Dentist Universe

Textbook of histology 5th ed free download PDF

2021-10-29T21:34:00.002+03:00

Textbook of histology Fifth edition free download PDF

Textbook of histology 5th edition

File Name: Textbook of histology Fifth edition pdf

Number of papers : 414

Size: 17.4 MB

Type: PDF

Category: Book

Table of Contents

About the Author

1. Cell

2. Epithelial Tissue

3. Connective Tissue

4. Skeletal Tissue: Cartilage and Bone

5. Muscular Tissue

6. Nervous Tissue

7. Blood Vessels

8. Lymphatic System

9. The Glands

10. Integumentary System

11. Respiratory System

12. Digestive System: Oesophagus and Stomach

13. Small and Large Intestines

14. Liver, Gall Bladder and Pancreas

15. Urinary System

16. Male Reproductive System

17. Female Reproductive System

19. Organs of Special Senses

20. Histological Techniques—Staining: Haematoxylin-Eosin

E-Book Description

Histology provides the basic knowledge for learning pathology.

Pathological reports guide the clinicians in correct diagnosis,prognosis and treatment of the patient.

The fifth edition of the Textbook depicts photomicrographs,figures and three points of identification as facts to remember

(mostly on the right hand pages of the book). The text gives “Must Know” component with functional and applied aspects of the

tissues to provide a holistic understanding of the subject. Insets with some figures and diagrams have been added to show three-

dimensional view of the tissues.

The Textbook provides sufficient material even for the last minute revision of histology before the examination. The last

chapter has been enlarged to give a preliminary idea about various fixatives and stains, etc. which will be useful to the students of BSc

and MSc courses in anatomy.

Related books free download

👆 Atlas of oral histology

👆 Essential of oral medicine

👆 Textbook of oral medicine

👆 Shafer's textbook of oral pathology

DOWNLOAD Textbook of histology PDF

Atlas of oral hitology 2nd edition free download PDF

2021-10-29T17:03:00.000+03:00

Atlas of oral hitology second edition free download PDF

Atlas of oral hitology 2nd edition PDF

File Name: atlas of oral hitology 2nd edition.pdf

Number of papers : 143

Size: 9.8 MB

Type: PDF

Category: Book

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. Development of tooth

3. Enamel

4. Dentin

5. Pulp

6. Cementum

7. Periodontal ligament

8. Bone

9. Salivary glands

10. Oral mucous membrane

11. Maxillary sinus

E-Book Description

Our atlas aims to be such a good teacher. Almost every photomicrograph in this atlas is accompanied with a schematic diagram that makes identifying different features easy. We have closely adhered to Orban’s Oral Histology and Embryology in terms of content arrangement. We would advise our readers to use this atlas in conjunction with the textbook to understand better.

We have tried to incorporate as many pictures as possible at this point of time. Being in its first edition, we feel there is sufficient scope for improvement, especially in terms of quantity of content. Readers are the best critics, and comments, criticisms or suggestions are always welcome. They will only help us improve and make this book better. It is our hope that staff and students alike will benefit from this book.

Related books free download

👆 Essential of oral medicine

👆 Textbook of oral medicine

👆 Shafer's textbook of oral pathology

DOWNLOAD Atlas of oral histology PDF

Manual of oral surgery third edition free download PDF

2021-10-26T17:15:00.005+03:00

Manual of oral surgery third edition free download PDF

File Name:

Manual of oral surgery

Number of papers : 886

Size: 33.11 MB

Type: PDF

Category: Book

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1

Basic principles

CHAPTER 2

Surgical anatomy of the jaws

CHAPTER 3

The surgical intervention

CHAPTER 4

Dental extractions

CHAPTER 5

Impacted teeth

CHAPTER 6

Odontogenic infections

CHAPTER 7

Surgical endodontics

CHAPTER 8

Cysts of the jaws

CHAPTER 9

Benign tumours of the oral cavity

CHAPTER 10

Surgical pathology of the salivary glands

CHAPTER 11

Surgery of the oral frenula and minor preprosthetic

surgery

CHAPTER 12

Dentoalveolar trauma

CHAPTER 13

Implant surgery

CHAPTER 14

The most common complications in oral surgery: prevention and management

E-Book Description

The Manual of Oral Surgery was first published in 2001. More than 15 years of life for a scientific textbook is quite a remarkable accomplishment, and a

great source of satisfaction for its author and its publisher. Over the years, the

manual has enjoyed a considerable diffusion among both professionals/specialists and academic students in Italy and abroad, thanks to

a number of international editions. These significant results confirm its

vitality and effectiveness. On the other hand, it is worth considering that the

evolution of the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and, particularly in the field of oral surgery, the evolution of the materials and surgical techniques,

has been so significant as to render a comprehensive revision of the book

necessary. While the basic structure has remained unchanged to preserve the

principles of clarity and effectiveness demonstrated by the first and second

editions, the artwork and the clinical images have been significantly updated,

and the text has been largely rewritten. Moreover, the most relevant

innovations regarding the diagnostic possibilities and the surgical

armamentarium, as well as the most recent minimally invasive surgical

techniques, have been included. Furthermore, due to the considerable

developments in the field of implant dentistry in recent years, a specific

section of the text has been dedicated to a detailed description of the foundations of this fascinating discipline.

This revision has requested a significant effort and a great deal of work,something which would not have been feasible in a reasonable time frame all by myself. Therefore, I wish to thank all the colleagues that have contributed

to the preparation of the new text, and who have helped me to select and organise the clinical pictures from the surgical interventions that I have performed over the years.

DOWNLOAD Manual of oral surgery PDF

Related books free download

👆 Textbook of oral and maxillofacial surgery

👆 Contemporary of oral and maxillofacial surgery

👆illustrated manual of oral and maxillofacial surgery

Clinical aspects of dental material 3rd edition free download PDF

2021-10-09T16:44:00.001+03:00

Clinical aspects of dental material 3rd edition free download PDF

File Name:

Clinical aspects of dental material

Number of papers : 502

Size: 30.1 MB

Type: PDF

Category: Book

Table of Contents

Part I Theoretical Perspectives 1

Chapter 1 Introduction 3

Chapter 2 Materials Science and Dentistry 19

Chapter 3 Physical and Mechanical Properties

of Dental Materials 30

Chapter 4 Adhesive Materials 42

Chapter 5 Direct Polymeric Restorative Materials 55

Chapter 6 Amalgam and Direct Gold 74

Chapter 7 Dental Cements 88

Chapter 8 Impression Materials 104

Chapter 9 Gypsum Materials 121

Chapter 10 Materials for Fixed Indirect Restorations

and Prostheses 131

Chapter 11 Removable Prostheses and Acrylic Resins 146

Chapter 12 Dental Implants 158

Chapter 13 Specialty Materials 167

Chapter 14 Clinical Detection and Management of Dental Restorative Materials During

Scaling and Polishing 180

Chapter 15 Radiographic Appearance of Dental

Tissues and Materials 187

Chapter 16 Polishing Materials and Abrasion 197

Chapter 17 Tooth Whitening 212

Chapter 18 Oral Appliances 223

Chapter 19 Instruments as Dental Materials—Care and Maintenance 233

Chapter 20 Infection Control and Safety in the

Dental Office 241

Chapter 21 Disinfection of Impressions, Dentures, and Other Appliances and Materials 262

Chapter 22 General Rules for Handling Dental

Materials 268

Part II Laboratory and Clinical Applications 271

Chapter 23 Mixing Liners, Bases, and Cements 273

Chapter 24 Application and Removal of the

Rubber Dam 283

Chapter 25 Pit and Fissure Sealants 290

Chapter 26 Amalgam Finishing and Polishing 297

Chapter 27 Taking Alginate Impressions 308

Chapter 28 Fabrication and Trimming of

Study Models 316

Chapter 29 Fabrication of a Custom Impression Tray 330

Chapter 30 Elastomeric Impressions 338

Chapter 31 Vital Tooth Whitening: Patient–Applied,

Professionally Supervised Clinical and

Laboratory Procedures 343

Chapter 32 Debonding Orthodontic Resins 356

Chapter 33 Placement of the Periodontal Dressing 362

Chapter 34 Removal of the Periodontal Dressing

and Sutures 368

Chapter 35 Temporary Crowns 374

Chapter 36 Composite Finishing and Polishing 381

Chapter 37 Tips for the New Hygienist 388

E-Book Description

The text is divided into three distinct parts: Theoretical Perspectives, Laboratory and

Clinical Applications, and Case Studies. Chapters have been updated throughout the

book and a few have been reorganized for easier understanding. Five chapters reflect

significant revisions, including Chapter 4, Adhesive Materials; Chapter 5, Direct

Polymeric Restorative Materials; Chapter 16, Polishing Materials and Abrasion;

Chapter 17, Tooth Whitening; and Chapter 31, Clinical and Laboratory Aspects of a

Whitening Tray.

Two new chapters have also been added to Part II. Chapter 36, “Finishing and

Polishing Composite Restorations,” provides a step-by-step technique and suggests

a variety of instruments that will achieve the desired result. It has been presented in

this format because there are many finishing and polishing instruments and abra-

sives, and each dentist has a preference in performing this procedure. Chapter 37,

“Tips for the New Hygienist,” is written by a contributing author who wanted to

share some valuable information for the future dental hygiene practitioner. The text

authors wholeheartedly agreed, so this short chapter is added at the end of this sec-

tion. Part III, which highlights clinical case studies, has had two new cases added,

for a total of six .

DOWNLOAD Clinical aspects of dental material PDF

👆 Laser in dentistry

Other dental material books

👆 Applied dental material 9th edition

Dentistry for children book free download

2021-10-09T16:28:00.003+03:00

Dentistry for kids free download PDF

File Name:

Dentistry for kids

Number of papers : 202

Size: 9.7 MB

Type: PDF

Category: Book

Table of Contents

Introduction and Basics 1
Successful Communication with Kids and Parents 9
Educating Parents: Oral Hygiene and Prophylaxis 21
Dental Examination and Tips for Increasing Compliance 43
Diagnostics in Pediatric Dentistry 53
Findings 63
Treatment Considerations and App

E-Book Description

This book will help prepare you for all the potential challenges and energize you for

all the fun of pediatric dentistry. Remember: You would rather have a child make some

noise and have no decay than have a mouth full of decay that could have been avoided.

Read the book, and it’s that easy. With every child you can handle, there are parents who

will become your raving fans. Ulrike Uhlmann is a dear friend and colleague, and her

pediatric skills and knowledge are beyond reproach. She has spent many hours creating

this book to help inspire you, reward you, and help you have some fun at the same time.

Take your time reading it, and make notes or highlight it when and where you can. Let

your staff read this as well, as this is a great resource for them. I had a staff meeting in

my practice to review it, and the response was a unanimous GREAT!

DOWNLOAD Dentistry for kids PDF

Related topics

Pulpotomy VS pulpecromy

Applied occlusion PDF free download

2021-10-09T15:45:00.002+03:00

Applied occlusion prosthodontics free download PDF

File Name:

Applied occlusion prosthodontics

Number of papers : 224

Size: 7.4 MB

Type: PDF

Category: Book

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 The Intercuspal Position and Dentistry

Chapter 2 Normal Function and Avoiding Damage to Restored Teeth

Chapter 3 Deflective Contacts, Interferences and Parafunction

Chapter 4 Reorganising the Occlusion

Chapter 5 Occlusion, the Periodontium and Soft Tissues

Chapter 6 Occlusion and Fixed Osseointegrated Implant Restorations

Chapter 7 Occlusion and Temporomandibular Disorders

Chapter 8 Occlusal Techniques

E-Book Description

This book acknowledges the importance of adopting a clinical approach to understanding occlusion, which can be a difficult subject to understand. We all know it is there and important, but, as it is difficult to visualise, it can sometimes be hard to appreciate this importance. Dentists, whatever their background, will have different perspectives as to how occlusion affects their clinical practice. The authors, a general practitioner (AN), a restorative consultant (FSN) and two senior

academics (JGS and RWW), have integrated their knowledge and experience to emphasise the common ground. To keep the book a manageable size we have restricted its scope to teeth, implants and fixed restorations.

Rather than start with some dry definitions, we have considered a number of situations in which the occlusion causes damage to teeth or restorations: damage that is invariably caused by occlusal instability or parafunction, or both. For all of the theoretical occlusal concepts that have been written about over the years, damage

from occlusion is what actually matters. In many cases this is iatrogenic. A good dentist needs to know how to detect, treat and avoid such problems.

Download Applied occlusion prosthodontics PDF

Related books free download

👆 Fundamental of fixed prosthodontics 4th edition

👆 preclinical manual of prosthodontics

Contemporary fixed prosthodontics 5th edition free download PDF

2021-10-02T21:17:00.001+03:00

Contemporary fixed prosthodontics 5th edition free download PDF

File Name:

Contemporary fixed prosthodontics

Number of papers : 890

Size: 142.7 MB

Type: PDF

Category: Book

Table of Contents

PART I

PLANNING AND PREPARATION

1 History Taking and Clinical Examination, 3

2 Diagnostic Casts and Related Procedures, 35

3 Treatment Planning, 70

4 Principles of Occlusion, 92

5 Periodontal Considerations, 117

6 Mouth Preparation, 138

PART II

CLINICAL PROCEDURES:

SECTION 1

7 Principles of Tooth Preparation, 169

8 The Complete Cast Crown Preparation, 209

9 The Metal-Ceramic Crown Preparation, 222

10 The Partial Veneer Crown, Inlay,

and Onlay Preparations, 236

11 Tooth Preparation for All-Ceramic

Restorations, 264

12 Restoration of the Endodontically

Treated Tooth, 278

13 Implant-Supported Fixed Prostheses, 318

14 Tissue Management and Impression

Making, 367

15 Interim Fixed Restorations, 401

PART III

LABORATORY PROCEDURES

16 Communicating with the Dental

Laboratory, 443

17 Definitive Casts and Dies, 457

18 Wax Patterns, 489

19 Framework Design and Metal Selection for

Metal-Ceramic Restorations, 521

20 Pontic Design, 546

21 Retainers for Partial Removable Dental

Prostheses, 576

22 Investing and Casting, 601

23 Description of Color, Color-Replication

Process, and Esthetics, 624

24 Metal-Ceramic Restorations, 647

25 All-Ceramic Restorations, 674

26 Resin-Bonded Fixed Dental Prostheses, 694

27 Connectors for Partial Fixed Dental

Prostheses, 713

28 Finishing the Cast Restoration, 736

PART IV

CLINICAL PROCEDURES:

SECTION 2

29 Evaluation, Characterization, and

Glazing, 751

30 Luting Agents and Cementation

Procedures, 774

31 Postoperative Care, 792

Appendix: Dental Materials and

Equipment Index,

E-Book Description

The fifth edition now includes cone-beam technology for diagnostic purposes and implant placement. Impression making was expanded with a section on optical imaging, and solid casts are contrasted with their virtual

counterparts. Wax pattern fabrication is still presented in the classical manner but is augmented with specific information on computer-aided design followed by either

printing or milling. Similarly, the section on the fabrication of metal ceramic substructures and all-ceramic restorations was revised to include the new CAD/CAM techniques.

Since the publication of the fourth edition, the dental laboratory industry has undergone revolutionary change.

Smaller laboratories must compete with large corporations that can more easily invest in expensive new technologies. When we visited laboratories and manufacturers, we realized that the transition to CAD/CAM was not a seamless process.

A number of years ago, a highly skilled and seasoned ceramist at a major dental laboratory was put in charge of the digital production of all-ceramic restorations. He shared with us that the learning curve had been particularly steep in the beginning when he tried to teach the

very best and brightest computer personnel he could find the necessary dental knowledge. A number of years into this process, he started to teach his most experienced certified dental technicians how to operate some of the

newly developed CAD/CAM tools, and, as he told us, “In six months, we were up and running, and we have never looked back.”

DOWNLOAD Contemporary fixed prosthodontics PDF

Related books free download

👆 Fundamental of fixed prosthodontics 4th edition

👆 preclinical manual of prosthodontics

Salivary glands types , functions and disorders

2021-09-16T20:32:00.003+03:00

Salivary glands

The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through ducts. Humans have three paired major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual), as well as hundreds of minor salivary glands .

Between 0.5 and 1.5 litres of saliva are produced every day. The secretion of saliva is mediated by parasympathetic stimulation; acetylcholine is the active neurotransmitter and binds to muscarinic receptors in the glands, leading to increase salivation

The fourth pair of salivary glands, the tubarial glands discovered in 2020 are named for their location, being positioned in front and over the torus tubarius.

Parotid glands

The two parotid glands are major salivary glands wrapped around the mandibular ramus in humans. They are largest of the salivary glands, secreting saliva to facilitate mastication and swallowing, and amylase to begin the digestion of starches. It is the serous type of gland which secretes alpha-amylase (also known as ptyalin). It enters the oral cavity via the parotid duct or Stenson's duct . The glands are located posterior to the mandibular ramus and anterior to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. They are clinically relevant in dissections of facial nerve branches while exposing the different lobes, since any iatrogenic lesion will result in either loss of action or strength of muscles involved in facial expression. They produce 20% of the total salivary content in the oral cavity. Mumps is a viral infection, caused by infection in the parotid gland.

Submandibular glands

The submandibular glands (previously known as submaxillary glands) are a pair of major salivary glands located beneath the lower jaws, superior to the digastric muscles. The secretion produced is a mixture of both serous fluid and mucus, and enters the oral cavity via the submandibular duct or Wharton duct. Approximately 65-70% of saliva in the oral cavity is produced by the submandibular glands, even though they are much smaller than the parotid glands. This gland can usually be felt via palpation of the neck, as it is in the superficial cervical region and feels like a rounded ball. It is located about two fingers above the Adam's apple (laryngeal prominence) and about two inches apart

under the chin.

Sublingual glands

The sublingual glands are a pair of major salivary glands located inferior to the tongue, anterior to the submandibular glands. The secretion produced is mainly mucous in nature; however, it is categorized as a mixed gland. Unlike the other two major glands, the ductal system of the sublingual glands does not have intercalated ducts and usually does not have striated ducts either, so saliva exits directly from 8-20 excretory ducts known as the Rivinus ducts,the largest one is called Bartholin's duct.

Approximately 5% of saliva entering the oral cavity comes from these glands.

What are the benefits of saliva ?

Protection

Saliva consists of proteins (for example; mucins) that lubricate and protect both the soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. Mucins are the principal organic constituents of mucus, the slimy visco-elastic material that coats all mucosal surfaces.

Buffering

In general, the higher the saliva flow rate, the faster the clearance and the higher the buffer capacity, hence better protection from dental caries. Therefore, people with a slower rate of saliva secretion, combined with a low buffer capacity, have lessened salivary protection against microbes.

Pellicle formation

Saliva forms a pellicle on the surface of the tooth to prevent wearing. The film contains mucins and proline-rich glycoprotein from the saliva. The proteins (statherin and proline-rich proteins) within the salivary pellicle inhibit demineralisation and promote remineralisation by attracting calcium ions.

Maintainance of tooth integrity

Demineralization occurs when enamel disintegrates due to the presence of acid. When this occurs, the buffering capacity effect of saliva (increases saliva flow rate) inhibits demineralisation. Saliva can then begin to promote the remineralisation of the tooth by strengthening the enamel with calcium and phosphate minerals.

Antimicrobial action

Saliva can prevent microbial growth based on the elements it contains. For example, lactoferrin in saliva binds naturally with iron. Since iron is a major component of bacterial cell walls, removal of iron breaks down the cell wall, which in turn breaks down the bacterium. Antimicrobial peptides such as histatins inhibit the growth of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. Salivary Immunoglobulin A serves to aggregate oral bacteria such as S. mutans and prevent the formation of dental plaque.

Tissue repair

Saliva can encourage soft tissue repair by decreasing clotting time and increasing wound contraction.

Digestion

Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, which hydrolyses starch into maltose and dextrin. As a result, saliva allows digestion to occur before the food reaches the stomach.

Taste

Saliva acts as a solvent in which solid particles can dissolve in and enter the taste buds through oral mucosa located on the tongue. These taste buds are found within foliate and circumvallate papillae, where minor salivary glands secrete saliva

What are salivary gland disorders?

A number of diseases can affect your salivary glands. These range from cancerous tumors to Sjögren’s syndrome. While some conditions go away with time or antibiotics, others require more serious treatments, including surgery.

Salivary gland infection

Salivary gland infection is also called sialadenitis. Most salivary gland infections occur in people who have something that blocks the flow of saliva (such as a stone) or who have very low flow of saliva. Infection is most common in the parotid gland and typically occurs in people who

Are in their 50s and 60s

Have a chronic illness and dry mouth

Have Sjögren syndrome

Have had radiation therapy to the mouth area or radioactive iodine therapy for thyroid cancer

Adolescents and young adults with anorexia are also prone to this infection. The usual infecting organism is the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.

People with a bacterial infection of a salivary gland have fever, chills, and pain and swelling on the side of the face with the infected gland. The skin over the infected gland becomes red and swollen. Sometimes a collection of pus (abscess) forms in the gland, and a small amount of pus comes out of the duct of the gland.

Sialolithiasis and sialadenitis

Sialolithiasis occurs when stones made of calcium form in the salivary glands. These stones can block the glands, and that can partially or completely stop the flow of saliva. Most commonly affect submandibular gland as it's long and somewhat tortous duct .

A stone can form from salts contained in the saliva. Stones are particularly likely to form when people are dehydrated or take drugs that decrease saliva production. People with gout are also more likely to form stones. Salivary gland stones are most common among adults. About 25% of people with stones have more than one.

Salivary stones create problems when they block the tube (duct) that carries saliva from the gland to the mouth. Blockage makes saliva back up inside the duct, causing the salivary gland to swell painfully. A blocked duct and gland filled with stagnant saliva may become infected with bacteria.

Sialadenitis is an infection involving a salivary gland. It often results from stones blocking the gland. Staph or strep bacteria can cause this infection. Older adults and infants are most likely to develop this condition.

Sjögren’s syndrome

Sjögren’s syndrome is another common salivary gland disorder. It occurs when white blood cells target healthy cells in moisture-producing glands, such as the salivary, sweat, and oil glands. This condition most commonly affects women with autoimmune disorders, such as lupus.

Viruses

Viruses can affect the salivary glands as well. These include:

flu virus

mumps

Coxsackie virus

echovirus

cytomegalovirus

Cancerous and noncancerous tumors

Cancerous and noncancerous tumors may develop in the salivary glands as well. Cancerous tumors of the salivary glands are rare. When they do occur, it’s typically in 50- to 60-year-olds, according to Cedars-Sinai.

Noncancerous tumors that can affect the parotid glands include pleomorphic adenomas and Warthin’s tumors. Benign pleomorphic adenomas can also grow in the submandibular gland and the minor salivary glands, but this is rare.

Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affect parotid glands , along with other parts of the body. Mumps can cause swelling in one or both of these glands.

Mumps was common in the United States until mumps vaccination became routine. Since then, the number of cases has dropped dramatically.

Swelling also can result from cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign) tumors in the salivary glands. Swelling resulting from a tumor is usually firmer than that caused by an infection. If the tumor is cancerous, the gland may feel stone-hard and may be fixed firmly to surrounding tissues (see Mouth and Throat Cancer ). Most noncancerous tumors are moveable.

An injury to the lower lip—for instance, from accidental biting—may harm any of the minor salivary glands found there and block the flow of saliva. As a result, an affected gland may swell and form a small, soft lump (mucocele) that appears bluish. The lump usually disappears by itself within a few weeks to months.

Dry Mouth

Many older people have a dry mouth. Although aging itself affects moisture in the mouth only slightly, it does make people more susceptible to conditions that dry the mouth, and older people are more likely to take drugs that may dry the mouth.

For many people, a dry mouth is only an occasional annoyance. For others, it is a persistent problem that interferes with tasting, chewing, swallowing, speaking, and wearing dentures. Persistent dry mouth increases the risk of tooth decay and periodontal disease. Persistent dry mouth is usually a symptom of a disorder or a side effect of a drug.

What are the symptoms of a salivary gland disorder?

The symptoms of sialolithiasis include:

painful lump under the tongue

pain that increases when eating

Sialadenitis symptoms include:

lump in your cheek or under your chin

pus that drains into your mouth

strong or foul-smelling pus

fever

Cysts that grow in your salivary glands can cause:

yellow mucus that drains when the cyst bursts

difficulty eating

difficulty speaking

difficulty swallowing

Viral infections in the salivary glands, such as mumps, can cause:

fever

muscle aches

joint pain

swelling on both sides of the face

headache

The symptoms of Sjögren’s syndrome include:

dry mouth

dry eyes

tooth decay

sores in the mouth

joint pain or swelling

dry cough

unexplained fatigue

swollen salivary glands

frequent salivary gland infections

If you have diabetes or alcoholism, you may also have swelling in the salivary glands.

Diagnosis of Salivary Gland Disorders

Biopsy

Endoscopy

Imaging studies

For infection, culture of pus from the salivary gland duct

There are no good tests to measure saliva production. However, the salivary glands can be squeezed (milked), and the ducts can be observed for saliva flow.

Swelling due to blockage of a salivary duct is diagnosed because of the relationship of pain to eating or drinking something that stimulates saliva flow. To diagnose other causes of swelling, a dentist or doctor may do a biopsy to obtain a sample of salivary gland tissue and examine it under a microscope. Other causes of blockage may be identified by newer techniques that use very small viewing tubes (endoscopes) that can be inserted into the salivary gland ducts.

If doctors are not able to make the diagnosis during the physical examination, they may do certain imaging studies, such as computed tomography (CT), ultrasonography, and sialography. Sialography is a type of x-ray that is taken after a dye that is visible on x-rays has been injected into the salivary glands and ducts.

If infection is suspected, doctors look for inflammation on imaging tests, such as a computed tomography (CT) scan, ultrasonography, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). If the doctor can squeeze pus from the duct of the affected gland, it is cultured (sent to the laboratory to try to grow bacteria).

Treatment of Salivary Gland Disorders

For dry mouth, good dental hygiene and sometimes drugs as pilocarpine parasympathomimetic .

For stones, pain relievers, fluids, physical measures, or sometimes removal

For infection, antibiotics and physical measures

For swelling, various treatments, possibly including surgery

For dry mouth, people should

Avoid drugs that decrease saliva production

Sip fluids throughout the day

Brush and floss regularly

Use fluoride rinses

Visit their dentist for examination and cleaning every 3 to 4 months

Sometimes a saliva substitute containing carboxymethylcellulose as a mouthwash

Sometimes chew sugarless gum or suck on xylitol lozenges

Some dentists have people wear plastic tooth covers filled with fluoride gel at night to prevent tooth decay due to dry mouth. Sometimes, drugs that increase saliva production, such as cevimeline or pilocarpine, help relieve symptoms. Such drugs may not help when the salivary glands have been damaged by radiation.

For salivary gland stones, people can take pain relievers (analgesics), drink extra fluids, massage the glands, apply warm compresses, and trigger saliva flow with lemon juice or wedges, sour candy, or a combination. If the stone does not pass on its own, a dentist can sometimes push the stone out by pressing on both sides of the duct. If that fails, a fine-wire‒like instrument can be used to pull out the stone. As a last resort, the stone can be removed surgically or through an endoscope.

For salivary gland infection, doctors give antibiotics and have people massage the glands and apply warm compresses. A salivary abscess needs to be cut open and drained. Staying hydrated, triggering saliva with lemon juice and hard candies, and having good oral hygiene are also important.

Salivary gland swelling treatment varies with the cause. A mucocele that does not disappear on its own can be removed surgically if it becomes bothersome. Similarly, both noncancerous and cancerous salivary gland tumors can usually be removed surgically.

Related topics :

👆Candidiasis " oral thrush"

👆Oral biopsy

👆Laser in dentistry

👆 principles of smile design

Books

Atlas of oral histology

Lip augmentation "Lip Flips" VS "dermal Filler"

2021-08-30T23:47:00.000+03:00

Lip augmentation "Lip Flips"VS "dermal Filler"

Lip augmentation "Lip Flips" VS "dermal Filler"

Botox lip flips

A lip flip is a quick, in-office cosmetic procedure that lasts about 10 to 20 minutes. It involves the injection of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) into your Cupid’s bow, which is the middle of your upper lip, and into the corners of your mouth.

The injection temporarily relaxes the muscles around your lip. This causes the part of your upper lip that’s inside your mouth to “flip” upward and outward, giving your lip a fuller appearance..

Benefits of lip flip with Botox

-minimize creases in the upper and lower lip area

-elevate the corners of your mouth

-remove marionette lines, or lines that run downward from the corners of your mouth

-correct a “gummy” smile

Who’s a good candidate for the procedure?

People who opt for the lip flip procedure include those who:

are hoping to achieve fuller lips without a dermal filler

think their upper lip “disappears” when they smile

want their smile to appear less gummy, which is when your smile shows more of your gums than you’d like

Generally, the effects of the procedure last for 8 to 12 weeks(three months) .

Once you start to notice that the effects are wearing off, you can choose to maintain your results by having additional Botox injections.

If you’re looking for a more permanent option, Botox lip fillers last longer — around a year

Before the procedure

For 3 to 4 days before the procedure, you’ll need to avoid alcohol and blood thinners like aspirin, which can make swelling worse.

During the procedure

It should take only around 10 minutes.

The doctor likely won’t numb your lips beforehand, because the procedure isn’t very painful. Some people have compared it to the sensation of having a pimple on your lip.

The doctor will inject Botox into the center and corners of your upper lip.

After the procedure

Following a lip flip, you’ll be able to resume most daily activities, though your upper lip may feel slightly numb and look swollen. Here are some post-procedure tips:

Avoid smoking in the days after the procedure because it may increase the risk of infection.

Keep from rubbing or massaging your lips, which can cause the Botox to spread.

Try to sleep on your back for a few days so your lips don’t press against your pillow.

The effect immediately appears but You’ll see the full effect of the lip flip approximately 10 to 14 days after the procedure.

What are the potential side effects?

Minor bruising or swelling may occur at the injection site but it's safe in small doses.

If a larger dose of Botox is injected, it may cause your lips to relax too much. This might make it hard to close them. It could also result in:

1- drooling

2- difficulty forming certain words

3- the inability to spit or whistle

4- trouble keeping fluids in your mouth after drinking

5- drooping on one side of your mouth, similar to the appearance of a stroke

These symptoms will subside as the Botox wears off.

In rare cases, Botox can cause headache, fever, and chills. Botulism is an extremely rare side effect of Botox. These include:

trouble swallowing

difficulty speaking or slurred speech

difficulty breathing

blurred vision

Botox injections should not be used in pregnant or planning on becoming pregnant within the next three months.

Treatment of a ‘gummy’ smile?

To do this, doctor will inject Botox into the area of your lip known as the Cupid’s bow. This is the middle of your upper lip, where the orbicularis oris muscle is. This is the muscle you work when you pucker your lips.

Treatment of effects of aging

Some adults may also be interested in lip plumping to counter the effects of aging, as lip fullness can decrease with age. Botox can’t solve this issue, but injectable lip fillers can.

Smoothing lip lines "marionette lines"

The primary cosmetic use for Botox injections is to reduce or temporarily eliminate lines and wrinkles on your face, including the lip area.

Lip lines and wrinkles develop naturally over time as a result of:

laughing

smiling

frowning

kissing

smoking

aging

If you wish to reduce lines, talk to your dermatologist or plastic surgeon about your options. They may recommend injectable lip fillers if you also wish to add plumpness

lip lifts or dermal fillers

Lip augmentation is a cosmetic procedure that can give you fuller, plumper lips .An injectable dermal filler is the most commonly used method of lip augmentation.

Lip augmentation, also known as lip fillers or lip injections, has surged in popularity in the last few years—between 2010 and 2016, lip injection procedures have increased by 50% for people ages 18 and up, according to a 2016 report by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.

If you want to truly change the shape and volume of your lips, dermal fillers or lip implants may be a better choice for you.

If you’re looking for a more permanent option, lip lifts or dermal lip fillers might be better for you.

There are lip fillers that use fat or other substances may be more permanent . These options require a surgical procedure that may increase your risk of possible complications

The most commonly used lip fillers—such as Juvederm and Restylane—are made from hyaluronic acid, an ingredient often used in skincare for its youth-preserving benefits. Hyaluronic acid is naturally produced in the body, retaining water to keep your tissue well-lubricated. Its plumping effect makes it a natural choice for lip fillers, giving physicians control over the lip shape and volume. Other benefits of hyaluronic acid fillers are that they are less known to cause bruising, fairly long-lasting, and can be administered gradually.

Another lip-plumping procedure, called a lip flip, is achieved with Botox. Botox is injected into the middle of your upper lip, relaxing the muscles and causing the inner part of your lip to "flip" upward, creating a fuller look. Lip flips last around eight to 12 weeks, making them a good option for those who want a similar visual effect of fillers without the long-term commitment.

Are all hyaluronic acid fillers the same?

Each hyaluronic acid filler has a slightly different thickness—Juvederm Volbella, for example, is thinner compared to other fillers which give a slightly puffier look that flatters younger patients. Restylane is preferred for older patients because its thicker texture is better for adding structure to lips that have lost their volume over time. To figure out which filler is best for you, talk with your provider prior to getting your lip augmentation. Additionally, some lip fillers contain lidocaine, a local anesthetic that numbs the lips during the procedure.

How long do lip fillers last?

Length can vary based on your age and amount of filler, but generally, lip fillers last from six months to as long as three years before needing a touch-up.

There are many types of dermal fillers that can be injected in your lips and around your mouth. But the most common fillers today are products that contain substances similar to hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronic acid is a natural substance found in the body. It helps increase volume in your lips.

These types of dermal fillers are sometimes called "hyaluronic acid fillers"

Collagen, once the most common dermal filler, is used less often today. The newer options are safer and the effects last longer.

Fat injections and implants are other methods to plump lips. But they aren't used as much today because the results vary and there is a greater risk of side effects.

Uses of Hyaluronic Acid Fillers

Hyaluronic acid fillers can improve the appearance of your lips by adding:

Shape

Structure

Volume

The effects typically last around six months. After that more injections are needed to keep the volume of your lips.

There are several hyaluronic acid fillers on the market. Among them are these products:

Restylane, Restylane-L, Restylane Silk

Juvederm Ultra, Juvederm Ultra Plus, Juvederm Volbella XC

Belotero Balance

HylaForm

Elevess

Prevelle Silk

All of these products are injected the same way and give you similar results. And some contain lidocaine, a local anesthetic.

Benefits of Hyaluronic Acid Fillers

Once injected, the gel in the filler supports and shapes the tissues of the lips.

benefits of using hyaluronic acid fillers

Control over lip volume. The amount of substance injected can be controlled, so the doctor has better control over how much lip volume is created.

Gradual pace of treatment. The injections can be given gradually during different appointments until the desired results are achieved.

Bumps dissolve easily. Any lumps and bumps created by movement of the lips can be dissolved easily.

Less bruising. There may be less bruising and swelling compared to other dermal fillers.

Reasonably lasting results. The results are reasonably long-lasting, but not permanent.

Allergic reaction unlikely. Because hyaluronic acid fillers are made from substances similar to those found in the body, they are unlikely to cause an allergic reaction. But if you are allergic to lidocaine, tell your doctor before being treated.

During the Procedure

Injectable lip augmentation techniques can be performed quickly in your doctor's office with little to no downtime. Fat injection is the exception, since the procedure requires a small area of liposuction to remove the fat from another part of your body before the injection can take place.

Before the injections, a topical or local numbing agent may be applied to ease discomfort. Sometimes, nerve block injections can be given before the treatment to completely numb the lips. This is similar to the anesthetic injections that you get at the dentist to numb your mouth. Holding ice to the lips before injections also helps to numb the area and potentially help with bruising and swelling.

After carefully marking the areas to be injected, very fine needles are used to inject the substance into your lips.

Following injection, ice may be given to ease discomfort and control swelling. But no firm pressure should be put on the treatment area.

Lipstick or other lip products are best avoided immediately after the procedure.

You should be able to notice a difference immediately. After you have healed, your lips should feel natural.

Side Effects and Risks

Side effects of hyaluronic acid fillers are temporary and should only last a few days. They may include:

Bleeding from the injection sites

Swelling and bruising

Redness and tenderness at the site of the injection

Reactivation of cold sores or fever blisters (herpes simplex) of the lips or area surrounding the lips

Serious side effects or risks may include:

Severe and prolonged swelling or bruising lasting one week to 10 days

Lip asymmetry (parts of lips are different sizes)

Lumps and irregularities in the lips

Infection

Injection into a blood vessel, causing tissue loss

Ulceration, scarring, or stiffening of the lip

Allergic reaction causing redness, swelling, or itching around the lips

Difference

Lip flips and dermal fillers both result in fuller-looking lips. But the procedures differ.

While lip flips only appear to make lips plumper, dermal fillers actually do make lips fuller. In this procedure, a medical professional will inject your lips with a substance made mostly of hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronic acid helps give your skin structure and a hydrated appearance.

Lip flips, on the other hand, use a small amount of Botox to relax the muscles around your upper lip so it turns upward. This makes your lip look fuller, but its actual volume doesn’t increase; it just gets rearranged.

If you choose to combine procedures, your doctor will likely use Botox to create the lip flip and the filler hyaluronic acid (Restylane or Juvederm) to add plumpness. This effect usually lasts two to three weeks, making it a popular choice for special occasions.

Related topics :

👆Principles of smile design

👆Dental anomalies

👆 Geographic tongue

👆Smoking decrease oral bacerial environment

Applied dental material Ninth edition free download

2021-08-24T22:42:00.000+03:00

Applied dental materials 9th edition free download PDF

File Name: Applied dental matetials Ninth edition .

Number of pages : 312

Size: 6.5 MB

Type: PDF

Category: Book

Table of Contents

1 Science of Dental Materials,

2 Properties used to Characterise Materials,

3 Gypsum Products for Dental Casts,

4 Waxes,

5 Investments and Refractory Dies,

6 Metals and Alloys,

7 Gold and Alloys of Noble Metals,

8 Base Metal Casting Alloys,

9 Casting,

10 Steel and Wrought Alloys,

11 Ceramics and Porcelain Fused to Metal

(PFM),

12 Synthetic Polymers,

13 Denture Base Polymers,

14 Denture Lining Materials,

15 Artificial Teeth,

16 Impression Materials: Classification and

Requirements,

17 Non-elastic Impression Materials,

18 Elastic Impression Materials:

Hydrocolloids,

19 Elastic Impression Materials: Synthetic

Elastomers,

20 Requirements of Direct Filling Materials

and Historical Perspectives,

21 Dental Amalgam,

22 Resin-based Filling Materials,

23 Adhesive Restorative Materials:

Bonding of Resin-based Materials,

24 Glass Ionomer Restorative Materials

(Polyalkenoates),

25 Resin-modified Glass Ionomers and

Related Materials,

26 Temporary Crown and Bridge Resins,

27 Requirements of Dental Cements for

Lining, Base and Luting Applications,

28 Cements Based on Phosphoric Acid,

29 Cements Based on Organometallic

Chelate Compounds,

30 Polycarboxylates, Glass Ionomers and

Resin-modified Glass Ionomers for

Luting and Lining,

31 Endodontic Materials

Book description

In producing this ninth edition of Applied Dental Materials we have updated the text in both content and appearance. We hope that the book will remain helpful to students and teachers of the science of dental materials alike by remaining true to the core principles and developing them into a more comprehensive text which covers a wide spectrum of materials falling within the scope of ‘dental materials’. Hence, there are more references to practical issues like handling and clinical performance of materials, whilst maintaining a strong link to quality issues encompassed within newly developed ISO standards. Some areas, such as adhesion, ceramics, light activation technology, CAD-CAM have been developed and expanded significantly from the eighth edition, reflecting significant changes or developments in these areas. There is a new chapter on endodontic materials. All areas have benefited from a fresh approach to the use of drawings and photographs including the use of colour for the first time

DOWNLOAD Applied dental materials 9th edition .PDF

Related books free download

Phillip's science of dental material👆

Dental secrets👆

Related topics

Next-Generation Flowable Composites

Candidiasis "oral thrush"

2021-08-24T20:41:00.001+03:00

Candidiasis "oral thrush"

Candidiasis is a fungal infection due to any type of Candida (a type of yeast). When it affects the mouth, in some countries it is commonly called thrush.

More than 20 types of Candida can cause infection with "Candida albicans" being the most common.

Candida albicans is constituent of the normal oral microflora that rarely colonizes and infects the oral mucosa without predisposing factors

Signs and symptoms include white patches on the tongue or other areas of the mouth and throat. Very rarely, yeast infections may become invasive, spreading to other parts of the body .This may result in fevers along with other symptoms depending on the parts involved .

Risk factors

Infections of the mouth are most common among children less than one month old, the elderly, and those with weak immune systems. Conditions that result in a weak immune system include HIV/AIDS, the medications used after organ transplantation, diabetes, and the use of corticosteroids. Other risks include dentures, following antibiotic therapy, and breastfeeding.

Efforts to prevent infections of the mouth include the use of chlorhexidine mouthwash in those with poor immune function and washing out the mouth following the use of inhaled steroids. For infections of the mouth, treatment with topical clotrimazole or nystatin is usually effective. Oral or intravenous fluconazole, itraconazole, or amphotericin B may be used if these do not work.

Infections of the mouth occur in about 6% of babies less than a month old. About 20% of those receiving chemotherapy for cancer and 20% of those with AIDS also develop the disease. About three-quarters of women have at least one yeast infection at some time during their lives . Widespread disease is rare except in those who have risk factors.

Signs and symptoms of candidiasis

Signs and symptoms of candidiasis vary depending on the area affected. Most candidal infections result in minimal complications such as redness, itching, and discomfort, though complications may be severe or even fatal if left untreated in certain populations. In healthy (immunocompetent) persons, candidiasis is usually a localized infection of the skin, fingernails or toenails (onychomycosis), or mucosal membranes, including the oral cavity and pharynx (thrush),

In immunocompromised individuals, Candida infections in the esophagus occur more frequently than in healthy individuals and have a higher potential of becoming systemic, causing a much more serious condition, a fungemia called candidemia. Symptoms of esophageal candidiasis include difficulty swallowing, painful swallowing, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

Infection in the mouth is characterized by white discolorations in the tongue, around the mouth, and throat. Irritation may also occur, causing discomfort when swallowing

Thrush is commonly seen in infants. It is not considered abnormal in infants unless it lasts longer than a few weeks.

In oral candidiasis, simply inspecting the person's mouth for white patches and irritation may make the diagnosis. A sample of the infected area may also be taken to determine what organism is causing the infection.

Diagnosis of candidiasis

Diagnosis of a yeast infection is done either via microscopic examination or culturing. For identification by light microscopy, a scraping or swab of the affected area is placed on a microscope slide.

For the culturing method, a sterile swab is rubbed on the infected skin surface. The swab is then streaked on a culture medium. The culture is incubated at 37 °C (98.6 °F) for several days, to allow development of yeast or bacterial colonies. The characteristics (such as morphology and colour) of the colonies may allow initial diagnosis of the organism causing disease symptoms.

Scraping of white patches remove white pseudomembranous area and show underlying red area , by this sign we can differentiate it with other white lesions which will not be removed with swab scraping .

Oral lesions associated with candidiasis include

Oral pseudomonous candidiasis (thrush, oropharyngeal candidiasis)

Denture-related stomatitis— Candida organisms are involved in about 90% of cases , due to wearing dentures in conjunction with poor oral hygiene

Angular cheilitis— Candida species are responsible for about 20% of cases, mixed infection of C. albicans and Staphylococcus aureus for about 60% of cases .

Median rhomboid glossitis (central papillary atrophy)

atrophic glossitis

Treatment of candidiasis

Candidiasis is treated with antifungal medications; these include clotrimazole, nystatin, fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, and echinocandins. Intravenous fluconazole or an intravenous echinocandin such as caspofungin are commonly used to treat immunocompromised or critically ill individuals.

The 2016 revision of the clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis lists a large number of specific treatment regimens for Candida infections that involve different Candida species, forms of antifungal drug resistance, immune statuses, and infection localization and severity.Gastrointestinal candidiasis in immunocompetent individuals is treated with 100–200 mg fluconazole per day for 2–3 weeks.

Mouth and throat candidiasis are treated with antifungal medication. Oral candidiasis usually responds to topical treatments; otherwise, systemic antifungal medication may be needed for oral infections. Candidal skin infections in the skin folds (candidal intertrigo) typically respond well to topical antifungal treatments (e.g., nystatin or miconazole). For breastfeeding mothers topical miconazole is the most effective treatment for treating candidiasis on the breasts.Gentian violet can be used for thrush in breastfeeding babies.

Treatment typically consists of oral or intravenous antifungal medications.

👆 Diabetic mellitus and dental treatment protocol

Diabetic mellitus and dental treatment protocol

2021-08-23T19:23:00.009+03:00

Diabetic mellitus and dental treatment protocol

DM is a complex syndrome (chronic disease) characterized by abnormalities in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism that result either from profound or an absolute deficiency of insulin, related to autoimmune destruction oft insulin producing pancreatic beta cells(Type1), or from target-tissue resistance to its cellularm effects, related to obesity(Type2).

• A carefully constructed questionnaire can give some indications that a patient could be at risk of being diabetic especially type 2

• The classical symptoms of DM include : polydipsia , polyurea and polyphagia

The following findings are also indicative of possible diabetes: recent weight loss, irritability, dry mouth, frequent infections, history of poor wound healing.

• It is recommended that a patient suspected by the dentist to be diabetic, should be referred to a physician for proper evaluation and diagnosis.

• Properly controlled type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients usually can undergo all dental treatments without special precautions.

• The dentist must know the type and dose of insulin as well as any other medications that the patient is taking.

There is no definitive cure for diabetes. It is the most common endocrine disorder and affects an estimated 16million people in the United States. An additional estimated 6 million people have diabetes but do not know it. Without a proper diagnosis, these people are at significant risk of developing life-threatening complications.

• The most severe emergent complication of diabetes mellitus is hypoglycemia i.e. Blood sugar level less than 70 mg /dl.

• The hypoglycemia has more dramatic results than hyperglycemia.

• Factors like diet, underlying systemic disease , hormones, steroids elevate blood sugar levels differential Diagnosis of Diabetic Coma

Hypoglycemia

- Coma of sudden onset.

- Too much insulin / No food.

- Moist clammy skin.

- Full pulse.

- Shallow breathing.

Hyperglycemia

- Coma of slow onset.

- Little or no insulin.

- Dry skin.

- Weak pulse.

- Acetone odour of breath

-Air hunger.

MANAGEMENT OF HYPOGLYCEMIA IN DENTAL OFFICE

• STOP THE PROCEDURE Immediately

• Initially oral Glucose 10-20 gis given ,either in liquid form or as granulated sugar (two teaspoons).

• Repeat capillary blood glucose test after 10-15minutes; if the patientis still hypoglycemic then the above can be repeated (probably upto 1-3 times).

• If hypoglycemia causes unconsciousness, or the patient Is unco-operative:Intravenous administration of 75-80 ml 20% glucose or 150-160 ml of 10% glucose (the volume will be determined by the clinical scenario).

• 50% glucose concentration is viscous and rarely used now.

• Administer Glucagon IM if IV access not possible

a. Adults 1mg

b. Children 0.5mg

c. Infants 0.25mg

• Once the patient regains consciousness, oral glucose should be administered, as above.

• Check the blood sugar with glucometer.

Do not continue the procedure after patient becomes normal.

call the patient next day.

Glucose drinks must be available in dental office for diabetic patients.

Local anesthesia without Adr is given because Adr elevate may blood glucose levels .

If hypoglycemia is not managed , it can lead to diabetic coma.

Typically, patients also should receive short morning appointments to reduce stress.

The use of tetracycline in the treatment of peri-odontal disease was associated with an improve-ment in glycemic control as assessed by HbA1c assays.

The combination of nonsurgical débridement and tetracycline antibiotics therapy in patients with diabetes mel-litus who have advanced periodontitis may have a potential positive influence on glycemic control.

Some dentists do a full mouth bridges to bind and fix mobile teeth to other non mobile teeth in diabetic patients

Systemic complications

increased susceptibility to infection and

delayed healing; neuropathy, retinopathy

and nephropathy (microvascular disease);

accelerated atherosclerosis with associ-

ated myocardial infarction and coronary

artery disease; stroke; atherosclerotic

aneurysms (macrovascular disease); and amputation.

ORAL COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES

Gingivitis and peri-odontal disease , xerostomia and salivary gland dysfunction; increased susceptibility to bacterial,viral and fungal (that is, oral candidiasis) infec-tions; caries; periapical abscesses; loss of teeth;impaired ability to wear dental prostheses(related in part to salivary dysfunction); taste impairment lichen planus; and burning mouth syndrome. Read more on oral complications

Candidiasis. Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic fungal infection commonly associated with hyperglycemia and is thus a frequent complication of marginally controlled or uncontrolled diabetes.

Burning mouth syndrome. The etiologic factors can include salivary dysfunction, candidiasis and neurological abnormalities such as depression.

Lichen planus. Lichen planus is a relatively common, chronic mucocutaneous disease of unknown cause. It generally is considered to be an immunologically mediated process that involves hypersensitivity reaction on the micro-scopic level. Some studies provide relationship between this disease and diabetic mellitus.

For more reading free download

👆Crispian skully's medical proplems in dentistry

👆Dental management of medically compromised patient

👆 Myocardial infarction and dental treatment protocol

👆 Epileptic patient and dental treatment protocol

👆Renal failure patient and dental treatment protocol

Renal Failure patient and dental treatment protocol

2021-08-22T20:22:00.000+03:00

Renal Failure patient and dental treatment protocol

The kidneys play a vital role in the excretion of waste products and toxins such as urea, creatinine and uric acid, regulation of extracellular fluid volume, serum osmolality and electrolyte concentrations, as well as the production of hormones like erythropoietin and 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D and renin

Proplems in these functions is called renal failure

Classification of Renal Failure

• Acute renal failure (ARF) is characterized by a sudden, significant reduction in glomerular filtration rate(GFR).

Patients with ARF are typically not suitable for elective dental care.

• Chronic renal failure(CRF) isc aprogressiveloss of functional nephronsand

reductioninGFR.Thenaturalend-pointofCRFisend-stagerenalfailure(ESRF),whichcanonly

be managed with dialysis and/or kidney transplantation.

Renal disease mainly comprises the so-called nephritic syndromes which may progress to chronic renal failure (CRF).

• Progression to CRF leads to the need for dialysis and possibly transplantation.

• CRF patients may be taking corticosteroid and other immunosuppression drugs.

• This can make medical management difficult for these patients.

Diagnosis of renal failure

• Renal function is inferred by assessing changes in GFR using the following methods:

o insulin clearance (not widely used in practice)

o creatinine clearance (common method but overestimates GFR)

o precise 24-hour urine samples(laborious)

o formula using serum creatinine levels (factoring in age, sex, race)

Clinical Manifestations of renal failure

clinical features dependent on underlying systemic or renal issue and rate of renal function impairment

Arterial hypertension common complication, resulting from retention of sodium and water,and activation of RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)

Uremia presents as generalized paleness (secondary to anemia), brown hyper-pigmented nails and skin (secondary to retention of dietary pigments) and intense itching (secondary to build-up of calcium and phosphate microcrystals)

Anemia secondary to impaired erythropoiesis

Hemostatic impairment altered due to platelet dysfunction and anti-coagulant use in dialysis

Platelet dysfunction increased risk of bleeding due to :

 diminished platelet count due to mechanical trauma from dialysis .

 reduced platelet adhesion due to increased prostacyclin activity

 decreased platelet factor and decreased capillary strength.

Immunosuppression uremia results in decreased cellular immune function and impaired chemotaxis

Renal osteodystrophy impaired mineral metabolism,increasing risk of fractures, bone defects, pain and calcifications

Treatment & Prognosis

 Conservative management aims to: prevent or correct metabolic changes and preserve remaining renal function.

 Surgical management is only considered once conservative management fails. Management includes renal transplant or dialysis.

 Dialysis is the mechanical removal of excess water and metabolites from the blood in the context of kidney failure.

Peritoneal dialysis involves placement of a catheter into peritoneum of abdomen. Filtration takes placevia osmotic flow.

Hemodialysis (HD) involves a dialyzer, which carries blood through a semipermeable membrane and filters out toxins and metabolites. Usually performed three days a week, which requires a permanent vascular access in the form of a catheter or arteriovenous fistula. HD patients receive anticoagulants such as heparin to ensure a permeable vascular access and constant blood flow through the dialyzer.

 Renal transplantation is indicated in patients with irreversible renal failure. Patients receive immunosuppressive therapy before and after surgery to prevent rejection. This persists for life unless the organ was donated by an identical twin.

Dental Management of Renal Failure Patients

General modifications :

o Multidisciplinary approach to health care involving creation of dental plan in context of patients overall medical status

o Consultation with patient’s nephrologist to determine the state of the disease, treatment being received, ideal timing for dental treatment, and possible medical complications that may arise. Proposed changes to patients’ medications or treatment timingmust discussed with the nephrologist.

o Prior to invasive dental treatment must obtained complete blood count and/or coagulation tests to identify any alterations

o Prompt elimination of sources of infection or oral trauma

o Consideration for antibiotic prophylaxis when treatment involves bleeding or risk of septicemia (extractions, periodontal therapy, endodontics, periapical surgery, orthodontic braces, implant surgery, reimplantation).

o Continuous cardiac monitoring in combination to stress reduction methods (sedation)

o Dose adjustment of drugs whose pharmacokinetics are altered in context of renal failure

• Potential problems include:

 Impaired drug excretion.

Anemia.

Bleeding tendencies.

Associated anticoagulant therapy.

Hypertension.

 Infections e.g. hepatitis B

Renal osteodystrophy

The main concern : bleeding tendency.

• Ensure careful hemostasis if surgery is necessary.

• Local anesthesia is safe unless there is severe bleeding tendency.

• Prophylactic antibiotics are to be prescribed due to immunosuppression.

Dental treatment is best carried Out on the day after dialysis.

• Tetracycline should be avoided in chronic renal failure.

• Patients with renal failure are on immunosuppressive drugs.

• Drugs provided during dental treatment must be given with caution as some drugs may affect Glomerular filtration rate.

Aspirin and NSAIDs should be avoided as they affect renal function.

• Codeine and dihydrocodeine are favored as analgesics and diazepam may be used.

• Retarded teeth eruption can be demonstrated in children with renal failure.

• Dry mouth and decreased salivary flow result in calculus accumulation.

• Alter the dosage of drugs eliminated by kidney i.e.penicillin.

Benzodiazepines do not require dose adjustments, however excessive sedation may occur

Hemodialysis patients should receive dental care on non-dialysis days in order to prevent excess bleeding. Heparin which has a half-life of four hours, must be eliminated from circulation prior to treatment.

Invasive treatment should be preceded by complete blood count and coagulation tests. Local hemostatic measures must be available, including mechanical compression, sutures, topical thrombin, microfibrillar collagen and oxidized cellulose.

Additional

Hemostatic measures may include desmopressin fo severe bleeding renal failure patients, conjugated estrogens, and tranexamic acid rinse or oral tablet (10-15 mg/kg/day).

o Antibiotic prophylaxis remains controversial for these patients. In general, patients with central lines may receive antibiotics one hour prior to dental treatment to prevent bacterial endocarditis.

Transplant patients

o Elective dental care should be avoided within the first 6 months after transplantation

o All sources of infection and hopeless teeth must be extraction prior to transplantation

o Risk of oral infection after transplantation is very high due to concurrent immunosuppressive therapy. Antibiotic prophylaxis is a necessity before invasive dental care.

o Stress dosing may be required for patients receiving prolonged corticosteroids

For more reading free download

👆Crispian skully's medical proplems in dentistry

👆Dental management of medically compromised patient

👆 Myocardial infarction and dental treatment protocol

👆 Epileptic patient and dental treatment protocol

Handbook of clinical technique in pediatric dentistry

2021-08-20T21:51:00.000+03:00

Handbook of clinical technique in pediatric dentistry free download PDF

File Name: Handbook of clinical technique in pediatric dentistry

Number of papers : 207

Size: 8.2 MB

Type: PDF

Category: Book

Table of Contents

1 Interim Therapeutic Restoration in the Primary Dentition, 1

2 Local Anesthesia for the Pediatric Patient, 5

3 Primary Incisor Restoration, 13

4 Primary Molar Adhesive Tooth Restoration, 29

5 Full Coverage Restoration for Primary Molars, 39

6 Vital Pulp Therapy for Primary Molars, 51

7 Pulpectomy for Primary Teeth, 59

8 Extraction of Primary Dentition, 71

9 Sealants, 77

10 Indirect Pulp Therapy for Young Permanent Molars, 83

11 Direct Pulp Therapy for Young Permanent Molars, 93

12 Diagnosis and Treatment of Molar– Incisor Hypomineralization, 99

13 Ectopic Eruption of Maxillary First Permanent Molar, 107

14 Ectopic Eruption of Maxillary Permanent Canines, 121

15 Infraocclusion of Mandibular Primary Molars, 127

16 Space Maintenance, 133

17 Pulpal Treatment in Young Permanent Incisors Following Traumatic Injuries, 143

18 Reattachment of Permanent Incisor Enamel Fragments, 157

19 Non-Nutritive Sucking and Parafunctional Habits, 163

20 Behavior Guidance, 173

E-Book Description

This Handbook of Clinical Techniques in Pediatric Dentistry is targeted primarily to general dentists and youngp dentists who would like a simplified, clinically relevant, step-by-step approach to delivering effective and efficient dental care to children of all ages. Whyi a handbook such as this necessary or desirable? Thea lies primarily within the following set of facts and numbers. (i) Dental disease is the most common chronic illness in children in the United States. (ii) According to various government reports, between 25% and 44% of children will have a cavity by the time they enter kindergarten. (iii) By the age of 19 years, over two-thirds of children will have experienced tooth decay in permanent teeth. (iv) There are an estimated 74 million children between the ages of 1 and 17 years in the United States. (v) There are only 6400 active pediatric dentists in the United States, so there is virtually no possibility that 6400 practitioners could provide for the dental needs of 74 million children. (vi)

There are approximately 165,000 active general dentists in the United States, many of whom see children in their practice, but might increase the numbers theys if they felt more confident in the administration of pediatric dental techniques and skills. So considering these facts, not only is it desirable those general dentalp see more of the children, but also it is a logistical necessity, in order that many more children may receive appropriate oral health care

Download Handbook of clinical technique in pediatric dentistry PDF

Related books free download :

👆 Fundamental of fixed prosthodontics

👆 Preclinical manual of prosthodontics

Cracked tooth types , symptoms and treatment

2021-08-20T20:39:00.003+03:00

Cracked tooth types , symptoms and treatment

A cracked tooth is an incomplete fracture originating from the chewing surface of the tooth and extends vertically toward the root of the tooth .

Ignoring the symptoms of a cracked tooth can lead to further dental problems down the road, including infection and even tooth loss.

Reasons Teeth Crack

Just like a chipped tooth, there are several reasons teeth crack. A strong tooth sometimes cracks because of an accident or a blow to the mouth. But more often than not, a tooth is weakened first before it eventually cracks.

As you age, your teeth weaken from the daily forces of chewing, biting, and grinding. In some cases, you might not even realize the exact moment in which your weakened tooth finally cracks.

Amalgam fillings are notorious for causing the right conditions for crack development in teeth.

Bruxism provides intense forces which can cause hairline cracks to form and then develop to become significant, tooth-threatening fractures.

Root canal treatment instrumentation and post placement way may cause outline cracks or even fractures

Inside our teeth is a dense network of nerves and blood vessels known as the pulp. When the pulp is irritated it can make our teeth one of the most sensitive parts of our body. This sensitivity means we may experience pain as a symptom of a cracked tooth.

Cracked tooth may be associated with malocclusion proplems as abfraction or attrition .

Types of Cracked Teeth

There are actually several distinct types of cracked teeth. Treatment depends on which type of crack you have, its location in your mouth, and its severity. Here are the five types of cracked teeth:

Craze lines. These are super-small cracks in the enamel (the strong outer covering) of teeth. They cause no pain and don’t require any treatment.

Fractured cusp. This kind of crack generally occurs around a dental filling. It usually doesn’t affect the pulp of the tooth (the soft center of the tooth where nerves, connective tissue, and blood vessels are) and as a result doesn’t cause much pain.

Cracks that extend into the gum line. A tooth that has a vertical crack that extends through it but hasn’t yet reached the gum line is generally savable. However, if the crack extends into the gum line, that tooth may need to be extracted. Prompt treatment offers the best chance of saving the tooth.

Split tooth. This is a tooth with a crack that travels from its surface to below the gum line. It can actually be separated into two segments. With such an extensive crack, it’s unlikely the entire tooth can be saved, but only a portion of it.

Vertical root fracture. This type of crack begins below the gum line and travels upward. It often doesn’t produce much in the way of symptoms, unless the tooth becomes infected. Chances are the tooth will have to be extracted.usually due to filling with high force lateral condensation techniques or forcefully engaged root canal post .

Horizontal root fracture usually due to trauma, it's prognosis depends on crack or fracture position

Symptoms of a cracked tooth

Not every cracked tooth will produce symptoms. But when it does, common ones include:

# pain when chewing or biting, especially when you release the bite

# sensitivity to heat, cold, or sweetness

# pain that comes and goes, but is rarely continuous

# swelling of the gum around the affected tooth in advanced times

Diagnosing a Cracked Tooth

It can be frustratingly difficult to locate and diagnose a cracked tooth. This is because cracked teeth may not be visible during a dental exam or show up on an x-ray. Also because proprioception of the tooth isn't found on tooth layers but around it .

By biting down on a small item like a plastic stick or a wood dowel called "tooth sloth" , one tooth at a time also by placing a light directly on the tooth or use dark-colored dye to highlight fracture lines.

Identification of cracked teeth may occur by visual inspection with the unaided eye, although many times diagnostic tests must be used to detect the crack. Removal of restorations and revisualization may be necessary, although most cracks occur in teeth with no or minimal restorations .

Treatment of a Cracked Tooth

Treating a symptomatic cracked tooth as soon as possible improves the chances of saving the tooth. Even if the crack in your tooth is small, it can expand with the pressure of biting and eating, eventually turning from a cracked tooth to a split tooth. If the crack in your tooth becomes large enough, it could become vulnerable to decay. If untreated, tooth decay can spread to the pulp and cause a larger infection, eventually leading to a dead tooth or even tooth loss.

Treatment depends on the size of the crack, where it’s located, your symptoms, and whether the crack extends into the gum line. Depending on those factors, your dentist may recommend one of the following:

Bonding

With dental bonding, the dentist uses a plastic resin to fill the crack, restoring its look and function.

Crown

A dental crown is a prosthetic device usually made of porcelain or ceramic. It fits over the damaged tooth or caps it.

With advances in technology, some dentists can mill a porcelain crown right in the office and place it that day With proper care, a crown can last a lifetime.

Root canal therapy

When a crack is so extensive it extends into the pulp, your dentist, or a specialist such as an oral surgeon or endodontist, will recommend a root canal to remove damaged pulp and restore some integrity to the tooth. This procedure can prevent the tooth from becoming infected or weakening further.

Extraction

When the structure of the tooth, and the nerves and roots that lie below it, are very damaged, removing the tooth maybe your only option.

No treatment

Many people have tiny, hairline cracks in the enamel of their teeth. If these cracks don’t affect appearance and don’t produce pain, you may advise leaving them alone.

How the dentist repairs cracked tooth depends on the location and type of crack. Some don’t need repair, some might require filling the crack or place a crown over the tooth to protect it from further damage.

If a tooth splits, the dentist will need to remove part of the tooth and repair it with bonding, an onlay or a crown. If the split is severe, the tooth will need to be extracted.

Since there is a range of severity for cracked teeth, the best thing to do is call your dentist right away if you feel pain or suspect a cracked tooth. And of course, maintaining your healthy smile with twice annual oral exams can help your dentist diagnose a problematic crack before it becomes unmanageable.

👆 Normal oral cavity variations

👆Dental emergency, urgency and elective treatment

McCracken's Removable partial prosthodontics 13th edition

2021-08-20T09:18:00.000+03:00

McCracken's Removable partial prosthodontics
free download PDF

File Name: McCracken's Removable partial prosthodontics

Number of papers : 389

Size: 22.1 MB

Type: PDF

Category: Book

Table of Contents

PART I: GENERAL CONCEPTS/TREATMENT

PLANNING

1 Partially Edentulous Epidemiology,

Physiology, and Terminology 2

2 Considerations for Managing Partial Tooth Loss 8

3 Classification of Partially Edentulous Arches 16

4 Biomechanics of Removable Partial Dentures 21

5 Major and Minor Connectors 29

6 Rests and Rest Seats 56

7 Direct Retainers 67

8 Indirect Retainers 93

9 Denture Base Considerations 99

10 Principles of Removable Partial Denture

Design 112

11 Surveying 127

12 Considerations for the Use of Dental

Implants with Removable Partial Dentures 146

Acknowledgment 149

PART II: CLINICAL AND LABORATORY

13 Diagnosis and Treatment Planning 155

Purpose and Uniqueness of Treatment 155

14 Preparation of the Mouth for Removable

Partial Dentures 188

15 Preparation of Abutment Teeth 206

16 Impression Materials and Procedures for

Removable Partial Dentures 219

17 Support for the Distal Extension

Denture Base 231

18 Occlusal Relationships for Removable

Partial Dentures 242

19 Laboratory Procedures 253

20 Work Authorizations for Removable Partial

Dentures 283

21 Initial Placement, Adjustment, and

Servicing of the Removable Partial Denture 289

PART III: MAINTENANCE

22 Relining and Rebasing the Removable

Partial Denture 298

23 Repairs and Additions to Removable partial dentures

24 Interim Removable Partial Dentures 310

25 Removable Partial Denture Considerations

in Maxillofacial Prosthetics 315

Summary 336

Appendix A Glossary 337

Appendix B Selected Reading Resources 340

E-Book Description

This book Content considered beyond the basic level is set within a shaded box

• A wide selection of relevant references is presented at the back of the textbook in

Appendix B for quick-and-easy access

• Various philosophies and techniques are presented throughout, facilitating the selection

and incorporation of the applicable techniques on a case-by-case basis

• Chapters presented in three logically-sequenced sections:

• Part I: General Concepts/Treatment Planning

• Part II: Clinical and Laboratory

• Part III: Maintenance

DOWNLOAD McCracken's Removable partial prosthodontics 13th edition PDF

Related books free download :

👆 Fundamental of fixed prosthodontics

👆 Preclinical manual of prosthodontics

Oral biopsy definition,types and procedure

2021-08-19T19:41:00.005+03:00

Oral biopsy definition,types and procedure

What is an Oral Biopsy?

Oral Biopsy is a surgical procedure to obtain tissue from the patient’s oral cavity, for microscopic examination, usually to perform a diagnosis.

A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon, interventional radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist. The process involves extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease.

The French dermatologist Ernest Besnier introduced the word biopsie to the medical community in 1879

The term biopsy reflects the Greek words, "life," and, "a sight." Vision of life

A tissue sample can be taken from almost anywhere on or in your body, including the skin, organs and other structures.

The term biopsy is often used to refer to both the act of taking the sample and the tissue sample itself.

When we need a biopsy ?

A biopsy can be used to investigate abnormalities, which can be:

functional – such as kidney or liver problems

structural – such as swelling in a particular organ

When the tissue sample is examined under the microscope, abnormal cells may be identified, which can help to diagnose a specific condition.

An Oral Biopsy can be performed for several reasons. Sometimes:

If there are inflammatory changes in the oral cavity of unknown cause that persist for long periods;

an oral lesion interferes with proper oral function;

for bone lesions that are not specifically identified by clinical examination and X-rays, or any oral lesion that has the characteristics of a malignancy.

If a condition has already been diagnosed, a biopsy can also be used to assess its severity (such as the degree of inflammation) and grade (such as the aggressiveness of a cancer).

Examples of conditions where a biopsy may be helpful include:

cancer

inflammation, such as in the liver (hepatitis) or kidney (nephritis)

infection, such as in lymph nodes – for example, tuberculosis

various skin conditions

It's not usually possible to tell whether a lump or growth on your skin or inside your body is cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign) by clinical examination alone, which is why a biopsy is often required.

Types of biopsy

Depending on the characteristics of the target lesion, the biopsy is defined as direct (located superficially, with easy access) or indirect (when the lesion lies in depth and is covered by normally appearing mucosa or tissue) . However, biopsies can also be classified according to the technique used, the material employed, the clinical timing, the location of the target lesion, processing of the sample, and the purpose of the biopsy.

1) The technique employed:

. The incisional technique

Such an approach is indicated in the case of suspected malignancy or precancerous lesions. Likewise, such a multiple sample biopsy should be performed when the target lesion is difficult to remove due to its large size or complicated location. It is also indicated for establishing the diagnosis of a systemic disease process.

Controversy exists as to the possibility that incisional biopsies of malignant lesions may increase the risk of metastasis, by disrupting the barrier preventing migration of the neoplastic cells and thus favoring invasion of the bloodstream at the site of the surgical wound .

In certain tumors such as hemangioma or melanoma, the biopsy should be performed with complete and extensive resection of the lesion, in order to avoid severe bleeding or metastatic spread, respectively .

An excisional biopsy in turn involves total removal of the lesion, with slight peripheral and in-depth safety margins, applicable to papillomas, fibromas or granulomas . Such biopsies play a diagnostic and therapeutic role, since complete removal of the lesion is carried out, ensuring the inclusion of a peripheral margin of normal tissue .

2) The material used :

A number of cutting instruments can be used when performing a biopsy: a conventional scalpel, a punch, and the so-called B-forceps.

On the other hand, while the electroscalpel has the advantage of causing no bleeding, since it cauterizes the vessels, its main inconvenience is the induction of thermal damage. Although similar, the laser scalpel produces less extensive thermal damage and less postoperative pain. However, in the same way as the electroscalpel, it is currently not advised for obtaining oral biopsies.

3) Clinical timing of sampling:

Depending on the clinical timing of the biopsy, the procedure can be classified as intraoperative or extraoperative.

4) Sampling location:

Depending on the topography involved, the biopsy can be obtained from the oral mucosa in its different locations , the salivary glands, bone, lymph nodes, and other head and neck tissues. A biopsy of the oral mucosa is simple to perform, and is used to distinguish among different types of lesions, in order to define adequate treatment or conduct follow-up over time. A conventional biopsy is usually indicated

Regarding the salivary glands, it is very common and easy to obtain a biopsy of the lesser salivary glands of the lips for diagnosing or confirming an autoimmune condition such as Sjögren’s syndrome

On the other hand, when biopsying the greater salivary glands, and specifically the parotid gland, fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB) are increasingly used

5) Processing of the sample:

Depending on the processing procedure involved, the sample can be analyzed frozen, or embedded in paraffin or methacrylate, and can be examined under the electron microscope, or as a fresh sample. Molecular analyses are also possible.

6) Purpose of the biopsy:

Biopsies can be performed for diagnostic or experimental purposes.

a punch biopsy – a special instrument punches a small hole in the skin to obtain a skin sample to investigate a skin condition

a needle biopsy – a special hollow needle, guided by X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan or MRI scan, is used to obtain tissue from an organ or from tissue underneath the skin

an endoscopic biopsy – an endoscope is used to remove tissue, such as from the stomach during a gastroscopy

an excision biopsy – surgery is used to remove a larger section of tissue

How a biopsy is carried out will depend on where the tissue sample is being taken from.

Before the procedure, CT or MRI scanning is often used as a guide to help with this decision.

After the tissue sample is taken, it will be examined under a microscope to help identify the nature of the problem. This often means that a definite diagnosis can be made.

The type of stains and tests that are used when the tissue is examined under the microscope will depend on the medical condition being investigated.

Punch biopsy

A punch biopsy can be used to investigate a variety of skin conditions.

During a punch biopsy, a special surgical instrument is used to make a small hole in the skin and remove samples of the top layers of tissue.

If you have a punch biopsy, you'll usually be given local anaesthetic to numb the area.

Alternatively, a scalpel (a sharp medical knife) may be used to remove a small amount of surface skin. The wound will be closed using stitches.

The oral mucosal punch is a rapid, simple, safe and inexpensive technique for obtaining a representative sample of most oral zones. The technique and usefulness are similar to those of the skin punch.

The punch is grasped between the index and thumb, supporting the cylinder over the target lesion. If a small-diameter cylinder is obtained, suturing of the residual wound is usually not necessary, and the bleeding can be contained by simply applying a piece of gauze or surgical dressing. The wound heals by second intention, with good esthetic results. In other cases, primary wound closure can be performed with sutures.

Punches are typically made of plastic or metal. The metal presentations can be reused, and are to be sterilized before use. In contrast, the plastic variants are less expensive, weigh less and are destined for single use .

The punch is able to obtain several samples at the same time, and at different points, and generates less patient anxiety than the conventional scalpel

However, the punch is unable to remove large lesions, and cannot be used in intensely vascularized or innervated areas. It is likewise not applicable to deep lesions, and is limited to epithelial or superficial mesenchymal target tissues. Caution is moreover required when using the punch to sample lesions located over important submucosal structures such as the mental or nasopalatine foramen. On the other hand, the instrument is difficult to use in the region of the soft palate, maxillary tuberosity or floor of the mouth, due to the lack of firm tissue fixation or support, and the mobility of the target zone

Needle biopsy

A fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is often used to take cell samples from organs or from lumps that are below the surface of the skin.

If a larger sample is needed, a core needle biopsy (CNB) will be used instead.

For core biopsies, after local anaesthetic has been given, a hollow needle is inserted through the skin and into the area being examined.

X-ray, ultrasound, CT or MRI scanning will often be used to help guide the needle to exactly the right place.

When the needle is in position, it'll cut out a small sample of tissue. For core biopsies, local anaesthetic is usually used to numb the area, so you won't experience any pain or discomfort.

A core needle biopsy (CNB) is often used to obtain a larger tissue sample. In some cases, when a cyst (a benign fluid-filled swelling) is suspected, a fine needle will be used to drain the fluid and the cells are sent for examination (cytology).

Types of Oral Biopsy

There are six main types of Oral Biopsy. These are:

Cytology: This type of Oral Biopsy can be used to diagnose lesions in the oral cavity due to post-radiation changes, herpes, and fungal infections. Cytology allows examination of individual cells but cannot necessarily result in an accurate and definitive diagnosis. It is recommended that this type of Oral Biopsy be performed along with an Excisional or Incisional Biopsy.

Aspiration Biopsy: In this type of Oral Biopsy, the oral surgeon uses a needle and syringe to remove a sample of cells or contents of a lesion. If the oral surgeon is not able to withdraw fluid or air it probably means that the lesion is solid.

Incisional Biopsy: This type of Oral Biopsy is performed only to sample a representative portion of the oral lesion. If the lesion is large or has many differing characteristics, it may require sampling of more than one area.

Punch Biopsy: This is done with a punch tool for both incisional and excisional purposes. This type of Oral Biopsy is best suited for the diagnosis of oral manifestations of mucocutaneous and ulcerative conditions of the oral cavity, such as lichen planus.

Brush Biopsy: In this type of Oral Biopsy, firm pressure with a circular brush is applied, and rotated give to ten times, causing light abrasion. The cellular material picked up by the brush is transferred to a glass slide, preserved and dried.

Excisional Biopsy: This type of Oral Biopsy is performed for small oral lesions, usually less than 1 cm. On clinical exam, the lesion appears benign. This type of Oral Biopsy results in complete removal of the lesion.

How to perform an oral biopsy ?

Prior to performing an Oral Biopsy, the oral and maxillofacial surgeon should be fully aware of the patient’s medical status. This would involve a thorough review of the patient’s medical and dental history, including previous surgeries, medications, allergies, and any social behaviors, such as smoking, alcohol use, and illicit drug use. The oral surgeon should also perform a thorough clinical and radiographic exam.

An Oral Biopsy is usually performed under either a local anesthetic, applied locally with infiltration near the lesion, or then, regionally, with a nerve block technique. However, the anesthetic should not be applied directly into the lesion, or superficially in and around the lesion, as this may result in a false diagnosis by the oral pathologist.

Once the local anesthetic is applied, the oral surgeon should firmly retract the soft tissues surrounding the lesion, and should make an elliptical incision around the lesion, with a minimum of a 1 mm margin.

Once the lesion has been freed from the remaining soft tissues, it should be immediately placed into a sterile pathology specimen jar, containing 10% buffered formalin for fixation. The container must be labelled with accurate patient information, such as patient name, birthdate, date, and site of biopsy.

After the Oral Biopsy, firm manual pressure should be applied to the biopsy area to stem any bleeding. Finally, the incision should be closed using either resorbable or non-resorbable sutures. Sterile gauze should again be applied to the surgical site to assist with blood clotting and to prevent the swallowing of blood by the patient.

Due to the slight oozing of blood from the surgical site for about 24 hours, the patient should be provided with a packet of gauze to change every 20 to 30 minutes over the course of a day. The gauze should not be kept in the mouth overnight.

The materials and instrumentation required to perform an oral biopsy are simple . The necessary instruments are buccal mirror, probe, toothless dissection forceps, mosquito forceps, scalpel handpiece and number 15 blade, syringe for anesthesia, pressure forceps, scissors, periostotome, separators, needle holder and suture .

Most target lesions are found in soft tissues such as the tongue, cheek mucosa or lips, or in more adhered regions such as the palate and gums. Anaesthesia with a vasoconstrictor to minimize bleeding should not be applied in the actual biopsy target zone but rather at a certain distance 3-4mm, to avoid alterations.

Traction suture or tissue forceps are to be used to fix the tissue to be removed. Traction sutures offer the advantage of orienting at least one lesion surface for the pathologist. Surgery is moreover facilitated, and compression or destruction of the specimen (as tends to occur when using puncture or cutting instruments) is avoided .

The specimen should be obtained by means of a clean and deep cut, taking care in extraction to avoid tearing or compression, as this could cause alterations. In excisional biopsies, the lesion is to be palpated carefully, determining its depth, and the incisions should slightly exceed the total depth of the lesion. In incisional biopsies, any depth within the lesion allowing the obtainment of sufficient material for study is considered acceptable. The incision should include a significant portion of the suspect tissue, though also a part of adjacent normal tissue .

The wound margins are subjected to debridement, with control of bleeding, and the lips of the wound are joined with suture. When a sample of gingival tissue or palate is obtained, and closure of the incision proves difficult, it can be left to heal by second intention. Oxidized and regenerated cellulose can be applied, together with gauze impregnated with tranexamic acid, to avoid bleeding .

After obtaining the sample, washing with physiological saline is indicated, followed by fixation. Sample processing begins once the specimen has been obtained, with the purpose of allowing tissue study under magnification. The steps comprise fixation, cutting into fragments or blocks, embedding, sectioning, staining and examination. The most common procedure is staining with hematoxylin-eosin, followed by examination under the light microscope .

Light microscopic studies generally involve the use of 10% formaldehyde solution in water; the concentration must be sufficient to ensure correct fixation of the tissue.

On the other hand, for electron microscopic preparations, the specimen is immersed in 3% glutaraldehyde in the refrigerator for 24 hours, followed by transfer to a 0.1 M buffer solution until study .

Testing the tissue sample

After a tissue sample has been taken, it'll be sent to a laboratory to be examined under a microscope.

Closely examining the cells in the tissue sample enables histologists (doctors who specialise in studying the structure of tissues) to determine whether they're normal or abnormal.

For instance, cancerous cells look and behave differently from normal cells.

As well as looking at the tissue sample, chemical or genetic tests may also be carried out, if needed.

In cystic fibrosis, for example, a chemical test can be used to help diagnose the condition.

Contraindications

On the other hand, a biopsy is contraindicated in very seriously ill patients, in those subjects with some systemic disorder that may worsen, or where secondary complications may develop

Likewise, a biopsy should be avoided in the case of lesions located in very deep regions or in areas of difficult access where the surgical technique proves complicated or hazardous, with the risk of damage to neighboring structures.

Biopsy is not advised in the case of multiple neurofibromas, due to the risk of neurosarcomatous transformation, or in tumors of the greater salivary glands.

Biopsy complications

Bleeding may occur in the first 24 hours after the procedure, as a result of clot disruption during the early healing period, or secondary to suture loosening. Minor bleeding responds to local pressure application, while more important bleeding requires ligation, cauterization or the closure of some bleeding point

Dehiscences are infrequent, however. Such problems may develop 5-8 days after biopsy. The implicated local factors comprise bleeding, infection, excess suture material or excessively tightened sutures that tend to strangle local vascularization

On the other hand, infection is also rare and is attributable to a deficient surgical technique. Treatment in such situations consists of drainage of the infectious material, and antibiotic medication.

Another possible complication of oral biopsies is sensory impairment. This type of problem may result from a defective surgical technique, and can be avoided. Sensory defects are secondary to sensory nerve damage during the biopsy procedure.

The specimens obtained with oral biopsy procedures are typically small, and the risk of artifacts is considerable. These artifacts, which are sometimes seen under the microscope, may pose a problem for establishing a correct histopathological diagnosis.

Preclinical manual of prosthodontics free download PDF

2021-08-16T20:53:00.007+03:00

Preclinical manual of prosthodontics free download PDF

File Name:

Preclinical manual of prosthodontics

Number of papers : 39

Size: 6.6 MB

Type: PDF

Category: Book

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Synopsis of Preclinical Prosthodontics 1

1.1. Complete Denture 1

1.1.1. Introduction to Prosthodontics 1

1.1.2 Anatomical Landmarks of Maxillary Arch 6

and Mandibular Arch

1.1.3. Impression Trays 17

1.1.4. Impressions in Complete Denture 21

1.1.5. Dental Casts 25

1.1.6. Record Bases 29

1.1.7. Occlusion Rim 32

1.1.8. Articulators 34

1.1.9. Artificial Teeth 43

1.1.10. Occlusion in Complete Denture 45

1.1.11. Parts and Surfaces of a Complete Denture 48

1.2. Removable Partial Denture 52

1.2.1. Classifi cation of Partially Edentulous

Arch and Applegates Rules 52

1.2.2. Components of Cast Partial Denture 55

1.2.3. Rests 65

1.2.4. Direct Retainers 69

1.2.5. Indirect Retainers 76

1.2.6. Surveyors 78

1.3. Fixed Partial Denture 83

1.3.1. Parts of a Bridge or Fixed Partial Dental Prosthesis 83

Chapter 2 Instruments and Materials 91

2.1. Instruments 91

2.2. Materials 99

Chapter 3 Preclinical Exercise 109

3.1. Complete Denture Fabrication 109

3.1.1. Indexing of Dental Casts 109

3.1.2. Shellac Base plate Adaptation 112

3.1.3. Fabrication of Occlusion Rims 120

3.1.4. Mounting of the Casts in the Articulator 133

3.1.5. Teeth Setting 139

3.1.6. Wax-Up 175

3.1.7. Processing of the Waxed Dentures 184

3.1.8. Finishing and Polishing 203

3.2. Repair of Fractured Lower Complete Denture 210

3.3. Custom Impression Tray Fabrication for Upper and Lower Edentulous Arches 219

3.4. Removable Partial Denture Fabrication 231

3.4.1. Making of Casts 231

3.4.2. Indexing of Dental Casts 233

3.4.3. Shellac Base Plate Adaptation 233

3.4.4. Fabrication of Occlusion Rims 241

3.4.5. Mounting of the Casts in Articulator 246

3.4.6. Teeth Setting 247

3.4.7. Wax-Up 249

3.4.8. Processing 251

3.4.9. Finishing and Polishing 259

Chapter 4 Common Viva Questions 267

E-Book Description

The Preclinical Manual of Prosthodontics consists of 5 chapters. Chapter 1: Synopsis of the Preclinical Prosthodontics deals with a brief description on Prosthodontic subject with coloured photographs and illustrations for a basic understanding of the subject for the preclinical student (Complete denture prosthodontics, Removable partial prosthodontics, Fixed Prosthodontics).

Chapter 2: Instruments and Materials contains the description of the dental instruments and materials used during the Preclinical Prosthodontic session. The coloured pictures of the instruments and materials are followed by a brief description which will be useful for the students.

In the preclinical examination, one of the exercises is to identify instruments and materials and this section would be of help in this regard. Chapter 3: Preclinical Prosthodontic Exercise deals with preclinical exercises which the students are required to do during the preclinical Prosthodontic sessions. A step-by-step procedure with photographs and the description is given for all the preclinical exercises. Chapter 4: Common Viva Question deals with frequently asked questions in the viva voce while Chapter 5: Glossary of Terms gives a comprehensive glossary of prosthodontic terms which a student should be well versed with.

DOWNLOAD Preclinical manual of prosthodontics PDF

Related books free download

👆 Fundamental of fixed prosthodontics 4th edition

Advanced Endodontics free download PDF

2021-08-16T19:29:00.001+03:00

Advanced Endodontics free download PDF

File Name: Advanced Endodontics

Number of papers : 375

Size: 10.6 MB

Type: PDF

Category: Book

Table of Contents

1. Endodontic Diagnosis

2. Pulpal and Periradicular Diseases

3. Endodontic Emergencies

4. Rationale of Endodontic Treatment

5. Oral Microflora and Culture Media

6. Principles of Endodontics

7. Local Anesthesia

8. Pulp Therapy

9. Root Canal Morphology and Access Cavity Preparation

10. Working Length Determination

11. Irrigating Solutions

12. Biomechanical Preparation

13. Intracanal Medicaments

14. Root Canal Sealers

15. Obturation

16. Importance of Coronal Sealing

17. Post-endodontic Restoration

18. Endodontic Microsurgery

19. Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth

20. Resorption

21. Bleaching

22. Lasers in Endodontics

23. Endodontic Implants

24. Tissue Engineering in Endodontics

25. Endodontic Failures and Management

26. Nanodentistry

27. Summary and Conclusion

E-Book Description

Advanced Endodontics is meant mainly for postgraduate students. It includes the most recent developments in the field of endodontics.

From diagnosis to periapical surgery, there have been significant changes, both in concept and equipment.

Recently, tissue engineering has been used to revitalize dentin and pulp tissue.

In modern practice, proper diagnosis is the key for the success of endodontic treatment. This starts with a good relevant case history, clinical examination and diagnostic tests, which form an indispensable part of diagnostic system. The new methods of assessing pulp vitality like Laser Doppler flowmetry, Infrared thermographic imaging, pulse oxymetry, liquid crystal testing and Hughes probe eye camera are presently experimental and mainly research oriented and are expected to be clinical tests in the forthcoming days.

Digital radiography and electronic apex locators have also revolutionized clinical endodontics. DNA and RNA based microbiological techniques to detect uncultivable microorganisms, i.e. Polymerase chain reaction and Microarray technology are used to identify and study a large array of genes. A relationship between clinical symptoms and inflammatory molecules has been demonstrated reporting the significance of substance ‘P’. Other amazing advanced topics are found in the book

DOWNLOAD advanced Endodontics PDF

Related books Free downloading

👆Cohen's pathways to the pulp

👆Grossman's practice of endodontics

👆Textbook of endodontics

New clear aligners differences with conventional fixed appliances

2021-08-16T18:17:00.000+03:00

Invisalign technique VS Fixed orthodontic appliances

In 1946 Kesling first introduced the concept of clear orthodontic appliances to move misaligned teeth . In 1998, Align Technology, Inc. released Invisalign®. The initial cases were minor crowding or spacing. With development of material and computer design of tooth movement, the indication of clear aligners has been greatly enlarged. Many researchers reported successful cases to prove that the clear aligners today have been able to treat almost everything from mild to severe malocclusions . Fixed braces have been the conventional and effective orthodontic appliance for over a hundred years. While in recent years, increasing numbers of patients demanding for a more esthetic and comfortable orthodontic treatment technique has fueled the concerns on clear aligners. Whether clear aligners could be a viable alternative to braces was still not clear . Thus clinicians could only rely on the clinical experience and low-quality evidence when making treatment plans.

Compared with conventional fixed braces, clear aligners allowed for improved esthetics, comfort and oral hygiene to patients . On the other hand, clear aligners had some shortages in controlling tooth movement . However, few high-quality evidences were found to reveal the treatment effectiveness of clear aligners compared with conventional appliance, which left clinicians relying more on experience when making treatment decision and increased the risk of treatment. A recent systematic review published in 2015 concluded that clear aligners were effective in controlling anterior intrusion and posterior buccolingual inclination but not in anterior buccolingual inclination . Extrusion was the most difficult movement (30% of accuracy), followed by rotation. Bodily distalization of upper molar within 1.5 mm revealed the highest predictability (88%). Thus, clear aligners were recommended in simple malocclusions .

There is review utilized eight studies. Four of them verified that clear aligners could not treat malocclusion as well as braces . Another four included studies did not found the statistically significant difference between two appliances . The result from meta-analysis illustrated that there was no significant difference between two appliances in orthodontic effectiveness evaluated by methods from the ABO Phase III examination.

The eight included researches studied on various treatment effects of clear aligners. A qualitative result was extracted from eight studies that both clear aligners and braces were able to improve the malocclusion, but clear aligners might not be as effective as braces in achieving great improvement , especially in producing adequate occlusal contacts and controlling posterior buccolingual inclination , which related to a poorer clinical outcome in increasing transverse dento-alveolar width . On the other hand, clear aligners had a good control of keeping teeth inclination during alignment in nonextraction cases . During postretention time, patients treated with clear aligners relapsed more than those treated with braces in alignment .

Braces were able to make precise wire adjustments within 0.5 mm to intrude or extrude teeth as necessary. While it was difficult for aligners to extrude a tooth and aligners covering the occlusal surfaces of the teeth, prevented settling of the occlusion. Thus clear aligners could not produce adequate occlusal contacts as well as braces did. Through the use of rectangular archwires, braces aligned and expanded arches by not only tipping teeth but also torquing roots. Moreover, as clear aligners were removable, clinicians must rely on patients’ motivation and dependability to complete the treatment. It was hard to guarantee the desired results.

On the other hand, braces placed a force coronal and buccal to the center of resistance of teeth . This could result in tipping and proclination during alignment. Clear aligners could align teeth individually with one aligner moving one or several teeth. This gradual, segmented movement might minimize the proclination of teeth. It could be postulated that clear aligners were suitable for patients with thin gingival biotypes to limit the risk of developing gingival recession.

Alveolar bone resorption required 7–14 days with equal time needed for periodontal tissue regeneration. Thus, orthodontic appliances should not be reactivated more frequently than three weeks . Cutting short the repair process would produce damage to the teeth and alveolar bone. So it could be postulated that the 2-week interval of clear aligners was too short for alveolar bone to repair and led to more relapse than the braces adjusted usually every 4–6 weeks.

In terms of treatment duration, the result from meta-analysis found that treatment with clear aligners was more efficient than treatment with brace for nonextraction cases. For extraction cases, the treatment duration of clear aligners was 44% longer than that of brace.

Clear aligner technique was continually evolving owing to the development in materials, auxiliaries, and computer programming.

Clear aligners had advantage in segmented movement of teeth and shortening treatment duration. While braces were more effective in achieving great improvement, producing adequate occlusal contacts, controlling teeth torque, increasing transverse width and retention than aligners. Therefore, clinicians should consider the characteristics of these two orthodontic appliances when making treatment decision.

👆Corticotomy assisted orthodontic treatment

Normal oral cavity variations

2021-08-14T22:56:00.001+03:00

Normal variations in the oral cavity

Normal anatomical landmarks with some changes from the common ones .

1. Foliate papillae/lingual tonsil

The foliate papillae are vertical ridges of lingual papillae located on the posterior lateral surfaces of the tongue. At the base of the tongue are the lingual tonsils, which consist of normal lymphoid tissue. Similar to other lymphoid aggregates, the lingual tonsils may become hyperplastic or tender secondary to local inflammation or infection.

Etiology: The foliate papillae and lingual tonsils are normal anatomic structures

Treatment: No treatment is indicated

Prognosis: Occasionally, inclusion cysts known as oral lymphoepithelial cysts develop in association with foliate papillae and lingual tonsils. These, however, are benign and treated by simple surgical excision.

Differential Diagnosis: Squamous cell carcinoma.

2. Lymphoid aggregates

Lymphoid aggregates are collections of normal or focally hyperplastic lymphoid tissue that may occur anywhere within the oral cavity, but most commonly involve the regions of Waldeyer’s ring, which includes the oropharynx, lateral tongue, soft palate and floor of mouth.

Etiology: Oral lymphoid aggregates are relatively common and normal.

Treatment: No treatment is indicated, although biopsy is sometimes necessary to rule out other soft tissue lesions.

Prognosis: As with the lingual tonsils and other lymphoid tissue, oral lymphoid aggregates may become inflamed and tender upon local antigenic challenge. These are typically self-limiting or resolve after management of infection or inflammation.

Differential Diagnosis: Other benign lesions

3. Tongue Varicosities

Varicosities are abnormally dilated veins, which are commonly seen in the elderly. They may be seen in any location, but often involve the lips, buccal and labial mucosa and ventral tongue.

Etiology: Unknown, but may be associated with weakening of the vessel wall consequent to aging.

Treatment: No treatment is necessary except for esthetic reasons.

Prognosis: Occasional lesions may become thrombosed. Otherwise, the prognosis is good

Differential Diagnosis: Varicosities at lips may sometimes resemble mucoceles

4. Fordyce granules

Fordyce granules are one of the more common oral abnormalities. In fact, they may best be considered as a variation of normal. They represent ectopic lobules of sebaceous glands.

Etiology: Unknown

Treatment: No treatment is indicated, although biopsy is sometimes performed to rule out other pathology or for patient reassurance.

Prognosis: Excellent

Differential Diagnosis: None

5. Leukoedema

Leukoedema is a benign mucosal abnormality characterized by thickened, edematous epithelium. The condition is recognized most often in African-Americans, although this may be a consequence of background pigmentation. While the condition most commonly involves the buccal mucosa, other sites such as the floor of mouth, lateral and ventral tongue and soft palate may be affected.

Etiology: Unknown

Treatment: The condition is benign and requires no treatment.

Prognosis: Excellent

Differential Diagnosis: While other mucosal alterations may be considered, eversion of the mucosa will result in disappearance of leukoedema and serve as a helpful diagnostic clue.

6. Exostosis

Exostoses are benign projections of bone that arise from the cortex (most often buccal) of the maxillary or mandibular alveolus (While torus palatinus and torus mandibularis are considered to be a variant of exostoses, each is unique and will be presented separately). They are dynamic structures which may slowly change in size in response to stimuli, such as occlusal forces. Exostoses are frequently bilateral.

Etiology: Unknown, although genetic and local factors are believed to play a role in the development of exostoses.

Treatment: Treatment is often unnecessary, although may be indicated in preparation of removable prosthesis or when traumatized and inflamed. If treatment is indicated, surgical removal is curative.

Prognosis: Occasionally, the mucosa overlying exostoses becomes ulcerated and may lead to the development of osteomyelitis. Otherwise, the prognosis is excellent.

Differential Diagnosis: Osteomas, although these are neoplastic processes and show progressive enlargement.

7. Torus palatinus (palatal toru)

The torus palatinus is a variant of the exostosis which develops from the cortical bone of the palatal vault. Like exostoses, they are dynamic structures that may slowly respond to external stimuli and may be quite variable in size and morphology. While some palatal tori present as single bony nodules others may appear nodular or lobular.

Etiology: Similar to exostoses

Treatment: Unnecessary unless characterized by chronic ulceration, osteomyelitis or in preparation for maxillary prosthesis.

Prognosis: Palatal tori are subjected to significant trauma, which may lead to chronic ulceration of the overlying mucosa. Subsequently, osteomyelitis is not uncommon. Otherwise, the prognosis is excellent.

Differential Diagnosis: Typically, the torus palatinus is unique enough to preclude a differential diagnosis.

8. Torus mandibularis (mandibular torus)

Mandibular tori are variants of exostoses that occur, often bilaterally, along the lingual surface of the mandible and arise from the cortex. Like their palatal counterpart and exostoses, they are dynamic structures.

Etiology: Similar to exostoses

Treatment: Unnecessary unless characterized by chronic ulceration, osteomyelitis or in preparation for mandibular prosthesis.

Prognosis: Like palatal tori, the torus mandibularis is subjected to significant trauma, which may lead to chronic ulceration of the overlying mucosa and subsequent osteomyelitis. Otherwise, the prognosis is excellent.

Differential Diagnosis: Osteoma, although a bilateral presentation and lack of progressive enlargement is typically diagnostic for mandibular tori.

9. Hairy tongue

Hairy tongue is a clinical term describing significant elongation of the filiform papillae. The elongation is due to an accumulation of keratin. The condition is often discolored from exogenous sources like coffee or tobacco, or from bacterial pigments. The condition is benign.

Etiology: Hairy tongue often arises in patients with poor oral hygeine in combination with the use of irritants such as hot beverages or smoking. A predominantly soft diet may also be a contributing factor.

Treatment: The condition will often improve by brushing the tongue or with the use of commercial “tongue scrapers.” with diluted hydrogen peroxide . An inverted spoon may also be used to gently remove the superficial keratin.

Prognosis: The prognosis of hairy tongue is excellent, although it may be associated with a bad taste or halitosis.

Differential Diagnosis: There is no significant differential diagnosis to hairy tongue.

10. Fissured tongue

Fissured tongue is a benign condition of the tongue, characterized by the presence of fissures and grooves along the dorsal surface. These may be variable in number, depth and orientation. The condition is seen more commonly in adults than in children. Interestingly, fissured tongue is often seen in combination with erythema migrans (geographic tongue), to be discussed in section 5.

Etiology: Unknown, but heredity seems to play a role in its development.

Treatment: No treatment is necessary for fissured tongue, although optimal hygeine should be encouraged to eliminate food or debris that may become trapped in the deeper grooves.

Prognosis: Excellent, although occasional patients may experience mild burning or irritation.

Differential Diagnosis: Fissured tongue is rather distinct in its clinical presentation and would not likely be mistaken for other entities.

11. Physiologic (racial/ethnic) pigmentation

Physiologic pigmentation is a benign melanosis of the oral mucosa seen in individuals of primarily African or African-American descent. The condition may occasionally be noted in Hispanic and other ethnic populations. The pigmentation is typically generalized and symmetrical, and does not show any abrupt change in size or coloration.

Etiology: The pigmentation is a normal physiologic process.

Treatment: None necessary, although ruling out any of a number of other sources of pigmentation may be necessary.

Prognosis: Excellent

Differential Diagnosis: Addison’s disease, smoker’s melanosis, drug-related pigmentation, intentional tattooing.

Related topics :

👆Dental anomalies

👆 Geographic tongue

👆Smoking decrease oral bacerial environment

Textbook of operative dentistry Nish Garg 3rd edition Free download PDF

2021-08-12T23:54:00.002+03:00

Textbook of operative dentistry Nish Garg 3rd edition Free download PDF

File Name: Textbook of operative dentistry Nisha garg

Number of pages : 544

Size: 104 MB

Type: PDF

Category: Book

Table of Contents

1. Introduction to Operative Dentistry 1

2. Tooth Nomenclature 7

3. Structure of Teeth 17

4. Physiology of Tooth Form 29

5. Dental Caries 40

6. Cutting Instruments 80

7. Principles of Tooth Preparation 115

8. Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis and Treatment Planning 134

9. Patient and Operator Position 148

10. Isolation of the Operating Field 155

11. Infection Control 173

12. Pain Management in Operative Dentistry 188

13. Matricing and Tooth Separation 193

14. Pulp Protection 213

15. Interim Restoration 223

16. Bonding Agents and Techniques 233

17. Composite Restorations 252

18. Tooth Preparation for Composite

19. Esthetic Dentistry 302

20. Dental Amalgam 317

21. Pin-retained Restorations 355

22. Direct Filling Gold 371

23. Cast Metal Restorations 385

24. Glass Ionomer Cements 420

25. Tooth Hypersensitivity 439

26. Management of Discolored Teeth 447

27. Minimally Intervention Dentistry 463

28. Cervical Lesions 475

29. Dental Ceramics 485

30. Selection of Restorative Materials 500

31. Evidence-based Dentistry 508

32. Nanodentistry and Its Applications 511

Book description

The book attempts to incorporate most recent advances in Operative Dentistry while at the same time not losing the sight of basics, therefore, making the study of Operative Dentistry easier and interesting. The main feature of this new edition is a new format wherein the flow charts and photographs are in plenty. All the chapters have standout boxes which will help the reader to have a quick review of the concept. Many boxes, such as facts, viva-voce, recapitulation and examiner’s choice questions, have been added to help the students undertake review and revision. THis third edition would not have been possible without the help and motivation of our friends and colleagues. In an attempt to improve the book further, many eminent personalities were invited to edit, write and modify the important chapters in the form of text and photographs. We are thankful to all the contributors for their respective help in this book in the form of photographs and critically evaluating the chapters.

DOWNLOAD Textbook of operative dentistry Nisha garg 3rd edition

Related books free download

👆Art and science of operative dentistry 3rd edition

👆 Textbook of preclinical operative

Dental emergency & urgency and elective treatment

2021-08-12T22:33:00.002+03:00

Dental emergency & urgency and elective treatment

Emergency treatment

A dental emergency is an issue involving the teeth and supporting tissues that is of high importance to be treated by the relevant professional .

Dental emergencies, according to the ADA

“are potentially life threatening and require immediate treatment to stop ongoing tissue bleeding [or to] alleviate severe pain or infection.” Conditions include uncontrolled bleeding; cellulitis or a diffuse soft tissue bacterial infection with intraoral or extraoral swelling that potentially compromises the patient’s airway; or trauma involving facial bones that potentially compromises the patient’s airway.

Dental emergencies do not always involve pain, although this is a common signal that something needs to be looked at. Pain can originate from the tooth, surrounding tissues or can have the sensation of originating in the teeth but be caused by an independent source (orofacial pain and toothache). Depending on the type of pain experienced an experienced clinician can determine the likely cause and can treat the issue as each tissue type gives different messages in a dental emergency.

Dental emergencies examples :

Dental Pain

Odontogenic pain is pain associated with the teeth, originating in the dental pulp and/or the peri-radicular tissues.

Dental Trauma

Fractures (dental trauma) can occur anywhere on the tooth or to the surrounding bone, depending on the site and extent of fracture the treatment options will vary.

Restorative emergencies

Dental restoration falling out or fracturing can also be considered a dental emergency as these can impact on function in regards to aesthetics, eating and pronunciation and as such should be tended to with the same haste as loss of tooth tissue.

Acute oral medical and surgical conditions

suddenly presenting disorder, usually with only a short history of symptoms, but with a degree of severity that causes significant disruption to the patient as orofacial swelling , cellulitis , pericoronitis, trismus and others .

Orthodontic emergencies

Orthodontic emergencies can be classified as urgent problems relating to the maintenance of orthodontic appliances, or excessive pain caused by orthodontic appliances .

All dental emergencies should be treated under the supervision or guidance of a dental health professional in order to preserve the teeth for as long as possible.

By contrast, a medical emergency is often more precisely defined as an acute condition which presents an immediate threat to life, limb, vision or long term health. Consequently, dental emergencies can rarely be described as medical emergencies in these terms.

Some define a dental emergency in terms of the individual's willingness to attend for emergency dental treatment at any time at short notice, stating that persons who are fussy about when they are available for treatment are not true emergency cases. There are often divergent opinions between clinicians and patients as to what constitutes a dental emergency. E.g. a person may suddenly lose a filling, crown, bridge, etc. and although they are completely pain-free, still have great cosmetic concerns about the appearance of their teeth and demand an emergency treatment on the basis of perceived social disability.

Other emergency dental care includes extensive caries or defective restorations causing pain; suture removal; denture adjustments on radiation/oncology patients; denture adjustments or repairs when function impeded; replacing temporary filling on endo access openings in patients experiencing pain; and snipping or adjustments of an orthodontic wire or appliances piercing or ulcerating the oral mucosa.

Urgency treatment

Some classify urgency under emergencies as dental emergencies doesn't threat the life ..

As part of the emergency guidance, the Association added urgent dental care which “focuses on the management of conditions that require immediate attention to relieve sever pain and/or risk of infection and to alleviate the burden on hospital emergency departments.”

Examples of urgent dental care treatments, which should be treated as minimally invasively as possible, include:

• Severe dental pain from pulpal inflammation.

• Pericoronitis or third-molar pain.

MN MN• Abscess or localized bacterial infectioln resulting in localized pain and swelling.

• Tooth fracture resulting in pain or causing soft tissue trauma.

• Dental trauma with avulsion/luxation.

• Dental treatment cementation if the temporary restoration is lost, broken or causing gingival irritation.

Some may need anterior esthetic restoration urgently due to psychologic effect so may classified as urgent treatment.

Elective treatment

An elective dental procedure is one that you choose to have completed, even if you don’t need it for health purposes. For example, if your teeth are free of decay or disease, but you don’t like the way they look, having them enhanced would be an elective procedure.

Elective dental procedures, according to the American Dental Association, include but are not limited to :

• Initial or periodic oral examinations and recall visits, including routine radiographs.

• Routine dental cleaning and teeth whitening and other preventive therapies.

• Orthodontic procedures other than those to address acute issues (e.g., pain, infection, trauma).

• Extraction of asymptomatic teeth.

• Restorative dentistry including treatment of asymptomatic carious lesions.

• Aesthetic dental procedures as cosmetic bonding

, veneers and White Spot Lesion Removal .

• Implants

Notes : this idioms are controversial as some refer dental procedures not emergent because no real life threatening is found ..

Some say that emergent and urgent cases are the same

Related topics :

👆light curing in dentistry

👆principles smile of design in dentistry

👆 lasers in dentistry

Minimally invasive esthetic Free download PDF

2021-08-11T08:07:00.000+03:00

Essentials of Esthetic dentistry free download PDF

File Name: Essentials of esthetic dentistry

Number of pages : 346

Size: 60.1 MB

Type: PDF

Category: Book

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Common clinical conditions requiring minimally

invasive esthetic intervention 1

Chapter 2 Dental bleaching: materials 31

Chapter 3 Dental bleaching: methods 51

Chapter 4 Direct anterior esthetic dentistry with resin

composites 101

Chapter 5 Direct esthetics: clinical cases 121

Chapter 6 Direct posterior esthetics: a management

protocol for the treatment of severe tooth

wear with resin composite 147

Chapter 7 Direct posterior esthetics: clinical case 161

Chapter 8 Minimally invasive replacement of missing

teeth: Part 1 193

Chapter 9 Minimally invasive replacement of missing

teeth: Part 2 – tooth-coloured materials 257

Book description

This book in the series focussed on smile design techniques and some of the smile changing techniques particularly where tooth preparation is accept-able. However there is an increasing concern amongst clinicians and patients about the amount of tooth reduction – some would say destruction, carried out to enhance esthetics, while healthcare in general moves towards minimal inter-vention (MI). I believe patients should receive the best possible care, with the options not being limited by the clinician’s skill (or lack of skills). Hence, the vision for this Essentials series and this third volume.

DOWNLOAD Essentials of Esthetic dentistry .PDF

Related books free

Dental secrets👆

Other topics

Laser in dentistry👆

Laser in dentistry

2021-08-10T22:58:00.004+03:00

Laser in dentistry soft and hard tissue applications

Introduction of laser in dentistry, in the 1960s, by Miaman, led to a continuous research in the various applications of lasers in dental practice.

What types of Laser used in dentistry ?

Lasers used in dental practice can be classified by various methods: According to the lasing medium used, such as, gas laser and solid laser; according to tissue applicability, hard tissue and soft tissue lasers; according to the range of wavelength , and of course the risk associated with laser application.

Carbon dioxide Laser number

The CO2 laser wavelength has a very high affinity for water, resulting in rapid soft tissue removal and hemostasis with a very shallow depth of penetration. Although it possesses the highest absorbance of any laser, disadvantages of the CO2 laser are its relative large size and high cost and hard tissue destructive interactions.

Neodymium Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser

The Nd: YAG wavelength is highly absorbed by the pigmented tissue, making it a very effective surgical laser for cutting and coagulating dental soft tissues, with good hemostasis. In addition to its surgical applications,there has been research on using this laser for nonsurgical sulcular debridement in periodontal disease control .

Erbium Laser

The erbium wavelengths have a high affinity for hydroxyapatite and the highest absorption of water in any dental laser wavelengths. Consequently, it is the laser of choice for treatment of dental hard tissues. In addition to hard tissue procedures, erbium lasers can also be used for soft tissue ablation, because the dental soft tissue also contains a high percentage of water.

Caries removal using Eprium laser

Diode Laser

Most type used in dentistry

The active medium of the diode laser is a solid state semiconductor made of aluminum, gallium, arsenide, and occasionally indium, which produces low wavelengths . Specific procedures include aesthetic gingival re-contouring, soft tissue crown lengthening, exposure of soft tissue impacted teeth, removal of inflamed and hypertrophic tissue, frenectomies, and photostimulation of the apthous and herpetic lesions.

What's Mechanism of Laser Action in dentistry ? How Do Lasers Work ?

Laser light is a monochromatic light and consists of a single wavelength of light. It consists of three principal parts: An energy source, an active lasing medium, and two or more mirrors that form an optical cavity or resonator. For amplification to occur, energy is supplied to the All lasers work by delivering energy in the form of light. When used for surgical and dental procedures, the laser acts as a cutting instrument or a vaporizer of tissue that it comes in contact with. When used in teeth-whitening procedures, the laser acts as a heat source and enhances the effect of tooth-bleaching agents.

The light energy produced by a laser can have four different interactions with a target tissue:

Reflection, Transmission, Scattering, and Absorption When a laser is absorbed, it elevates the temperature and produces photochemical effects depending on the water content of the tissues. When a temperature of 100°C is reached, vaporization of the water within the tissue occurs, a process called ablation. At temperatures below 100°C, but above approximately 60°C, proteins begin to denature, without vaporization of the underlying tissue. Conversely, at temperatures above 200°C, the tissue is dehydrated and then burned, resulting in an undesirable effect called carbonization.

Depending on application on various tissues

Soft Tissue Application

1) Wound healing

At low doses, laser application stimulates proliferation, while at high doses it is suppressive. It affects fibroblast maturation and locomotion,and this in turn may contribute to the higher tensile strengths reported for healed wounds.Low-level laser treatment (LLLT) of gingival fibroblasts in the culture has been shown to induce transformation in myofibroblasts (useful in wound contraction) as early as 24 hours after laser treatment. LLLT affect positively on healing of lesions of recurrent aphthous stomatitis , dentinogenesis following pulpotomy, the healing of mucositis and oropharyngeal ulcerations in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer.

2)Post herpetic neuralgia and apthous ulcer

Photostimulation of aphthous ulcers and recurrent herpetic lesions, with low levels of laser energy can provide pain relief and accelerate healing. In the case of recurrent herpes simplex labialis lesions, photostimulation during the prodromal (tingling) stage seems to arrest the lesions before painful vesicles form, accelerate the overall healing time, and decrease the frequency of recurrence.

3)Disinfection using lasers

Low power laser energy is useful for photochemical activation of oxygen-releasing dyes, causing membrane and DNA damage to the microorganisms. The photoactivated dye (PAD) technique can be undertaken with a system using low power (100 milliwatts) visible red semiconductor diode lasers and tolonium chloride (toluidine blue) dye. The PAD technique has been shown to be effective in killing bacteria in complex biofilms, such as, subgingival plaque, which are typically resistant to the action of antimicrobial agents and can be made species-specific by tagging the dye with monoclonal antibodies. Photoactivated dye can be applied effectively for killing Gram-positive bacteria (including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)), Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The major clinical applications of PAD include disinfection of root canals, periodontal pockets, deep carious lesions, and sites of peri-implantitis.

4) Photodynamic therapy for malignancies

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which has been employed in the treatment of malignancies of the oral mucosa, particularly multi-focal squamous cell carcinoma, acts on the same principle of PAD, and generates reactive oxygen species, which in turn, directly damages the cells and the associated blood vascular network, triggering both necrosis and apoptosis .

5) Aesthetic gingival re-contouring and crown lengthening

conventional gingivectomy is associated with pain, discomfort, and bleeding ..

6)Exposure of unerupted and partially erupted teeth

An impacted or partially erupted tooth can be exposed for bonding by conservative tissue removal, allowing for reasonable positioning of a bracket or button. It has the advantage of no bleeding, and an attachment can be placed immediately , and moreover, it is not painful at all.

7) Removal of inflamed, hypertrophic tissue, and miscellaneous tissue removal

Isolated areas of transient tissue hypertrophy can easily be excised with the diode laser without specialist referral .

Hard Tissue Applications

1) Teeth whitening

Lasers are used to speed up in-office teeth whitening procedures. A peroxide bleaching solution, applied to the tooth surface, is ''activated" by laser energy, which speeds up of the whitening process.

2) photochemical effects

The argon laser produces high intensity visible blue light (488 nm), which is able to initiate photopolymerization of light-cured dental restorative materials, which use camphoroquinone as the photoinitiator.[54] Argon laser radiation is also able to alter the surface chemistry of both enamel and root surface dentine,[55] which reduces the probability of recurrent caries. The bleaching effect relies on the specific absorption of a narrow spectral range of green light (510-540 nm) into the chelate compounds formed between the apatites, porphyrins, and tetracycline compounds.[56] Argon and Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (KTiOPO4, KTP) lasers can achieve a positive result in cases that are completely unresponsive to conventional photothermal ‘power’ bleaching.

3) Laser fluorescence

Enamel demineralization with white spot formation on the buccal surfaces of the teeth is a relatively common side effect from orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.[57,58] There is evidence, however, which suggests that such small areas of superficial enamel demineralization may re-mineralize.[59]

4 )Cavity preparation, caries, and restorative removal

Rmoving caries in the enamel and dentine by ablation, without the detrimental effect of rise in temperature on the pulp,even without water-cooling, with low ‘fluences’ laser (LLLT), similar to air-rotor devices, except that the floor of the cavity is not as smooth.The Er: YAG laser is capable of removing cement, composite resin, and glass ionomer.

5) Etching

Laser etching has been evaluated as an alternative to acid etching of enamel and dentine. Enamel and dentine surfaces etched with (Er, Cr: YSGG) lasers show micro-irregularities and no smear layer.

6) Treatment of Dentinal hypersensitivity

Dentinal hypersensitivity is one of the most common complaints in clinical dental practice. Comparison of the desensitizing effects of an Er: YAG laser with those of a conventional desensitizing system on cervically exposed hypersensitive dentine[67] showed that desensitizing of hypersensitive dentine with an Er: YAG laser is effective, and maintenance of a positive result is more prolonged than with other agents.

7) Diagnostic application

3-D Laser scanner for e-model preparation

The laser scanner can be used as a soft tissue scanner and is a valuable tool for its ease of application and creation of 3D images of oral dental structures. There is no need of cast preparation as e-models are prepared from scanned impressions.

Is laser safe for dentistry ?

Certain precautions should be taken to ensure their safety ,Firstly protective eyewear by anyone in the vicinity of the laser, while it is in use. This includes the doctor, chairside assistants, patient, and any observers such as family or friends. It is critical that all protective eyewear worn is wavelength-specific. Additionally, accidental exposure to the non-target tissue can be prevented through the use of warning signs posted outside the nominal hazard zone, limiting access to the surgical environment, minimizing the reflective surfaces, and ensuring that the laser is in good working order, with all manufacturer safeguards in place. With regard to prevention of possible exposure to infectious pathogens, high volume suction should be used to evacuate any vapor plume created during tissue ablation, and normal infection protocols should be followed. Each office should have a designated Laser Safety Officer to supervise the proper use of the laser, coordinate staff training, oversee the use of protective eyewear, and be familiar with the pertinent regulations.

What are The disadvantages of lasers ?

*Laser can't be used on teeth with fillings already in place.

*Laser can't be used to fill cavities located between teeth, around old fillings, and large cavities that need to be prepared for a crown. In addition, lasers cannot be used to remove defective crowns or silver fillings, or prepare teeth for bridges.

*Traditional drills may still be needed to shape the filling, adjust the bite, and polish the filling even when a laser is used.

*Laser do not eliminate the need for anesthesia.

*Laser treatment tends to be more expensive

For More reading download

Laser in oral and maxillofacial surgery👆

Dentist Universe

Textbook of histology 5th ed free download PDF

Textbook of histology Fifth edition free download PDF

Atlas of oral hitology 2nd edition free download PDF

Atlas of oral hitology second edition free download PDF

Manual of oral surgery third edition free download PDF

Manual of oral surgery third edition free download PDF

Clinical aspects of dental material 3rd edition free download PDF

Clinical aspects of dental material 3rd edition free download PDF

Dentistry for children book free download

Dentistry for kids free download PDF

Applied occlusion PDF free download

Applied occlusion prosthodontics free download PDF

Contemporary fixed prosthodontics 5th edition free download PDF

Contemporary fixed prosthodontics 5th edition free download PDF

Salivary glands types , functions and disorders

Salivary glands

What are the benefits of saliva ?

What are salivary gland disorders?

What are the symptoms of a salivary gland disorder?

Diagnosis of Salivary Gland Disorders

Treatment of Salivary Gland Disorders

Lip augmentation "Lip Flips" VS "dermal Filler"

Lip augmentation "Lip Flips"VS "dermal Filler"

Botox lip flips

lip lifts or dermal fillers

Applied dental material Ninth edition free download

Applied dental materials 9th edition free download PDF

Candidiasis "oral thrush"

Candidiasis "oral thrush"

Signs and symptoms of candidiasis

Diagnosis of candidiasis

Oral lesions associated with candidiasis include

Treatment of candidiasis

Diabetic mellitus and dental treatment protocol

Diabetic mellitus and dental treatment protocol

MANAGEMENT OF HYPOGLYCEMIA IN DENTAL OFFICE

Systemic complications

Renal Failure patient and dental treatment protocol

Renal Failure patient and dental treatment protocol

Clinical Manifestations of renal failure

Treatment & Prognosis

Dental Management of Renal Failure Patients

Handbook of clinical technique in pediatric dentistry

Handbook of clinical technique in pediatric dentistry free download PDF

Cracked tooth types , symptoms and treatment

Cracked tooth types , symptoms and treatment

Types of Cracked Teeth

Symptoms of a cracked tooth

Treatment of a Cracked Tooth

McCracken's Removable partial prosthodontics 13th edition

McCracken's Removable partial prosthodonticsfree download PDF

Oral biopsy definition,types and procedure

Oral biopsy definition,types and procedure

What is an Oral Biopsy?

Types of biopsy

How to perform an oral biopsy ?

Contraindications

Biopsy complications

Preclinical manual of prosthodontics free download PDF

Preclinical manual of prosthodontics free download PDF

Advanced Endodontics free download PDF

Advanced Endodontics free download PDF

Related books Free downloading

New clear aligners differences with conventional fixed appliances

Invisalign technique VS Fixed orthodontic appliances

Normal oral cavity variations

Normal variations in the oral cavity

Textbook of operative dentistry Nish Garg 3rd edition Free download PDF

Textbook of operative dentistry Nish Garg 3rd edition Free download PDF

Dental emergency & urgency and elective treatment

Dental emergency & urgency and elective treatment

Emergency treatment

Urgency treatment

Elective treatment

Minimally invasive esthetic Free download PDF

Essentials of Esthetic dentistry free download PDF

Laser in dentistry

Laser in dentistry soft and hard tissue applications

Depending on application on various tissues

McCracken's Removable partial prosthodontics
free download PDF