<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><rss xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/" xmlns:blogger="http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008" xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0" version="2.0"><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-923043053651809184</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Thu, 24 Oct 2024 21:07:03 +0000</lastBuildDate><category>circuitos</category><category>Electrónica Básica</category><category>Proyectos</category><category>videotutoriales</category><title>Ayuda web</title><description></description><link>http://electrovar.blogspot.com/</link><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (josegato)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>9</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-923043053651809184.post-8423535590543109572</guid><pubDate>Tue, 27 Jul 2010 02:15:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-07-28T16:39:27.241-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Proyectos</category><title>Proyectos</title><description>&lt;center&gt; &lt;object data=&quot;http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf&quot; height=&quot;700&quot; id=&quot;doc_18467&quot; name=&quot;doc_18467&quot; style=&quot;outline: none;&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot; width=&quot;600&quot;&gt;                &lt;param name=&quot;movie&quot; value=&quot;http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf&quot;&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;wmode&quot; value=&quot;opaque&quot;&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;bgcolor&quot; value=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;allowFullScreen&quot; value=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;allowScriptAccess&quot; value=&quot;always&quot;&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;FlashVars&quot; value=&quot;document_id=35013682&amp;access_key=key-r04o2w5j1574o54no8c&amp;page=1&amp;viewMode=list&quot;&gt;&lt;embed id=&quot;doc_18467&quot; name=&quot;doc_18467&quot; src=&quot;http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf?document_id=35013682&amp;access_key=key-r04o2w5j1574o54no8c&amp;page=1&amp;viewMode=list&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot; allowscriptaccess=&quot;always&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; height=&quot;700&quot; width=&quot;600&quot; wmode=&quot;opaque&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;             &lt;/object&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Acá les dejo un montón de proyectos de la tan conocida revista &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;CEKIT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;una gran compilación de los tomos de esta revista para que se guíen en sus proyectos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Para&amp;nbsp;descargar&amp;nbsp;el archivo PDF&amp;nbsp;suscrivete&amp;nbsp;por correo y&amp;nbsp;pídenos&amp;nbsp;el&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;enlace&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://electrovar.blogspot.com/2010/07/proyectos.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (josegato)</author><thr:total>4</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-923043053651809184.post-7483894545988505120</guid><pubDate>Thu, 22 Jul 2010 04:26:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-07-21T21:29:36.123-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Electrónica Básica</category><title>Resistencias o Resistores</title><description>&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Image Hosted by ImageShack.us&quot; src=&quot;http://img62.imageshack.us/img62/3874/resistenciae.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align=&quot;justify&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;La resistencia es uno de los componentes imprescindibles en la construcción de cualquier equipo electrónico, ya que permite distribuir adecuadamente la corriente y voltaje a todos los puntos necesarios.&lt;br /&gt;
El valor de la resistencia se expresa en ohmio, al cual representamos con el símbolo .&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;W&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Si sometemos los extremos de una resistencia al paso de una corriente continua se producirá en la misma una caída de tensión proporcional a su valor. La intensidad que la atraviese será también proporcional a la tensión aplicada y al valor en ohmios de la resistencia. Para calcular dicha relación no hay mas que aplicar la Ley de Ohm&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt; Conectando una resistencia:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Hay dos formas de conectar  una resistencia, en serie y en paralelo&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://img32.imageshack.us/img32/2626/resist3.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;132&quot; src=&quot;http://img32.imageshack.us/img32/2626/resist3.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Serie:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Para saber el valor total de las resistencias conectadas en serie hay que requerir a la ecuación “RT=R1+R2+R3…..Rn” donde RT es el valor total en  ohmio que adquiere el circuito y R2+R2…..Rn es el valor que tiene cada resistencia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;u&gt;Ejemplo:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;75&quot; src=&quot;http://img293.imageshack.us/img293/8324/ress.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;El valor de la resistencia total equivaldrá a la suma de estas cuatro resistencias R1=10, R2=50, R3=20, R4=30. Esto dará como resultado 110 ohmios&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Paralelo:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Para encontrar el valor de la resistencia total en la conexión en paralelo hay 2 formas:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;Si las resistencias que conforman el circuito tienen el mismo valor, el valor de la resistencia total será igual a la mitad del valor de la resistencia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Ejemplo:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align=&quot;justify&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;35%&quot;&gt;En este caso hay 2 resistencias conectadas en paralelo con un valor de 10Ω entonces el valor de la resistencia total será 5Ω &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;65%&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;149&quot; src=&quot;http://img137.imageshack.us/img137/402/pal1r.png&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;→Si los valores de las resistencias no tienen valores iguales hay que requerir a la ecuación &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;RT=(Rx*Ry)/(Rx+Ry)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;donde Rx será el valor de una resistencia y Ry será el valor de otra resistencia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;En esta forma hay que tener en cuenta que cuando hay más de dos resistencia en el circuito hay que tomar de 2 en 2 las resistencias para ir solucionando por medio de la ecuación para a llar la resistencia total.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Ejemplo:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align=&quot;justify&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41%&quot;&gt;En este ejemplo hay 3  resistencias conectadas en paralelo con un valor de 10Ω, 20Ω y 30Ω. Lo que hay  que hacer es coger dos resistencias cualquieras y aplicarle la ecuación &lt;strong&gt;RT=(Rx*Ry)/(Rx+Ry) &lt;/strong&gt;donde ya podemos  meter valores numéricos, esto quedaría Rt1=(10*20)/(10+20)=6.6  “lo que hemos hecho hasta aquí es sacar la primera resistencia total1 entre R1  y R2” ya teniendo Rt1 cogemos la misma ecuación t la solucionamos con la  resistencia faltante “R3” para a llar la resistencia total del circuito RT=(6.6*30)/(6.6+30)=5.4Ω que es el  valor de la resistencia total del circuito&lt;strong&gt;. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;59%&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;201&quot; src=&quot;http://img338.imageshack.us/img338/7291/paralelo.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Código de colores&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.45pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;130&quot; src=&quot;http://www.viasatelital.com/proyectos_electronicos/resist5.gif&quot; v:shapes=&quot;_x0000_i1029&quot; width=&quot;280&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-right: 0.45pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Identificar un resistor no es una tarea muy complicada, se observa que estos poseen 4 bandas de colores, 3 de idénticas proporciones y una más alejada de éstas. Estas bandas representan el valor real del resistor incluyendo su porcentaje de tolerancia o error siguiendo un código de colores estándar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-right: 0.45pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;En primer lugar tratamos de identificar el extremo que corresponde a la banda de tolerancia del resistor, que en la mayoría de los casos suele ser dorada (5%) o (algo más raro) plateada (10%). Una vez localizada ésta la dejamos de lado, (literalmente a la derecha), vamos al otro extremo y leemos la secuencia:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; margin-right: 108pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;122&quot; src=&quot;http://www.viasatelital.com/proyectos_electronicos/resist6.gif&quot; v:shapes=&quot;_x0000_i1030&quot; width=&quot;154&quot; /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; margin-right: 108pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;fig: 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-right: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;-Primera banda: corresponde al primer dígito del valor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;-Segunda banda: corresponde al segundo dígito del valor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;-Tercera banda: representa al exponente, o &quot;números de ceros&quot; a agregar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;-Cuarta banda: porcentaje de tolerancia (la que habíamos identificado primero)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Los colores corresponden a valores estandarizados como se detallan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3pt; width: 448px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Color&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;1º y 2º dígitos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 118.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;158&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;multiplicador&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;tolerancia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Negro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 118.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;158&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;1 (x10&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Marrón&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 118.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;158&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;10 (x10&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Rojo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 118.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;158&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;100 (x10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Naranja&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 118.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;158&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;1000 (x10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Amarillo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 118.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;158&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;10000 (x10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Verde&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 118.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;158&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;100000 (x10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Azul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 118.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;158&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;1000000 (x10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Violeta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 118.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;158&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;10000000 (x10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Gris&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 118.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;158&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;100000000 (x10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Blanco&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 118.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;158&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;1000000000 (x10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 118.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;158&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Dorado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 118.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;158&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;0.1 (x10&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;5%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Plateado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 118.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;158&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 74.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;10%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Esto nos da para el ejemplo de la fig. 1 los siguientes valores&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;1º banda = amarillo =&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;4&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;2º banda = violeta =&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;7&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;3º banda = rojo =&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;100&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;4º banda = dorado =&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;5%&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;es decir: 47 por 100 =&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;4700&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ohmios o comúnmente&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;4.7k&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;con un 5% de tolerancia o error.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Ejemplos 1:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;66&quot; src=&quot;http://www.viasatelital.com/proyectos_electronicos/resist7.gif&quot; v:shapes=&quot;_x0000_i1031&quot; width=&quot;385&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 75.05pt; width: 444px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 12.05pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 12.05pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 112.05pt;&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;1º banda = naranja = 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 12.05pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 104.85pt;&quot; width=&quot;140&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;1º banda = verde = 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 12.05pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 109.85pt;&quot; width=&quot;146&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;1º banda = amarillo = 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 12.05pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 12.05pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 112.05pt;&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;2º banda = naranja = 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 12.05pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 104.85pt;&quot; width=&quot;140&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;2º banda = azul = 6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 12.05pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 109.85pt;&quot; width=&quot;146&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;2º banda = violeta = 7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 23.65pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 23.65pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 112.05pt;&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;3º banda = naranja = 1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 23.65pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 104.85pt;&quot; width=&quot;140&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;3º banda = amarillo = 10000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 23.65pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 109.85pt;&quot; width=&quot;146&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;3º banda = marrón = 10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 12.05pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 12.05pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 112.05pt;&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;4º banda = dorado = 5%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 12.05pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 104.85pt;&quot; width=&quot;140&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;4º banda = dorado = 5%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 12.05pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 109.85pt;&quot; width=&quot;146&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;4º banda = plata = 10%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 12.05pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 12.05pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 112.05pt;&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;33 x 1000 = 33,000 ohms&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 12.05pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 104.85pt;&quot; width=&quot;140&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;56 x 10000 = 560,000 ohms&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 12.05pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; width: 109.85pt;&quot; width=&quot;146&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;47 x 10 = 470 ohmios&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Ejemplos 2:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;54&quot; src=&quot;http://www.viasatelital.com/proyectos_electronicos/resist8.gif&quot; v:shapes=&quot;_x0000_i1032&quot; width=&quot;383&quot; /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; width: 440px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 10.2pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 10.2pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;1º banda = marrón = 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 10.2pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;1º banda = marrón = 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 10.2pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;1º banda = rojo = 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 10.2pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 10.2pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;2º banda = negro = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 10.2pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;2º banda = negro = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 10.2pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;2º banda = rojo = 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 10.2pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 10.2pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;3º banda = negro = x1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 10.2pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;3º banda = dorado = x 0.1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 10.2pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;3º banda = dorado = 0.1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 11.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 11.1pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;4º banda = dorado = 5%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 11.1pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;4º banda = dorado = 5%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 11.1pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;4º banda = dorado = 5%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 10.2pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 10.2pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;10 x 1= 10 ohms&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 10.2pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;10 x 0.1 = 1 ohm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;height: 10.2pt; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -2.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;22 x 0.1 = 2.2 ohms&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</description><link>http://electrovar.blogspot.com/2010/07/resistencias-o-resistores.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (josegato)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-923043053651809184.post-6256399131923603615</guid><pubDate>Sat, 17 Jul 2010 02:06:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-07-16T19:07:34.216-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Electrónica Básica</category><title>¿que es la electrónica?</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://freestyle.sourceforge.net/GALLERY/CARTOON/robot-3d.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;314&quot; src=&quot;http://freestyle.sourceforge.net/GALLERY/CARTOON/robot-3d.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;La electrónica es el campo de la física que se&amp;nbsp;refiere al diseño y aplicación de dispositivos, por lo general circuitos&amp;nbsp;electrónicos, cuyo funcionamiento depende del flujo de electrones para la&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;generación, transmisión, recepción o almacenamiento de información.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;La electrónica como tal tiene una gran variedad de&amp;nbsp;aplicaciones para la vida del hombre, como por ejemplo: las&amp;nbsp;telecomunicaciones, la computación, la medicina, la mecánica entre otras.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Con la electronica puedes aser casi cualquier cosa, solo tienes que tener determinacion y cariño por lo que agas, nunca te des por vencido solo por que no te funciona las cosas, ya que la mayor felicidad es cuando algo te sale bien y todos te admiran por tu trabajo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;object height=&quot;505&quot; width=&quot;640&quot;&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;movie&quot; value=&quot;http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/v/EzjkBwZtxp4&amp;amp;hl=es_ES&amp;amp;fs=1?color1=0x3a3a3a&amp;amp;color2=0x999999&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;allowFullScreen&quot; value=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;allowscriptaccess&quot; value=&quot;always&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src=&quot;http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/v/EzjkBwZtxp4&amp;amp;hl=es_ES&amp;amp;fs=1?color1=0x3a3a3a&amp;amp;color2=0x999999&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot; allowscriptaccess=&quot;always&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; height=&quot;505&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;</description><link>http://electrovar.blogspot.com/2010/07/que-es-la-electronica.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (josegato)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-923043053651809184.post-4865402326558546853</guid><pubDate>Tue, 13 Jul 2010 01:33:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-07-20T13:48:42.822-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">circuitos</category><title>Activar un rele por infrarrojo</title><description>&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0fp92497Ve7iHQPoWEsnqZIV6DiYQi10yj3Iz455juwpaLbVx7HSJm56hhg6Ah07IYHNX7OJ6HqmUvYJ-De22ypbgDt2rqVQnM_DGzK2XvysV2abf12XDCCyN4WGKdMLMQKnmmBl67bHW/s1600/circuito4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;168&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0fp92497Ve7iHQPoWEsnqZIV6DiYQi10yj3Iz455juwpaLbVx7HSJm56hhg6Ah07IYHNX7OJ6HqmUvYJ-De22ypbgDt2rqVQnM_DGzK2XvysV2abf12XDCCyN4WGKdMLMQKnmmBl67bHW/s320/circuito4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;290&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align=&quot;justify&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;Este circuito es  un emisor-receptor infrarrojo diseñado para que cuando se corta la luz  infrarroja &amp;nbsp;activa el rele el cual será para  activarlo que quieras, desde un bombillo o hasta una alarma.&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt; FUNCIONAMIENTO:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;El rele esta funcionando como un interruptor automático el cual lo podemos&amp;nbsp; utilizar para cualquier acción que queramos en la que se pueda utilizar esta acción.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Como por ejemplo utilizar este circuito como una alarma. En el momento en que el intruso corta el haz de luz se activara una alarma.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfS4UYKJlNoZRMYUbjPUx8D4-r5vJiWAAHBC4ui2pJnv8pccqWhcLT0VGZTqFMMTKXfgY8v07AdC0zenHZ5H0h_RoeEDdgUm8iVM3w_ZkVejKhUDoNh_7AdmshaAEMpiw_mkIwj5uEUaEa/s1600/TO-92+PKG.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfS4UYKJlNoZRMYUbjPUx8D4-r5vJiWAAHBC4ui2pJnv8pccqWhcLT0VGZTqFMMTKXfgY8v07AdC0zenHZ5H0h_RoeEDdgUm8iVM3w_ZkVejKhUDoNh_7AdmshaAEMpiw_mkIwj5uEUaEa/s320/TO-92+PKG.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</description><link>http://electrovar.blogspot.com/2010/07/activar-un-rele-por-infrarrojo.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (josegato)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0fp92497Ve7iHQPoWEsnqZIV6DiYQi10yj3Iz455juwpaLbVx7HSJm56hhg6Ah07IYHNX7OJ6HqmUvYJ-De22ypbgDt2rqVQnM_DGzK2XvysV2abf12XDCCyN4WGKdMLMQKnmmBl67bHW/s72-c/circuito4.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>10</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-923043053651809184.post-7809378749275007402</guid><pubDate>Fri, 09 Jul 2010 06:19:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-07-09T13:16:08.285-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Electrónica Básica</category><title>Diodo</title><description>&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;209&quot; src=&quot;http://www.ucontrol.com.ar/Articulos/Diodos/DiodoPN1.gif&quot; width=&quot;270&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;El diodo&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; semiconductor es el dispositivo semiconductor más sencillo y se puede encontrar, prácticamente en cualquier circuito electrónico.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Los diodos se fabrican en versiones de silicio (la más utilizada) y de germanio.      &lt;br /&gt;
Los diodos constan de dos partes, una llamada N y la otra llamada P, separados por una juntura llamada barrera o unión. Esta barrera o unión es de 0.3 voltios en el diodo de germanio y de 0.6 voltios aproximadamente en el diodo de silicio.&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Principio de operación de un diodo:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
El semiconductor tipo N tiene electrones libres (exceso de electrones) y el semiconductor tipo P tiene huecos libres (ausencia o falta de electrones)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Cuando una tensión positiva se aplica al lado P y una negativa al lado N, los electrones en el lado N son empujados al lado P y los electrones fluyen a través del material P mas allá de los límites del semiconductor.&lt;br /&gt;
De igual manera los huecos en el material P son empujados con una tensión negativa al lado del material N y los huecos fluyen a través del material N.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;En el caso opuesto, cuando una tensión positiva se aplica al lado N y una negativa al lado P, los electrones en el lado N son empujados al lado N y los huecos del lado P son empujados al lado P. En este caso los electrones en el semiconductor no se mueven y en consecuencia no hay corriente&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
El diodo se puede hacer trabajar de 2 maneras diferentes:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;



&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=923043053651809184&amp;amp;postID=7809378749275007402&quot; name=&quot;Polarización directa:&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;Polarización directa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;img align=&quot;right&quot; alt=&quot;Diodo semiconductor polarizado en sentido directo - Electrónica Unicrom&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; hspace=&quot;40&quot; src=&quot;http://imagenes.unicrom.com.s3.amazonaws.com/diododirrecto.gif&quot; vspace=&quot;5&quot; /&gt;Es cuando la corriente que circula por el&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;sigue la ruta de la flecha (la del&amp;nbsp; diodo), o sea del&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;ánodo al cátodo&lt;/strong&gt;. En este caso la corriente atraviesa el diodo con mucha facilidad&amp;nbsp; comportándose prácticamente como un&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;corto circuito&lt;/strong&gt;. Para que aya una polarisacion directa tiene que aver una tencion mayor a la que hay en la barrera, para el cilicio deve ser mayor a 0.7v y para el germanio de 0.4v. si la tencion no es mayor no abra&amp;nbsp;fluyó&amp;nbsp;de tencion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;



&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=923043053651809184&amp;amp;postID=7809378749275007402&quot; name=&quot;Polarización inversa:&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;Polarización inversa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc3300;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img align=&quot;right&quot; alt=&quot;Diodo semiconductor polarizado en sentido inverso - Electrovar&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; hspace=&quot;40&quot; src=&quot;http://imagenes.unicrom.com.s3.amazonaws.com/diodoinversa.gif&quot; vspace=&quot;5&quot; /&gt;Es cuando la corriente en el diodo desea circular en sentido opuesto a la flecha (la flecha del diodo), o se del&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;cátodo al ánodo&lt;/strong&gt;. En este caso la corriente no atraviesa el diodo, y se comporta prácticamente como un&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;circuito abierto&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0000; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Nota:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;El funcionamiento antes mencionado se refiere al&lt;span lang=&quot;es-mx&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;d&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;iodo ideal&lt;/strong&gt;, ésto quiere decir que el diodo se toma como un elemento perfecto (como&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;IL_AD&quot; id=&quot;IL_AD3&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; color: #009900; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; padding-bottom: 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: underline !important;&quot;&gt;se hace&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;en casi todos los casos), tanto en&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;polarización directa&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;como en&lt;strong&gt;polarización inversa&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*****************************************************************************
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Tipos de Diodos
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*****************************************************************************&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: separate; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Características del diodo Zener&lt;/h2&gt;
El&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;diodo zener&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;es un tipo especial de&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo&lt;/strong&gt;, que siempre se utiliza polarizado inversamente.&lt;br /&gt;
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Si el&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;IL_AD&quot; id=&quot;IL_AD3&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-weight: bold !important; padding-bottom: 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: underline !important;&quot;&gt;zener&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;se polariza en sentido directo se comporta como un&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IL_AD&quot; id=&quot;IL_AD2&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-weight: bold !important; padding-bottom: 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: underline !important;&quot;&gt;diodo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IL_AD&quot; id=&quot;IL_AD2&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; color: #009900; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-weight: bold !important; padding-bottom: 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: underline !important;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;rectificador común&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;Simbolo del diodo Zener con la dirección del flujo de la corriente para su normal funcionamiento - Electrónica Unicrom&quot; height=&quot;42&quot; src=&quot;http://imagenes.unicrom.com.s3.amazonaws.com/corrienteenzener.gif&quot; vspace=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;69&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Cuando el&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo&amp;nbsp;zener&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;funciona polarizado inversamente mantiene entre sus terminales un&amp;nbsp;voltaje&amp;nbsp;constante.&lt;br /&gt;
En el gráfico se ve el símbolo de&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo&amp;nbsp;zener&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;(A - ánodo, K - cátodo) y el sentido de la corriente para que funcione en la zona operativa&lt;br /&gt;
Se analizará el&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo&amp;nbsp;Zener&lt;/strong&gt;, no como un elemento ideal, si no como un elemento real y se debe tomar en cuenta que cuando éste se polariza en modo inverso si existe una corriente que circula en sentido contrario a la flecha del&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo&lt;/strong&gt;, pero de muy poco valor.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: #ff9900; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;



Curva característica del diodo Zener&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Analizando la curva del&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo&amp;nbsp;zener&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;se ve que conforme se va aumentando negativamente el voltaje aplicado al&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo&lt;/strong&gt;, la corriente que pasa por el aumenta muy poco.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; &lt;img align=&quot;right&quot; alt=&quot;Curva característica del diodo zener - Electrovar&quot; height=&quot;135&quot; hspace=&quot;40&quot; src=&quot;http://img43.imageshack.us/img43/7053/graficozener.gif&quot; vspace=&quot;10&quot; width=&quot;210&quot; /&gt; Pero una vez que se llega a un determinado voltaje, llamada voltaje o tensión de&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Zener&amp;nbsp;(Vz)&lt;/strong&gt;, el aumento del voltaje (siempre negativamente) es muy pequeño, pudiendo considerarse constante.&lt;br /&gt;
Para este voltaje, la corriente que atraviesa el&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo&amp;nbsp;zener&lt;/strong&gt;, puede variar en un gran rango de valores. A esta región se le llama la zona operativa.&lt;br /&gt;
Esta es la característica del&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo&amp;nbsp;zener&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;que se aprovecha para que funcione como&lt;span class=&quot;IL_AD&quot; id=&quot;IL_AD1&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; color: #009900; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; padding-bottom: 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: underline !important;&quot;&gt;regulador de voltaje&lt;/span&gt;, pues el voltaje se mantiene practicamente constante para una gran variación de corriente. Ver el gráfico.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;Diodo LED. Diodo emisor de luz. Light-Emitting Diode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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Si alguna vez ha visto, unas pequeñas luces de diferentes&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;IL_AD&quot; id=&quot;IL_AD4&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; padding-bottom: 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: underline !important;&quot;&gt;colores&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;que se encienden y apagan, en algún circuito&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;IL_AD&quot; id=&quot;IL_AD5&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; padding-bottom: 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: underline !important;&quot;&gt;electrónico&lt;/span&gt;, ha visto los&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;diodo LED&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;en funcionamiento.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;Simbolo del diodo LED (diodo emisor de luz) - Electrónica Unicrom&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; hspace=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://imagenes.unicrom.com.s3.amazonaws.com/diodo_LED.gif&quot; vspace=&quot;5&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Símbolo del diodo LED&lt;/div&gt;
El&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;LED&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;es un tipo especial de diodo, que trabaja como un diodo común, pero que al ser atravesado por la&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;IL_AD&quot; id=&quot;IL_AD2&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; padding-bottom: 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: underline !important;&quot;&gt;corriente&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;eléctrica, emite luz.&lt;br /&gt;
Existen&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IL_AD&quot; id=&quot;IL_AD1&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-weight: bold !important; padding-bottom: 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: underline !important;&quot;&gt;diodos LED&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;de varios&amp;nbsp;colores&amp;nbsp;que dependen del material con el cual fueron construidos. Hay de color rojo, verde, amarillo, ámbar, infrarrojo, entre otros.&lt;br /&gt;
Eléctricamente el&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo LED&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;se comporta igual que un diodo de silicio o germanio.&lt;br /&gt;
Si se pasa una&amp;nbsp;corriente&amp;nbsp;a través del&amp;nbsp;diodo semiconductor, se inyectan electrones y huecos en las regiones P y N, respectivamente.&lt;br /&gt;
Dependiendo de la magnitud de la&amp;nbsp;corriente, hay recombinación de los portadores de carga (electrones y huecos).&lt;br /&gt;
Hay un tipo de recombinaciones que se llaman recombinaciones radiantes (aquí la emisión de&amp;nbsp;luz). La relación entre las recombinaciones radiantes y el total de recombinaciones depende del material&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;semiconductor&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;utilizado (GaAs, GaAsP,y GaP)&lt;br /&gt;
Dependiendo del material de que está hecho el&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;LED&lt;/strong&gt;, será la emisión de la longitud de onda y por ende el color.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;Tabla de material de fabricación, longitud de onda y color de diferentes tipos de LEDs  - Electrovar&quot; height=&quot;160&quot; hspace=&quot;40&quot; src=&quot;http://img806.imageshack.us/img806/1194/materiallongitudondaled.gif&quot; vspace=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;299&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Debe de escogerse bien la&amp;nbsp;corriente&amp;nbsp;que atraviesa el&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;LED&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;para obtener una buena intensidad luminosa y evitar que este se pueda dañar.&lt;br /&gt;
El&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;LED&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;tiene un&amp;nbsp;voltaje&amp;nbsp;de operación que va de 1.5 V a 2.2 voltios aproximadamente y la gama de corrientes que debe circular por él está entre los 10 y 20 miliamperios (mA) en los diodos de color rojo y de entre los 20 y 40 miliamperios (mA) para los otros&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;LEDs&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
Los&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodos LED&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;tiene enormes ventajas sobre las&amp;nbsp;lámparas&amp;nbsp;indicadoras comunes, como su bajo consumo de&amp;nbsp;energía, su mantenimiento casi nulo y con una vida aproximada de 100,000 horas.&lt;br /&gt;
El&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo LED&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;debe ser protegido. Una pequeña cantidad de&amp;nbsp;corriente&amp;nbsp;en sentido inverso no lo dañará, pero si hay picos inesperados puede dañarse.&lt;br /&gt;
Una forma de protegerlo es colocar en paralelo con el&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo LED&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;pero apuntando en sentido opuesto un diodo de silicio común.&lt;br /&gt;
Aplicaciones tiene el&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo LED&lt;/strong&gt;. Se utiliza ampliamente en aplicaciones visuales, como indicadoras de cierta situación específica de funcionamiento.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h2&gt;



&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;Diodo Schottky&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;A diferencia del&amp;nbsp;diodo semiconductor&amp;nbsp;normal que tiene una unión P–N, el&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo schottky&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;tiene una unión Metal-N.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Estos&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodos&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;se caracterizan por su velocidad de conmutación, una baja caída de&amp;nbsp;Voltaje cuando están polarizados en directo (típicamente de 0.25 a 0.4 voltios).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;El&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;diodo Schottky&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;está más cerca del diodo ideal que el&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo semiconductor&lt;/strong&gt;omún pero tiene algunas características que hacen imposible su utilización en aplicaciones de potencia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Estas son:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;- El&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo Schottky&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;tiene poca capacidad de conducción de&amp;nbsp;corriente&amp;nbsp;en directo (en sentido de la flecha).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Esta característica no permiten que sea utilizado como&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo rectificador&lt;/strong&gt;. Hay&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;procesos de rectificación&lt;/strong&gt;(por ejemplo fuentes de&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;IL_AD&quot; id=&quot;IL_AD1&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; padding-bottom: 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: underline !important;&quot;&gt;alimentación&lt;/span&gt;) en que la cantidad de corriente que tienen que conducir en sentido directo es bastante grande.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;- El&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo Schottky&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;no acepta grandes voltajes que lo polaricen inversamente (VCRR).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;El proceso de rectificación antes mensionado también requiere que la tensión inversa que tiene que soportar el diodo sea grande.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;img align=&quot;right&quot; alt=&quot;Símbolo del diodo Schottky - Electrónica Unicrom&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; hspace=&quot;40&quot; src=&quot;http://imagenes.unicrom.com.s3.amazonaws.com/DiodoShottky.gif&quot; vspace=&quot;3&quot; /&gt;Sin embargo el&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo Schottky&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;encuentra gran cantidad de aplicaciones n circuitos de alta velocidad como en&amp;nbsp;computadoras, donde se necesitan grandes&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;IL_AD&quot; id=&quot;IL_AD3&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; padding-bottom: 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: underline !important;&quot;&gt;velocidades&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;de conmutación y su poca caída de voltaje en directo ausa poco gasto de energía.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;El símbolo del&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diodo Schottky&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;se ve en el diagrama a la derecha.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2&gt;



&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: orange;&quot;&gt;Diodo Tunnel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc3300; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc3300; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc3300; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;El&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;diodo&amp;nbsp;Tunnel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;se comporta de una manera muy interesante conforme se le va aumentando una&amp;nbsp;tensión&amp;nbsp;aplicada en sentido directo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;- Cuando se aplica una pequeña&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IL_AD&quot; id=&quot;IL_AD3&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; padding-bottom: 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: underline !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;tensión&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;, el&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;diodo&amp;nbsp;tunnel&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;empieza a conducir (la&amp;nbsp;corriente&amp;nbsp;empieza a fluir).&lt;br /&gt;
- Si se sigue aumentando esta&amp;nbsp;tensión&amp;nbsp;la corriente aumentará hasta llegar un punto después del cual la corriente disminuye.&lt;br /&gt;
- La corriente continuará disminuyendo hasta llegar al punto mínimo de un &quot;valle&quot; y ....&lt;br /&gt;
- Después volverá a incrementarse. En esta ocasión la corriente continuará aumentando conforme aumenta la&amp;nbsp;tensión.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Este comportamiento de la corriente en función de la&amp;nbsp;tensión&amp;nbsp;en el&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;diodo&amp;nbsp;tunnel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;se puede ver en el siguiente gráfico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;img align=&quot;right&quot; alt=&quot;Comportamiento de la corriente en función de la tensión en un diodo Tunnel - Electrovar&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; hspace=&quot;40&quot; src=&quot;http://img268.imageshack.us/img268/4994/diodotunnel2.gif&quot; vspace=&quot;10&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;- Vp:&amp;nbsp;Tensión&amp;nbsp;pico&lt;br /&gt;
- Vv:&amp;nbsp;Tensión&amp;nbsp;de valle&lt;br /&gt;
- Ip: Corriente pico&lt;br /&gt;
- Iv: Corriente de valle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;La región en el gráfico en que la corriente disminuye cuando latensión&amp;nbsp;aumenta (entre Vp y Vv) se llama &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;zona de resistencia negativa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;El&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;diodo&amp;nbsp;tunnel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;se llama también&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;diodo&amp;nbsp;Esaki&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;en honor a su inventor japonés&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Leo Esaki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Los&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;diodos&amp;nbsp;tunnel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;tienen la cualidad de pasar entre los niveles de corriente Ip e Iv muy rápidamente, cambiando de estado de conducción al de no conducción incluso más rápido que los&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;diodos Schottky&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Desgraciadamente, este tipo de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;diodo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;no se puede utilizar como rectificador debido a que tiene una corriente de fuga muy grande cuando están polarizados en reversa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Así estos&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;diodos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;sólo encuentran aplicaciones reducidas como en circuitos&amp;nbsp;osciladores&amp;nbsp;de alta frecuencia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
(informacion sacada de&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.unicrom.com/Tut_diodo.asp&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;http://www.unicrom.com/Tut_diodo.asp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;</description><link>http://electrovar.blogspot.com/2010/07/diodo.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (josegato)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-923043053651809184.post-7249550122163035046</guid><pubDate>Wed, 07 Jul 2010 07:40:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-07-20T13:49:23.715-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">videotutoriales</category><title>Control servomotor</title><description>&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6OZvGUsLmBk_U6deA7rvylYs2bHevIKrmw7uF987Kxv5TWQkGuK0iGPOu8075kqF4WxeN6V-hlEHfEQtA6HLxLMXDSEaxT2wfG8zFfJWOqxahZtsz_InHnHbQfYRAX4BnKouHh-90Adjz/s1600/circuito+servo.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;196&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6OZvGUsLmBk_U6deA7rvylYs2bHevIKrmw7uF987Kxv5TWQkGuK0iGPOu8075kqF4WxeN6V-hlEHfEQtA6HLxLMXDSEaxT2wfG8zFfJWOqxahZtsz_InHnHbQfYRAX4BnKouHh-90Adjz/s320/circuito+servo.jpg&quot; width=&quot;280&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Control&amp;nbsp;de servo con Pic 16f628a&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;en este videotutorial explicare como controlar un servomotor con el pic 16f628a, que programas utilizar, y como utilizarlos&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Funcionamiento: &amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
los pulsos que controlan el servomotor salen por el portb.2 y son controlados  por el portb.1 y por el portb.0 del microcontrolador. el servo esta configurado para funcionar con un pulso&amp;nbsp;mínimo&amp;nbsp;de 0.5ms y uno&amp;nbsp;máximo&amp;nbsp;de 2.5ms&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;object height=&quot;405&quot; width=&quot;500&quot;&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;movie&quot; value=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/H9jX0526gyQ&amp;amp;hl=es_ES&amp;amp;fs=1?color1=0x3a3a3a&amp;amp;color2=0x999999&amp;amp;border=1&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;allowFullScreen&quot; value=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;allowscriptaccess&quot; value=&quot;always&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/H9jX0526gyQ&amp;amp;hl=es_ES&amp;amp;fs=1?color1=0x3a3a3a&amp;amp;color2=0x999999&amp;amp;border=1&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot; allowscriptaccess=&quot;always&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;405&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pic 16f628a:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Este potente (200 ejecución de la instrucción nanosegundos) con todo El PIC16F628A dispone de 4 MHz oscilador interno, 128 bytes de memoria EEPROM de datos, una captura / compare / PWM, un USART, 2 comparadores y una referencia de tensión programable que lo hacen ideal para la grabación analógica / aplicaciones de nivel integrada en el sector automotriz, electrodomésticos industriales y aplicaciones de consumo &amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.megaupload.com/?d=C3Q92SZU&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;acá&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;les dejo los archivos del proteus y del pic&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://electrovar.blogspot.com/2010/07/videotutorial-control-servomotor.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (josegato)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6OZvGUsLmBk_U6deA7rvylYs2bHevIKrmw7uF987Kxv5TWQkGuK0iGPOu8075kqF4WxeN6V-hlEHfEQtA6HLxLMXDSEaxT2wfG8zFfJWOqxahZtsz_InHnHbQfYRAX4BnKouHh-90Adjz/s72-c/circuito+servo.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>6</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-923043053651809184.post-2202979144366443811</guid><pubDate>Tue, 06 Jul 2010 20:20:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-07-20T13:49:37.440-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">circuitos</category><title>Movimiento motor DC</title><description>&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdwUvbGCOmupLtQA72S3guglImt9CS08IsClmTF5f1c5yAghK5iSWup9Hg4SPPr0oKy6G61-y_eS49_cwammcRy3H0WxbsqgzJ__bVtN9ezl345c2I_ljcxudCDV9iQot7CdpSkGcutmU/s1600/motor.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;224&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdwUvbGCOmupLtQA72S3guglImt9CS08IsClmTF5f1c5yAghK5iSWup9Hg4SPPr0oKy6G61-y_eS49_cwammcRy3H0WxbsqgzJ__bVtN9ezl345c2I_ljcxudCDV9iQot7CdpSkGcutmU/s320/motor.jpg&quot; width=&quot;280&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Circuito de control de giro de un motor DC&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;Este es el circuito de control de giro de un motor DC a&amp;nbsp;través&amp;nbsp;del CI L293 que en este caso esta configurado para que el motor gire a la derecha o a la&amp;nbsp;izquierda&amp;nbsp;según&amp;nbsp;las entradas. &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Funcionamiento: &amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
para que el motor este girando hacia un lado en una entrada&amp;nbsp;debe&amp;nbsp;ir 1lógico&amp;nbsp;=5v y en la otra entrada 0lógico=0v si el las 2 entradas hay 1lógico&amp;nbsp;o 0lógico&amp;nbsp;el motor no se&amp;nbsp;moverá. &lt;br /&gt;
A&amp;nbsp;continuación&amp;nbsp;les dejo un&amp;nbsp;vídeo&amp;nbsp;donde simulo el circuito con proteus para mostrar como es el funcionamiento de dicho circuito.&lt;br /&gt;
Aquí&amp;nbsp;vemos que donde va &quot;Entrada1&quot; y &quot;Entrada2&quot; le&amp;nbsp;agregue&amp;nbsp;dos botones con 2 resistencias para dar&amp;nbsp;conseguir&amp;nbsp;el 1Lógico&amp;nbsp;y el 0lógico.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.terra.es/personal/fremiro/Archivos/L293b.pdf&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;Acá&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;les dejo una pagina en donde pueden&amp;nbsp;saber&amp;nbsp;mas de este CI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://personales.alumno.upv.es/~jobelma2/sensores%20y%20motores_archivos/image042.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;http://personales.alumno.upv.es/~jobelma2/sensores%20y%20motores_archivos/image042.jpg&quot; width=&quot;270&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;object height=&quot;405&quot; width=&quot;500&quot;&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;movie&quot; value=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/-7KWVUjLYfk&amp;amp;hl=es_ES&amp;amp;fs=1?color1=0x3a3a3a&amp;amp;color2=0x999999&amp;amp;border=1&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;allowFullScreen&quot; value=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;allowscriptaccess&quot; value=&quot;always&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/-7KWVUjLYfk&amp;amp;hl=es_ES&amp;amp;fs=1?color1=0x3a3a3a&amp;amp;color2=0x999999&amp;amp;border=1&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot; allowscriptaccess=&quot;always&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;405&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://electrovar.blogspot.com/2010/07/movimiento-motor-dc.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (josegato)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdwUvbGCOmupLtQA72S3guglImt9CS08IsClmTF5f1c5yAghK5iSWup9Hg4SPPr0oKy6G61-y_eS49_cwammcRy3H0WxbsqgzJ__bVtN9ezl345c2I_ljcxudCDV9iQot7CdpSkGcutmU/s72-c/motor.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-923043053651809184.post-94194649034634007</guid><pubDate>Tue, 06 Jul 2010 17:40:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-07-20T13:50:44.673-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">circuitos</category><title>Emisor infrarrojo</title><description>&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGBcf3TPF4xq1PUjZwVmXPPUcUJK-jUbNzhIzhbFz29XOAVuuMVUOEWRDDplXh6UDfTqb9UKXzPpcEds4sQq6WxOtI-1wfInunavpZ2mhDUatn5OhHahjb8B0rK4wfDo667EBYTUX3fwxE/s1600/imagen.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;216&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGBcf3TPF4xq1PUjZwVmXPPUcUJK-jUbNzhIzhbFz29XOAVuuMVUOEWRDDplXh6UDfTqb9UKXzPpcEds4sQq6WxOtI-1wfInunavpZ2mhDUatn5OhHahjb8B0rK4wfDo667EBYTUX3fwxE/s320/imagen.jpg&quot; width=&quot;280&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Circuito de un emisor infrarrojo &quot;Mayor potencia&quot;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;Puede ser usado como base para un control remoto infrarrojo, modulado en tono. La frecuencia del tono es dada por C1 y ajustada en el trimpot de 100k . El diodo emisor debe ser del tipo infrarrojo.&lt;br /&gt;
Podemos&amp;nbsp;reemplazarlo&amp;nbsp;también&amp;nbsp;por emisor del&amp;nbsp;circuito&amp;nbsp;anterior&amp;nbsp;para tener un mejor alcance&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</description><link>http://electrovar.blogspot.com/2010/07/emisor-infrarrojo.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (josegato)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGBcf3TPF4xq1PUjZwVmXPPUcUJK-jUbNzhIzhbFz29XOAVuuMVUOEWRDDplXh6UDfTqb9UKXzPpcEds4sQq6WxOtI-1wfInunavpZ2mhDUatn5OhHahjb8B0rK4wfDo667EBYTUX3fwxE/s72-c/imagen.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-923043053651809184.post-986635279861836956</guid><pubDate>Mon, 05 Jul 2010 07:40:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-07-20T13:36:01.617-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">circuitos</category><title>Emisor - Receptor  infrarrojo</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaizF1FqubIsogDu0mCdARV9RprXTU7blonnFeEZBvyD-2mJzlwf6Pd_wNRxs1loRb55_ie7ak2z8L2K6a3xrFgyUoLa1-orIb2GJ5aLFXnnb24wmqkNyTWppNgxXSyjz_H03G-_q58Z4D/s1600/montaje.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;126&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaizF1FqubIsogDu0mCdARV9RprXTU7blonnFeEZBvyD-2mJzlwf6Pd_wNRxs1loRb55_ie7ak2z8L2K6a3xrFgyUoLa1-orIb2GJ5aLFXnnb24wmqkNyTWppNgxXSyjz_H03G-_q58Z4D/s400/montaje.JPG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Este es el circuito de un emisor y&amp;nbsp;receptor&amp;nbsp;infrarrojo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;Funcionamiento:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
La primera parte es el emisor sencillamente esta conformado por un led infrarrojo emisor, capasar de&amp;nbsp;producir&amp;nbsp;un &amp;nbsp;haz de luz&amp;nbsp;invisible&amp;nbsp;al&amp;nbsp;ojo humano, pero la puedes ver con la&amp;nbsp;cámara&amp;nbsp;de un celular. El led esta protegido por una resistencia de 22&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;Ω&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;La segunda parte es la&amp;nbsp;configuración del&amp;nbsp;receptor&amp;nbsp;para que pueda&amp;nbsp;encender&amp;nbsp;el led cuando se corta dicha luz de has&amp;nbsp;producida&amp;nbsp;por el emisor, consta de un amplificador operacional conectado en forma de comparador de&amp;nbsp;voltaje.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;para mayor&amp;nbsp;información&amp;nbsp;de los amplificadores operacionales visita este&amp;nbsp;vídeo&amp;nbsp;tutorial&amp;nbsp;que&amp;nbsp;encontré&amp;nbsp;en youtube&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ff7CeEOKZuk&quot;&gt;amplificadores operacionales&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;</description><link>http://electrovar.blogspot.com/2010/07/este-circuito-tiene-como-fin-encender.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (josegato)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaizF1FqubIsogDu0mCdARV9RprXTU7blonnFeEZBvyD-2mJzlwf6Pd_wNRxs1loRb55_ie7ak2z8L2K6a3xrFgyUoLa1-orIb2GJ5aLFXnnb24wmqkNyTWppNgxXSyjz_H03G-_q58Z4D/s72-c/montaje.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></item></channel></rss>