xwoba=on#results">compared to</a> years past.</p>
<p>“For me, I was able to contact just about anything – but that’s not very good, you get yourself out a lot on weak contact. Those edge pitches away,” Abrams said. “If they make a good pitch tip your cap. Now, I hit the ones in the heart.”</p>
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<p>Abrams always possessed solid bat speed and above-average contact skills. Now, he is more selective. He’s getting daily feedback on his swing decisions in terms of data and feedback. It’s not just in differentiating between balls and strikes but pitches he can damage. That was the part of the message from the hitting staff this past offseason and early in the spring.</p>
<p>Abrams&#8217; performance on fastballs has improved from one run below average to 12 runs above average this season.</p>
<p>“I’ve always kind of known that but it’s easier said than done,” Abrams said. “It’s learning to be disciplined and hard-headed.”</p>
<p>It’s also about how practice is designed.</p>
<p>The Nationals changes have to be creating some FOMO among major league organizations that have not fully bought into the 21st century, or Driveline-like processes rooted in physics, data, a tight feedback loop, and curiosity.</p>
<p>When the rest of MLB looks at the Nats’ improvement, it is a bit like the meme of Gordon Robertson on The 700 Club.</p>
<p>“Jesus, I see what you’ve done for other people, and I want that for me.”</p>
<p>Need help? Give Driveline a call. It can work for you as well.</p>
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<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/06/nationals-cj-abrams-dramatic-improvement/">How the Nationals – and CJ Abrams – are enjoying dramatic improvement (Yes, we had a little something to do with it) </a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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		<title>Travis Bazzana&#8217;s superpower? Self-awareness: Why that matters and what that looks like as he takes his game to another level</title>
		<link>https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/05/travis-bazzana-superpower-self-awareness/</link>
					<comments>https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/05/travis-bazzana-superpower-self-awareness/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Travis Sawchik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 27 May 2026 14:41:11 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog Article]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/?p=650354</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Travis Bazzana produced a swing Sunday in Philadelphia, which if replicated often enough, will make him a superstar. In the ...<a class="more-link" href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/05/travis-bazzana-superpower-self-awareness/">read more</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/05/travis-bazzana-superpower-self-awareness/">Travis Bazzana&#8217;s superpower? Self-awareness: Why that matters and what that looks like as he takes his game to another level</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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<p>Travis Bazzana produced a swing Sunday in Philadelphia, which if replicated often enough, will make him a superstar.</p>
<p>In the top of the eighth inning, Phillies right-hander Jonathan Bowlan tossed a 97-mph fastball tracking in just off the plate – a difficult pitch to pull.</p>
<p>As the pitch raced to the inside corner, Bazzana’s swing beat it there. The left-handed hitter stepped into the bucket with his lead leg, creating space to allow his hands to work. The result was a missile of a home run to his pull side, which ended up in the second deck at Citizens Bank Park.</p>
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																<a href="https://twitter.com/MLB/status/2058636497603989527" target="_blank"><br />
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<p>The ball left his bat at 105.3 mph, the second-best EV mark he has posted in his young major league career.</p>
<p>After struggling to pull the ball in the air in his initial exposure to major league pitching, the blast marked his second homer to his pull side last week. (He also pulled a home run at Comerica Park on Tuesday, against Tigers right-hander Keider Montero.)</p>
<p>The Guardians drafted Bazzana first overall in 2024’s loaded first round in part because of his floor. His batting eye and contact ability make it incredibly difficult for him to fail provided he enjoys good health. But Bazzana remains interested in raising his ceiling, even as a polished college player.</p>
<p>Even though he has reached the major leagues, he does not believe he is done improving. And he knows exactly what he needs to do to become a star.</p>
<p>“My ceiling is primarily about my ball flight,” Bazzana explained. “I am going to square up the ball. I’m going to make good swing decisions. So, can I put the ball in the seats to the right-field side? That is going to be my ceiling. Can I make my ‘A swing’ (often) and have good ball flight? That is what got me drafted where I was as a second baseman &#8211; how consistently I did that during my junior year. And we worked intentionally on that to be in that spot. Getting there more consistently with ball flight is where I reach my ceiling.”</p>
<p>Bazzana is not a towering physical specimen like the A’s Nick Kurtz, who went fourth overall in Bazzana’s draft class. While he is a quality athlete, he must get the most out of a relatively modest frame.</p>
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<p>In some ways, he is not so different from his undersized superstar teammate Jose Ramírez, who always enjoyed strong contact skills, and learned to optimize ball flight.</p>
<p>To access that ceiling, he possesses a superpower few possess: self-awareness.</p>
<p>He identifies and accepts areas in which he needs to grow and improve, and attacks them. He obsesses over the Hows and Whys of the craft. His baseball makeup is even rare among the major leaguers Driveline trainers work with. What does that look like? Driveline hitting director Tanner Stokey has a favorite anecdote.</p>
<p>Entering the summer of 2022, Stokey received a call from Bazzana&#8217;s then-agent, David O&#8217;Hagan, of Excel Sports Management.</p>
<p>Coming off a freshman All-American season at Oregon State, Bazzana was invited to play in the Cape Cod League, the illustrious wood-bat circuit where college stars attempt to raise their prospect status. <em>Every</em> player accepts that golden ticket. Former Driveline hitting trainer Andrew Aydt couldn’t recall anyone who had ever turned it down.</p>
<p>Well, there’s a first time for everything. There’s Travis Bazzana.</p>
<p>“(O&#8217;Hagan) called me toward the end of his freshman year at Oregon State,” Stokey said. “The first thing he told me was, ‘You’re going to want to hire this kid someday.’ I was like, ‘What the hell are you talking about?’”</p>
<p>O&#8217;Hagan then explained that Bazzana wanted to train at Driveline instead of playing at the Cape.</p>
<p>Excuse me, Stokey thought.</p>
<p>“At the time, I thought it was a little crazy not going to play in the Cape — if there’s a summer league to play in, that’s the one,” Stokey said. “But Trav is self-aware enough to know that he was likely going to be a first-round pick (one day), if not very close to it, and he wanted to find ways to become as valuable and productive as he possibly could.”</p>
<p>Bazzana became aware of Driveline in his native Australia because Baseball Australia had a relationship with our company. Bazzana got his hands on bat-speed trainers from former MLB player Glenn Williams, now CEO of Baseball Australia, and followed a Driveline bat-speed protocol.</p>
<p>“I wore them out,” Bazzana said of the bat-speed trainers.</p>
<p>As a young amateur, Bazzana played with the Ku-Ring-Gai Stealers club on Sydney’s North Shore. While he did not have access to bat- and ball-tracking technology then, he had a desire for a data-based feedback loop to guide his progress. To monitor bat-speed progress, Bazzana hit off a tee in the spartan Ku-Ring-Gai Stealers cages while his father tracked ball speed via a radar app on his smartphone.</p>
<p>He was Driveline-like before he ever stepped into our Kent, Wash., facility.</p>
<p>“I think it just stems from the fact that I always wanted to know the ‘Why’ behind things,” Bazzana said. “That was important to me. So, if there’s a number that gives me objective feedback or reasoning, I always look for that, and look for the edge.”</p>
<p>Bazzana developed a belief that he still holds: playing in games raises a player’s floor, but training skills raise a player’s ceiling.</p>
<p>“When you’re playing every day, it’s very hard to make the changes necessary to change your ceiling,” Bazzana said. “Changing your ceiling comes from changing power outputs, and larger swing adjustments. There are approach adjustments that change your ceiling, too, which can happen from game assessment, and playing in games, and realizing, ‘Oh, I just need to change where I’m looking for pitches.’</p>
<p>“But I think quality offseason training is where people change how good they can be, or, how great they can be, especially at a young age.”</p>
<p>That foundational belief was forged in Australia, but he still believed it when he weighed what to do with his summer before his sophomore year.</p>
<p>“I remember talking to my hitting coach at Oregon State, Ryan Gipson, in an airport during my freshman year,” Bazzana recalled. “I had this opportunity to play in the Cape. I had two summers before I was draft-eligible, so it was like, ‘Do I really want to go possibly play twice?’ I felt like I had room for improvement and an opportunity to take advantage of that time. I brought up what I thought I could work on, and what the training would look like. (Oregon State) trusted what I was planning to do because I had conviction.”</p>
<p>So, instead of doing what every other freshman All-American had done when handed a ticket to the Cape, Bazzana went to Driveline.</p>
<p>For 10 weeks, and six days a week that summer, he worked with Stokey, Aydt — now with the Nationals — and others.</p>
<p>“We spent that offseason wanting to increase his bat speed and improve his ball flight to the pull side of the field,” Stokey said. “But what we really ended up doing on the front end was cleaning up his bat path, and his posture, with all the biomechanics data.”</p>
<p>When he returned to Corvallis as a sophomore, his production jumped across the board.</p>
<p>His home run total nearly doubled from 6 to 11. His OPS increased from .903 to 1.222, with his on-base mark jumping to .500.</p>
<p>The posture changes helped not just his swing characteristics but his selectivity at the plate, which is now a signature trait. He owns an elite 13% walk rate in the majors.</p>
<p>“The biggest changes were setup, a postural (issue), that affected my path,” Bazzana said. “So, my speeds rapidly jumped once I could do that, because, I was actually using the strength I had, the power I had. It also helped my swing decisions because I was taller&#8230; I felt like I could see (pitches) better early on, which meant I did not chase as much in the dirt. That’s when my swing decisions started to really evolve as well. There were a lot of things that came with that summer. It was just good, quality work, and it put me on the path to being a better offensive player.”</p>
<p>In his first summer with Driveline, he created a better foundation for his swing.</p>
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<p>And after his second summer he began to learn how to more often access his “A” swing.</p>
<p>The 5-foot-11, 199-pound Bazzana had known optimized ball flight was important for an undersized player even before it was widely quantified.</p>
<p>He picked up on the cheat code as a youth in Australia well before public data was easily accessible, before the insight became popularized.</p>
<p>&#8220;I used to say to people when I was in high school in Australia that there’s a reason why Jose Altuve can hit 25 home runs, and there’s a reason why Alex Bregman can hit 20, 25, whatever, 30 home runs. Mookie Betts, too,” Bazzana said. “I used to bring up all these guys with frames kind of in that 5&#8217;8” to 5&#8217;11” range that hit 20 to 30 home runs.</p>
<p>“You can’t tell me, ‘Oh, you won’t hit for power because that’s for the big guys.’ People do it, and so I was big on that. I was like, ‘OK, well, power output, and where do they hit the ball?’ I had a full awareness of that in high school. People probably were like, ‘What is this guy talking about back then?’&#8230; But I didn’t learn how to do it immediately because my swing was so ingrained.”</p>
<p>But he knew what he needed to do, and with help from Driveline he mapped out an actionable plan.</p>
<p>“It’s crazy, the self-awareness,” Stokey said.</p>
<p>After his second summer training at Driveline, his ball flight improved dramatically. It’s what allowed him to lead the PAC-12 with 28 home runs, a power surge that vaulted him to first-overall-pick status in a draft loaded with bigger, stronger athletes.</p>
<p>He knows repeating that at the highest level is key to being a major-league star.</p>
<p>Bazzana’s Air Pull% was 11.9% entering play May 22.</p>
<p>It’s already improved to 14.6% as of May 25.</p>
<p>The MLB average is 16.9%.</p>
<p>Bazzana’s goal is to be in the upper 20 percent range – an elite range.</p>
<p>Stokey believes it will improve. After all, it’s still so early. We are in the first pages of his first MLB chapter.</p>
<p>“Some of it is pitch selection. Some of it is being willing to take his chance in hitter counts,” Stokey said. “Some of it is getting more pitches over the heart of the plate and being in two-strike counts less often.”</p>
<p>Stokey does not think Bazzana is done raising his ceiling in other areas either.</p>
<p>Bazzana is posting modest bat speed (69.4 mph) and exit velocity marks (88.8 mph) early in his MLB career. Stokey knows he holds the capacity for much more. He’s seen it in action. He’s measured it in our Kent, Wash., batting cages. And of his first 65 MLB swings, 14 have been <a href="https://baseballsavant.mlb.com/statcast_search?hfPT=&amp;hfAB=&amp;hfGT=R%7C&amp;hfPR=&amp;hfZ=&amp;hfStadium=&amp;hfBBL=&amp;hfNewZones=&amp;hfPull=&amp;hfC=&amp;hfSea=2026%7C&amp;hfSit=&amp;player_type=batter&amp;hfOuts=&amp;home_road=&amp;pitcher_throws=&amp;batter_stands=&amp;hfSA=&amp;hfEventOuts=&amp;hfEventRuns=&amp;hfABSFlag=&amp;game_date_gt=&amp;game_date_lt=&amp;hfMo=&amp;hfTeam=&amp;hfOpponent=&amp;hfRO=&amp;position=&amp;hfInfield=&amp;hfOutfield=&amp;hfInn=&amp;hfBBT=&amp;batters_lookup%5B%5D=683953&amp;hfFlag=is%5C.%5C.bunt%5C.%5C.not%7C&amp;metric_1=&amp;group_by=name-event&amp;min_pitches=0&amp;min_results=0&amp;min_pas=0&amp;sort_col=launch_speed&amp;player_event_sort=sweetspot_speed_mph&amp;sort_order=desc&amp;chk_event_release_speed=on&amp;chk_event_launch_speed=on&amp;chk_event_sweetspot_speed_mph=on#results">73 mph or faster-</a> or greater than the MLB average for bat speed.</p>
<p>“He hasn’t quite gotten that ‘A-plus’ swing off very often, at least not as much as he has in the past, or, what he’s capable of doing,” Stokey said. “That’s the thing that’s going to open up the slug for him.”</p>
<p>For Stokey, a bet on Bazzana building more capacity and raising his ceiling even at the highest level is likely to happen – it almost seems inevitable to those that know him best &#8211; and boils down to this: his makeup.</p>
<p>“He’s one of the most competitive people I’ve met in my entire life,” Stokey said. “He’s really driven to be great. He’s truly obsessed with the process and the information. He wants to know exactly what makes him good, and why. He also wants to understand what he struggles with, why, and how to improve. A lot of times you can run into a really intelligent, high-level thinker as a hitter, and it could turn into a problem quickly, where they start to get overloaded with information and really spiral out of control. But he’s one of the best hitters I’ve ever interacted with at being able to take a ton of information and simplify it down to the most actionable points.”</p>
<p>Stokey remains in daily contact with Bazzana and former Driveline trainer, and Guardians assistant director of hitting, Connor Watson. They have a group text thread where they share thoughts regularly.</p>
<p>“At the end of the day, he’s just a relentless, obsessive competitor, obsessive with developing and getting better,” Stokey said. “He wants to know every single piece of information to understand the ‘Why’.”</p>
<p>It’s a superpower few possess, one that allows Bazzana to keep raising his ceiling, to have the baseball world keep rethinking what is possible for an undersized slugger from the other side of the world.</p>
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<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/05/travis-bazzana-superpower-self-awareness/">Travis Bazzana&#8217;s superpower? Self-awareness: Why that matters and what that looks like as he takes his game to another level</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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		<title>How in the heck has Fernando Tatis Jr. not homered yet? A forensic swing investigation</title>
		<link>https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/05/fernando-tatis-jr-no-home-runs-swing-investigation/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Travis Sawchik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 15 May 2026 16:14:08 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog Article]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/?p=647948</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>*Editor&#8217;s Note: After a 55-game slump and 207 at-bats, on 5/30/2026 Fernando Tatis Jr. finally hit his first home run ...<a class="more-link" href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/05/fernando-tatis-jr-no-home-runs-swing-investigation/">read more</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/05/fernando-tatis-jr-no-home-runs-swing-investigation/">How in the heck has Fernando Tatis Jr. not homered yet? A forensic swing investigation</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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<p><strong>*Editor&#8217;s Note: After a 55-game slump and 207 at-bats, on 5/30/2026 Fernando Tatis Jr. finally hit his first home run of the 2026 season.</strong></p>
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<p>We are a quarter of the way through the major league season, and Fernando Tatis Jr. is yet to hit a home run.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s the greatest mystery, the biggest head scratcher of the young MLB season.</p>
<p>This is a player who should be at the height of his powers, he’s of prime age, and one of the sport’s greatest athletes.</p>
<p>In exploring his underlying skills, the lack of a single homer becomes even more baffling.</p>
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<p>Tatis Jr.’s hard-hit rate resides in the 98th percentile.</p>
<p>His bat speed is up from last year sitting at 75 mph, also ranking at an elite level &#8212; 84th percentile.</p>
<p>His launch-angle, sweet-spot rate is improved from a lowly fourth percentile a year ago, to ranking 60th this year.</p>
<p>Barrel rate? Also strong at 11.7%.</p>
<p>And yet, zero home runs. None.</p>
<p>Tatis Jr. is now 180 plate appearances deep into his season. He’s hit at least 21 in all of his full seasons, including a career-best 42 in 2021.</p>
<p>&#8220;I don&#8217;t know what the (expletive) is going on,” Tatis Jr. told reporters recently. “But, man, just keep going out there and keep grinding.&#8221;</p>
<p>What is going on?</p>
<p>I employed our in-house SamCast tools and spoke with Driveline trainers, to understand what might be going on – and what could help Tatis Jr. end this curious dry spell.</p>
<p>“His fast-swing percentage is the fastest of his career,” Driveline hitting trainer Dylan Robertson said. “We can&#8217;t go back to when he was highly productive in ‘21, or beforehand for bat-speed stuff, but I can&#8217;t imagine that he was swinging much faster. He is hitting the ball just as hard as he was back then. So, I would definitely think it&#8217;s a lot more approach-based.”</p>
<p>The two biggest clues are tied to his batted ball profile.</p>
<p>His groundball rate has spiked to a career-high level (52%), and his pull percentage has cratered to 29%.</p>
<p>Even more important, his air-pull rate &#8211; never a strength – has plummeted to a paltry 5.4%. Pulled air balls are, of course, the most optimal batted-ball type in the game.</p>
<p>The only year Tatis Jr. was above average in air-pull percentage was 2021 (22.2%) when he hit a career-best 42 home runs.</p>
<p>While there’s skepticism about Tatis Jr.’s best campaigns because of a later PED suspension, he’s always had elite bat speed. What was really different about 2021 is he lifted the ball into the air to his pull side at the best rate of his career.</p>
<p>This year, among the 288 hitters to produce at least 20 fly balls this season, Tatis owns <a href="https://www.fangraphs.com/leaders/splits-leaderboards?splitArr=12&amp;splitArrPitch=&amp;autoPt=false&amp;splitTeams=false&amp;statType=player&amp;statgroup=3&amp;startDate=2026-03-01&amp;endDate=2026-11-01&amp;players=&amp;filter=PA%7Cgt%7C20&amp;groupBy=season&amp;wxTemperature=&amp;wxPressure=&amp;wxAirDensity=&amp;wxElevation=&amp;wxWindSpeed=&amp;position=B&amp;sort=12,-1&amp;pageitems=2000000000&amp;pg=0">the third lowest rate</a> of air pull.</p>
<p>What’s going on here?</p>
<p>Tatis <a href="https://baseballsavant.mlb.com/visuals/batting-stance?gameType=Regular&amp;minSwings=q&amp;minGroupSwings=10&amp;seasonStart=2025&amp;seasonEnd=2026&amp;interceptView=false&amp;activePlayer=b665487_r">closed off</a> his stance more this year, from standing 32 degrees open last year to just 9 degrees this season.</p>
<p>“It almost seems like he’s trying to push balls the opposite way for whatever reason,” Robertson said. “His stance is, I think it&#8217;s something crazy like 20 degrees more closed compared to last year. I would say that is the big thing&#8230; You got his average point of contact is deeper, his attack angles much lower. I think the biggest thing is, his path is more of a byproduct of that. There&#8217;s probably a little bit of an attempt to kind of go the other way, for whatever reason.</p>
<p>“He’s just late.”</p>
<p>As Robertson explained, his setup with his lower half is in part affecting how his bat travels through the zone.</p>
<p>The best hitters have always known the importance of contact locations and optimal paths. But we&#8217;re able to quantify the importance of these traits today which, should allow hitters to more quickly break out of bad habits and slumps.</p>
<p>If we can measure it, we can train it – we can improve upon it.</p>
<p>“The biggest thing is like the depth of contact is deeper. The attack angle is significantly lower,” Robertson said. “The direction is significantly further to the opposite field. Unfortunately, we don&#8217;t have bat-tracking data from when he was at his best, you know, in ‘21. But even just looking back from the second half of ‘23, his attack angle is cut in half. It was 12 degrees. It&#8217;s six now.”</p>
<p>For some reason, Tatis Jr. is doing the opposite of what led him to his best season – getting the ball in the air to his pull side.</p>
<p>As we can see in evaluating SamCast data, so many of his swing traits and metrics are trending in the wrong direction from where they were in recent years.</p>
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<p>His downswing’s horizontal attack angle is 7.5 degrees below our optimal target for his swing.</p>
<p>Our model believes his downswing is too steep in its horizontal move. To reach the optimal path, he would need to reduce that angle, essentially keeping the barrel slightly more &#8220;inside&#8221; or direct during the initial move to better align with the contact zone target.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s a measure of swing efficiency and directionality—tracking whether the energy of the swing is being directed toward the ball, or wasted by swinging across the path of the pitch too early.</p>
<p>This is the angle of the bat during the initial &#8220;entry&#8221; phase of the swing.</p>
<p>Then consider his vertical attack angle (-1.3 degrees) compared to our model’s target of 4.05 degrees. The model suggests he is &#8220;dumping&#8221; the barrel, or, having his hands get below his barrel too early in his swing. The 5.35-degree difference suggests he should start the swing with a more upward entry to better match the plane of the incoming pitch earlier.</p>
<p>Arguably, the most critical VAA metric is the attack angle in the contact zone as it represents the angle of the bat at the moment of impact.</p>
<p>His current angle is 9.63 degrees, again quite a bit removed from an optimal target of 13.25 degrees.</p>
<p>Most pitches enter the zone between 4 and 7 degrees, so to create a square collision, hitters want to live in the 8-15 degree range. Our model calls for Tatis to try and boost his angle by 3.6 degrees.</p>
<p>His swing plane needs to be cleaned up.</p>
<p>Driveline director of hitting Tanner Stokey said a player like Tatis Jr. is probably not that far removed – modest adjustments – from a major breakout.</p>
<p>But to evaluate a player like Tatis, we don’t want to make too many assumptions based upon the model alone – we want to get the player in for an evaluation.</p>
<p>&#8220;In terms of the prescription for cleaning it up, that&#8217;s why I&#8217;d like to get hitters in the mocap lab. See exactly how he&#8217;s moving,” Stokey said. “This comes back to wanting to have as much information as possible on ‘Why?’</p>
<p>“A true motion capture assessment, on force plates, with bat tracking is incredibly impactful because there&#8217;s a lot of different things you could focus on with this. But if you could take all that information and figure out, the root cause — the actual underlying issue — that becomes the sole thing to focus on mechanically. And then you&#8217;re using all the other information as feedback.”</p>
<p>As Tatis continues to languish, the physical and mechanical issues have likely bled over to becoming psychological.</p>
<p>&#8220;I was just watching his at bats from a game from last week,” Robertson said. “I&#8217;m watching an at bat in the first inning, and his load looks — and it&#8217;s not substantial — but it&#8217;s different enough than what he did in the fifth inning. And it&#8217;s like, ‘OK, this is a guy who&#8217;s actively searching.’</p>
<p>“Obviously, he knows that he&#8217;s an unbelievable baseball player and he&#8217;s probably pressing at this point. He knows just as much as anyone else that he doesn&#8217;t have a home run&#8230; He looks lost, right?”</p>
<p>Tatis has admitted as much.</p>
<p>But as dire as it looks now, he might not be that far away from a fix. It could be a darkest-before-dawn scenario.</p>
<p>And with modern tech and data in the feedback loop, and coaching expertise, it should never be easier to fight one’s way out of a slump. For Tatis Jr., this drought is going far too long.</p>
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<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/05/fernando-tatis-jr-no-home-runs-swing-investigation/">How in the heck has Fernando Tatis Jr. not homered yet? A forensic swing investigation</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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		<title>How Janson Junk found another level and a higher cruising speed</title>
		<link>https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/05/how-janson-junk-found-another-level-and-a-higher-cruising-speed/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Travis Sawchik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 May 2026 14:49:44 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog Article]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>Even for long-time athletes training at Driveline, there is always something new to learn, something to iterate upon. This constant ...<a class="more-link" href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/05/how-janson-junk-found-another-level-and-a-higher-cruising-speed/">read more</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/05/how-janson-junk-found-another-level-and-a-higher-cruising-speed/">How Janson Junk found another level and a higher cruising speed</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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<p>Even for long-time athletes training at Driveline, there is always something new to learn, something to iterate upon. This constant effort to improve is a key tenet of our culture.</p>
<p>Consider the case of Janson Junk, a Driveline OG.</p>
<p>Back in 2013, the Seattle-area native heard about an iconoclastic pitching guru in the area from his high school teammate, Chris Carns.</p>
<p>Carns’ select team trained at the same facility where Driveline founder Kyle Boddy was renting space. Intrigued, Junk visited and began training with the Driveline founder. There were almost immediate results. Junk’s fastball velocity jumped into the low 90s as a high school senior.</p>
<p>That landed him an offer to pitch for Seattle University. He went on to be selected by the Yankees in the 22nd round of the 2017 draft. He kept beating the odds, iterating at Driveline, and made his major league debut with the Angels in 2021.</p>
<p>Last winter, he was back at Driveline as something of a guinea pig—the first major leaguer to dedicate a full offseason of throwing bullpens <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2025/08/how-intended-zones-helped-janson-junk-and-stefan-raeth-to-breakout-seasons/?srsltid=AfmBOordQhqCfbmKy3VHbxiNsU2io2tcs8O4uCoLzoCFfOB2jBUyxSM_">with the Intended Zones tracker</a> measuring his progress. Training with that tech helped lead to a breakout season, establishing himself in the Marlins’ rotation. He enjoyed some of the greatest command improvements in pro ball, cutting his walk rate to 2.9%—the best in the majors among pitchers who tossed at least 80 innings —down from an 8.3% walk rate the season prior.</p>
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<p>So, what could Junk improve upon this season? Junk had something he wanted to investigate.</p>
<p>Near the close of last season, a FanGraphs writer asked him about the variability of his arm angle at release—variance he was unaware of then. He declined to answer the question, not to be impolite or difficult, rather, he was unaware it was an issue. He was immediately curious.</p>
<p>“I did feel different when I reached back for that 96, 97 or whatever, it looked different,” Junk told me earlier this month as he reflected upon the question. “I feel like I’m throwing it, you know, sidearm (at high-end velocity)&#8230; It felt like I was dropping.”</p>
<p>While he could pop the occasional 96 mph four-seamer, he sat 92-93 mph for the majority of his outings. He was curious if he could cruise nearer his peak velocity. It was important to find another level.</p>
<p>After all, consider the average right-handed starter’s fastball velocity is 95.1 mph this season. In fact, the average is greater than that of right-handed relievers (94.9). If a pitcher is below that benchmark for velocity, he’s already fighting an uphill battle. Junk’s average fastball was 93.6 mph last season.</p>
<p>But there was reason to believe he was leaving meat on the bone.</p>
<p>Pitchers&#8217; ranges of velocity are shrinking during the pitch-tracking era—from a 7.37-mph gap between seasonal individual max and minimum fastball velocities in 2008 to a record-low 4.92-mph range last year. Junk’s range was well above average last year (6.2 mph).</p>
<p>When he arrived back in Seattle after the season, he asked Driveline analysts to investigate. Sure enough, they found he had more variability than the average pitcher in regard to his arm angle at release. It was affecting his stuff, creating a wider range of velocity and movement.</p>
<p>Once those numbers validated the issue, and after completing his usual end-of-season motion capture and strength testing, Junk wanted to immediately focus on reducing the variability. Could he more often access his best stuff?</p>
<p>What he found in the lab was that his arm slot lowered when he rotated faster and moved down the mound in a certain way.</p>
<p>“Before, I felt like I would get stuck, like ‘OK, leg lift, and then drop,’” Junk said of his motion sequence. “I always see my velocity drop whenever I get very mechanical, and kind of slow on the mound. Now, it’s just more like leg lift, and then I’m driving down the mound. It’s ‘How quickly can you move?’&#8230; Moving fast is a big cue for me.”</p>
<p>When he moved faster, his arm angle dropped. His efficiency and ability to repeat improved.</p>
<p>To hard-wire the new, faster throwing motion into his muscle memory, there was a package of drills Driveline director of pitching Connor White prescribed.</p>
<p>There were pivot picks—but not just any pivot picks—a variant where Junk focused on using the rotation of his body to pull the arm into his optimal slot. There was a focus on athlete movements such as making throws from a shortstop position.</p>
<p>The change wasn&#8217;t built around any magic bullet new drill or exercise; it was driven by a different mix and intensity.</p>
<p>“Ideally, you’re increasing the efficiency, and that’s what we’re working on with guys when we’re in the lab,” White said. “We can optimize movement to raise the ceiling and the floor.”</p>
<p>Junk again threw game-like bullpens with the Intended Zones Tracker measuring his command.</p>
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<p>Junk has rolled those gains into the season, lowering his arm slot by four degrees early this season.</p>
<p>“I felt like I was not changing my arm angle, rather, I was changing my trunk (rotation),” Junk explained. “I’m able to rotate more naturally, and the arm just kind of takes this natural path. Now, it’s just kind of more natural, and I’m not even thinking about, ‘Oh, where’s my arm?’ It’s more about just rotating. I’m on plane a little bit better.”</p>
<p>Junk boasts a 2.82 ERA and a 1.04 WHIP through his first seven starts.</p>
<p>He’s coming off an outing allowing just one run against the Phillies, which followed blanking the Dodgers for six innings last week, which was on the heels of yet another gem: shutting out Cardinals for five innings prior to that.</p>
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<p>His Stuff+ is improved from below average last season (96) to above average (102) through 33 innings this spring. That’s meaningful given his elite command remains intact (110 Command+).</p>
<p>His average fastball is up a full tick from 93.6 mph to 94.6.</p>
<p>But what’s so interesting about Junk’s season is that his max velocity is not improved. His top capacity is unchanged.</p>
<p>Since the start of last season, he’s registered nine throws of 96.5-plus mph, with six occurring last season. (He set a new personal best max-velocity mark with a 96.9 mph four-seamer on May 4). In other words, his maximum fastball velocity—his max capacity—is essentially unchanged.</p>
<p>Yet, his stuff is a lot better.</p>
<p>How does one increase stuff without new max readings, without increased capacity? His work on reducing variance, improving efficiency, is paying off.</p>
<p>“Getting that cruise control elevated was a big piece for him,” White explained. “It wasn’t that he couldn’t throw 97. He already had that above-league-average fastball in his bag. It was just like, ‘How can we give him more access to it?’”</p>
<p>Velocity bands are tightening in baseball. That suggests there is more max-effort throwing—especially among relievers—which carries risk.</p>
<p>But there is another way to tighten a velocity range as Junk is demonstrating early this season: efficiency. More optimal, and repeatable, throwing mechanics.</p>
<p>Just as an engineer might work to reduce heat waste in a system, there are ways to refine even a seemingly mature arm in Junk.</p>
<p>While White also helped Junk overhaul his changeup, an improved weapon for him this year, the focus on efficiency has allowed him to cruise nearer his top velocity capacity.</p>
<p>“Junk is a guy that can take advantage of pretty much everything we do,” White said. “He’s super bought in across the board, whether that’s the workload monitoring, the Intended Zones usage, the work that he does in the weight room on the strength-and-conditioning side. He’s just a true pro across the board, which makes him awesome to work with, because, then you kind of throw everything at him.”</p>
<p>Even after seemingly taking advantage of everything he possibly could at Driveline, Junk’s curiosity and drive to improve—combined with help from our data, tools, and expertise—is allowing him to reach another level, a higher cruising altitude.</p>
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<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/05/how-janson-junk-found-another-level-and-a-higher-cruising-speed/">How Janson Junk found another level and a higher cruising speed</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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		<title>Forcing Rotation: Exploring Lead-Leg Force Curves and Rotation in Hitters</title>
		<link>https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/forcing-rotation-exploring-lead-leg-force-curves-and-rotation-in-hitters/</link>
					<comments>https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/forcing-rotation-exploring-lead-leg-force-curves-and-rotation-in-hitters/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Wesley Gawel]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 19:13:46 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog Article]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/?p=643961</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>“What do I need to do to become a better hitter?” A common question asked by a lot of developing ...<a class="more-link" href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/forcing-rotation-exploring-lead-leg-force-curves-and-rotation-in-hitters/">read more</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/forcing-rotation-exploring-lead-leg-force-curves-and-rotation-in-hitters/">Forcing Rotation: Exploring Lead-Leg Force Curves and Rotation in Hitters</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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<p>“What do I need to do to become a better hitter?”</p>
<p>A common question asked by a lot of developing athletes. And the common answers are usually the same: fix your swing path and rotate faster.</p>
<p>Seems simple enough… but when you start to dive into the biomechanics of making these improvements, you see just how complex it can be. It’s like that Tiger Woods commercial <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGtGmRT4v24">“Golf’s Not Hard”</a>, where he’s explaining how to swing the golf club. The deeper you go the more you will find can affect the end result. Things like:</p>
<ul>
<li>How much the rear shoulder raises when coiling</li>
<li>The length of the stride</li>
<li>How much flexion the lead knee has at foot plant and how quickly it extends</li>
<li>The timing of lead elbow extension during the swing</li>
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<p>Throw in the fact that they all interplay off of one another and have a time component and we come to a 100% agreed upon finding:</p>
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<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Hitting is Hard!</h3>
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<p>It’s like trying to solve an 18,000-piece puzzle (<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Ravensburger-Waterhole-Softclick-Technology-Perfectly/dp/B0036MEPOG">yes, those do exist</a>); however, while it can be difficult and grueling at times, it’s still solvable. One piece of the puzzle that doesn’t get enough attention is the force applied during the swing, specifically in the lead leg.</p>
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<h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Background</h1>
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<p>What is force exactly? Let’s start with a core physics lesson: Newton’s laws of motion.</p>
<p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">1st Law:</span></strong> an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion continues to move at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force.</p>
<p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">2nd Law:</span></strong> the net force acting on an object equals the object&#8217;s mass multiplied by its acceleration.</p>
<h2 style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>Force = mass * acceleration</strong></em></h2>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><br />3rd Law:</strong></span> for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction force exerted on the object</p>
<p>Basically, force is what <strong>drives and halts motion</strong>. You pushing into the ground to sprint or jump causes the ground to “push” back into you and allows your body to move through space. In the swing, every ounce of force a hitter generates starts at one place: the ground.</p>
<p>So far, the literature tells us that both legs are doing real work: <a href="https://commons.nmu.edu/isbs/vol41/iss1/45/">rear-leg vertical force and medial-lateral impulse have been linked to bat speed</a>, and lead-leg peak forces tell a similar story, <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14763141.2023.2269418">correlating with bat speed</a>, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387707987_Factor_analysis_of_the_improvement_of_bat_energy_in_baseball_hitting">enhanced bat energy</a>, and how much <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14763141.2022.2162433">mechanical energy actually makes it into the torso during the swing</a>.</p>
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<p>As we continue to delve into the world of ground force production for hitting, we need to begin to ask ourselves, “what more can force tell us?”</p>
<p>One of my favorite shows growing up was <em>Avatar: the Last Airbender</em>. In season 2, Uncle Iroh provides some wisdom as it relates to the four elements, saying:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>“It is important to draw wisdom from many different places. If we take it from only one place, it becomes rigid and stale.”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>A powerful statement that can be applied to the sports realm. What sport could we possibly draw from that could match the complexities of hitting?</p>
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<p>A highly rotational event, <a href="https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&amp;&amp;p=e902112d7745ab0d03dedf0a57b14ab1511553dd0aa8876c7606989885a805b9JmltdHM9MTc3NTE3NDQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=00f46d39-38d4-6582-382a-78d5395d64ad&amp;psq=.+%22Biomechanical+analysis+of+the+discus+at+the+2009+IAAF+World+Championships+in+athletics.%22&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93b3JsZGF0aGxldGljcy5vcmcvZG93bmxvYWQvZG93bmxvYWRuc2E_ZmlsZW5hbWU9NTI3YzRlYjMtYmI0NS00NTM2LWJlNTQtMzZlNjYyNTlhZDQ3LnBkZiZ1cmxzbHVnPWJpb21lY2hhbmljYWwtYW5hbHlzaXMtb2YtdGhlLWRpc2N1cy1hdC10aGUtMg">discus throwing is reliant on similar biomechanical features as hitting</a>, such as hip-shoulder separation and the sequencing of pelvis and torso peak angular velocities. Discus throwers also require not only a significantly high amount of force to be produced during their event but also require that <a href="https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2016/01000/Rate_of_Force_Development,_Muscle_Architecture,.10.aspx">force to be produced in a rapid manner</a>, aka <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261697582_Alterations_in_strength_characteristics_for_isometric_and_dynamic_mid-thigh_pulls_in_collegiate_throwers_across_11_weeks_of_training">rate of force development (RFD)</a>.</p>
<p>RFD has to deal with the slope of the force-time curve. The steeper the slope, the faster we are producing force. Think of it as “explosive” force. While peak forces tell us *how much*, RFDs can give us a better idea of how that force is being produced throughout a specific duration of the swing.</p>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="474" height="355" src="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-1-1.webp" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-644817" alt="" srcset="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-1-1.webp 474w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-1-1-300x225.webp 300w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-1-1-60x45.webp 60w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-1-1-320x240.webp 320w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-1-1-350x262.webp 350w" sizes="(max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px" />															</div>
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<p>When looking at discus throwers, higher RFD in their plant leg seems to provide a brake to the angular momentum they’ve built during the wind-up and movement phases. Think back to Newton’s laws… sound familiar?</p>
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<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Lars Reidel</h3>
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<p>Here we can see Olympic champion and former world record holder, Lars Reidel, performing the discus throw frame-by-frame. Notice how his lead leg blocks out during his plant phase and everything upstream seems to follow, starting with the hips then the shoulders all the way through to the release.</p>
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<p>If RFD matters that much in the discus, it&#8217;s worth asking whether the same principle applies in the batter&#8217;s box. Thus, the birth of our new question:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Are there specific windows during lead leg force production where greater/faster force production makes a difference on rotational capabilities in hitters?</p>
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<h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Methods</h1>
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<p>The goal of this exploratory analysis is to determine if there might be any time windows where more force applied by the lead leg could explain faster rotation. Because of this, we cut our time window down from lead foot contact on the force plate all the way until bat-ball contact. We ended up looking at the force-time curves of 96 hitters spread between indy ball, the minors, and the majors. For each guy, we took their five fastest swings (via bat speed) from one session and averaged the force-time curves, peak pelvis angular velocity, peak torso angular velocity, and peak bat speeds.</p>
<p>Due to trial-by-trial differences in time windows, raw time output was converted to a percentage of the entire window, thus giving us a time% x-axis. We also wanted to account for the fact that heavier athletes are going to naturally produce more force, so we normalized the force output by body weight (body mass * gravitational acceleration constant):</p>
<h2 style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>Relative Force = Absolute Force/(Body Mass*g)</strong></em></h2>
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<p>Another thing we wanted to consider is that force is a vector, meaning it has magnitude AND direction. Therefore, our analyses included 4 force vectors: the z-direction (vertical), the x-direction (toward/away from 2nd base), the y-direction (towards/away from the plate), and the combination of the overall vector (all three directions vectors combined).</p>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="640" height="249" src="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-3-1-1024x398.webp" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-644823" alt="" srcset="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-3-1-1024x398.webp 1024w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-3-1-300x116.webp 300w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-3-1-768x298.webp 768w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-3-1-60x23.webp 60w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-3-1-320x124.webp 320w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-3-1-350x136.webp 350w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-3-1.webp 1190w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" />															</div>
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<p>Now, for the interesting part: how do you actually analyze a force-time curve?</p>
<p>Our first instinct was to do what most research does: pick a specific time window (say, 0-90ms after foot contact) and run correlations from there. The problem? Swing timing isn&#8217;t the same across athletes. Taller, longer-limbed hitters have naturally different timing than shorter ones, so pre-defining a window ends up comparing apples to oranges.</p>
<p>That&#8217;s where <strong>Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM)</strong> comes in.</p>
<p>Instead of us telling the data where to look, SPM lets the force-time curve tell us where something meaningful is happening. It works by running a regression at every single time point across the swing, from foot contact to ball contact, and flagging the regions where force production significantly predicts our outcome variables. Think of it like a highlighter that automatically marks the parts of the curve that actually matter, rather than us guessing beforehand.</p>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="640" height="320" src="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-4-5-2.webp" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-644826" alt="" srcset="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-4-5-2.webp 990w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-4-5-2-300x150.webp 300w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-4-5-2-768x384.webp 768w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-4-5-2-60x30.webp 60w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-4-5-2-320x160.webp 320w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-4-5-2-350x175.webp 350w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" />															</div>
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<p>So… what did we find?</p>
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<h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Findings</h1>
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<p>We ended up analyzing the FT curves for each of the four vectors as they related to peak pelvis rotational velo, peak torso rotational velo, and max bat speed, giving 12 different combinations for SPM regression.</p>
<p>Significant relationships emerged in the anterior-posterior (X) and medial-lateral (Y) directions for both peak pelvis and peak torso angular velocity, and the timing of those windows tells an interesting story. Notice how most of the highlighted windows occur early in the time window…</p>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="640" height="924" src="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/spm_all_outcomes-1-709x1024.webp" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-644828" alt="" srcset="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/spm_all_outcomes-1-709x1024.webp 709w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/spm_all_outcomes-1-208x300.webp 208w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/spm_all_outcomes-1-768x1109.webp 768w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/spm_all_outcomes-1-1064x1536.webp 1064w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/spm_all_outcomes-1-1418x2048.webp 1418w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/spm_all_outcomes-1-748x1080.webp 748w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/spm_all_outcomes-1-60x87.webp 60w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/spm_all_outcomes-1-320x462.webp 320w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/spm_all_outcomes-1-350x505.webp 350w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/spm_all_outcomes-1-scaled.webp 1773w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" />															</div>
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<p>For peak pelvis angular velocity, a significant cluster appeared between roughly 11% and 37% of the swing phase. Importantly, this window aligns with the RFD phase, not peak force. In other words, it wasn&#8217;t how much force was being produced that mattered here, it was how quickly it got there.</p>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="640" height="469" src="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/force_curve_pelvis_ang_vel_x-2-1024x750.webp" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-644831" alt="" srcset="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/force_curve_pelvis_ang_vel_x-2-1024x750.webp 1024w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/force_curve_pelvis_ang_vel_x-2-300x220.webp 300w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/force_curve_pelvis_ang_vel_x-2-768x562.webp 768w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/force_curve_pelvis_ang_vel_x-2-1536x1125.webp 1536w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/force_curve_pelvis_ang_vel_x-2-2048x1500.webp 2048w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/force_curve_pelvis_ang_vel_x-2-1475x1080.webp 1475w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/force_curve_pelvis_ang_vel_x-2-60x44.webp 60w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/force_curve_pelvis_ang_vel_x-2-320x234.webp 320w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/force_curve_pelvis_ang_vel_x-2-350x256.webp 350w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" />															</div>
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<p>For peak torso angular velocity, two windows emerged in the X direction: one overlapping with the pelvis window around 12-37%, and a second larger window spanning 38% to 92% of the swing phase, covering much of the analysis window including the peak force phase. The Y direction also showed significance early, from 8% to 25%.</p>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="640" height="360" src="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/force_curve_torso_ang_vel_xy-1-1024x576.webp" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-644836" alt="" srcset="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/force_curve_torso_ang_vel_xy-1-1024x576.webp 1024w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/force_curve_torso_ang_vel_xy-1-300x169.webp 300w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/force_curve_torso_ang_vel_xy-1-768x432.webp 768w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/force_curve_torso_ang_vel_xy-1-60x34.webp 60w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/force_curve_torso_ang_vel_xy-1-320x180.webp 320w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/force_curve_torso_ang_vel_xy-1-350x197.webp 350w, https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/force_curve_torso_ang_vel_xy-1.webp 1366w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" />															</div>
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<blockquote>
<p>Put simply, it’s like cracking a whip&#8230; the handle stops sharply, and that sudden stop sends energy forward, making the tip snap fast. Your lead leg works the same way: it ‘brakes’ hard and early, and that sudden stop is associated with faster hip and torso rotation.</p>
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<p>Early and rapidly developed horizontal force in the lead leg, particularly in the x-direction, is significantly associated with how fast both the pelvis and torso are rotating at their peak. The fact that the pelvis window sits squarely in the RFD phase is particularly interesting. It suggests that the rate at which the lead leg builds horizontal force early in the swing may be setting the table for everything that happens rotationally upstream.</p>
<p>Now for what we didn&#8217;t find, because null findings are just as important as positive ones.</p>
<p>No significant windows were found for vertical GRF or overall force magnitude in relation to any outcome variable. More notably, no significant windows were found for GRF in *any* direction predicting bat speed. Why is this?</p>
<p>One possible explanation is related to <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14763141.2020.1834609">arm mechanics</a>. By the time energy travels up the kinetic chain and reaches the arms, things like elbow tuck, flexion, and extension timing can either amplify or dampen how much of that energy actually makes it to the bat. The lead leg may be doing everything right, but if the arms aren&#8217;t efficiently transferring that energy, bat speed becomes its own story.</p>
<p>A second potential explanation is that anthropometric differences between hitters, things like arm and leg length, could alter how force travels up the kinetic chain and ultimately influences bat speed. Two hitters producing identical lead leg force profiles may still arrive at very different bat speeds simply due to how their individual proportions affect energy transfer along the way. Since we didn&#8217;t account for these differences in the model, it&#8217;s possible that any underlying relationship between lead leg force and bat speed was obscured in the aggregate.</p>
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<h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Conclusion</h1>
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<p>We started with a simple question: what does it take to become a better hitter?</p>
<p>And while we still can&#8217;t hand you a magic checklist, what we can say is that the lead leg is doing a lot more than just holding you up at foot contact. The rate at which it builds horizontal force early in the swing appears to be meaningfully tied to how fast the pelvis and torso are rotating at their peak, and that&#8217;s not a small thing.</p>
<p>We still need to understand the mechanism more clearly, figure out how to actually train it, and dig deeper into how individual differences between hitters might be shaping the relationship between ground force and bat speed.</p>
<p>But that&#8217;s what makes this exciting. Every answer in sports science tends to uncover three more questions, and this is no different. The lead leg has been an underappreciated piece of the hitting puzzle for a long time, and we&#8217;re just starting to understand what it&#8217;s actually capable of.</p>
<p>The 18,000-piece puzzle isn&#8217;t finished, but with each new piece, we’re starting to see how force fits into the swing, and how close we are to the full picture.</p>
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<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/forcing-rotation-exploring-lead-leg-force-curves-and-rotation-in-hitters/">Forcing Rotation: Exploring Lead-Leg Force Curves and Rotation in Hitters</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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		<title>We don&#8217;t just care about bat speed at Driveline and Jordan Walker is evidence of that</title>
		<link>https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/bat-speed-isnt-everything-jordan-walker/</link>
					<comments>https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/bat-speed-isnt-everything-jordan-walker/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Travis Sawchik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 24 Apr 2026 18:36:28 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog Article]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/?p=642997</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>There is no doubt possessing bat speed is a crucial trait for a professional hitter. The math backs the core ...<a class="more-link" href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/bat-speed-isnt-everything-jordan-walker/">read more</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/bat-speed-isnt-everything-jordan-walker/">We don&#8217;t just care about bat speed at Driveline and Jordan Walker is evidence of that</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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<p>There is no doubt possessing bat speed is a crucial trait for a professional hitter.</p>
<p>The math backs the core Driveline development tenet. Bat speed enjoys a <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2019/05/debunking-bat-speed-myths/#:~:text=We%20can%20see%20a%20huge,when%20bucketing%20players%20by%20level.">strong correlation</a> with on-field hitting performance. This is an empirical truth.</p>
<p>The idea that bat speed matters is hardly a new idea – Babe Ruth, Ted Williams and Hank Aaron all had plus bat speed – but we can quantify it today thanks to modern tech.</p>
<p>And if we can measure something, we can train it. Training and improving bat speed is a core focus in what we do to help hitters.</p>
<p>But that is not the only thing our coaches do.</p>
<p>We also train bat paths, contact points, and <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/to-swing-or-not-to-swing-that-is-thee-question/?srsltid=AfmBOoo3k6HqP4j0feC4ZI3VItwVhHOAKijkthJTNXzwaH1d5T3KoQkv">hone approaches</a>. If players need to add strength or mobility, we focus on that as well. Training is comprehensive and individualized.</p>
<p>Consider the case of St. Louis Cardinals outfielder Jordan Walker, one of the season’s top breakouts and another Driveline success story.</p>
<p>When Walker arrived at our facility early last offseason to train with Andrew Aydt, now coaching with the Washington Nationals, he did not have a bat speed problem. Walker already owned elite underlying power as seen in his average 78 mph bat speed last season, which ranked at the 99th percentile.</p>
<p>Bat speed was not a focus with Walker, rather, it was his bat path – and how he was arriving to that suboptimal path.</p>
<p>At the beginning of the offseason, Walker visited our Launchpad and had a full analysis done of his swing. He wanted to understand why his underlying bat speed was resulting in below-average results including a second percentile expected batting average and 16th expected slugging last season in addition to poor traditional measures.</p>
<p>What Walker learned was that he suffered from a mechanical inefficiency. And once identified, he began fixing it at Driveline and, at Cressey Sports Performance where he also trains.</p>
<p>“It was really how forward I was coming when I was hitting and what we learned is that when I’m hitting off my backside, I’m driving the ball in the gaps way more consistently,” said Walker to reporters of what he discovered at Driveline. “(Now) I am not rolling over. I’m not getting that top spin on the ball. The focus is really how far back I’m onto my hip, and how I’m hitting on my backside rather than me focusing on launch angle.”</p>
<p>Interestingly, his previous focus on launch angle had led to poor results. It took an understanding of flaws to reach a better physical outcome, a better swing.</p>
<p>This season, Walker’s average bat speed is down a tick to 77 mph – though still very much elite – but his average attack angle changed significantly, increasing from 6 to 9 degrees. The percentage of time he is taking an optimal angle with a swing is up to 60% early this season compared to 48% last season. He’s dropped his ground ball rate by 15.5 percentage points to 32% this season, which is the eighth greatest decline among hitters with at least 300 plate appearances last year.</p>
<p>We want a hitter like Walker to get the ball in the air often.</p>
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																<a href="https://x.com/SamEhrlich/status/2044121479458238754" target="_blank"><br />
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<p>The following video includes a look at some of what Walker did with our staff behind the scenes, including step backs with short bats and game bats:</p>
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<p>Walker did not require a total overhaul. The changes and prescriptions were straightforward once identified in the lab, and they have led to big results:</p>
<p>But they had nothing to do with bat speed. They had to do with bat path, contact point and how his body created that.</p>
<p>“If I’m moving correctly, then the launch angle, and exit velo, and driving it where I want to – it will come up with it,” Walker said.</p>
<p>There are plenty of other stories like this.</p>
<p>Consider what Driveline director of hitting Tanner Stokey <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2025/08/the-many-swings-of-bryce-harper/?srsltid=AfmBOor1nvf17oiFX08YdpH5Y_0mMCxSqqiqEDq-WVyz1tI2LQlAkMKk">told me</a> when evaluating how many clubs in a bag a hitter should carry, using the golf analogy.</p>
<p>“As much as we talk about bat speed and pulling the ball in the air, you’d be pretty surprised how many times we hit it hard and low to the opposite field,” Stokey said. “Backing up the point of contact, catching the ball deep, and sequencing well enough to be able to maintain posture and get the barrel on plane behind it… Hard and low to the opposite field – it’s going to help them reverse engineer a way to have a good efficient path to when they catch the ball out in front.”</p>
<p>Rockies outfielder Jordan Beck told me of his Driveline experience that he “learned about other avenues that I don’t know well, or don’t understand” &#8211; including that his bat path was too steep entering the zone.</p>
<p>“It was like I had a shorter window to get the ball in the air,” Beck said. “We worked on trying to give myself a longer window to get the ball in the air. The best guys will get it in the air deep, or, out in front.”</p>
<p>Consider the story of Vinnie Pasquantino working with Aydt at Driveline last year.</p>
<p>Pasquantino had attempted to adopt modern, optimal practices in baseball that included adding bat speed, and more often pulling the ball in the air to his pull side.</p>
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<p>But he’d perhaps taken it too far.</p>
<p>&#8220;He was pulling the ball in the air with fewer ground balls but there&#8217;s no results with it,” Aydt told me in the fall. “And that was mostly just because he was pulling it too much, his spray angle and direction was too far on the pull side. There was an actual interview with MLB Network in the middle of (last) April. He talks about how (he hit) a ball 108 (mph) over there and points towards the dugout. So, his direction was just too pull happy, essentially, and so that&#8217;s one of the things we identified&#8230; He was kind of over rotating&#8230; We changed a few mechanical things, but it&#8217;s mostly about getting him to work back to the middle of the field.”</p>
<p>The adjustment to get the Royals first baseman to think more middle of the field played a role in his breakout season. It’s another story that had little to nothing to do with training bat speed.</p>
<p>Now, we care a lot about bat speed but that’s not our only focus. Hitters still have to make quality contact with a pitch, or their underlying engine is of little use. We are focused on the total package, individualized training, and for Walker it wasn’t about moving faster, it was about moving more efficiently.</p>
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<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/bat-speed-isnt-everything-jordan-walker/">We don&#8217;t just care about bat speed at Driveline and Jordan Walker is evidence of that</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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		<title>Investigating a mystery pitch as a test case for a new (computer) vision for pitch design</title>
		<link>https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/investigating-a-mystery-pitch-computer-vision-pitch-design/</link>
					<comments>https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/investigating-a-mystery-pitch-computer-vision-pitch-design/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Travis Sawchik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 24 Apr 2026 12:42:31 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog Article]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/?p=642879</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Tatsuya Imai’s slider was one of the great baseball mysteries early this season before he went on the IL. A ...<a class="more-link" href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/investigating-a-mystery-pitch-computer-vision-pitch-design/">read more</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/investigating-a-mystery-pitch-computer-vision-pitch-design/">Investigating a mystery pitch as a test case for a new (computer) vision for pitch design</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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<p>Tatsuya Imai’s slider was one of the great baseball mysteries early this season before he went on the IL.</p>
<p>A backward slider? A pitch that darted half a foot arm side instead of glove side? How is that possible?</p>
<p>Driveline’s Jack Lambert was among those fascinated when he learned about the pitch Imai brought from Japan to the Houston Astros this offseason. Lambert became interested in investigating the offering when he saw a screenshot of Imai’s pitching hand at the release of the outlier offering.</p>
<p>“You could see with the camera angle from behind that he&#8217;s actually throwing it by getting underneath the baseball rather than on top of it, which I thought was unique,” Lambert said. “Because every backwards slider, or screwball-type pitch I&#8217;ve seen is going over the top, and kind of getting there by pronating.”</p>
<p>Lambert decided to jump in the Driveline lab and experiment.</p>
<p>While Lambert is a data scientist and baseball analyst by trade — his playing career ended after high school — he has enough throwing ability to experiment.</p>
<p>Could he come anywhere near replicating the Imai slider? And if he could, he reasoned, that meant others with far more pitching expertise, like professional and high-level amateur pitchers and coaches, would be able to learn and repeat it.</p>
<p>And rather than searching in the dark, he had some help: the next generation of pitch design being engineered at Driveline Baseball.</p>
<p>About a decade ago, Driveline pioneered pairing high-speed, Edgertronic cameras – which were not designed for baseball, rather, for scientific research like <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBFeZiqh5no&amp;t=34s">studying</a> kangaroo rats – with ballistic pitch data from Trackman to create what became known as modern pitch design.</p>
<p>It’s allowed for smarter practice, fewer wasted reps, and far less guessing. Pitch design science has been incredibly effective in allowing pitchers to more quickly design new offerings, and sharpen existing ones, through a data- and visual-based feedback loop. It’s proliferated through professional and amateur baseball.</p>
<p>But as big of a breakthrough as Pitch Design 1.0 was, it did not capture all information, all effects on ball flight. It could not explain all pitch movement. While Trackman does offer observed spin axis and measures, which does get to seam-shift qualities, what it cannot do is inform quantitatively whether a movement – or how much of a movement – was created by magnus or non-magnus forces.</p>
<p>Outside of affiliated professional baseball, players and coaches and data analysts at places like Driveline do not have access to complete Hawk-Eye data. That matters because the public Hawk-Eye data does not include access to seam orientation or spin-based spin axis &#8211; only the observed spin axis.</p>
<p>This is in part why we are working to usher in the next iteration of pitch design that is aided by real world AI from our computer vision system.</p>
<p>And that’s where Imai’s backward slider comes in.</p>
<p>One way in which computer vision holds immense potential is having coaches and pitchers better understand how another pitcher is creating a shape.</p>
<p>“The first computer vision helper was Sam (Ehrlich) who ran (video of the pitch) through our CV model to get the spin axis, and seam orientation that Imai was creating to set as a rough target for what I should be aiming for,” Lambert explained.</p>
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<p>In the video above, Lambert shows how the CV tool identifies the balls&#8217; spin axis with a neon green dot and the seam orientation in other neon hues.</p>
<p>“I think that&#8217;s probably the most applicable use of CV at this point is that&#8230; getting some of the metrics I can&#8217;t get from Hawk-Eye,” Lambert said. “I&#8217;m sure you can imagine if my high school brother in Cincinnati is throwing a bullpen and just doesn&#8217;t have a Trackman available, if we can get some footage, get some estimates for what&#8217;s going on, we can better like adjust that process from there.”</p>
<p>A computer vision system learns by analyzing thousands upon thousands of labeled images – sometimes even millions like in the case of something Tesla’s early self-driving efforts – using convolutional neural networks to then identify patterns and understand spatial hierarchies. This is deep learning.</p>
<p>Boddy and others at Driveline did tons of labeling, heavy lifting, to train the system – labeling seams, spin axis, and pitch types of thousands upon thousands of recorded offerings. The system is still learning, it’s still getting better.</p>
<p>Lambert made about 50 throws earlier this month, studying the ball flight and impact of each adjustment guided by feedback from Driveline’s real-world AI effort.</p>
<p>He wasn’t able to perfectly replicate the pitch in one bullpen, but he was able to mimic some of its characteristics after just one grip and release recommendation from our computer vision model and some tweaking.</p>
<p>&#8220;What I was able to recreate was I could get the high, arm-side run that he would throw,” Lambert said. “I could not kill the spin efficiency enough to get the gyro action. I found it easier to basically create a changeup profile with a supinated (release) than to create the true gyro version of his slider. That was most of the iteration process. It actually didn&#8217;t take that long to produce some pitches with the high, arm-side run.”</p>
<p>Imagine what actual pro and college pitchers and coaches might be able to do with the tool?</p>
<p>That is one application of a computer vision model: helping coaches and players understand how to begin with a pitch.</p>
<p>Driveline’s pitching director Connor White explains the other great benefit of deep-learning aided pitch design.</p>
<p>“The speed of analysis is one of the most exciting things,” White said. “We want to keep those pens game-like. So, if that&#8217;s having to stop after every pitch and look at a bunch of metrics and consult the video, and next thing you know it&#8217;s been a minute between pitches or more it really kind of breaks that flow&#8230; The computer vision allows you to look at the observed versus like spin-based (movement), getting the closer to the ball physics of what&#8217;s happening in real time.</p>
<p>“The speed at which these (advancements) can be applied is just so exciting.”</p>
<p>Shortening the feedback loop, the understanding of what a pitch is doing, is indeed exciting.</p>
<p>Our computer vision model is not a finished product, but it is already having results in our gyms.</p>
<p>Driveline pitching trainer Grayson Liebhardt says it’s already helping him as a coach.</p>
<p>“It&#8217;s a really helpful tool,” Liebhardt said. “It&#8217;s earlier in development but it&#8217;s helping us bridge the gap, and understand seam orientation without any access to the data that the pro organizations have&#8230; It gives us just more context on why a pitch may move a certain way, or, how to optimize seam orientation for certain movement profiles.</p>
<p>“Pitch physics isn&#8217;t completely solved. There&#8217;s a lot of stuff, non-Magnus wise, like seam-shifted wake, and possibly other variables that we may not even know about, that affect ball flight,” Liebhardt said.</p>
<p>For instance, Liebhardt notes we know how seam-shifted wake affects ball flight but we cannot quantify how much it affects movement alongside other variables, some he notes that “we may not even currently consider.”</p>
<p>We don’t know everything. And what’s so exciting is computer vision will lead to more understanding.</p>
<p>“These tools are super helpful for utilizing the information that we already have,” he said of CV, “as well as collecting more information to be able to learn more about pitch physics.”</p>
<p>What’s also exciting about real-world AI breakthroughs is they keep learning, they keep getting better.</p>
<p>“The cool part for me is being able to have an easier way to look at seam orientation and spin axis,” Liebhardt said. “That&#8217;s just something that, historically, you&#8217;d have (study an) Edgertronic camera and try and find it and guess where the spin axis would be.”</p>
<p>Now, Liebhardt has a tool that cuts out more of the guessing.</p>
<p>He shared this clip of another Imai-like mystery pitch, this one from Driveline athlete Tony Oreb.</p>
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<p>We can again see how the CV has learned to identify and mark the axis and seams to allow a fuller understanding of the pitch&#8217;s flight.</p>
<p>Liebhardt responded to Lambert’s efforts with new insights observed from the CV model: “Different orientation than yours and Imai&#8217;s. Can be done with a (four-seam) and (two-seam) orientation?”</p>
<p>We are already gleaning new insights and helping athletes with the next generation of pitch design. While our pioneering efforts have already helped pitchers and coaches develop scores upon scores of pitches, the new generation – a real-world AI effort – promises even more. It’s part of the Driveline process: constant iteration, and constant improvement.</p>
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<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/investigating-a-mystery-pitch-computer-vision-pitch-design/">Investigating a mystery pitch as a test case for a new (computer) vision for pitch design</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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		<title>To swing or not to swing, that is thee question</title>
		<link>https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/to-swing-or-not-to-swing-that-is-thee-question/</link>
					<comments>https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/to-swing-or-not-to-swing-that-is-thee-question/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Travis Sawchik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 12:25:01 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog Article]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/?p=637764</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>With the tying run on third base in the ninth inning, two outs, and the count full in the World ...<a class="more-link" href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/to-swing-or-not-to-swing-that-is-thee-question/">read more</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/to-swing-or-not-to-swing-that-is-thee-question/">To swing or not to swing, that is thee question</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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<p>With the tying run on third base in the ninth inning, two outs, and the count full in the World Baseball Classic semifinal meeting last month, Geraldo Perdomo watched a wicked Mason Miller slider break well below the strike zone.</p>
<p>The offering should have been called ball four. Fernando Tatís should have come to the plate with runners on the corners and an opportunity to advance to the Dominican Republic to the final. But this is a game played, and umpired, by humans.</p>
<p>Home plate umpire Cory Blaser called a strike. Team USA celebrated. Perdomo froze in shock.</p>
<p>Given the leverage of the moment, it was the most costly missed call of the tournament. It was a true binary, survive-or-die, game-ending errant call, if only we had ABS technology in the WBC this spring.</p>
<p>As the game ended, a new debate immediately began: To swing or not to swing? Did Perdomo make the correct swing decision?</p>
<p>There are those who believe he ought to have been protecting with two strikes, expanding his zone to attempt and cover a large halo around the strike zone.</p>
<p>Did Perdomo make the right decision? It is a question worth exploring to understand probabilistic decision-making hitters are tasked with making – and doing so in milliseconds. It also raises another question: how can we help train and coach players to make better decisions and hone approaches? After all, the strike zone is the most important real estate on the field for batters as well as pitchers.</p>
<p>Let us begin with what Driveline’s swing decision model had to say about the decision.</p>
<p>It graded Perdomo’s decision as an <em>elite</em> decision.</p>
<p>That might be difficult for some to accept, but we live in a world of probability, not certainty. There will occasionally be suboptimal outcomes as byproducts of good processes. Driveline’s Jack Lambert explained the model’s logic and accounting on X:</p>
<p>“Sixty percent chance of swing, 40% chance of take,” Lambert wrote of the situation. “If no swing: 0.5% chance of (a called strike). If a swing, 63% chance of a whiff.”</p>
<p>The math was on Perdomo’s side in not taking a hack.</p>
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																<a href="https://x.com/jacklambert__/status/2033585203961270318" target="_blank"><br />
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<p>That pitch location is very rarely called a strike.</p>
<p>And even if Perdomo swung, it’s about impossible to do much damage to a Miller offering located below the zone – let alone contact it.</p>
<p>When examining the probabilities associated with swinging versus non-swinging in this situation not seemingly much room for debate.</p>
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																<a href="https://x.com/jacklambert__/status/2033598279917908383" target="_blank"><br />
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<p>(Our model is trained on MLB data, so it does not take into account WBC umpiring but Blaser is a MLB umpire).</p>
<p>While coaches often talk about “protecting with two strikes,” our model can help inform batters of where their decision making might be errant and perhaps have them learn to think more probabilistically.</p>
<p>Professional player, and hobbyist data analyst, Robert Stock shared similar logic in thinking through a decision tree on X:</p>
<p>“A huge misunderstanding that people have is that an MLB batter should be protecting against every (two-strike) pitch that could possibly be called a strike. An MLB batter shouldn’t even be protecting against all actual strikes. To do so would mean increasing your chase rates to an absurdly high level. And the likelihood a batter has a positive result (foul ball or a hit) on a perfectly executed two strike pitch is very low. Couple these two facts together, and anyone arguing otherwise means one of two things &#8211; you genuinely didn’t know this until now or you have an idea floating around your head that doesn’t match reality.”</p>
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																<a href="https://twitter.com/RobertStock6/status/2033553283797917908" target="_blank"><br />
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<p>And if pro batters shouldn’t be protecting against two-strike pitches well off the plate, many amateur players should not either.</p>
<p>How do we think about swing decisions in our training of hitters at Driveline?</p>
<p>I asked Driveline director of hitting Tanner Stokey about the Perdomo debate.</p>
<p>&#8220;On paper – on paper – (Perdomo) made the right decision. It was a ball,&#8221; Stokey said. &#8220;But the one thing for me – it&#8217;s based off the game state, the game situation &#8211; is it&#8217;s really difficult to stomach leaving the outcome of the game in the umpire&#8217;s hands. I think it was the right decision. It was a ball. But generally, I&#8217;d be pushing there to swing on the edges right there. Realistically, though, the chances of anything productive happening on that.&#8221;</p>
<p>This is where art starts to creep into science.</p>
<p>While trying to protect six inches off the plate against a Miller slider is a low expected value decision, hitters do want to be adaptable to different game states.</p>
<p>Hitters can benefit from the ability to expand and spoil a pitch that is an inch or two off the plate, a pitch residing in the shadow zone. The ability to fight another day, to survive to the next pitch. (The Perdomo pitch was below the shadow zone.)</p>
<p>Thinking about the quality of swing decisions is further complicated as Stokey notes that not all strikes are “created equal,” especially early in the count.</p>
<p>“I look at swing decisions differently than I look at an approach,” Stokey said. “Swing decisions in terms of models, they are just essentially grading your decision to swing or take a given pitch.”</p>
<p>Models do not capture all considerations, everything that matters in the calculus of an approach.</p>
<p>A hitter’s approach must consider game state, count leverage, and a hitter’s specific strengths, to understand when a batter should zero in on a location, and when he should expand. Our data-based tools – and training programs &#8211; can help hitters understand how to optimize their approaches.</p>
<p>“Especially early in the count, it&#8217;s incredibly important that you are playing offense and you&#8217;re not taking defensive, reactionary, passive swings,” Stokey said. “Early in the count, if you’re going to swing at a pitch down-and-away on the black – the chances of you doing something productive there is slim, right? Even though it’s a strike, and it’s going to put you further behind in the count, the chances of you doing something productive with that swing are not very high.</p>
<p>“Now, on the flip side of that, (a hitter) should damn near 100% of the time be swinging at pitches in the heart of the plate because that’s where most production happens.”</p>
<p>I once asked Joey Votto about how he equated the process of <a href="https://blogs.fangraphs.com/dictating-the-action-with-joey-votto/">getting the pitch</a> he wanted to hit as something akin to boxing.</p>
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<blockquote>
<p>“It’s like a boxer who is always trying to lead the guy into his straight. You have to manipulate him with your footwork. Same type of thing in baseball,” Votto said. “You have to figure out a way to funnel [the pitcher] into your hot zone. That comes with patience and that comes with accepting or realizing there will be some error on their side.</p>
<p>“It’s almost like as a hitter you have to be a counter puncher. The best way to be a counter puncher is just to sit and wait and absorb and then counter with whatever you think your strength is.”</p>
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<p>Perhaps the focus on the swing-or-to-not-swing question regarding Perdomo should not have been tied to the full count pitch but, rather, the third pitch of the at bat when Perdomo watched a fastball split the center of the plate.</p>
<p>Granted that offering was 100.7 mph out of Miller’s hand – not the easiest pitch to turn around – but by not swinging at a center-cut fastball, the count leverage went from neutral to a 1-2 count, and severely in favor of Miller. That was also his best pitch to hit.</p>
<p>Hitters should all be more aggressive when they have leverage but they also ought to have individualized approaches.</p>
<p>For instance, Aaron Judge and Luis Arráez ought to have much different approaches.</p>
<p>“If you take Judge versus Arráez and they swing at a slider on the black, down and away, the chances of an Arráez doing anything good with that pitch when he puts it in play is very slim,” Stokey said. “The chances of Judge doing something productive is significantly higher because he has so much bat speed, he has so much ability to create velocity and impact on baseball.</p>
<p>“Low-power guys should be even more selectively aggressive. When they are swinging early, they should really be leaning into getting that ‘A swing’ off. “</p>
<p>This was even an issue for Mookie Betts in working with Stokey back in 2023. Betts was too worried about making contact, and having the lowest K rate possible, and it was sapping his power. One aspect tied to his rebound season is he became more selective about when he swung. Betts added bat speed but there was also a mindset change, Stokey told me for <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2025/08/the-many-swings-of-bryce-harper/?srsltid=AfmBOoqMlxH4mmc5fIR2VM86v5_0qOLvrM2bv2dg3q9M9uX-T879AmdB">this piece last fall</a>.</p>
<p>&#8220;The thing with (Betts) was &#8216;Man, your bat-to-ball skills are so good,'&#8221; Stokey said. &#8220;A lot of times you see players with very good bat-to-ball skills, they don&#8217;t want to swing and miss. So, while Mookie didn&#8217;t have poor chase rates he would expand on the edges and swing on balls in the shadow zones and slow himself down for the sake of putting the ball in play. He&#8217;d slow himself down and make poor, unproductive contact.&#8221;</p>
<p>Even the best hitters in the game might not have quite the right mindset regarding where they belong on the power-contact spectrum.</p>
<p>The good news? There are ways to improve. But there is the question of training economy.</p>
<p>There are only so many hours in the day, only so many reps a hitter can take. How much of those should be geared toward a regime that focuses on decisions over, say, bat-speed training?</p>
<p>“If you want to look at it through the lens of the big three: power, contact, and swing decisions&#8230; a good training program, a good training environment, is going to take into account all those things,” Stokey said. “You can very easily train your power, your bat speed, and your contact skills, and your swing decisions in the same environment.</p>
<p>“Now, you need really awesome technology, like Trajekt, or you need a pitcher that can mix pitches to you in batting practice, things like that&#8230; Say a hitter gets a 50-50 (mix of pitches) off a Trajekt, or an iPitch something like that. (The athlete) is figuring out how to get their best swing off and make quality contact in an ‘A-swing’ situation, or finding a way to hit a line drive ball flight in a two-strike situation.”</p>
<p>A core principle of Driveline coaching is to embrace and create environments that force athletes to adapt through implicit learning.</p>
<p>For example, a specific two-strike protection drill is probably a suboptimal use of time, Stokey says. Rather, we want to create difficult, game-like environments.</p>
<p>Beginning this season in the majors, ABS technology will begin to protect a hitter like Perdomo from the unfortunate outcome of having made a correct decision in a high-leverage spot hurt by umpire error. Perhaps someday 99.9% of ball-strike calls will be made correctly. Perhaps one day the technology will trickle down to amateur games, too.</p>
<p>Still, even if rogue umpire calls decided fewer fates, the art and science of swing decisions and approaches will always be important.</p>
<p>Not all strikes are created equal. The optimal areas to attack differ for hitters. It’s a game of probability as Perdomo found out in the WBC. There is no certainty involving any one swing decision, but we want to place our athletes in a position to succeed as often as possible.</p>
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<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/04/to-swing-or-not-to-swing-that-is-thee-question/">To swing or not to swing, that is thee question</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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		<title>No one wanted to train more at Driveline than Trace McDonald and he’s making the most of it</title>
		<link>https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/03/trace-mcdonald-hard-work-pays-off/</link>
					<comments>https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/03/trace-mcdonald-hard-work-pays-off/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Travis Sawchik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Mar 2026 14:40:56 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog Article]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/?p=637195</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>In the seventh inning of their season opener at Cibola High School in Yuma last month, Trace McDonald got his ...<a class="more-link" href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/03/trace-mcdonald-hard-work-pays-off/">read more</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/03/trace-mcdonald-hard-work-pays-off/">No one wanted to train more at Driveline than Trace McDonald and he’s making the most of it</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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<p>In the seventh inning of their season opener at Cibola High School in Yuma last month, Trace McDonald got his pitch.</p>
<p>He was hunting an elevated fastball all afternoon, waiting and waiting for it, and the opposing pitcher finally obliged.</p>
<p>The junior Highland Hawks infielder fired off his A swing, a collision and metal ping resulted with the ball redirected on a perfect arc.</p>
<p>He floated around first base as the ball disappeared behind the left-field, chain-link wall, which was covered in a green windscreen. Perhaps the ball even bounded onto 18th Ave., beyond the field.</p>
<p>&#8220;I was trying not to smile,” McDonald said. “We were winning so I did not want to be too showy. &#8230; I knew I got it, so that&#8217;s like the best feeling in the world, right?”</p>
<p>McDonald, 17, had never felt that before. Well, at least not as a varsity player.</p>
<p>As a sophomore last season, he did not homer in limited playing time for Highland (Gilbert, Ariz). He played in 15 games for the varsity team and hit .185.</p>
<p>This spring? He’s already slugged three homers through the first nine games of the season, batting .519 through his first 27 at bats.</p>
<p>While many young players struggle to adjust to a higher level of play, like a first exposure to a varsity team, McDonald is also a different player this spring.</p>
<p>He’s beginning to enjoy accelerating growth, a byproduct of his hard work and embrace of modern tech and data &#8212; along with a little help from the tools and staff at Driveline. One of the youngest to ever walk in the gym doors, McDonald is beginning to enjoy the compounding effects of data- and process-driven paths to improvement.</p>
<p>His story is just in its early chapters, but his is also an instructive journey to this point – to arrive at this place where he was rounding third base trying to suppress an ear-to-ear smile in Yuma.</p>
<p>The journey started when the world shut down.</p>
<p>McDonald’s father, Brett, had always wanted to help his son become better at baseball. For instance, when the world stalled during peak COVID, they regularly hopped the fence for reps at Cox Sports Park ballpark field in Ladera Ranch, Calif. near their suburban Los Angeles home.</p>
<p>As the co-founder of a basketball analytics company, Vantage, Brett appreciated data-based processes. In exploring ways to help his son become a better ballplayer, he stumbled across Driveline Baseball during some online sleuthing.</p>
<p>They watched a number of the Driveline videos on YouTube to learn training drills and concepts. He improved.</p>
<p>They bought speed trainers to try and coax out some more bat speed.</p>
<p>But Trace wanted more.</p>
<p>Encouraged by the results, Trace asked for a visit to Driveline for his 14th birthday present. They had family in Seattle and they reasoned he could spend a month training there. The problem? When the family was available to travel to Seattle in the summer, Trace was still going to be a few months shy of his 14th birthday in the spring of 2022. Athletes had to be 14 to train at the Seattle facility.</p>
<p>With a little creativity surrounding his birth date – not a first in baseball history – Trace got in the door.</p>
<p>“My dad moved up my birthday,” Trace said with a laugh.</p>
<p>As with most athletes, Trace first had a biomechanical assessment. He had the markers attached to his shirtless body and took some hacks in the lab.</p>
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<p>The value of data was apparent immediately. He learned of a major swing flaw he was not aware he possessed.</p>
<p>&#8220;I was bending so far forward, my chest was like getting way vertical compared to the ground,” McDonald said. &#8220;We just focused on staying a little taller, and being able to turn better.”</p>
<p>Soon after his assessment, he was thrown right into the fire.</p>
<p>On Day 1 of his visit, perhaps the youngest player to ever train at the facility found himself in a hitting group with college and even independent league players facing an iPitch machine.</p>
<p>“It was super intimidating,” Trace said. “I remember meeting an Indy ball guy in my group and thinking like, ‘This guy&#8217;s getting paid to play baseball right now and I get to be out here hitting with him.’”</p>
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<p>Driveline director of hitting Tanner Stokey was there watching, and because it was so unusual to see a 13-year-old taking hacks off an iPitch, he has not forgotten witnessing it.</p>
<p>&#8220;I vividly remember his first day,” Stokey said. “He&#8217;s coming in with this group, and it&#8217;s like, ‘All right, this kid&#8217;s young, he&#8217;s very small, he might have been 140 pounds &#8211; maybe. This kid is going to get dominated. Maybe we need to make the machine easier?’”</p>
<p>But McDonald did not want any special treatment.</p>
<p>They set the iPitch around 90 mph, Stokey recalled.</p>
<p>“He’s just in there taking G hacks as a kid. He was completely overmatched, but there was zero fear. &#8230; It was really cool, you know, it kind of set the tone for what he was going to be like throughout.”</p>
<p>McDonald quickly learned the benefits of the tech and data-based feedback loops at the facility like the biomechanics lab and advanced, game-like pitching machines. He learned how Driveline’s processes and tools are always being iterated and improved upon.</p>
<p>After that initial visit, McDonald’s family moved from the Los Angeles area to Phoenix where McDonald began training at Driveline’s Phoenix facility. He’s regularly taking reps off the Trajekt pitching machines for game-like reps, and building strength in the weight room.</p>
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<p>All along the way he’s employed our data-based feedback loops to guide progress. Regression or progression are there in black-and-white fact.</p>
<p>The strength- and bat-speed-building programs have allowed McDonald to break 100 mph in exit velocity with a personal best of 102 mph.</p>
<p>&#8220;My bat speed went from barely 60 (mph) to where, now, I am consistently in the low 70s,” he said. “My (personal best exit velocity) went from like, around 80 (mph) my eighth-grade year, to 95 last year, to a personal best of 102. So, slowly moving up. It&#8217;s been consistent progress.”</p>
<p>And this spring those gains are beginning to show on the field, not just the gym, for McDonald who wants to go on to play in Division I college. He wants to play the game for as long as he can.</p>
<p>Most athletes who arrive at Driveline like McDonald did three years ago know they are going to experience innovative technology and training regimens, efforts that we are always improving and iterating upon.</p>
<p>But what he could not access from YouTube from afar was Driveline’s culture, which he first experienced in Seattle and now regularly in Phoenix.</p>
<p>“It’s one hundred percent the culture,” McDonald said. “I would say it&#8217;s not just about all the cool technology that you see posted, like that&#8217;s all awesome. That&#8217;s great. But the people here are next level. I&#8217;ve worked with the best hitting minds in the world. Some are gone now (in pro baseball) but they taught the next generation of coaches. They&#8217;re all great, great coaches. They all know what they&#8217;re doing and they&#8217;re all going to give you everything they have to get you better. They really do care about you.”</p>
<p>Coaches that worked with McDonald include former lead hitting trainer Conner Watson, now the Guardians assistant director of hitting, Elijah Boyer (now with the Red Sox), Stokey, and McDonald’s new lead trainer Christian Leone.</p>
<p>He learned how Driveline coaches blend real-world playing and coaching experience with an understanding of the latest technologies and best training practices.</p>
<p>“They just teach you how to work the right way,” McDonald said. “They hold you accountable, not in the way that they&#8217;re going to be like getting on you for mistakes, but that you want to live up to the standard that everyone else here has.”</p>
<p>They held him to standards but they also became his biggest fans.</p>
<p>When McDonald first hit triple digits in exit velocity in the gym last April, those in the space erupted.</p>
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<p lang="en" dir="ltr">Trace McDonald came to Driveline on July 5th, 2022. On day one, his average exit velo was 68.13mph. </p>
<p>After nearly 3 years of dedication and hard work, Trace had a breakthrough. Not only did he shatter his previous PR with 100.5 EV, but he had another knock off the Trajekt at… <a href="https://t.co/1R512Lg4iL">pic.twitter.com/1R512Lg4iL</a></p>
<p>&mdash; Driveline Baseball (@DrivelineBB) <a href="https://twitter.com/DrivelineBB/status/1909696264230649983?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 8, 2025</a></p></blockquote>
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<p>“Boyer went nuts,” McDonald said. “It was really cool. It’s just, you know, I had been working toward that for three years and it finally happened last spring.”</p>
<p>But even with technology that sometimes seems indistinguishable from magic, even with excellent coaching, there is still no substitute for an athlete’s willingness to work – and to work often through failure.</p>
<p>McDonald does not reach that 100 mph exit velocity mark, he does not hit that sky-scraping home run in Yuma earlier this spring if he’s not willing to invest, to work, to grind. There’s no substitute for that.</p>
<p>“It&#8217;s not magic. The human element is the hardest code to crack with all of it,” Stokey said. “Because a lot of what we do is, is intentionally designed to make you struggle. It&#8217;s challenging by design. A lot of the drill work, the training bats, things like that, we&#8217;re intentionally trying to feed into flaws, things that force you to make some changes, drive those adaptations over time. So, you have to be willing to struggle, which is not easy for a human to do &#8211; especially three or more days a week, just getting crushed by a pitching machine dominating you. It&#8217;s not the easiest thing for the ego, but it is truly one of the best things you could do for your game. The tech, the feedback loops, they&#8217;re all amazing, but you still have to be able to work hard, put in the work, like there is no magic elixir.”</p>
<p>McDonald has embraced the struggle.</p>
<p>&#8220;He lied about his age to train here,” Stokey said. “That’s all he wanted for his birthday. He’s sure as hell made the most of it.”</p>
<p>He’s a Driveline poster boy for what is possible for a hungry, motivated amateur athlete. He’s willing to learn, fail, and improve. Leading to moments like last month, when he touched home plate and arrived back to the bench with slack-jawed coaches and teammates. They could not believe the growth but McDonald could. He knew the work was going to lead to results.</p>
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<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/03/trace-mcdonald-hard-work-pays-off/">No one wanted to train more at Driveline than Trace McDonald and he’s making the most of it</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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		<title>Pitchers are going low &#8211; and for good reason. But it&#8217;s not for everyone.</title>
		<link>https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/03/pitchers-are-going-low-and-for-good-reason-but-its-not-for-everyone/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Travis Sawchik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 13 Mar 2026 14:22:25 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog Article]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/?p=636401</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Some of baseball’s skill-enhancing breakthroughs are well known. Velocity-building programs have proliferated across professional and amateur baseball over the past ...<a class="more-link" href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/03/pitchers-are-going-low-and-for-good-reason-but-its-not-for-everyone/">read more</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/03/pitchers-are-going-low-and-for-good-reason-but-its-not-for-everyone/">Pitchers are going low &#8211; and for good reason. But it&#8217;s not for everyone.</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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<p>Some of baseball’s skill-enhancing breakthroughs are well known.</p>
<p>Velocity-building programs have proliferated across professional and amateur baseball over the past decade. Pitch design is another field creating significant performance gains, which also spread rapidly across the sport. Driveline Baseball is a pioneer and innovator in these disciplines.</p>
<p>Throwing faster, creating pitches with optimized movement, improves performance outcomes. Their benefits have been well publicized and thoroughly studied.</p>
<p>But there are other, more subtle trends in the pitch-tracking era, including one that is going a bit under the radar: pitchers are going low, and a little lower every year.</p>
<p>I examined the last decade of MLB pitch data (2016-25), studying release point changes of individual pitchers, year over year, an apples-to-apples analysis.</p>
<p>What I found is that in eight of the last 10 seasons pitchers have lowered their arm slots.</p>
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<p>In total, the MLB pitchers studied (minimum 500 pitches in a season) are releasing pitches two inches lower than 2016. Arm angle is also down 1.41 degrees since 2020, when the measurement first became publicly available.</p>
<p>While it can be difficult to isolate trends to one variable, there are plenty of pitchers who have had the intent to change, to drop down. Pitchers, like Garrett Crochet, who lowered his arm angle during his breakout 2024 season, and again during his excellent follow-up last season, to great success.</p>
<p>Zack Wheeler is the gold standard of this.</p>
<p>He dropped his arm slot in two consecutive seasons, 2021-2023, dropping from 38.9 degrees to 31.8 degrees over that two-year span and produced the top fastball run value (+23.7) in the dataset.</p>
<p>So, why are many pro pitchers doing this?</p>
<p>What benefits occur? What are the trade-offs?</p>
<p>And what pitchers – whether in the pro or amateur game – stand to benefit by going low?</p>
<p>Let’s explore, shall we?</p>
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<p>Seattle Mariners right-handed pitcher Bryan Woo is a prime example of what is possible with an optimized lower release.</p>
<p>Despite hitters knowing what is coming with Woo &#8212; he throws a four-seamer at about a 50% rate for his career – batters have struggled mightily with the pitch. His demon of a four-seamer enjoyed a +21 run value last year, tied for second in the majors among four-seamers.</p>
<p>On the surface, the pitch&#8217;s success is a head scratcher if you are not familiar with the offering.</p>
<p>After all, Woo throws with just a tick better than league-average velocity for a right-hander. He generates only average induced vertical break, too.</p>
<p>What makes his fastball unusually effective is its combination of his lower arm slot, which gives him one of the flattest approach angles in the game – the steepness of a pitch as it arrives to the plate &#8211; combined with his pristine command of the pitch.</p>
<p>The sum of those characteristics create an incredibly deceptive, gravity-fighting pitch that batters struggle to square. MLB hitters whiffed a 37% rate on the pitch last season – even when they know it is coming.</p>
<p>Driveline Baseball pitcher trainer Rollin Payton Tyler said lowering a pitcher’s arm slot can be a meaningful way for pitchers to create a “riding” fastball effect without producing above-average IVB.</p>
<p>“Bryan Woo, for example. His VAA on average is like four degrees (extremely “flat”),” Tyler said. “You&#8217;re going to be able to get guys to swing under your fastball.”</p>
<p>Tyler notes another example of this fastball type is Joe Ryan, who has trained at Driveline.</p>
<p>Ryan also enjoys plenty of swing and miss on a fastball featuring below-average velocity for a right-handed pitcher.</p>
<p>There are trade-offs with every change, however, and one common one with lowering slot is it reduces velocity.</p>
<p>Pitchers who lowered their arm slot lost, on average, 0.15 mph season over season.</p>
<p>If lowering an arm dramatically reduces velocity it might not be worth the trade-off.</p>
<p>“Velocity is king,” Tyler said. “Then we start thinking about shapes.”</p>
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<p>This is where art meets science when determining what to do with arm path.</p>
<p>In our video meeting, Tyler shared a biomechanics report of an amateur pitcher training with us. Tyler directs my attention to the pitcher’s posture metrics, which includes measurements and line charts of different components of the athlete&#8217;s throwing motion.</p>
<p>“‘Torso side bend at foot plant,’ that’s basically how far I’m tilted this way,” said Tyler of this particular measure, tilting his right shoulder toward the third-base side at release to mimic a left-handed thrower. “We generally want to be as high up on the Y axis. &#8230; The more side bend we create, the more velocity we create.”</p>
<p>But more side bend also corresponds with raising a release point.</p>
<p>Tyler notes this athlete ranks in the 52nd percentile of side bend at foot plant. Our software calculates it’s costing him 0.04 mph. Is it worth altering his release point?</p>
<p>“If we move him all the way to the right (on the Y axis) is it a full (mph)? Is it only four-tenths?” Tyler said. “It&#8217;s kind of individually specific, but these are the variables that we try and talk and think about when we make decisions in regard to adjusting arm angles.”</p>
<p>Another consideration is how lowering an arm slot can affect movement profiles.</p>
<p>Tyler notes how as a lefty, if he lowers his slot the direction of finger placement changes from nearer 12 o’clock, with a more over-the-top release, to nearer 9 o’clock. Such a change would have a dramatic effect on movement profiles.</p>
<p>“It all has to be taken into consideration,” Tyler said.</p>
<p>One of the most effective lower-slot movement profiles is, again, the high-efficiency fastball with a flat approach angle, the signature trait of Woo and Ryan.</p>
<p>But that requires a pitcher to have enough radial deviation, or wrist mobility, to create the right seam orientation at throwing release. In other words, more active spin – efficient spin. True backspin.</p>
<p>Ryan’s four-seamer features 97% active spin from that slot last season. That’s almost perfect spin efficiency. Woo’s active spin also above-average at 91%, rare from such a slot.</p>
<p>“If I can lower your slot and radial deviate your hand when you throw, and maintain your IVB, then we&#8217;re probably looking at creating something close to an outlier fastball,” Tyler said.</p>
<p>Not everyone has such mobility.</p>
<p>However, one way to hack the lower slot for a pitcher unable to maintain high active spin is to throw a cutter from that position. “You can have that more aggressive VAA and still generate some lift,” Tyler said of throwing a cutter from such a slot. A high-ride cutter is effective on its own, Payton noted, but like a four-seamer that can maintain its efficient spin from a lower slot, a cutter can enjoy similar benefits.</p>
<p>There are additional benefits of lowering slot beyond adding deception, the riding effect of a fastball.</p>
<p>While velocity generally declines with slot angle, pitchers who lowered their slot over the last decade gained spin.</p>
<p>Consider in the two most recent seasons studied, 2024 and 2025, our sample of  226 MLB pitchers gained, on average, 18.3 rpm on their four-seam fastball. This was despite velocity loss.</p>
<p>Lowering slot doesn’t guarantee success but when it does work, it can be significant.</p>
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<p>Among pitchers who dropped their arm slot at least 2 degrees season over season since 2016 – and threw at least 500 pitches in both seasons – they enjoyed a +2.14 run overall.</p>
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<p>There could be health-related benefits when lowering arm angle and slot.</p>
<p>A study <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14763141.2024.2431927#:~:text=Table%202.,parameters%20between%203%20as%20groups.&amp;text=efficiency%20(p%20=%200.002%2C%20%CE%B2,torque%20at%20the%20elbow%20joint.">authored</a> by South Korean and Chinese researchers Maolin Dong, Ming Li, Qingling Qu, and Youngsuk Kim published a fascinating finding. They found elbow varus torque increased by 4.23 newton meters for every 10 degrees a pitcher&#8217;s arm angle raised. That is significant as there are about 100 newton meters of force in a throwing motion. A four percent reduction in stress is not nothing.</p>
<p>“A lot of people were mentioning this study &#8230; and it kind of coincided with a lot of guys lowering their arm angles,” Tyler noted.</p>
<p>But expanding the sample all the way back to 2016 shows that the 339 pitchers who raised their slots by at least one degree threw 108 more pitches on average than the previous season. However, the correlation was weak (r =0.12) meaning that arm slot only explained 1.4% of the variation. There is also certainly selection bias involved. Perhaps teams were allotting more work to what are perceived to be arms with “cleaner” over-the-top mechanics, for example.</p>
<p>Taking all these trade-offs together, what archetypes of pitchers should explore this change? Who ought to consider going lower?</p>
<p>Tyler said the starting point is considering what a pitcher can do well. Then we build from there.</p>
<p>&#8220;It&#8217;s a spectrum,” Tyler said. “If you&#8217;re a guy who can radial deviate a lot, and maybe you don&#8217;t get a lot of IVB as it is &#8230; drop down, and radial deviate, and now you’re VAA has gone from like 5 ½ (degrees) to like 4.2 or something. You lost IVB, but your fastball shape got significantly better.</p>
<p>“But if the risk-reward is like, ‘Hey, I&#8217;m going to lose two miles an hour.’ Well, we don&#8217;t want to do that. There are so many variables that go into it. It could be as simple as like, ‘Hey dude, drop down a little bit, how&#8217;s that feel?’ And they go ‘Man, that&#8217;s nice,&#8217; and they don&#8217;t lose any velocity. Or. they go ‘That sucks. I hated that.’ And you&#8217;re like, ‘Alright, ‘cool.’ It just took us six throws, and we just know that this isn&#8217;t it.”</p>
<p>Dropping down is not for everyone. There is an art, science, and spectrum to it. Paul Skenes dropped his arm slot last spring but reverted back to his 2024 slot in the regular season. It’s not for everyone. But for some arms it can unlock a new level of performance.</p>
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<p>The post <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com/2026/03/pitchers-are-going-low-and-for-good-reason-but-its-not-for-everyone/">Pitchers are going low &#8211; and for good reason. But it&#8217;s not for everyone.</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.drivelinebaseball.com">Driveline Baseball</a>.</p>
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