© 2010 Endogenous - CaiLog. blogged by cail.cn - 35cd076bdd09fcbdfe7ca24eb8f93900

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Thanks google!

With the keyword “cannot spawn cmd.exe”, the first hit taught me how to fix error spawning “cmd.exe” in Windows 7, which should also work for other windows versions.

Jaeger Mitchell post the fix method on Thursday, January 26, 2006 9:19 PM: the error is caused by changed Path property, which should be REG_EXPAND_SZ.

How to fix?

1. run regedit.exe
2. go to the folder of

   HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment

3. create a new expandable string (REG_EXPAND_SZ) called “PathX”, copy “Path” value string into “PathX”
4. delete the old “Path” and rename “PathX” to “Path”
5. reboot

© 2010 Endogenous - CaiLog. blogged by cail.cn - 35cd076bdd09fcbdfe7ca24eb8f93900

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Science 12 March 2010:
Vol. 327. no. 5971, pp. 1385 – 1389
DOI: 10.1126/science.1184733

Lgr6 Marks Stem Cells in the Hair Follicle That Generate All Cell Lineages of the Skin

Hugo J. Snippert,1,* Andrea Haegebarth,1,* Maria Kasper,2 Viljar Jaks,2 Johan H. van Es,1 Nick Barker,1 Marc van de Wetering,1 Maaike van den Born,1 Harry Begthel,1 Robert G. Vries,1 Daniel E. Stange,1 Rune Toftgård,2 Hans Clevers,1

Mammalian epidermis consists of three self-renewing compartments: the hair follicle, the sebaceous gland, and the interfollicular epidermis. We generated knock-in alleles of murine Lgr6, a close relative of the Lgr5 stem cell gene. Lgr6 was expressed in the earliest embryonic hair placodes. In adult hair follicles, Lgr6+ cells resided in a previously uncharacterized region directly above the follicle bulge. They expressed none of the known bulge stem cell markers. Prenatal Lgr6+ cells established the hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and interfollicular epidermis. Postnatally, Lgr6+ cells generated sebaceous gland and interfollicular epidermis, whereas contribution to hair lineages gradually diminished with age. Adult Lgr6+ cells executed long-term wound repair, including the formation of new hair follicles. We conclude that Lgr6 marks the most primitive epidermal stem cell.
1 Hubrecht Institute–KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
2 Karolinska Institutet, Center for Biosciences and Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden.

* These authors contributed equally to this work.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: h.clevers@hubrecht.eu

Interesting points in the paper

• Both integrations create null alleles. Homozygous mice of both strains were healthy and fertile.
• Lgr6 is thus one of the earliest placode markers, resembling Sonic Hedgehog and Sox9.
• Lgr6 marked the central isthmus directly above the bulge, whereas Lgr4 expression was present in both the Lgr5+ and the Lgr6+ domains (Fig. 2B).
• The only gene in the Lgr6 profile implicated in stem cell biology and HF development was Tnfrsf19/Troy (28, 29).
• Multipotency of donor stem cells was confirmed by activating the R26R-LacZ locus in vivo 4 days before isolation. A small subset of Lgr6+ stem cells became LacZ-positive and contributed, once transplanted, to all skin lineages (Fig. 3F and fig. S6F).
• Our study identifies Lgr6 as a marker for a distinct population of stem cells giving rise to all lineages of the skin. Unlike the Lgr5 gene, we found no evidence that Lgr6 is controlled by Wnt signaling. … A picture thus emerges in which a Wnt-independent Lgr6 stem cell pool can renew sebaceous cells and seed the epidermis throughout life, whereas a Wnt-dependent Lgr5 stem cell pool derives from the Lgr6 pool early in life but then becomes relatively independent.

© 2010 Endogenous - CaiLog. blogged by cail.cn - 35cd076bdd09fcbdfe7ca24eb8f93900

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You can do live-cell imaging on it.

Dev Cell. 2006 Oct;11(4):459-70.

Multicellular rosette formation links planar cell polarity to tissue morphogenesis.

Blankenship JT, Backovic ST, Sanny JS, Weitz O, Zallen JA.

Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, USA.

Elongation of the body axis is accompanied by the assembly of a polarized cytoarchitecture that provides the basis for directional cell behavior. We find that planar polarity in the Drosophila embryo is established through a sequential enrichment of actin-myosin cables and adherens junction proteins in complementary surface domains. F-actin accumulation at AP interfaces represents the first break in planar symmetry and occurs independently of proper junctional protein distribution at DV interfaces. Polarized cells engage in a novel program of locally coordinated behavior to generate multicellular rosette structures that form and resolve in a directional fashion. Actin-myosin structures align across multiple cells during rosette formation, and adherens junction proteins assemble in a stepwise fashion during rosette resolution. Patterning genes essential for axis elongation selectively affect the frequency and directionality of rosette formation. We propose that the generation of higher-order rosette structures links local cell interactions to global tissue reorganization during morphogenesis.

PMID: 17011486

F1000 reviews

You can do chromophore-assisted laser inactivation (CALI) on it!

Nat Cell Biol. 2010 Jan;12(1):60-5; sup pp 1-9. Epub 2009 Dec 6.

An actomyosin-based barrier inhibits cell mixing at compartmental boundaries in Drosophila embryos.

Monier B, Pélissier-Monier A, Brand AH, Sanson B.

Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK. bm343@cam.ac.uk

Partitioning tissues into compartments that do not intermix is essential for the correct morphogenesis of animal embryos and organs. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain compartmental cell sorting, mainly differential adhesion, but also regulation of the cytoskeleton or of cell proliferation. Nevertheless, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that keep cells apart at boundaries remain unclear. Here we demonstrate, in early Drosophila melanogaster embryos, that actomyosin-based barriers stop cells from invading neighbouring compartments. Our analysis shows that cells can transiently invade neighbouring compartments, especially when they divide, but are then pushed back into their compartment of origin. Actomyosin cytoskeletal components are enriched at compartmental boundaries, forming cable-like structures when the epidermis is mitotically active. When MyoII (non-muscle myosin II) function is inhibited, including locally at the cable by chromophore-assisted laser inactivation (CALI), in live embryos, dividing cells are no longer pushed back, leading to compartmental cell mixing. We propose that local regulation of actomyosin contractibility, rather than differential adhesion, is the primary mechanism sorting cells at compartmental boundaries.

PMID: 19966783

F1000 reviews

You can even use it to test the model!

Curr Biol. 2009 Dec 1;19(22):1950-5. Epub 2009 Oct 29.

Increased cell bond tension governs cell sorting at the Drosophila anteroposterior compartment boundary.

Landsberg KP, Farhadifar R, Ranft J, Umetsu D, Widmann TJ, Bittig T, Said A, Jülicher F, Dahmann C.

Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.

Subdividing proliferating tissues into compartments is an evolutionarily conserved strategy of animal development [1-6]. Signals across boundaries between compartments can result in local expression of secreted proteins organizing growth and patterning of tissues [1-6]. Sharp and straight interfaces between compartments are crucial for stabilizing the position of such organizers and therefore for precise implementation of body plans. Maintaining boundaries in proliferating tissues requires mechanisms to counteract cell rearrangements caused by cell division; however, the nature of such mechanisms remains unclear. Here we quantitatively analyzed cell morphology and the response to the laser ablation of cell bonds in the vicinity of the anteroposterior compartment boundary in developing Drosophila wings. We found that mechanical tension is approximately 2.5-fold increased on cell bonds along this compartment boundary as compared to the remaining tissue. Cell bond tension is decreased in the presence of Y-27632 [7], an inhibitor of Rho-kinase whose main effector is Myosin II [8]. Simulations using a vertex model [9] demonstrate that a 2.5-fold increase in local cell bond tension suffices to guide the rearrangement of cells after cell division to maintain compartment boundaries. Our results provide a physical mechanism in which the local increase in Myosin II-dependent cell bond tension directs cell sorting at compartment boundaries.

PMID: 19879142

F1000 reviews

Btw, I completely lost in the vertex modeling section …

There is an obvious trend in cell biology: single cellular events to multi-cellular group activities. What do you think?

© 2010 Endogenous - CaiLog. blogged by cail.cn - 35cd076bdd09fcbdfe7ca24eb8f93900

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translated cn version

研究者们证明，对构建社交圈来说，口音比种族更重要。相比说话带外国口音的白人小孩，白人儿童更喜欢说纯正英语的黑人小孩。

为什么口音比人种起了更大的作用？Kinzler表示，种族概念在人类进化过程中可能出现得比较晚，在史前时代，其他部落的人即使外表看起来没什么不一样，可能口音也不同。而对自身人种的认同和喜爱可能是后来才出现的。

original report on Scientific American

Going one step further, Kinzler and her team showed that an accent is more meaningful than race in signifying whether someone belongs in your social group. Replicating previous research, they found that under silent conditions children chose as potential friends children of the same race. Yet when the potential friends spoke, white children preferred a black child speaking with a native accent over a white child who spoke English with a foreign accent.

Why was accent more important than race? “Race, as a psychological category, may be relatively modern in terms of human evolution,” explains Kinzler, now at the University of Chicago. In prehistoric times, “a neighboring group might have sounded different even if they did not look different,” she says. Preference for our own race might have developed later, after the more ancient preference for our own accent.

© 2010 Endogenous - CaiLog. blogged by cail.cn - 35cd076bdd09fcbdfe7ca24eb8f93900

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The Google Apps Marketplace offers products and services designed for Google users, including installable apps that integrate directly with Google Apps. Installable apps are easy to use because they include single sign-on, Google’s universal navigation, and some even include features that integrate with your domain’s data.

Check the following youtube playlist to get more details about it.
http://www.youtube.com/GoogleDevelopers#p/c/0C2E1DEFBC90E546

All about the cloud computing …

I tried manymoon and offisync

They really work. My understanding of this marketplace is that it allows users to run different vendors’ cloud solutions inside Google Apps credential. Also, integrate their cloud solutions as gadgets/widgets inside Google apps.

Looks like Google is trying to collect all the online money making solutions into its own pocket! What a huge Google is coming …

© 2010 Endogenous - CaiLog. blogged by cail.cn - 35cd076bdd09fcbdfe7ca24eb8f93900

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Since I didn’t get the ABC or NBC signal, I decided to improve the original one. Here is the updated and portable version.

Please notice that I use a cardboard covered with aluminum foil as the reflector. I modified a paper clip (pointed by red arrow) to secure the antenna and the reflector.

Also, because the connection “wire” is much thicker, all the Vs are actually tilted forward, which seems like not affecting the signal strength.

The direction is really important! It is one reason I modified the original one to this portable version. With one direction, I got several extra channels: 20-1, 20-4, 32-1, 32-2, 32-4, 32-5, 36-1, 36-2, 36-3. However, I lost 5-1, which is CBS and comes back when I turn the antenna set. I still didn’t have 11-1 (NBC) and 7-1 (ABC). Will try during day time and see …

The other reason I modified my wire version is I was hoping to improve the signal by making the exact “clothes hangers” version. Because as shown in the commercial DB4 multi-directional HDTV antenna picture, the connection lines for the Vs are made of solid material not wire.

However, based on my test, changing the connection from thin wire into thick “clothes hangers” does NOT improve the signal. It suggests that only the Vs are the critical elements in receiving TV signal. Good night!

The oscar night motivated me to setup my HDTV. I got my 1080p HDTV sitting there just as the monitor for Wii – what a waste @#$% Since the cable service is expensive, I choose to use TV antenna to receive the free TV signals.

If it was ten years ago, I would go to a shop and buy one, maybe go to a library to check some reviews on different designs. But now, with google, I search! After some web reading, I decide to build one by myself. The reasons are:

• It is very easy and much cheaper to build one
• The quality of home-made version is better than some commercial ones
• I want the TV working right now; cannot wait for the shipping …

The first two hits on google about “how to DIY antenna HDTV” are http://www.tvantennaplans.com/ and http://uhfhdtvantenna.blogspot.com/. They use the same design – modified DB4. It is an very easy choice for me to follow them.

watch at youtube.com

I made it in 3 hours, including 30-min walk/searching in the hardware store to get the BV-19 indoor VHF transformer. My version is the method described in the youtube video with some modification. The cost is $1.14 for the transformer, since I have all the other goodies. Starting from the scratch, all the material costs less than $10.

Here is the shopping list:

• 13 wood screws and 12 matched washers
• 4 metal clothes hangers
• 1 pierce of wood (2 1/2 – 3 foot)
• 1 VHF/UHF transformer, also called Balun
  
• some wire
• some tape
• 1 pin
• cable TV cable to connect the antenna to HDTV

Tools I used:

• ruler
• screwdriver
• knife
• pen/pencil for marking
• pliers with wire cutter
• solder and soldering ion

It is very simple to make. Just follow the youtube video embedded above. Instead of using cloth hangers to link the Vs, I used wire and some soldering. I put a screw on the back of the wood to help mount it to the wall. I use aluminum foil covered wall as my reflectors. Please notice that in the youtube video, the author didn’t put the reflectors. Using it significantly increases the signal.

Here is my very first working draft (easily get 18 channels, more than the 11 channels my friend gets in the same location with a commercial antenna)

Close looks!

The thing!

Side view. It took me some time to adjust all the Vs to make sure they are on the same plane.

The Balun connects to the thing, with a pin to fix it.

Wire connects the Vs, using soldering to ensure good connection.

The screw I put on the back of the board to help wall mounting.

I tape the ends of the Vs just in case the Vs would touch the foil.

The metal cloth hanger before processing, with the top cut off

The metal cloth hanger after processing

The red circle indicates how this antenna is mounted.

The working version!

Use http://www.antennaweb.org/, fake the antenna as multiple stories high, I estimate how many channel I should be able to get. Here is the result:

I was able to receive the following without adjust the direction of the antenna.

2-1	KTVU-TV, FOX
2-2	KTVU-SD
4-1	KRON-SD
4-2	KRON-HD
5-1	KPIX-DT, CBS
38-1	KCNS, SAH
38-2	KCNS-2
38-3	KCNS-3
44-1	KBCW-DT, CW
60-1	KCSM, PBS
60-2	KCSMMHZ
60-3	Jazz-TV

… missing ABC …

Enjoy!

Oops, a by-product of this project, haven’t using the pliers for a while …

© 2010 Endogenous - CaiLog. blogged by cail.cn - 35cd076bdd09fcbdfe7ca24eb8f93900

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