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Le vin du ciel à la terre - La viticulture en biodynamie - Nicolas Joly

2026-04-02T08:19:00.006+02:00

1 - Les faux progrès

"La matière n'est rien, ce qui compte, c'est le geste qui l'a faite" Goethe
Vigne désherbée pendant dix ans, ce qui a pour effet de faire remonter les racines à la surface, au détriment de la qualité de la plante.
Le sol est un organisme vivant et récepteur.
Plantation de la vigne du Clos sacré : la densité est de 4500 pieds à l'hectare, quantité minimale pour limiter l'ensoleillement du soleil.

2 Matière / non-matière

La Terre (attraction terrestre) attire tout vers elle par sa gravité, et le Soleil (attraction solaire) limite cette force gravitationnelle grâce à sa chaleur. Affirmation fausse.
Les légumineuses qui attirent tant d'azote dans leurs racines.
C'est la lutte permanente entre les lois solaires, dites "attraction solaire" ou forces de lévite, qui défont la matière et l'attraction terrestre, dite "gravité" qui fait apparaître la fleur. Affirmation scientifiquement fausse.
Passé le premier jour de l'automne, la Terre "reprend ses droits" et domine alors les forces de lévitation. La vie s'arrête, la sève descend, les feuilles tombent.
Le carbone manifeste l'état terrestre.
Le saule pleureur peut absorber jusqu'à 4000 litres par jour.
Les quatre états de matière se retrouvent dans chaque espèce végétale : la racine pour le minéral, de la feuille pour l'eau, de la fleur pour la lumière et du fruit pour la chaleur.
Les forces de Vénus s'expriment pleinement dans le bouleau dont le sucre rajeunissant en fin d'hiver peut être facilement récolté.
L'érable, dont le lien est tellement intense avec Jupiter qu'il permet la production d'un sirop très sucré.
Le pin est très lié aux forces de Saturne ; la chaleur de sa résine, si inflammable, le protège contre les grands froids.
Colérique / chaleur ; sanguin/air et lumière ; flegmatique/eau ; mélancolique / terre.
Dominée par la gravité, la vigne n'arrive pas à s'élever. Faux.
La vigne plonge dans le sol avec une force particulièrement puissante. Ses racines peuvent s'enfoncer à des dizaines de mètres sous terre.
La plupart des fruitiers commencent leur cycle végétal par une fleur qui sera suivie d'une feuille. La vigne, au contraire, sait "retenir" sa fleur jusqu'au solstice d'été, à cette époque où les jours sont les plus longs.
Contrairement au lys, totalement tourné vers l'extérieur, la fleur de la vigne est introvertie. Mais malgré cette intériorisation, elle dégage une odeur puissante, capable d'attirer notre attention à plusieurs mètres de distance.
Les vrilles de la vigne nous montrent un mouvement typiquement mercurien.
La biodynamie sait répondre à ces questions puisqu'elle ne s'adresse pas directement au monde physique, mais aux arrière-plans qui génèrent la vie.
La fructification, soit la contraction, est toujours opposée à la croissance. Plus la vigne est dans un sol vivant, mais pauvre - chers ingénieurs agricoles, vous qui uniformisez tout, comprenez-le - plus la croissance est réduite et plus la descente du céleste est grande.
Eloge de la diversité
Un vin en biodynamie n'est pas nécessairement parfait, il est toujours vrai, donc apte à créer une émotion, si la cave n'est pas devenue une usine, risque majeur aujourd'hui.

3 L'automne ou le temps de la décomposition

Goethe disait : "Le papillon est une fleur détachée de la terre et la fleur est un papillon attaché à la terre".
On comprend pourquoi prétendre vivifier un sol par un apport de matière minérale presque inanimée - comme la chaux ou la potasse - est une démarche bien peu probante qu'elle s'inscrive ou non dans le cadre d'une agriculture "bio".
Quel viticulteur n'a pas vécu le mariage de la vigne et du pêcher ?
Un fumier de vache agira donc surtout au travers de son impulsion sur la sève et sur les feuilles.
Un fumier de cochon agira fortement sur la descente des racines de la vigne en terre.
Amener dans ses vignes du fumier de cheval ou de vache, ce n'est pas seulement introduire "de la matière organique" quantitative, c'est aussi apporter un élan totalement différent.
Ils vous diront qu'une vigne "sent" la présence d'un cheval. N'est-ce pas tout de même très différent pour la vigne d'être labourée au cheval ou au tracteur avec le bruit lassant d'un moteur à explosion ?
Il y a véritablement interférence entre les corps énergétiques de la vigne et du cheval. (Crédibilité scientifique nulle)
L'enherbement total est également à considérer avec sérieux.
La polyculture est certainement une aide à la qualité. Les interactions qu'elle suscite sont une source de richesses infinies. Et, si elle n'est pas toujours compatible avec les exigences du lieu que l'on habite, il est possible de faire un pas en avant en amenant sur son domaine au moins un animal domestique, ne serait-ce que pour mieux se familiariser avec lui, le comprendre et franchir un peu ainsi les frontières de la monoculture.

Les Gouttes de Dieu - Tadashi AGI et Shu OKIMOTO

2026-03-30T12:59:00.002+02:00

Un disciple de Henri Jayer qui dit avoir davantage appris des dégustations de celui-ci que de ses méthodes de production.
Un "village" comme le Vosne-Romanée et un grand cru tel l'Echezeaux sont censés être aussi différents que le jour et la nuit en matière de goût et de bouquet.
La qualité de la terre et de l'environnement de la vigne : le terroir.
Menthe, cannelle, orange, cerises noires, prunes, fraises, mûres.
Tout ce qu'ils veulent, c'est pouvoir proposer de bons vins dont ils sont fiers. Les vrais vignerons se soucient peu de leur bénéfice...

The Power of Now - Eckhart Tolle

2026-03-28T16:44:00.011+01:00

Chapter One: You Are Not Your Mind

Just become intensely conscious of the present moment : this is the essence of meditation.
For example, every time you walk up and down the stairs in your house or place of work, pay close attention to every step, every movement, even your breathing. Be totally present. Or when you wash your hands, pay attention to all the sense perceptions associated with the activity: the sound and feel of the water, the movement of your hands, the scent of the soap, and so on.
Make it a habit to ask yourself: What's going on inside me at this moment?
The Buddha says that pain or suffering arises through desire or craving and that to be free of pain we need to cut the bonds of desire. All cravings are the mind seeking salvation or fulfillment in external things and in the future as a substitute for the joy of Being.
Be the Buddha, "the awakened one", which is what the word buddha means.

Chapter Two: Consciousness: The Way Out Of Pain

The mind always seeks to deny the Now and to escape from it.
Your thinking and behavior are designed to keep the pain going, for yourself and others.
Stay present and continue to be the observer of what is happening inside you.
Once you have understood the basic principle of being present as the watcher of what happens inside you - and you "understand" by experiencing it - you have at your disposal the most potent transformational tool.
You are in the here and now, while your mind is in the future. This creates an anxiety gap.
The most common ego identifications have to do with possessions, the work you do, social status and recognition, knowledge and education, physical appearance, special abilities, relationships, personal and family history, belief systems, and often also political, nationalistic, racial, religious, and other collective identifications. None of these is you.

Chapter Three: Moving Deeply Into The Now

To be identified with your mind is to be trapped in time: the compulsion to live almost exclusively through memory and anticipation. This creates an endless preoccupation with past and future and an unwillingness to honor and acknowledge the present moment and allow it to be.
The reason why some people love to engage in dangerous activities, such as mountain climbing, car racing, and so on, although they may be not aware of it, is that it forces them in the Now - that intensely alive state that is free of time, free of problems, free of thinking, free of the burden of the personality.
Make it your practice to withdraw attention from past and future whenever they are not needed.
The moment you realize you are not present, you are present.
Be present as the watcher of your mind - of your thoughts and emotions as well as your reactions in various situations. Be at least as interested in your reactions as in the situation of person that causes you to react. Notice also how often your attention is in the past or future.
If it is the quality of your consciousness at this moment that determines the future, then what is it that determines the quality of your consciousness? Your degree of presence.
All forms of fear - are caused by too much future, and not enough presence. Guilt, regret, resentment, grievances, sadness, bitterness, and all forms of nonforgiveness are caused by too much past, and not enough presence.
See if you can give more attention to the doing than to the result that you want to achieve through it.
So do not be concerned with the fruit of your action - just give attention to the action itself.

Chapter Four: Mind Strategies For avoiding The Now

To be free of time is to be free of the psychological need of past for your identity and future for your fulfillment.
Then, with increasing frequency, you choose to have the focus of your consciousness in the present moment rather than in the past or the future, and whenever you realize that you had lost the Now, you are able to stay in it not just for a couple of seconds, but for longer period as perceived from the external perspective of clock time.
And the Buddha taught that the root of suffering is to be found in our constant wanting and craving.
"Am I at ease at this moment?" "What's going on inside me at this moment?"
When you have been practicing acceptance for a while, as you have, there comes a point when you need to go on the next stage, where those negative emotions are not created anymore.
As you know, separation is the basis for the ego's sense of identity.
To complain is always nonacceptance of what is.
If you find your here and now intolerable and it makes you unhappy, you have three options: remove yourself from the situation, change it, or accept it totally. Then accept the consequences.
Action arising out of insight into what is required is more effective than action arising out of negativity.
If you have to, you can move fast, work fast, or even run, without projecting yourself into the future and without resisting the present. Enjoy the flow of energy, the high energy of that moment.
"You should be working. You are wasting your time". Observe the mind. Smile at it.
Die to the past every moment. You don't need it.
Become aware of your breathing. Feel the air flowing in and out of your body.
Ask yourself what "problem" you have right now.
The answer, the strength, the right action or the resource will be there when you need it, not before, not after.
Gratitude for the present moment and the fullness of life now is true prosperity.
Your outer journey may contain a million steps; your inner journey only has one: the step you are taking right now.
"Gain the world and lose your soul" as Jesus puts it.

Chapter Five: The State of Presence

"Be like a servant waiting for the return of the master" says Jesus.
"The teacher and the taught together create the teaching".
To listen to the silence, wherever you are, is an easy and direct way of becoming present.

Chapter Six: The Inner Body

You can study and talk about honey for as long as you like, but you won't really know it until you taste it.
Whenever an answer, a solution, or a creative idea is needed, stop thinking for a moment by focusing attention on your inner energy field. Become aware of the stillness. When you resume thinking, it will be fresh and creative.
Being in touch with your inner body creates a clear space of no-mind within which the relationship can flower.

Quelques statistiques de running

2026-02-11T11:57:00.000+01:00

Le vin et la vie - Jérôme Baudouin

2025-12-16T08:23:00.058+01:00

Où se créent nos boucles de mémoire

"Si le vin disparaissait de la production humaine, je crois qu'il se ferait dans la santé et dans l'intellect de la planète un vide, une absence, une défectuosité beaucoup plus affreux que tous les excès et les déviations dont on rend le vin responsable" Charles Baudelaire Les Paradis artificiels (1869)
Le vin soulève plus de questions qu'il ne permet de trouver des réponses.
C'est peut-être ce qui me plaît le plus lorsque je rencontre un vigneron : marcher dans ses vignes, observer leur taille, la qualité de travail du sol, la diversité des plantes qui poussent entre les ceps et en bordure de rang.
Vigneron et pépiniériste.
Les vignerons sont des paysans et des marchands, ils savent à merveille raconter l'histoire de leurs vins.
C'est peut-être la partie la plus ingrate du métier de vigneron : attendre.
L'homme est entré en résonance avec sa vigne, dont le vin est le miroir.
Le goût, la texture d'un vin peuvent nous transporter très loin intérieurement sans que nous comprenions la logique du voyage.
Le vin est avant tout un sujet culturel et spirituel.
La vigne est le vecteur d'une relation passionnelle entre l'homme et la terre.
Et en transmettant sa vigne, plante pérenne capable de vivre plus d'un siècle, à ses enfants, le vigneron s'inscrit dans une continuité.

Où nos territoires se livrent à leurs lisières

La vigne est une plante de climat sec et chaud et elle est associée à des champignons endomycorhiziens qui gèrent l'eau et le carbone.
La vigne a joué un rôle fondamental, en marquant la frontière entre le territoire cultivé et la forêt.
A l'ouvrée près, cette unité de mesure héritée du Moyen Âge et qui correspond à la superficie de la terre qu'un paysan pouvait labourer en une journée. Quatre ares et 28 centiares, c'est à dire 428 mètres carrés.
Cette diversité de sols, de pentes, d'expositions, s'exprime grâce à la précision gustative du pinot noir.
Cette diversité est la première force de la viticulture européenne.
Les champagnes dosés, c'est à dire auxquels on a injectée une liqueur sucrée avant leur commercialisation pour en personnaliser le style, subissent le même opprobre. Aujourd'hui, les champagnes sont de moins en moins dosés, voir plus du tout, c'est ce que l'on appelle des champagnes extra-bruts. En ces temps amnésiques et aseptisés de cancel culture, le vin n'est plus apprécié qu'extra-dry. Et le sauternes, comme un étendard en berne, subit cette chasse au sucre.
C'est un jardinier des vignes.
De belles parcelles sont à vendre pour 20 000 euros l'hectare, à peine plus cher qu'un hectare de bordeaux générique, alors que la même surface à Pauillac se négocie environ deux millions d'euros.
La qualité, l'excellence, pouvoir avoir la tête haute.
Pour redresser sa trésorerie, le couple s'est mis, comme ses voisins, à produire du blanc sec, plus facile à vendre que le sauternes et aux rendements nettement plus intéressants. Leur blanc est élaboré à partir de raisins légèrement botrytisés, c'est-à-dire touchés par un champignon qui concentre les sucres du raisin.
Pour élaborer ce grand liquoreux, les vignerons doivent faire leur vendange tardivement, une fois que les grappes ont été botrytisées par le champion et que les baies de raisins ont perdu l'essentiel de leur eau.
Malgré le fait que, depuis 2022, tout Bordeaux s'enfonce dans une crise profonde. En 2024, les campagnes d'arrachage se sont généralisées dans tous les vignobles de Gironde.
L'impossibilité de vendre pour payer des droits de succession. Des enfants qui ne veulent plus entendre parler de vignes et de vins.

Où nos sensibilités s'éveillent

Le sauvignon a un arôme de pamplemousse caractéristique.
Les notes du poivron participent de l'identité du cabernet.
L'endroit où pousse la vigne, la nature du sol, l'environnement, le climat et le travail de l'homme, tous ces facteurs qui influent directement sur le raisin, feront varier le goût du vin.
Axel Marchal à l'ISVV, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin à Vileneuve d'Ornon.
Son laboratoire compte de nombreux spectromètres de masse de haute résolution, des machines capables de déterrer la moindre molécule aromatique, de l'isoler et de l'identifier précisément.
Il lui faut l'aide des mycorhizes, ces champignons microscopiques qui entourent les racines et les radicelles des vignes. Ils absorbent certains nutriments, comme les oligo-éléments et les minéraux, et les synthétisent afin que la vigne puisse s'en nourrir. En échange de quoi la vigne leur fournit des glucides issus de la photosynthèse indispensables à leur survie.
Mais la grande majorité des variétés de raisin possède des arômes indétectables avant la fermentation. C'est la fermentation qui révèle, dès ses débuts, la note de pierre à fusil du pouilly-fumé, la noisette du chardonnay, ou la framboise du pinot noir. Ce qui est en jeu, ce sont les précurseurs d'arômes.
Deux bouteilles identiques, dégustées à des moments différents, ne nous paraîtront pas révéler tout à fait le même visage.
"Un repas sans vin est comme un jour sans soleil"
"Le vin peut être à bon droit considéré comme la plus saine, la plus hygiénique des boissons"
"Il y a plus de philosophie dans une bouteille de vin que dans tous les livres"
Il a pu démontrer que dès que le dégustateur ferme les yeux, l'ordre d'importance de ses sens change. L'olfaction et le goût reprennent le dessus.
Sur la langue, les papilles détectent l'acidité du vin et les autres saveurs: le sucré, le salé, l'amer et l'umami, cette caractéristique gustative bien connue des Asiatiques et que l'on retrouve notamment dans le glutamate, les crevettes, les fromages, le lait maternel, le poulet rôti ou certains bouillons.
En fait, le système olfactif est capable d'envoyer des informations à la fois dans le siège de la mémoire et dans celui des émotions.
Car, aussi grand soit-il, le vin procure avant tout une émotion.
Une solera de champagne, c'est-à-dire une cuvée constituée d'un empilement de millésimes.
Notre goût se construit, s'éduque, comme l'oeil pour l'amateur d'art ou l'oreille pour le mélomane.
Un style de vin peut plaire à certaines personnes, mais pas à d'autres. Il peut être aussi le marqueur d'une époque. Les vins très boisés et taniques, appréciés par les américains grâce à l'influenceur du dégustateur Robert Parker, sont en train de passer de mode, notamment en Europe, au profit des vins fruités et digestes.
Les vins nature, c'est-à-dire élaborés sans soufre. Le vin nature va donc plus loin que le vin bio en appliquant la philosophie de la non-intervention à la vinification.
Les dégustateurs japonais étaient plus sensibles à l'acidité des vins que leurs homologues d'autres nationalités, au point de trouver tous les vins trop acides.
Les dégustateurs allemands accordaient une aussi grande importance à l'aspect visuel qu'au goût.
Le profil des vins évolue vers plus de finesse, moins de tanins, grâce notamment à une meilleure maitrise de la maturation des raisins. Par ailleurs, à l'échelle mondiale, les vins blancs ont supplanté les vins rouges et les rosés connaissent un succès retentissant : plus faciles d'accès, moins tanniques, ils bénéficient de cette évolution du goût.
De même, sont rédhibitoires le goût de bouchon ou les "bretts" (pour brettanomyces, cette levure qui se développe dans certains vins et qui donne des notes animales, de cuir, voir un "goût de souris"). Cette levure est notamment présente dans les chais, les tuyaux, les robinets de cuve mal nettoyés.
Les oenologues ont tendance à rechercher un défaut technique dans le vin, alors que les sommeliers essaient plutôt d'imaginer les accords possibles entre les vins et les plats.
On a vu la montée en puissance des influences asiatiques, avec tout le travail de l'umami et des ferments lactiques.
L'important est l'équilibre du produit.
"Ce clivage nous a fait perdre dix ans et c'est regrettable. Dépassons la chose. Il faut apprendre à penser de manière holistique. Au delà du vin nature, c'est la question des lobbies et des pesticides qui doit être abordée. Le vin nature nous offre une autre perspective et il apporte des choses intéressantes. Malheureusement, il y a des extrémistes et de la malhonnêteté intellectuelle de la part de certains". Il y a des industriels qui, pour coller à cette tendance, proposent des vins sans soufre mais en usant des techniques comme la flash pasteurisation ou l'adjonction, avant la vendange, de bactéries comme les brettanomyces. Et ces vignerons, chantres des vins nature, mais qui ne sont pas bio et désherbent chimiquement leurs vignes. Enfin, il y a ceux qui prétendent que l'on peut produire du vin sans cultiver sa vigne et laisser les ronces et les herbes folles envahir les pieds, dont le chai à une hygiène douteuse, et qui vous disent que le "goût de souris" est représentatif du terroir.
C'est exactement ce qui se passe dans l'histoire d'un alcoolique. C'est qu'il a du mal à dire quelque chose qui est enchâssé depuis très longtemps dans son histoire personnelle : trouble de l'attachement, traumatismes, etc...
Mettre une sensation à la place d'une émotion.

Où nos dieux dialoguent avec le vin

Celui-ci présente deux visages, le plaisir de l'ivresse et l'avilissement de l'ivrognerie.
Le mont Ararat : celle du vin né dans la région environ sept mille ans avant notre ère.
La lambrusque, de son nom latin Vitis vinifera sylvetris, cette vigne sauvage poussant en lianes à la lisière des forêts, grimpant sur les troncs pour rejoindre la canopée.
L'Iran compte, semble-t-il, toujours aujourd'hui parmi la plus grande proportion de toxicomanes au monde.
Au point même que Grecs et Romains désignent un dieu du vin, Dionysos pour les uns et Bacchus pour les autres.
Dionysos (Bacchus chez les Romains) est non seulement le dieu de la vigne et du vin, mais aussi de la folie, de la démesure et des excès. Il est le dieu de la fureur, de la subversion et de la fécondité.
Le vin a une autre symbolique très forte, dans la Bible, puisqu'il représente le sang du Christ et, par extension, la vie.
François Rabelais : "Car le vin a le pouvoir de remplir l'âme de toute vérité, de tout savoir et de toute philosophie"
"Le travail est un devoir au mont Athos, car, par le travail, on peut entreprendre ce voyage intime nécessaire pour accéder à la paix intérieure. On se retrouve face à soi-même. Et c'est dans cette solitude que l'on approche Dieu. Le travail nous aide à comprendre le monde"
"La vigne est un lieu de paix et de sagesse"
Dans notre société technologique où l'instantanéité prime et où le court-termisme fait loi, par effet de contraste, le vin devient un symbole du temps long, de la construction culturelle, ainsi que du lien à la terre.
Le vin a encore changé de statut. Il s'est dévirilisé, il s'est intellectualisé, a pris une place nouvelle dans les médias et sur nos tables. Il est pleinement devenu un objet culturel.
Le vin est devenu un objet culte.

Où la vigne nous parle de la nature

Le Phylloxra, cet insecte ravageur.
Ses amis ampélographes, c'est-a-dire spécialistes de cépages.
Multiplie les expérimentations afin de mieux comprendre le végétal.
Mais les lambrusques sont un cas à part. Les vitis sylvestris sont les derniers représentants des vignes sauvages.
André Jullien, "Topographie de tous les vignobles connus".
La vigne était présente dans presque toutes les zones du territoire hexagonal, sur près de 1,7 millions d'hectares contre environ 750 000 hectares actuellement. En revanche, elle produisait peu, 30 millions d'hectolitres par an en moyenne, soit environ 17 hectolitres par hectares.
Seul moyen de contrer le phylloxéra, greffer la vigne sur des portes-greffes issus de vigne américaines résistants à l'insecte.
Au catalogue officiel des cépages autorisés en France, seulement 250 sont répertoriés. Ce qui est bien peu par rapport aux nombre de cépages qui existaient il y a deux siècles.
L'Italie est le pays européen qui possède l'une de plus grandes diversités de cépage autochtone.
Les AOC ont été créées pour lutter contre la fraude et encadrer le style de vin dans chaque appellation. Les AOC semblent aujourd'hui dépassées.
Mais le graal de nombreux vignerons serait de planter des vignes franches, c'est-à-dire sans porte-greffe.
Vigneron en bio, il laisse un enherbement prolongé jusqu'au printemps.
L'image publique pollue le travail quotidien.
Taclant les ignorants et les jaloux.
Avec ses vins atypiques et chers. "Les francs de pied".
Dans l'univers de plus en plus cadré de la communication viticole, où chacun veut briller plus que son voisin.
Loic Pasquet est entré dans la cour des grands vignerons, ceux pour lesquels l'élaboration d'un vin relève du geste tant esthétique que philosophique.
Car en réalité, après plus d'un siècle de culture intensive, la vigne française va mal, très mal même, comme si, à bout de souffle, elle arrivait à la fin d'un cycle. Il ne faut pas se leurrer, la vigne dépérit, elle se meurt. Ses principaux cépages subissent une dégénérescence accélérée du fait de leur manque de diversité génétique, de maladies et bien sûr du dérèglement climatique qui favorise l'apparition de nouvelles pathologies. D'autres causes sont également pointées du doigt : les méthodes de taille, l'usage intensif des pesticides qui dégradent les sols, mais aussi la baisse de qualité des plants produits par les pépiniéristes.
En fait, les méthodes industrielles et productivistes utilisées par une large majorité de pépiniéristes pour livrer des millions de plants de vigne chaque année posent question. Des recherches effectuées par l'Inrae ont mis en évidence que la greffe dite "en omega", c'est-à-dire en incisant les plants selon la même forme que la lettre grecque Ω permet d'automatiser le greffage et de gagner beaucoup de temps. Mais elles ont démontré également que ce type de greffe peut favoriser certaines maladies comme l'esca, ce qui n'est pas le cas avec les méthodes traditionnelles comme la greffe anglaise (où le greffon et le porte-greffe sont taillés en biseau et attachés à la main).
"Le goût retrouvé du vin de Bordeaux", Jean Rozen et Jacky Rigaud.
Je suis tellement convaincu qu'il est impossible de faire d'excellents vins avec les vignes greffées que j'ai fait arracher tous les pieds de vignes américaines qu'il y avait à Margaux.
D'autre part, comme ce même clone est cultivé par une très large majorité des vignerons de l'AOC, il apparaît une forme de standardisation du goût.
Jean-Baptiste Lécaillon est l'un des rares en Champagne à la fois à être chef de cave et superviser le vignoble.
La permaculture après avoir rencontré Bill Mollison, l'un des fondateurs de ce concept agronomique, dans la lignée du japonais Masanobu Fukuoka.
Biodynamie et agroforesterie.
Aujourd'hui, les recherches s'orientent vers les nouveaux cépages hybrides, à planter sans porte-greffe, issus de croisements complexes entre Vitis vinifera, la principale espèce de vigne cultivée en Europe et qui comprend les principaux cépages de cuve, et des variétés asiatiques résistantes au mildiou et à l'oïdium, deux maladies cryptogamiques qui apparaissent après les pluies et lorsque le temps est chaud et humide.
A l'autre bout de la chaîne, que recherchent les consommateurs aujourd'hui, et que rechercheront les consommateurs de demain ? Les goûts évoluent. Chez les jeunes, notamment, qui n'hésitent pas à s'affranchir des goûts de leurs parents. Les vins nature, les pétillants naturels, les cuvées bio ou biodynamiques les attirent.
Hymne à la diversité.

Où l'infiniment petit nous dévoile ses mystères

La traditionnelle "bouillie bordelaise", ce mélange de sulfate de cuivre, d'eau et de chaux, inventé par le botaniste Alexis Millardet et le chimiste Ulysse Gayon, en 1883, près de Bordeaux
Certains organismes vivants sont capables de vivre sans oxygène : c'est le cas de la levure lors de la fermentation alcoolique. Elle se tient à l'abri de l'air et vit grâce au sucre présent dans le jus de raisin. En fait, elle provoque une réaction chimique aux dépens du sucre qui se transforme en alcool en libérant les substances dont la levure a besoin pour vivre.
Émile Peynaud : Le Vin et les Jours.
La fermentation malolactique qui transforme l'acide malique en acide lactique. Cette opération permet au vin rouge de perdre son acidité, de se stabiliser et de gagner en souplesse.
Il est ainsi aujourd'hui possible de détecter et d'identifier dans un vin des milliers de molécules aromatiques, ou les traces de pesticides au microgramme près.
D'abord les engrais naturels, comme le guano et les os.
Et un vigneron peut passer une partie de son temps à la commercialisation de sa production. Et donc, mieux gagner sa vie.
Lors de la fermentation, 90% des produits phytosanitaires présents sur le terrain sont éliminés.
En revanche, la toxicité de ces produits est beaucoup plus inquiétante pour les personnes qui travaillent à la vigne ou pour les riverains des vignobles.
L'arsénite de sodium, interdit depuis 2001, employé pour traiter certaines maladies du bois da la vigne comme l'esca, est un cancérigène avéré.
Manifeste pour une agriculture durable.
Il y avait moins de vie dans le sol viticole étudié que dans le sable du Sahara.
Les débats entre vignerons en viticulture conventionnelle, en bio ou en biodynamie.
Il sait par exemple si l'année sera plus ou moins précoce en guettant la floraison des amandiers sauvages disséminés dans le vignoble.
Cette relation intime, presque magique, entre le sol et la plante, est un sujet inépuisable.
Cette agriculture biologique qui prend de plus en plus d'ampleur et concurrence les vins issus de la viticulture conventionnelle.
En réalité, les vignerons d'aujourd'hui font face à une pollution historique en cuivre, due aux excès passés. "Le meilleur moyen de bloquer la toxicité du cuivre dans un sol est d'y remettre une activité organique, avec des fumures naturelles. L'enherbement, par exemple, est un excellent moyen, et en quelques mois on peut voir réapparaître une vie microbienne".
Nous observons que l'apport de grandes quantités de matière organique permet de fixer le cuivre et de le rendre moins toxique, tout en stimulant la vie microbienne.
Rudolf Steiner : l'inventeur de la biodynamie.
Les pipistrelles, une toute petite chauve-souris qui a la particularité de se nourrir d'endémies, un papillon responsable du vers de la grappe, très préjudiciable pour la vigne.
Le fameux calendrier lunaire de l'Allemande Maria Thun.
La prêle est excellente contre les maladies cryptogamiques, la silice permet à la plante de mieux absorber la lumière, l'ortie est un redoutable anti-parasite.
Jacques Mell pour créer Terres en devenir, une société de conseil destinée aux vignerons, qui vend également des préparations biodynamiques.
L'emblématique vigneronne montre la voie d'une viticulture alternative qui vise l'excellence.
Souvent taxée d'irrationalisme par ses détracteurs, la biodynamie n'a pas droit de cité du côté des organismes scientifiques comme l'Inrae.
Biodynamie : 700 propriétés certifiées pour environ 14000 hectares.
Et de bonnes pratiques existent dans les trois modes de culture : l'enherbement.
L'équipe de chercheurs a recensé en moyenne 1400 interactions de communautés microbiennes, 1700 sur un sol bio et...49000 en biodynamie, soit près de trente fois plus qu'en bio !
La biodynamie explose les réseaux d'interaction des communautés microbiennes.
Les différences de quantités d'interaction entre les trois modes de culture sont plus nuancées en moyenne, mais très contrastées en fonction des trois vignobles analysés (Alsace, côtes de Nuits et de Beaune, et Mâconnais chalonnais), et les écarts restent très impressionnants au bénéfice de la biodynamie.
Il est fort probable que les vignes communiquent entre elles par les racines, d'autant plus si la vie microbienne y est particulièrement dense.
Le vigneron soit plus attentif à sa vigne.
Comme les animaux, les plantes possèdent un microbiote qui se développe à la surface des feuilles et qui est compose de multiples micro-organismes qui s'organisent en communautés et qui ont entre eux des relations de compétition, de prédation ou de symbiose.
Ce microbiote foliaire se développe et vit avec la plante.
Tisanes de plantes.
Jean Masson a comparé la capacité de défense de vignes en biodynamie et en conventionnel. Elle a montré une différence réelle en faveur de la biodynamie pour ce qui est des stress climatiques et de certaines maladies cryptogamiques.

0ù le temps qu'if fait...défait et refait

Les dates de vendanges sont toujours un indicateur très suivi par les scientifiques.
D'un côté, la haute viticulture, à l'image de la haute gastronomie, est la viticulture la plus exigeante qui cherche à produire des vins identitaires de leur origine, que les contraintes climatiques façonnent et où l'homme joue le rôle de révélateur de cette singularité. Et de l'autre, une viticulture de rendement, où le volume prime. Elle englobe les vins produits pour le compte de marque qui cherchent à coller à un marché, aux attentes des consommateurs, et pour lesquelles il faut un certain volume.
Un grand nombre de vignerons qui sont obligés de maintenir un certain volume de production à l'hectare pour survivre, tout simplement.
Le vin, c'est devenu un produit de plaisir, de jouissance. Ce n'est plus la boisson hygiénique vantée par Pasteur, mais une boisson hédoniste. À cela il faut ajouter son statut de boisson alcoolisée, coupable de tous les maux aux yeux des lobbies hygiénistes, qui favorisent des politiques publiques de plus en plus tatillonnes avec les questions sanitaires.
Certains aiment à dire que le vigne doit souffrir pour donner le meilleur d'elle-même.
Certains cépages comme le pinot noir peuvent résister jusqu'à 150 jours sans aucune goutte d'eau.
Une vigne cultivée chimiquement et alimentée par des engrais de synthèse développe un système racinaire superficiel, sur quelques dizaines de centimètres de profondeur seulement.
Nous n'avons pas le sentiment de fatigue en bouche que l'on peut avoir après une matinée de dégustation.
Plus d'un tiers des crus classés de Bordeaux est en agriculture biologique ou biodynamique, alors qu'en 2003, ils se comptaient sur les doigts d'une seule main.
Alors que dans les années 2000, le "style Parker" (des vins boisés, très concentrés) s'imposaient dans tous le vignoble, vingt ans plus tard, la recherche de vins plus digestes, moins alcoolisés, aux arômes de fruits plus saillants, domine.
Qui dit montée des températures dit augmentation des sucres dans les fruits, et donc de l'alcool dans le vin.
Une vigne bien ventilée et ce sont des traitements évités.

Où le vin se confronte à l'air du temps

Mais de quelle identité parlons-nous ? Celle construite dans l'esprit des amateurs de vins, des professionnels qui lisent ces lignes ? Ou celle d'une jeune personne de vingt ans pour qui le vin est totalement absent de ses habitudes de consommation ?
Transformer le vin en un produit culturel et hédoniste.
Le boisé tapageur a laissé place à des arômes de fruits noirs et d'épices plus expressifs. Mais qu'importe l'évolution du produit, seul le symbole de l'étiquette, souvent, compte.
Le rapport au vin est désormais décomplexé. On le boit jeune, sur le fruit.
Les consommateurs se tournent vers des vins de consommation rapide ou que l'on peut apprécier même dans leur prime jeunesse. D'où le succès des vins de Loire, du Beaujolais, du Rhône et de Bourgogne.
En trente ans, les vins massifs et boisés se sont imposés comme une nouvelle norme.
Prenant conscience que ce cépage signe l'identité du cru.
De puissants négoces, comme Castel et Grands Chais de France, produisent ce type de vins pour une population vieillissante, d'un âge supérieur à 65 ans, qui représente seule l'essentiel des volumes de vins consommés.
Le vin est plutôt prisé par les catégories socioprofessionnelles et intellectuelles supérieures.
Le vin est vu comme un produit de "luxe", un alcool de "riche".
Or le vin en France est commercialisé à plus de 70% par la grande distribution.
La conquête des marchés exports va devenir la condition sine qua non pour sauvegarder la viticulture hexagonale.
Je suis toujours impressionné par ces directeurs de domaines qui partent des semaines en Asie ou aux Etats-Unis pour y faire déguster leur vin et incarner, pour des amateurs du bout du monde, leur vignoble.
Qui seront les premiers ambassadeurs des vins français ; et toute leur vie, ils se souviendront de ce voyage au milieu des vignes de Bourgogne, d'Alsace, de la Loire, de Provence ou de Bordeaux.

Où le vin est un garde-temps

La viticulture est une agriculture de précision, de jours et parfois d'heures, mais aussi de long terme, puisque la plante est pérenne : elle suit un cycle annuel, tout comme l'olivier, autre plante essentielle des mythologies humaines.
L'espérance de vie d'une vigne est voisine de celle de l'homme et elle survit souvent aux vignerons qui l'ont plantée. D'ailleurs ceux-ci savent que les plantations qu'ils réalisent sont plutôt destinées à leurs descendants.
Lorsqu'une vieille vigne est arrachée, le sol doit rester au repos au moins deux ans.
Court-noué.
Pour faire une petite fortune dans le vin, il faut en avoir une grosse au départ. Cela résume merveilleusement bien la situation. En fait, la valorisation, si elle a lieu, se fait à la revente du bien viticole.
Le temps long de la vigne rejoint celui des très riches investisseurs capables de capitaliser sur plusieurs générations.
Une taille tardive, en mars, voire en avril, permettrait de diminuer le risque de perte de récolte sans pour autant retarder la maturation des raisins.
Les prémices du feuillage, c'est le débourrement.
Les minuscules fleurs blanches exhalent des notes voisines du tilleul et de l'acacia, en plus subtiles encore.
La nouaison.
La véraison.
Plus une vigne produit de raisins, moins ils sont concentrés en sucre.
Le réchauffement climatique tend à augmenter le degré alcoolique des vins, alors que les consommateurs s'orientent vers des vins plus digestes.
Le cadre dans lequel nous allons boire les vins, les personnes qui nous accompagnent, le plaisir du partage, l'ambiance de cet instant, sont autant de paramètres qui vont influencer favorablement, ou non, notre perception.
Les spécialistes ont inventé une unité de persistance aromatique : la caudalie.
L'homme est un point perdu entre deux infinis.
Le vin allonge le temps et rapproche les hommes des dieux.

Où le vin nous parle d'altérité et de convivialité

L'état d'être autre.
Relation à l'autre
Capacité du vin à nous ouvrir au monde.
"Le vin et les autres"
Il nous parle des plantes qui communiquent entre elles, qui s'irriguent pour donner à boire aux autres. Il parle des champignons, les mycorhizes qui peuplent les racines en symbiose avec les plantes. Des racines et des champignons, si différents de leur fonctionnement biologique, ont su faire de leur différence une complémentarité pour vivre et grandir ensemble. "Il y a un mutualisme, une communication entre les végétaux que l'on ne soupçonne pas".
Le vin est l'inverse du lait maternel, des jus de fruits, du lait chocolaté et même des sodas à base de cola, dont l'amertume est cachée par une grande quantité de sucre.
Cette première gorgée de vin, ou l'acide et l'amer rencontrent les papilles encore façonnées par les saveurs de l'enfance, engendre un choc gustatif.
Apprendre à goûter se fait dans le partage, avec les amis et la famille, autour d'une table, et les impressions des uns éveillent la curiosité des autres.
Il rappelle que l'amertume, ce goût inscrit dans le cerveau de tous les mammifères, est un indicateur de toxicité.
Les miels se distinguent entre eux par leur amertume plus ou moins prononcée ; le miel de châtaignier, est particulièrement amer. J'ai fait, avec un expert, l'expérience de goûter un miel sans amertume. Et bien, il était très court en bouche et l'on ne sentait que le sucre, ce qui le rendait presque écœurant.
Ce sont les tanins qui causent l'amertume.
L'amertume. Étrange mot quand on parle d'altérité, désagréable. Sur les papilles, l'amertume nous donne à appréhender un autre goût, à l'apprécier, à déjouer notre cerveau reptilien pour lequel elle est synonyme de poison. C'est une amertume somme toute civilisée et peu prononcée que le vin nous offre, mais suffisante pour exciter nos papilles et nos neurones. Comme un soupçon de sel qui vient relever les saveurs d'un plat. Présente dans tous les grands vins, elle leur confère une noblesse inimitable en bouche.
La table est le lieu par excellence où s'exerce la convivialité à travers le vin.
Le vin devient un acteur du repas, comme il l'était dans le cena des Romains. Puissant médiateur, il est, par la magie de l'ivresse, l'artisan de la parole libre, de l'échange, du débat, du déploiement de l'imaginaire. Il est au centre de la table et nous entraîne dans une déambulation mentale, les idées s'enchaînant sans but identifié. Extase de la conversation. Communion - dont la Cène est un paroxysme.
Les oenologues, les sommeliers, les dégustateurs et critiques.
Mais, quel que soit notre métier, notre expérience, à l'instant de déguster la première gorgée, nous sommes tous seuls face au vin.
Il est un puissant médiateur entre les personnes.
Le vin est altérité et convivialité.
Les bribes de senteur d'acacias en fleurs rappellent étrangement, en plus capiteux, le parfum de la fleur de vigne.
Végétal, animal et minéral réunis sous un ciel d'un bleu pur.
Et toujours le vin me parle de paysages et de symboles, d'histoires et de mythes, de déesses et de dieux, de femmes et d'hommes, de tablées et d'ivresses, de paroles libres, de souvenirs et de joie. De vie magnifiée, en somme - alchimie offerte par le vin.
Pour mieux me perdre et accueillir l'autre, les autres et toute la beauté du monde.
Voilà peut-être ce qui nous relie au vin et à la vie.

L'intelligence naturelle - Didier van Cauwelaert

2025-11-19T07:43:00.002+01:00

L'intelligence artificielle : un artifice qui fera long feu ?

Il est loin, le temps où Teilhard de Chardin disait : "Nous ne sommes pas des êtres humains vivant une expérience spirituelle, nous sommes des êtres spirituels vivant une expérience humaine"

Stolen Focus - Johann Hari

2025-11-12T06:29:00.044+01:00

Introduction Walking in Memphis

godson: filleul
freakishly: bizarre
freak: bête curieuse
to jabber: bredouiller
swoosh: sifflement
blur: trouble
whirring: ronronner
shrieking: crieur
numbing: engourdissant
baffled: dérouté
respite: répit
listlessly: mollement
wielding: exercer
ripped: musclé
to fiddle with: trafiquer
a slew of: un tas de
tripwires: fil de détente
rickety: bancal

You are missing your life! you are afraid of missing out - that's why you are checking your screen all the time.
If we want to do what matters in any domain - any context in life - we have to be able to give attention to the right things... If we can't do that, it's really hard to do anything.
People who can't focus will be more drawn to simplistic authoritarian solutions.
But nothing can be changed until it is faced.
If we wait for perfect evidence, we will be waiting for ever. I had to proceed, doing my best, on the basis of the information we have.

1 Cause One: The Increase in Speed, Switching and Filtering

giddy: pris de vertige
wanker: connard
twinge: pointe
sliver: éclat
pasty: pâle
bliss: bonheur
jab: piquer
poke: pousser
colicky: qui souffre de coliques
garbled: confus
lurch: embardée
delusion: illusion
pucker: pincer
to bristle: se hérisser
impairment: déficience
delude: qui se fait des idées
hunch: pressentiment
shrieking: crieur
rowdy: chahuteur
bouncer: videur

I had learned years from social scientists that when it comes to beating any kind of destructive habit, one of the most effective tools we have is called 'pre-commitment'
Twitter makes you feel that the whole world is obsessed with you and your little ego - it loves you, it hates you, it's talking to you right now.
I came to this realization that my job in a way is to think that is different from everyone else - but I was in an environment where I was just getting all the same information as everyone else, and I was just thinking the same things as everyone else.
It's always tempting to confuse your personal decline for the decline of the human species.
The more information you pump in, the less time people can focus on any individual piece of it.
The increase in the volume of information is what creates the sensation of the world speeding up.
If you have to keep up with everything and send emails all the time, there's no time to reach depth.
We are, collectively, experiencing a more rapid exhaustion of attention resources.
He stopped using all social media, except Twitter, which he checks only once a week, on Sundays. He stopped watching TV. He read more books instead.
I think the first thing you have to realize is it's an ongoing battle.
In general, we want to take the easy way out, but what makes us happy is doing the thing that's a little bit difficult. What's happening with our cellphones is that we put a thing in our pocket that's with us all the time that always offer an easy thing to do, rather than the important thing. I wanted to give myself a chance at choosing something that's more difficult.
How do you slow down in a world that is speeding up?
The switch cost effect.
Is try to get rid of the distractions as much as possible.
Start slow, but practice, and you'll get there.

2 Cause Two: The Crippling of Our Flow States

crippling: paralysie
lurch: embardée
beak: bec
cursory: rapide
puffy: bouffi
miser: avare
paltry: dérisoire
funk: cafard
sagging: distendu
squalid: sordide
enthralling: captivant
gusher: puits jaillissant
off-kilter: de travers
frak out: crises
stumps: souches
thawing: fondant
slough off: se dépouiller
taunt: sarcasme
blissful: bienheureux

Narcissism is a corruption of attention - it's where your attention becomes turned in only on yourself and your own ego.
Like a money-obsessed miser checking the state of his personal stocks and finding he was slightly richer than yesterday.
No stranger is going to flood you with hearts and tell you you're great.
He discovered that he felt most alive when he was doing something difficult.
Years later, the designers of Instagram asked: If we reinforce our users taking selfies - if we give them hearts and likes - will they start to do it obsessively, just like the pigeon will obsessively hold out its left wing to get extra sed? They know Skinner's core techniques, and applied them to a billon people.
For the artist, when they were in the process of creation, time seems to fall away.
But creative people seemed mostly uninterested in rewards; even money didn't interest most of them.
Staying in the flow.
The first thing you need to do is choose a clearly defined goal, and to set aside other goals while you do.
So, to find flow, you need to choose one single goal; make sure your goal is meaningful to you; and try to push yourself to the edge of your abilities.
We should primarily focus on the things that make life worth living, and finds way to boost them.
The more powerful path out of distraction is to find your flow.
It was like the flow was relaxing my body and opening my mind - perhaps because I knew I had done my best.
I realised then that to recover from our loss of attention, it is not enough to strip out our distractions. That will just create a void. We need to strip out our distractions and to replace them with sources of flow.

3 Cause Three: The Rise of Physical and Mental Exhaustion

hunched: regroupé
bunch: vouté
jangling: tintement
lull: bercer
pass out: tomber dans les pommes
darting: fléchette
stagger: chanceler
funk: avoir le cafard
douse: arroser
coked out: tomber en rade
unclenching: détendre
to crave: brûler d'envie de faire
lapse: écart
drowsy: endormi
bone-tired: extrêmement fatigué
knackered: claqué
to fall apart: s'effondre
brink: bord
bereavement: perte d'un être cher
roadkill: cadavre d'animal écrasé sur la route
to amp up: amplifier

Then I would try to stop my mind jangling as it ran through all the things that had happened that day, and all the things I would need to do when I woke up, and all the things to worry about in the world.
Local sleep: in this state, you believe you are alert and competent - but you aren't. You are sitting at your desk and you look awake, but parts of your brain are asleep.
If you sleep less, your attention will likely suffer.
I'm going to make you want more fast food, I'm going to make you want more sugar for quick energy.
When we sleep, our minds start to identify connections an patterns from what we've experienced during the day.
Sommeil réparateur: when we sleep better, a lot of problem get less - like mood disorders, like obesity, like concentration problems...It repairs a lot of damage.
One of the things that happens is that during sleep, your brain cleans itself of waste that has accumulated during the day.
That can explain why, when you are tired, "you get a hung-over sort of feeling" - you are literally closed up with toxins.
When you dream , you can revisit stressful moments, but without stress hormones flooding your system.
Our economic system has become dependent on sleep-depriving people.
You need to radically limit your exposure to light before you go to sleep. He believes you should have no sources of artificial light in your bedroom at all, and you should avoid the blue light of screens for at least two hours before you go to bed.
Many of the things we need to do are so obvious they are banal: slow down, do one thing at a time, sleep more.

4 Cause Four: The Collapse of Sustained Reading

tangy: acidulé
dashing: se précipiter
glibly: facilement
vituperative: durement critique
nuggets: pépites
hunches: pressentiment
to pore over: examiner
sliver: morceau

Most common forms of flow that people experience in their lives is reading a book.
"screen inferiority"
"The medium is the message"
The way information gets to you is more important than the information itself. TV teaches you that the world is fast; that it's about surfaces and appearances; that everything in the world is happening all at once.
I like the person I become when I read a lot of books. I dislike the person I become when I spend a lot of time on social media.
When you read a novel, you are immersing yourself in what it's like to be inside another person's head.
The more novels you read, the better you were at reading other peoples's emotions. Reading non-fiction books, by contrast, had no effect on your empathy.
Reading a factual account may make you more knowledgable, but it doesn't have this empathy-expanding effect.
Take care what technologies you use, because your consciousness will, over time, come to be shaped like those technologies.

5 Cause Five: The Disruption of Mind-Wandering

squiggle: gribouiller
skimming: effleurer
whirr: bruit
oboe: hautbois
clucking: caqueter
crude: brut
snarky: narquois

So we aren't just facing a crisis of lost spotlight focus - we are facing a crisis of lost-mind-wandering.
In situations of low stress and safety, mind-wandering will be gift, a creative force. In situations of high stress or danger, mind-wandering will be a torment.

6 Cause Six: The Rise of Technology That Can Track and Manipulate You (Part One)

glee: joie
whim: lubie
cuddly: en peluche
grab: saisir
enthusing: s'enthousiasmer
ruction: grabuge
inescapable: inévitable
paintbrush: pinceau
sliver: tranche fine
thwacked: frapper fort

If you are stuck in gloomy weather for a long time, you are more likely to be depressed.
If you want to shape the user's behavior, make sure he gets hearts and likes right away. Using these principles, they launched a new app of heir own. They name Instagram.
Whenever he looked at a new message, he found it took him a long time to get his mind back to where it had been before.
At Google, the success was measured by what was called "engagement" - which was defined as minutes and hours of eyeballs on the product. More engagement was good; less engagement was bad. This was for a simple reason. The longer you make people look at their phones, the more advertising they see - and therefore the more money Google gets.
They spend a lot of their own time meditating and doing yoga. They often ban their own kids from using the sites and gadgets they design, and send them instead to tech-free Montessori schools. But their business model can only succeed if they take steps to dominate the attention spans of the wider society.
Everything is a race for attention.
Today, all social media and lots of other sites use a version of infinite scroll. They seemed to be unable to pull themselves away from their devices.
Infinite scroll makes you spend 50 percent more of your time on sites like Twitter.
One of the ironies is there are these incredibly popular workshops at Facebook and Google about mindfulness - about creating the mental space to make decisions non-reactively - and they are also the biggest perpetrators of non-mindfulness in the world.
How do we consume as much of your time and conscious attention as possible?

7 Cause Six: The Rise of Technology That Can Track and Manipulate You (Part Two)

maiden: vierge
creepier: horreur
ghoulish: macabre
startingly: incroyablement
billboard: panneau publicitaire
bogus: faux
whirr: bruissement
quirk: excentricité
indignant: indigné
enraging: rendre fou de colère
fury: fureur
mercy: démence
bereft: perdu
prickling: picotement
cunning: malin
gleeful: joyeux

The way our tech currently works - and why it is undermining our attention.
Facebook makes more money for every extra second you are starting through a screen at their site, and they lose money every time you put the screen down.
Every time you send a message or status update on Facebook, or Snapshot or Twitter, and every time you search for something on Google, everything you say is being scanned and sorted and stored.
Why are Amazon Echo and Google Nest Hubs sold for as cheap as $30, far less than they cost to make? So they can gather more info; so the voodoo doll can consist not just of what you search for on a screen but what you say in your home.
The technical term for this system - coined by the brillant Harvard Professor Shoshana Zuboff - is "surveillance capitalism".
Imagine if I could predict all of your actions in chess before you made them. It would be trivial for me to dominate you. That's what is happening on a human scale now.
In 2017 The European Union blocked some forms of tracking of internet users - they can't scan your Gmail any more in that territory.
Their business model is screen time, not the time.
The phones we have, and the programs that run on them, were deliberately designed by the smartest people in the world to maximally grab and maximally hold your attention.
The way our tech works now to corrode our attention was and remains a choice.
The real debate is what tech, designed for what purposes, in whose interests?
That what you see is selected for you according to an algorithm.
It shows you things that will keep you looking at your screen. Remember: the more time you look, the more money they made.
On average, we will stare at something negative and outrageous for a lot longer than we will stare at something positive and calm.
"Negativity biais"
If it's more enraging, it's more engaging.
It's very hard to be with the reality, the physical world, the built world - because it doesn't offer as frequent and as immediate rewards as this thing does.
You'll break away from your work and your relationships to seek a sweet, sweet hit of retweets.
At the moment false claims spread on social media far faster than the truth, because of the algorithms that spread outraging material faster and further.
Just like Facebook, YouTube makes more money the longer you watch.
No matter where you start, you end up more crazy.
Just watching YouTube radicalises people.
When Bolsonaro unexpectedly won the presidency, his supporters chanted "Facebook! Facebook! Facebook!". They knew what the algorithms had done for them.
There's a destination we want to get to, and most of the time, it doesn't actually get us there - it takes us off track.
The collective downgrading of humans and the upgrading of machines. We are becoming less rational, less intelligent, less focused.
If we can't focus, what possible hope do we have to solve global warming?
How, in practice, do we change the machinery that is stealing our attention?

Cause Seven: The Rise of Cruel Optimism (or: Why Individual Changes are an important Start, But Not Enough)

buff: musclé
conceivable: concevable
prickling: piquant
beholden: redevable
fiendishly: diablement
upbeat: enjoué

Nir Eyal - Indistractible

The goal, Nir says is to create a craving in human beings - and he cites B.F. Skinner as a model for how to do it. Want to hook your users? Drive them crazy.

In my life, I had something that felt like it controlled me, and I controlled it.
Persuasive technology.
All of us have "internal triggers" - moments in our lives that push us to give in to bad habits.
When I'm writing - it's never come easy. It's always difficult.
An internal trigger is an uncomfortable emotional state. It's all about avoidance. It's all about - how do I get out of this uncomfortable state?
So whenever he felt that pickling feeling or boredom or stress come to him, he identified what was happening, and picked up a pack of Post-It notes, and he wrote on it what he wanted to know. Later when he had finished a good stretch of writing, he would let himself google it - but only then.
How about planning your day. We just let our time to be usurped by the news or whatever's on Twitter or whatever's happening in the world outside us, as opposed to saying - actually what do I want to do with my time?
But there was something about what he said that made me feel uncomfortable, and for a while, I couldn't articulate it.
Cruel optimism.

Your stress comes from a failure to be mindful.
While at first glance, cruel optimism seems kind and optimistic, it often has an ugly after-effect.
It whispers: the problem isn't in the system: the problem is in you.
This is one of the problems with cruel optimism - it takes exceptional cases, usually achieved in exceptional circumstances, and acts as if they can be commonplace.

Almost all the existing books about attention problems present them simply as individual flaws requiring individual tweaks.
We could have used government policy to make fresh, nutritious food cheap and accessible, and sugar-filled junk expensive and inaccessible.
You can try having self-control, but there a thousand engineers on the other side of the screen working against you.
It's authentic optimism. This is where you honestly acknowledge the barriers that stand in the way of your goal and establish a plan to work together with other people to dismantle those barriers, step by step.

9 The First Glimpses of the Deeper Solution

benevolent: bienveillant
clamouring: clameur
innocuous: inoffensif
conceivable: concevable
screwing: visser
disingeneous: peu sincère
fiendishly: diaboliquement
daunted: intimidé
thwarting: faire obstacle
fracking: fracturer

If we are going to find a lasting solution, we need to go right to the root cause of the problem.
What's going on there is it's catching your impulses before your brain has a chance to really get involved and make a decision.
Since there's evidence YouTube's recommendation engine is radicalising people.
How these sites could be redesigned to make it easier for you to restrain yourself and think about your longer-term goals.
Social media is designed to grab your attention and sell it to the highest bidder.
Facebook: Our algorithms exploit the human brain's attraction to divisiveness and if left unchecked, the site would continue to pump its users with more and more divisive content in an effort to get user attention and increase time on the platform.
Facebook's scientists concluded her was one solution: they said Facebook would have to abandon its current business model.
The huge forces stealing our focus.
We are only at the start of what unregulated surveillance capitalism will do to us. It is only going to be more sophisticated and more invasive.
Facebook, in 2015, filed a patent for technology that will be able to detect your emotions from the cameras on your laptop and phone.

Cause Eight: The Surge in Stress and How It Is Triggering Vigilance

hunches: pressentiment
to soak up: absorber
constituent: électeur
protracted: prolongé
mooted: soulevé
wrecking: démolition
swell: gonfler

The business model behind the tech was more important than the tech itself.
Stress, getting older, disturbed sleep.
To pay attention in normal ways, you need to feel safe.
She came to believe that when children can't pay attention, that's often a signal that they are under terrible stress.
Scale the tools that you offer to be the same scale as the problems folks are having.
Be grateful for your suffering, because it allows you to empathize with the suffering of others.
It is now obvious that stress can cause structural changes in the brain with long-term effects.If you have to worry about your financial situation... it takes a lot of the capacity of your brain. If you don't have to worry, then it improves your capacity to think about other things.

11 The Places That Figured Out How to Reverse the Surge in Speed and Exhaustion

swagger: démarche arrogante
niggling: tenace

Do one thing at a time, sleep more, read more books, let your mind wander.

12 Causes Nine and Ten: Our Deteriorating Diets and Rising Pollution

edible: comestible
caved in: céder
rotting: pourrissant
maggot: asticot
conk out: tomber en rade
dyes: colorants
carbohydrate: glucide
reek: puer
tangles: noeuds
stunt: retarder

I learned that all through their lives, they had mostly eaten food that they had grown, raised or killed themselves. They had a huge garden, where they planted their own fruits and vegetables, and they raised their own animals for meat.
"Nutritional psychiatry" - a new field that is teasing out the connection between the way we eat and our psychological challenges. He said if anyone doubts these insights, he would ask them "where they think attention comes from...The brain gets built from foods. So there's that very fundamental connection"
They're all building their foundations on Whole Foods.
A sea change is under way...If you think your child's ADHD may have something to do with food, science now agrees with you.
Where is lead. Some case of lead poisoning sooner or later develops.
We live in an extremely individualistic culture, where we are constantly pushed to see our problems as individual failing, and to seek out individual solutions. You're unable to focus? Overweight? Poor? Depressed? We are taught in this culture to think: that's my fault.
Our attention and focus has been raided, pillaged and poisoned by huge external forces.
Of over two hundred pesticides on the market in Europe, about two-thirds affect either brain development or thyroid hormone signaling.
BPA = Bisphenol A
PCB = Pollutant Polychlorinated Biphynyls
Perturbateurs Endocriniens.

Cause Eleven: The Rise of ADHD and How We Are responding to It

sighing: soupirer
sulking: bouder
chastened: réprimandé
weaned off: sevrer
to soothe: calmer
meth: méthadone
outright: franche

ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Frustrated biological objectives
The surrounding context is the most important thing. The amount of chaos in the environment.

Cause Twelve: The Confinement of Our Children, Both Physically and Psychologically

lush: luxuriant
recess: récréation
jarring: discordant
hobbling: entraver
shrivel: flétrir
flustered: confused
raddled: épuisé

If you go running in the morning because you love how it feels - the wind in your hair, the sense that your body is powerful and it's carrying you forward - that's an 'intrinsic' motive.
It's easier to focus on something, and stick at it, if your motives are intrinsic - if you are doing something because it's meaningful to you.
The more intrinsic your motivation, the easier it will be to sustain your attention.
Life begins at the edge of your comfort zone.

Conclusion Attention Rebellion

flicker: lueur
freakishly: bizarre
eerily: sinistrement
trudge: marche pénible
speck: point
petty: insignifiant
whack: grand coup
scuttling: courir, cavaler
listlessly: avec apathie
frazzled: éreinté
abseiled: descendre en rappel
garlanded: couronner
swelling: gonflement
huddle: se blottir
addled: embrouillé

James thinks we are all living through something like a denial-of-service attack on our minds.
One: I used pre-commitment to stop switching tasks so much. Pre-commitment is when you realize that if you want to change your behavior, you have to take steps now that will lock in that desire and make it harder for you to crack later.
Two: What could you do now to get into a flow state, and access your mind's own ability to focus deeply? What would be something meaningful to me that I could do now? What is at the edge of my abilities? How can I do something that matches these criteria now?
Three: social media, I now take six months of the year totally off it. (This time is divided into chunks, usually a few weeks)
Four: mind-wandering, a crucial form of attention in its own right. Now I make a point to go for a walk for an hour every day without my phone or anything else that could distract me.
Five: eight hours every night of sleep.
Liberating ourselves from people who are controlling our minds without our consent.
You don't get what you don't fight for.
Our economic system has become dependent on sleep-depriving people.
Having time spend with our children, or to be in nature, or to sleep, or to dream, or to have secure work.
The growth machine has pushed humans beyond the limits of our minds - but it is also pushing the planet beyond its ecological limits.

L'homme qui plantait des arbres - Jean Giono

2025-11-10T08:26:00.006+01:00

Pour que le caractère d'un être humain dévoile des qualités vraiment exceptionnelles, il faut avoir la bonne fortune de pouvoir observer son action pendant de longues années. Si cette action est dépouillée de tout égoïsme, si l'idée qui la dirige est d'une générosité sans exemple, s'il est absolument certain qu'elle n'a cherché de récompense nulle part et qu'au surplus elle ait laissé sur le monde des marques visibles, on est alors, sans risque d'erreurs, devant un caractère inoubliable.
Mon jeune âge, précisément, me forçait à imaginer l'avenir en fonction de moi-même et d'une certaine recherche du bonheur.
Lorsqu'on en a vingt, on considère les hommes de cinquante comme des vieillards à qui il ne reste plus qu'à mourir.
On imagine bien cependant que, pour une réussite semblable, il a fallu vaincre l'adversité ; que, pour assurer la victoire d'une telle passion, il a fallu lutter avec le désespoir.
Pour s'éviter le trajet d'aller-retour, il envisageait de construire une cabane de pierre sur les lieux mêmes de ses plantations.
Il y avait un grand personnage des Eaux et Forêts, un député, des techniciens. On prononça beaucoup de paroles inutiles.
Le travail paisible et régulier, l'air vif des hauteurs, la frugalité et surtout la sérénité de l'âme avaient donné à ce vieillard une santé presque solennelle.
Il en sait beaucoup plus que tout le monde. Il a trouvé un fameux moyen d'être heureux !

7 nouveaux arbres fruitiers

2025-11-06T17:41:00.006+01:00

Aujourd'hui j'ai planté 7 nouveaux arbres fruitiers sur le verger, arbres que j'ai achetés chez planfor.
Le stress maintenant est de savoir s'ils vont pousser :=). J'ai mis de la corne broyée en sus de terreau au pied des arbres.

Cerisier coeur de pigeon

Abricotier rouge du Roussillon

Pommier Belle de Boscop

Cerisier bigarreau burlat

Poirier conférence

Poirier Williams

Chataignier

Kiwi

Mûrier

The Art of Spending Money - Morgan Housel

2025-10-20T08:19:00.034+02:00

Introduction: The Quest of the Simple Life

lust: luxure
to wedge out: devenir plus mince
contentment: satisfaction
misfit: marginal

Those happiest with money tend to be those who have found a way to stop thinking about it.

All Behavior makes Sense with enough Information

bootlegged: marchandise illicite
snubbed: snobé
dour: austère
gaudy: voyant
egotism: égoïsme
well-heeled: riche
meth: méthadone
bullheaded: entêté

If you try to make sense of spending habits - yours or other's people - you have to start with the understanding that people don't just spend money on things they find fun or useful. Their decisions often reflects the social and psychological experiences of their life.
The same product has very different meanings to different people.
Values are equal to your preferences, and your preferences come from trying to reconcile your current needs with the lessons learned from your unique past experiences.
Don't let anyone tell you what you should or shouldn't spend money on. There is no "right" way. You have to figure out what makes you happy and fulfilled
A lot of money problems come from people spending or saving money in a way they think they are supposed to but doesn't match their personality.
Be careful judging how other people spend their money.

May I Have Your Attention Please

toil: labeur
bustle: agitation
to gawk at: regarder
hubristic: débauche

Observe what actually makes you happy and maximize that.
I love the idea that my friends and family can benefit from the nice things I've purchased.

The Happiest People I know

to dwell on: s'attarder sur
plea: appel
meager: maigre; piètre
elation: euphorie
fleeting: bref
content: satisfait

You realize that the key to happiness is being content with what you have.
The key is realizing that happiness is the state when nothing is missing, regardless of the lifestyle you're living.
Your brain just wants dopamine.

Everything You don't See

cheerful: joyeux
gutter: caniveau
bliss: bonheur

"I would think exactly how I was going to get there - not just how it would feel to be there"

The Most Valuable Financial Asset Is Not Needing To Impress Anyone

enamored: épris
to revel in: se révéler
woefully: tristement
capsize: chavirer
outright: complètement
deceit: tromperie
to loiter: traîner
utter: absolu
impending: imminent
to ponder: réfléchir
to despise: mépriser
snakepit: fosse aux lions
quirky: excentrique

Not needing to impress other people, especially strangers, is an asset on your personal balance sheet that can be more valuable than anything else.
When you don't feel the need to impress other people, your desires fall. When your desires fall, your satisfaction with what you already have grows. It's really that simple.
Are you spending money on something because it makes people think different of you - like you more, be more impressed with you, maybe even jealous of you - or because it actually feeds your soul and make you happy?
Being independent, following your quirky habits, and doing what you want, when you want, with whom you want.

What Makes You Happy

drab: morne
awe: émerveillement
to sneak in: entrer discrètement
to covet: convoiter
splurge: faire une folie
lukewarm: tiède
bland: fade
slog: galère

A good life is everything you need and some of what you want. If you have everything you want, you appreciate none of what you have.
The best drink you will ever taste is a glass of tap water when you're thirsty.
The gap between struggle and reward is a big part of what makes people happy.
"Nothing has spread socialistic feeling in this country more than the automobile", "a picture of the arrogance of wealth"

The Rich and the Wealthy

cursed: maudit
lackadaisical: apathique
mercifully: avec clémence
curse: sort
gosh: bonté divine
to hobnob with: fréquenter

If you are rich, you have money in the bank that allows you to buy the stuff you want.
If you are wealthy, you have a control over what that money does to your personality, your freedom, your desires, ambitions, morals, friendships, and mental health.
The Vanderbilts are one of the clearest examples of money controlling a person, rather than being used as a tool to improve their life.
He was a man built upon morals and individually who just happened to save a ton of money.
The people I admire most have a way of escaping the bubble of culture. Sometimes via religion, sometimes via old books; sometimes via time in nature. Without such an escape, propaganda wins. You stop thinking for yourself. Modern delusions grow into an all-consuming mind virus.
I like aimlessly scrolling through social media, but I don't necessarily want to do it - these things are just addictive, and they control the person rather than becoming tools to enhance the person's life.

Utility vs Status

plush: luxueux
bragging: vantardise
vintner: vigneron
scrawled: griffonné
knockoff: faux, fausse, imitation
devouring: dévorant
damned: damné
shamelessly: sans vergogne
to pander: céder à
notch: cran
fickle: changeant

The value of anything is its ability to help you live the life you want. Nothing more.
Whether you're using money as a tool to live a better life or as a yardstick to measure yourself against others.
Function, durability, practicality.
Why you actually want to buy this things.
Buying things for their utility gives you the ability to express your own identity, while chasing status often makes you conform to other's identity.
"I write for an audience of one - me"
The key to success in so many areas of life is endurance and longevity.
I know with near certainty that I will value comfort, dependability, convenience, and - most importantly - spending quality time with people I love and admire.

Risk and Regret

thereof: de celui-ci
slipshod: baclé
crusty: croustillant
sneering: ricaner
preposterous: absurde
to squander: gaspiller
merry: joyeux

Good advice is never as simple as saying "Live for today" or "Save for the future". The only good advice is "Minimize future regret".
"So much wasted time".
What a terrible thing to realize when it's too late. And I wonder if it'll become more common as many of us spend our days aimlessly scrolling our social media.
You need to accurately understand how you'll feel about your current decisions at various point in the future.
YOLO - "You Only Live Once"
FIRE - "Financial Independence Retire Early"
The only good advice is to minimize your future regrets.
Once you view savings as providing the benefit of independence, you stop viewing saving for tomorrow as sacrificing today.
Savings has given me independence that allows me a degree of doing what I want, when I want, with whom I want, that makes today - right now - better than it would have been if I had saved less in the past.
How disastrous envy can be.

Look at Them

cantankerous: acariâtre
overlook: oublier
self-worth: amour propre
snug: endroit douillet
panhandler: clochard

Being jealous of what others have and assuming your life would be better if you were like them is misleading because you are not getting the full picture of their lives.
FOMO - the fear of missing out - is one of the most dangerous financial reaction that exists.
Having no FOMO might be the most important financial skill.
Remove FOMO from the equation and what's left? You only care about your own financial goals.
When you have everything you need, you immediately shift to focusing on everything you might want, which is a never ending list.
A lack of envy brings another gift: freedom.
Spending on independence can be the most wonderful thing money can buy.

Wealth Without Independence is a Unique Form of Poverty

run-of-the-mill: banal
furnace: chaudière
egregious: choquant
jerk: coup sec
hush: silence

"Rich" means not being hurried, spending time with my family, control over my schedule, and intellectual independence. Doing life my way. Independence. That's true rich.
Money you haven't spent buys something intangible but valuable: freedom, independence, and being able to spend time in your own way.
I view every cent of savings as a ticket toward a greater degree of financial independence, which is my true goal.
I have no budget for how much I'm willing to spend on autonomy and spending time with the people I want, when I want to, for as long as I want to.
Control over what you're doing.
Workers who rely on government assistance and semi retired workers who rely on pensions. A major part of your financial well-being relies on the decisions of people who may or may not keep it going in the future.
You wake up every morning realizing that you can spend your time doing what you want, with whom you want, for as long as you want.

Social Debt

to wow: en mettre plein les yeux
dinged: moderate damage
notch: cran
liabilities: handicap

When how you spend your money influences what people think of you in unwanted ways.
"It's very expensive to be rich"
My strategy is called quiet compounding.

Quiet Compounding

bumpkin: plouc
to flaunt: exhiber

The fastest way to get rich is to go slow.
"There is only one success - to be able to spend your life in your own way"
So be careful who you seek advice from, be careful who you admire, and even be careful who you socialize with.
A great irony in finance is that the fastest way to get rich is often to go slow.

Identity

hinder: gêner
peacock: paon
antler: ramure
butler: majordome
relatable: s'identifier à
contentious: contesté
willful: obstiné
wishy-washy: sans consistance
confine: limite

When money controls who you are.
One of the most common ways that money stops being a tool, and become a master, is when your financial goals and beliefs become part of your identity.
Keep your identity small.
A lot of financial planners will tell you that a lot of their biggest challenges is getting clients to spend in retirement.
Refusing to recognize that you've met your goal can be as bad as never meeting the goal to begin with.
Once you label yourself you've formed an identity that can prevent you from seing the big picture, finding other opportunities, or changing your mind when you need to.
"A belief is not dangerous until it turns absolute".

Try Something New

to pore: examiner
mildly: légèrement
faint: faible
mercilessly: impitoyablement
lumber: bois de construction
seamstress: couturière
unwholesome: malsain
falling hook, line, and sinker: tout gober, tout avaler

"My secret had been I know what to ignore".
Find what works and just do that.
It's impossible to know what you're going to like until you try it, so try everything. But the only way to try a million new things is to have a strong filter that immediately rejects what isn't for you. And, boy, that is also true for spending money.
You should spend extravagantly on the things you love as long as you mercilessly cut the things you don't.
There is no guide on what will make you happy - you have to try a million different things and figure out what fits your personality, ruthlessly cutting the rest. Wide funnel, tight filter.
Consumers who saw the devil logo knew they were getting a specific product made by a specific company under specific quality standards.
You're not necessarily paying for quality, you're paying for consistency.
The wide funnel only works if you have a tight filter.
The more you can say "I tried buying this or that. It didn't work for me", the more you know you're on the right path.
There's a well-known idea that times feels like it speeds up as you age. One theory why this happens is that the perception of time relies on the number of new and surprising memories formed in a period. Monotony makes time speed up, variety makes it slow.
"Thank you for believing in me"
Remember that the ones who love you almost certainly don't want your money as much as they want your love and attention.

Your Money and Your Kids

moocher: profiteur

Values, hard work, support, and the opposite of spoiled.
Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York.
"The parent-child bond is the most important relationship for a child's mental health. When a child cannot meet a parent's high expectations, that bond becomes jeopardized"

Spreadsheets don't Care About Your Feelings

pride: orgueil
rash: imprudent
reckless: imprudent

When emotions are more insightful than numbers.
Spreadsheets don't care about your feelings. But sometimes those feelings are the most important part of a big financial decision.

The Finer Things

precarious: précaire
blisters: cloques
to solder: souder
oblivious: inconscient

The wisdom, and futility, of obsessing over small purchases.
The point is that small changes at scale yield massive impact.
Parkinson's law of triviality. It states: "The amount of attention to a problem gets is the inverse of its importance"
Tending to small expenses can compound into a fortune. They can also suck your attention away from much larger problems.
The opposite of a good idea can also be a good idea.

The Life Cycle of Greed and Fear

sneaky: sournois
delusion: illusion
hindsight: recul
to snicker: ricaner
taunt: sarcasme
groove: sillon

It becomes innocent, turns crazy, and ends up right where you began.
Spending money often requires optimism; saving often requires pessimism.
There is a natural cycle that causes innocent optimism to evolve into greed, which turns to denial, then confusion, then, eventually fear.
All greed begins with the most innocent idea: that you deserve to be right.
We'd recognize that if you did this and then that happened, there are a lot of million other variables you have no control over that also could have influenced that outcome.
The common form of innocent greed is extrapolating with enthusiasm what worked in the past. It tempts you to do the same thing as before, but with twice the appetite.
Greed happens when you double down on actions that at one time worked but aren't sustainable, or that cause you to overestimate how influential your actions were on outcomes.
Maybe the people who in the past rewarded you with attention are no longer around.
Maybe the people who were excited for your past success are now exhausted from hearing about you.
Buddhism has a concept called Beginner's Mind.

The Luckier You are, the Nicer You Should Be

knee-jerk: automatique

Understand that people who have made different decisions than you, and ended up with a different outcome than you, can be just as smart, funny, insightful, and worthy as you. They do what makes sense to them, and they're trying to find their way in a complex world. You do what makes sense to you, and you're trying to find your way in a complex world.
And so we end right where we began, with a reminder that all behavior makes sense with enough information, and we are all on our quest for the simple life.

Artificial Intelligence - A Guide for Thinking Humans Melanie Mitchell

2025-09-19T08:52:00.040+02:00

Part One Background

Chapter 1 The Roots of Artificial Intelligence

The concept of supervised learning is a key part of modern AI.
Training set. Test set.
Perceptron learning algorithm.
Even at beginning, AI suffered from a hype problem approach.
"Easy things are hard" dictum: the human workers are hired to perform the "easy" tasks that are currently too hard for computers.

Chapter 2 Neural Networks and the Ascent of Machine Learning

rebutted: réfuter
to soar: monter en flèche
pep: vitalité
imbued: imprégné
disparagingly: de façon désobligeante

"activation"
"back-propagation"
I trained both a perceptron and a two-layer neural network, each with 324 inputs and 10 outputs, on the handwritten-digit-recognition task, using sixty thousand examples, and then tested how well each was able to recognize ten thousand new examples.
The term "connectionist" refers to the idea that knowledge in these networks resides in weighted connections between units.

Chapter 3 AI Spring

overlord: chef suprême
eerily: sinistrement
pun: jeux de mots
derogatory: désobligeant
tout: racoler
shallow: superficiel
self-awareness: conscience de soi
dogged: obstiné
contrivance: dispositif
ergo: par conséquent
to imbue: imprégner
to spur: inciter
to scoff at: se moquer de
glaringly: extrêmement
malevolent: malveillant
to ascribe: attribuer
wryly: ironiquement
rapture: extase
post-haste: en toute hâte
conscripted: appeler
dire: pressant
to relent: céder
a scant: peu de
surfeit: excès
to straddle: enfourcher
zaniest: loufoque
ploy: stratagème
stung: piqûre
wagering: pari
foil: faire-valoir
wherein: où
harbinger: messager
bearing: position

The terms narrow and weak are used to contrast with strong, human-level or full-blown AI (sometimes called AGI, or Artificial General Intelligence).
We're back to the philosophical question I was discussing with my mother: is there a difference between 'simulating a mind' and 'literally having a mind'?
Ray Kurzweil, who is now director of engineering at Google.
Singularity: "a future period during which the pace of technological change will be so rapid, its impact so deep, that human life will be irreversibly transformed".
Kurzweil agrees: "most of the brain's complexity comes from its own interaction with a complex world. Thus, it will be necessary to provide an artificial intelligence with an education just as we do with a natural intelligence.
Kurzweil's thinking has been particularly influential in the tech industry, where people often believe in exponential technological progress as the means to solve all of society's problems.
Kapor: "Perception of and physical interactions with the environment is the equal partner of cognition in shaping experience...Emotions bound and shape the envelope of what is thinkable"
Crucial abilities underlying our distinctive human intelligence, such as perception, language, decision-making, common sense reasoning and learning.

Part Two Looking and Seeing

Chapter 4 Who, What, When, Where, Why

The neural networks dominating deep learning are directly modeled after discoveries in neuroscience.
Today's most influential and widely used approach: convolutional neural networks, or (as most people in the field call them) ConvNets.
This calculation - multiplying each value in a receptive field by its corresponding weight and summing the results - is called a convolution. Hence the name "convolutional neural network".
Would you like to experiment with a well-trained ConvNet? Simply take a photo of an object, and upload it to Google's "search by image" engine. Google will run a ConvNet on your image and, based on the resulting confidences (over thousands of possible object categories), will tell you its "best guess" for the image.

Chapter 5 ConvNets and ImageNet

bunch: groupe
updended: renversé
jolt: soubresaut
snooping: fouiner
terse: sec
stuffed: empaillé
to tease out: extraire

Yann LeCun, the inventor of Convnets.
A cardinal rule in machine learning is "Don't train on the test data". It seems obvious.
It turns out that the recent success of deep learning is due less to new breakthroughs in AI than the availability of huge amounts of data (thank you, internet!) and very fast parallel computer hardware.
Facebook labelled your uploaded photos with names of your friends and registered a patent of classifying the emotions behind facial expressions in uploaded photos.
ConvNets can be applied to video and used in self-driving cars to track pedestrians, or to read lips and classify body languages. Convnets can even diagnose breast and skin cancer from medical images, determine the stage of diabetic retinopathy, and assist physicians in treatment planning for prostate cancer.
It could be that the knowledge needed for humanlike visual intelligence - for example, making sense of the "soldier and dog" photo at the beginning of the previous chapter - can't be learned from millions of pictures downloaded from the web, but has to be experienced in some way in the real world.

Chapter 6 A Closer Look at Machines That Learn

to veer: virer
speckling: moucheté
repellent: répulsif
skewed: faussé
inconspicuous: qui passe inaperçu
whack-a-mole: jeu du chat et de la souris
adversarial: conflictuel
ostrich: autruche

I'll explore how differences between learning in ConvNets and in humans affect the robustness and trustworthiness of what is learned.
The learning process of ConvNets is not very humanlike.
The most successful ConvNets learned via a supervised-learning procedure: they gradually change their weights as they process the examples in the training set again and again, over many epochs (that is, many passes through the training set), learning to classify each input as one of a fixed set of possible output categories.
Demis Hassabis, co-founder of Google DeepMind.
Deep learning requires big data.
Have you ever put a photo of a friend on your Facebook page and commented on it? Facebook thanks you!
Deep learning, as always, requires a profusion of training examples.
Upon purchase of a Tesla vehicle, must agree to a data-sharing policy with the company.
Requiring so much data is a major limitation of deep-learning today. Yoshua Bengio, another high-profile AI researcher, agrees: "We can't realistically label everything in the world and meticulously explain every last detail to the computer. "
The term unsupervised learning refers to a broad group of methods for learning categories or actions without labelled data.
In machine-learning jargon, Will's network "overfitted" to its specific training set.
They are overfitting to their training data and learning something different from what we are trying to teach them.
Commercial face-recognition systems tend to be more accurate on white male faces than on female or non white faces. Camera software for face detection is sometimes prone to missing faces with dark skin and to classifying Asian faces as "blinking".
The spread of real-world AI systems trained on biased data can magnify these biases and do real damage.
Should the data sets being used to train AI accurately mirror our own biased society - as they often do now - or should they be tinkered with specifically to achieve social reform aims? And who should be allowed to specify the aims or do the tinkering.
More generally, you can often trust that people know what they are doing if they can explain to you how they arrived at an answer or a decision.
The dark secret at the heart of AI.
Ian Goodfellow, an AI expert who is part of the Google Brain team, says, "Almost anything bad you can think of doing to a machine-learning model can be done right now...and defending it is really, really hard".
It's misleading to say that deep networks "learn on their own" or that their training is "similar to human learning". Recognition of the success of these networks must be tempered with a realization that they can fail in unexpected ways because of overfitting to their trains data, long-tails effects and vulnerability to hacking.
The formidable challenges of balancing the benefits of AI with the risks of its unreliability and misuse.

Chapter 7 On Trustworthy and Ethical AI

tipsy: pompette
sobering: qui donne à réfléchir
menial: subalterne
rickshaw: pousse-pousse
to canvass: sonder l'opinion
creepy: horreur
hamstrung: couper les tendons d'Achille
spur: voie secondaire
staple: de base
contrived: imaginé

Facebook, for example, applies a face-recognition algorithm to every photo that is uploaded to its site, trying to detect the faces in the photo and to match them with known users (at least those users who haven't disabled this feature)
Privacy is an obvious issue. Even if I'm not on Facebook (or any other social media platform with face recognition), photos including me might be tagged and later automatically recognized on the site, without my permission.
"We deserve a world where we're not empowering governments to categorize, track and control citizens"
My own opinion is that too much attention has been given to the risks from superintelligent AI and far too little to deep learning's lack of reliability and transparency and its vulnerability to attacks.

PART THREE Learning to Play

Chapter 8 Rewards for Robots

preposterously: absurde
nagging: tenace
covertly: secrètement
oblivious: inconscient
wag: remuer
puddle: flaque
awash: inondé
wry: ironique
treat: friandise

"Reward behavior like and ignore behavior I don't"
Operant conditioning inspired an important machine-learning approach called reinforcement learning. Reinforcement learning contrasts with the supervised learning method.
Reinforcement learning requires no labelled training examples. Instead, an agent - the learning program - performs actions in an environment (usually a computer simulation) and occasionally receives rewards from the environment.
Reinforcement learning: learning too much at one time can be detrimental.
Q-learning
Exploration versus exploitation balance

Chapter 9 Game On

stance: position
paddle: pagaie
to tally up: faire le total
devious: sournois
windfall: aubaine
gobsmacked: estomaqué
pruning: élagage

In reinforcement learning we have no labels.
Learning a guess from a better guess.
Three all-important concepts: the game tree, the evaluation function and learning by self-play.
AlphaGo acquired its abilities by reinforcement learning via self-play.
The program chooses moves probabilistically.
AlphaGo learns by playing against itself over many games.
With its AlphaGo project, DeepMind demonstrated that one of AI's long-time grand challenges could be conquered by an inventive combination of reinforcement learning, convolutional neural networks and Monte Carlo tree search.

Chapter 10 Beyond Games

imbuing: imprégner
adversarial: conflictuel
prowess: talent
pesky: fichu

Unlike supervised learning, reinforcement learning holds the promise of programs that can truly learn on their own, simply by performing actions in their "environment" and observe the outcome.
How to think better: how to think logically, reason abstractly and plan strategically.
Andrej Karpathy, Tesla's director of AI

PART FOUR Artificial Intelligence Meets Natural Language

Chapter 11 Words, and the Company They Keep

to surmise: présumer
beak: bec
bent out of shape: upset and angry
mind-boggling: impressionnant
to impinge: empiéter
wit: esprit
alluring: séduisant
to seep through: suinter

You shall know a word by the company it keeps.
In linguistics, this idea is known more formally as distributional semantics.
The semantic of words might actually require many dozens if not hundred of dimensions.
It turns out that using word vectors as numerical inputs to represent words, as opposed to the simple one-hot scheme, greatly improves the performance of neural networks in NLP tasks.
"word2vec": shorthand for "word to vector".
You shall know a word by the company it keeps.
The idea is to train the word2vec network to predict what words are likely to be paired with a given input word. Word vectors are also called word embeddings.
Let's remember that the goal of this whole process is to find a numerical representation - a vector - for each word in the vocabulary, one that captures something of the semantics of the word.

Chapter 12 Translation as Encoding and Decoding

mildew: moisissure, mildiou
cringe: avoir un mouvement de recul
spurred: incité
jarring: qui secoue
dazzled: éblouir
wrongheaded: erroné
gist: sens général

Encoder, Meet Decoder
Long short-term memory, LTSM units: the idea is that these units allow for more "short-term" memory that can last throughout the processing of the sentence.
To measure the quality of a translation, BLEU essentially counts the number of matches - between words and phrases of varying lengths.
My general experience is that the translation quality of, say, Google Translate declines significantly when it is given whole paragraphs instead of single sentences.
While the skeletal meaning of this story comes through, subtle but important nuances get lost in all the translations.
The main obstacle is this: like speech-recognition systems, machine-translation systems perform their task without actually understanding the text they are processing.
"Machine translation...often involves problems of ambiguity that can only be resolved by achieving an actual understanding of the text - and bringing real-world knowledge to bear".
The images were downloaded from repositories such as Flickr.com, and the captions for these images were produced by humans - namely, Amazon Mechanical Turk workers, who were hired by Google for this study.
I'm certain that these systems will improve as researchers apply more data and new algorithms. However, I believe that the fundamental lack of understanding in caption-generating networks inevitably means that, as in language translation, these systems will remain untrustworthy.

Chapter 13 Ask Me Anything

lodestar: guide
puns: jeu de mots
godsend: aubaine
uncanny: mystérieux
stunt: acrobatie
parlour: petit salon
dearth: manque
bestowing: conférer
to suss out: piger
dubious: douteux
to vie: concourir
to forestall: prévenir
inching: avancer doucement
adversarial: conflictuel
adversary: adversaire
nefarious: abominable

Overpromising and under-delivering are, of course, an all-too-common story in AI.
The Winograd schemas are designed precisely to be easy for humans but tricky for computers.
It seems to me to be extremely unlikely that machines could ever reach the level of humans on translation, reading comprehension and the like by learning exclusively from online data, with no real understanding of the language they process.
Language also relies on commonsense knowledge of the other people with whom we communicate.

PART FIVE The Barrier of Meaning

Chapter 14 On Understanding

endowed: doté
insight: perspicacité
bland: fade
teeming: grouillant
fraught: tendu
what the heck? : c'est quoi ce bordel ?
indulge: céder
pun: jeu de mots
yucky: dégoutant
libel: diffamation
feat: exploit

Humans, in some deep and essential way, understand the situations they encounter, whereas no AI system yet possesses such understanding. While sate-of-the-art AI systems have nearly equalled (and in some cases surpassed) humans on certain narrowly defined tasks, these systems all lack grasp of the rich meanings humans bring to bear in perception, language and processing.
Psychologists have coined a term - intuitive physics - for the basic knowledge and beliefs humans share about objects and how they behave. As very young children, we also develop intuitive biology: knowledge about how living things differ from inanimate objects.
Because humans are a profoundly social species, from infancy on we additionally develop intuitive psychology: the ability to sense and predict the feelings, beliefs and goals of other people.
Simulations appear central to the representation of meaning.
For example, Lakoff and Johnson note that we talk about the abstract concept of time using terms that apply to the more concrete concept of money: You "spend" or "save" time. You often "don't have enough time".
"I was given a warm welcome", "She gave me an icy stare", "He gave me the cold shoulder". Such phrasings are so ingrained that we don't realize we're speaking metaphorically. These metaphors reveal the physical basis of our understanding of concepts.
Abstraction and analogy.
Analogy-making in a very general sense as "the perception of a common essence between two things".
"Without concepts there can be no thought, and without analogies there can be no concepts"
Everyone in AI research agrees that core commonsense knowledge and the capacity for sophisticated abstraction and analogy are among the missing links required for future progress in AI.

Chapter 15 Knowledge, Abstraction and Analogy in Artificial Intelligence

elusive: insaisissable
rut: ornière
commonsense: du bon sens; sensé; raisonnable
imbue: imprégner
mind-boggling: impressionnant
grappling: s'agripper

Lenat concluded that rule progress in AI would require machines to have common sense.
Unwritten knowledge that humans have.
Our commonsense knowledge is governed by abstraction and analogy.
AI research often uses so-called microwords - idealized domains, such as Bongard problems, in which a researcher can develop ideas before testing them in more complex domains.
Conceptual slippage, an idea at the heart of analogy-making.
The concept of website slipped to the concept of wall, and the concept of writing a blog slipped to the concept of spray-painting graffiti.
Have you ever struggled unsuccessfully to solve a problem, finally recognizing that you have been repeating the same unproductive thought process? This happens to me all the time; however, once I recognize this pattern, I can sometimes break out of the rut.
"We Are really, Really Far Away"
The modern age of artificial intelligence is dominated by deep learning, with its triumvirate of deep neural networks, big data and ultrafast computers.
A small segment of the AI community has consistently argued for the so-called embodiment hypothesis: the premise that a machine cannot attain human-level intelligence without having some kind of body that interacts with the world.

Chapter 16 Questions, Answers and Speculations

jaywalk: traverser en dehors des clous
dart across: foncer
inconspicuous: qui passe inaperçu
pesky: fichu
oxymoron: réalité paradoxale; exemple "mort-vivant"
bewildering: déroutant
beset: frappé
ballparked: approximatif
to elude: échapper
witty: plein d'esprit
elusive: insaisissable
vexing: épineux
foibles: manies
addle: embrouillé
headlong: tête la première

The sort of core intuitive knowledge : intuitive physics, biology and especially psychology.
It's worth remembering the maxim that the first 90 percent of a complex technology project takes 10 percent of the time and the last 10 per cent takes 90 per cent of the time.
I believe that it is possible, in principle, for a computer to be creative.
I've seen numerous computer-generated artworks that I consider beautiful.
The creativity results from the teamwork of human and computer: the computer generates initial artworks and then successive variations, and the human provides judgment of the resulting works which comes from the human's understanding of abstract artistic concepts.
"Human intelligence is a marvelous, subtle, and poorly understood phenomenon. There is no danger of duplicating it anytime soon"
"Prediction is hard, especially about the future"
The annoying limitations of humans, such as our slowness of thought and learning, our irrationality and cognitive biases, our susceptibility to boredom, our need for sleep and our emotions, all of which get in the way of productive thinking.
Above all, the take-home message from this book is that we humans tend to overestimate AI advances and underestimate the complexity of our own intelligence.
AI systems are brittle; that is, they make errors when their input varies too much from the examples on which they've been trained.
We tend to anthropomorphize AI systems: we impute human qualities to them and end up overestimating the extent to which these systems can actually be fully trusted.

Gödel Ester Bach - Douglas Hofstadter

2025-09-15T06:53:00.037+02:00

Chapitre X Niveaux de description et ordinateurs

Le algorithmes, des descriptions exactes de processus dont ils désiraient l'exécution.
Vers 1950, on a réussi à écrire des programmes appelés compilateurs, dont la fonction était de traduire des langages de compilation en langage machine.
Un interpréteur est donc au compilateur ce qu'un interprète est à un traducteur.
Un des secrets de la compréhension et de la création de l'intelligence réside dans le développement et le perfectionnement constants des langages capables de décrire des processus manipulation des symboles.
Il suffit de prendre la plus exacte des sciences, la physique.
Dans la plupart des systèmes que nous connaissons, les parties conservent leur identité en dépit des interactions, ce qui fait que nous continuons à voir les parties au sein du système.
Phénomène de la supraconductivité : un flux d'électrons sans résistance au sein de certains solides, à des températures extrêmement basses.

...et fourmugue

"Faut-il comprendre de façon holistique ou de façon réductionniste ?"
Une fugue de fourmis, une "fourmugue".
Les colonies de fourmis sont semblables aux cerveaux par de nombreux aspects.
Vous étiez peut-être tellement captivé par ce que vous disiez que vous étiez parfaitement inconscient du reste.

Chapitre XI Cerveaux et pensées

Ça n'est donc pas une si mauvaise idée, cette analogie entre le cerveau et une fourmilière.
Cette idée de l'existence du général dans le particulier est d'une très grande importance.
Les créatures fantastiques de notre logiciel cérébral qui naissent des étranges mélanges d'idées qui s'éveillent quand le corps s'endort.
Il faut trouver une explication des activations de haut niveau des symboles qui ne s'appuie pas sur les phénomènes neuraux de bas niveau. Si c'est possible (et c'est une supposition essentielle des travaux actuels en intelligence artificielle) alors le cerveau ne serait pas l'unique support matériel de l'intelligence.
Si, par contre, il n'existe aucun moyen d'effectuer des séquences d'activation de symboles sans avoir tout le matériel neutronique (que ces neurones soient réels ou simulés), c'est que l'intelligence est en fait un phénomène propre aux cerveaux et beaucoup plus difficile à comprendre qu'un phénomène devant son existence à une hiérarchie de lois de niveaux différents.
Aux chapitres XVIII et XIX qui traitent de l'intelligence artificielle.

Les pensées édifiantes d'un fumeur de tabac

Je feuilletais un curieux livre plein d'étranges dialogues sur de nombreux sujets, dont la biologie moléculaire, les fugues, le bouddhisme zen, et je ne sais quoi d'autre.
Les ribosomes sont apparemment des genres d'objets sous-cellulaires qui prennent un message d'une forme donnée et le transforment en un message d'une autre forme.
SDS est une ribosomopathie (maladie due à un défaut de fabrication des ribosomes).
Le mot "ceci" renvoie au tableau, et non pas à la pipe.

Chapitre XII Esprits et pensées

Les caractéristiques communes à tous les papillons.
Votre seule base de recherche, c'est votre tête. Vous n'avez accès à aucune information susceptible de vous aider pendant la durée de votre travail.
Quelqu'un pourrait, par exemple, ignorer ce qu'est un éléphant, ou que la terre est ronde. Il est probable que dans tels cas, le réseau de symboles de cette personne et le vôtre seront si différents que vous ne pourrez pas établir une communication très importante.
La culture affecte la pensée, il ne faut pas surévaluer le rôle de la langue dans le façonnage de la pensée.
La culture russe est étrangère aux francophones.
Je me suis parfois rendu compte que deux mélodies différentes traversaient mon esprit, rivalisant pour attirer "mon" attention.
Lucas, "Minds, Machines, and Gödel" : ses opinions sont parfaitement à l'opposé des miennes et pourtant, pour se les former, il a mélangé beaucoup des mêmes ingrédients.

Chapitre XVI Auto-réf et auto-rep

Le mécanisme qui lit les chaînes et produit les enzymes codées à l'intérieur de celles-ci s'appelle un ribosome.
Les quatre types de base que l'on trouve dans les nucléotides de l'ADN sont :

A : Adénine
G : Guanine
C : Cytosine
T : Thymine

Les enzymes, qui sont les instigatrices de presque tous les processus de vie, sont fabriquées par les ribosomes qui se trouvent dans le cytoplasme.
L'ARN messager ou ARN-m sert à transporter les informations, c'est à dire le message génétique, des chambres moléculaires de l'ADN, jusqu'aux ribosomes flottant dans le cytoplasme.
Le processus de copie de l'ADN dans l'ARN-m à l'intérieur du noyau s'appelle la transcription.
Les enzymes appartiennent à la catégorie générale de molécules biologiques appelées protéines, et les ribosomes ont pour tâche de produire toutes les protéines, et pas seulement les enzymes.
Une protéine est donc produite aminoacide par aminoacide par le ribosome.
Pour que ces protéines potentielles soient extraites de l'ADN, il faut qu'il y ait non seulement des ribosomes, mais aussi des ARN polymérises, qui fabriquent l'ARN-m qui est apporté aux ribosomes.
Ce n'est pas une coïncidence si les expressions "système d'autonomie suffisamment résistant" et "système formel suffisamment puissant" se ressemblent.
En fait, en informatique, une certaine tendance à mélanger tous ces aspects apparemment distincts d'un système de traitement de l'information se dessine déjà nettement. C'est particulièrement vrai dans la recherche en intelligence artificielle, qui est généralement à l'avant-garde de la conception des langages informatiques.
Quelle a été l'origine du code génétique et des mécanismes de décodage (ribosomes et molécules d'ARN de transfert) ?

Le Magnificrabe, en réalité

On ne peut pas toujours comprendre sur quoi se fonde la beauté.

Chapitre XVII Church, Turing, Tarski et autres

Nous en sommes maintenant au point où nous pouvons développer une des thèses centrales de ce livre, à savoir que tout aspect de la pensée peut être considérée comme une description de haut niveau d'un système qui, à une niveau inférieur, est géré par des règles simples, voire formelles.
Un sens du jugement quant à ce qui est, ou n'est pas, important et nécessaire. Il va de pair avec un sens de la simplicité, un sens de la beauté. Mais d'où viennent ces intuitions ? Comment peuvent-elles surgir d'un système formel sous-jacent ?
La thèse de Church-Turing est sans doute un des concepts les plus importants de la philosophie des mathématiques, des cerveaux et de la pensée.
Srinavasa Ramajuan : sa mémoire, sa patience, et son pouvoir de calcul lui conféraient une capacité de généralisation, une intuition de la forme, et un pouvoir de modification rapide de ses hypothèses.
Il semble que la "compréhension" exige au préalable l'assimilation et l'intégration d'une grande quantité d'informations.
Si l'intelligence implique l'apprentissage, la créativité, des réactions émotionnelles, un sens de l'humour, un sens de la beauté, un sens de soi, alors il reste un long chemin à parcourir.
La perception de la beauté est-elle un processus du cerveau ?
Une conviction fausse dans le logiciel du cerveau est supportée par le matériel du cerveau qui, lui, fonctionne "parfaitement".
La réalisation de la vraie intelligence nécessitera une poussée vers des niveaux toujours plus profonds, toujours plus proches des mécanismes cérébraux, si on veut que les machines atteignent les capacités humaines.
A quoi réagissons-nous lorsque nous regardons un tableau et ressentons sa beauté ? Est-ce à la "forme" de ses lignes et points sur notre rétine ? C'est évidemment ça, puisque c'est sous cette forme-là que son contenu est transmis aux mécanismes d'analyse de nos cerveaux, mais la nature complexe du traitement effectué nous donne l'impression de ne pas être en train de regarder une simple surface à deux dimensions; nous réagissons à une sorte de signification interne du tableau, un aspect multidimensionnel piégé d'une manière ou d'une autre dans ces deux dimensions. C'est le mot "signification" qui compte ici. Nos cerveaux sont équipés d'interprètes qui reçoivent des formes à deux dimensions pour en "extraire" ensuite des concepts à plusieurs dimensions qui sont tellement complexes qu'ils échappent à toute description consciente. Nos réactions à la musique sont d'ailleurs du même type.
Les qualités syntaxiques de de la forme et les aspects sémantiques de la forme.
Au fur et à mesure que le temps passe le voile se lève de plus en plus sur la signification.
Le paradoxe d'Épiménide : nature auto-référentielle.

Chapitre XVIII Intelligence artificielle : passé

MIU : un alphabet, des axiomes, 4 règles de production. Théorème de Gödel : tu dois sortir du jeu et y réfléchir de l'extérieur pour le comprendre.
Comment pouvez-vous savoir si ce que vous faites n'est pas parfaitement futile ?
Cela ne signifie pas pour autant qu'il est impossible d'avoir une intuition de ce qui est ou n'est pas une voie prometteuse.
On a un objectif global qui, localement, sert de guide. Une des techniques qui ont été mises au point pour convertir des objectifs globaux en stratégies locales de recherche de dérivations est appelée réduction des problèmes.
Vous remarquerez que tout dépend de la façon de se représenter "l'espace du problème", c'est à dire de ce qui est perçu comme une réduction du problème (mouvement en avant vers l'objectif global), et de ce qui est perçu comme un grossissement du problème (mouvement éloignant de l'objectif).
Et quand l'espace du problème est légèrement plus abstrait que l'espace physique, les humains ne savent souvent pas plus que faire que les chiens qui s'assoient et se mettent à aboyer.
D'une certaine façon, tous les problèmes sont des versions abstraites du problème du chien et de l'os.
Les solutions impliquant la restructuration de l'espace du problème se présentent le plus souvent à l'esprit comme un éclair de compréhension que comme le résultat d'une série de processus mentaux lents et délibérés. Ces éclairs d'intuition proviennent probablement du coeur même de l'intelligence, et leur source est, inutile de le dire, un secret jalousement protégé de notre cerveau.
Ce qui fait, en tout cas, cruellement défaut à l'IA, ce sont des programmes capables de "prendre du recul" pour regarder ce qui se passe et, munis de ces informations, de se réorienter vers le but recherché.
Y-a-t-il dans nos vies des situations très répétitives que nous appréhendons caque fois de façon tout aussi stupide parce que nous avons pas une vue assez globale pour percevoir leur similitude ? Voilà qui nous ramène à ce problème récurrent : "Qu'est-ce que la similitude ?" Nous le retrouverons en tant que thème de l'IA lorsque nous parlerons de la reconnaissance des formes.
Il s'appuie sur un grand nombre d'aptitudes différentes, comme doit le faire l'intelligence en général : un vaste recueil de connaissances, la technique de réduction des problèmes, un grand nombre de méthodes heuristiques, plus quelques astuces spéciales.
La conscience analogique, qui est un aspect crucial de l'intelligence humaine.
Quand une personne oublie quelque chose, cela signifie vraisemblablement qu'un pointeur de haut niveau a été perdu, et non pas que des informations ont été effacées ou détruites. Cela montre qu'il est extrêmement important de prendre note de la façon dont vous stockez de nouvelles expériences, car vous ne pouvez pas savoir à l'avance dans quelles circonstances, ou sous quel angle, vous voudrez extraire des informations de votre cerveau.
Un principe général : quelque chose devient ennuyeux non pas quand vous avez épuisé son répertoire de comportement, mais quand vous avez défini les limites de l'espace contenant son comportement.
Pourquoi certaines musiques sont-elles beaucoup lus profondes et beaucoup plus belles que d'autres ? C'est parce que leur forme est expressive, en tout cas pour certaines régions étranges de notre inconscient.
Il est extrêmement intéressant que, dans le langage naturel, la syntaxe et la sémantique soient étroitement enchevêtrés.
Ce type de décision se présente constamment : combien de niveaux devrait avoir un système ? Quelle quantité et quel type d'"intelligence" devraient être placés à quel niveau ? Ce sont là quelques-uns des problèmes les plus ardus auxquels l'IA doit actuellement faire face.

Chapitre XIX Intelligence artificielle : avenir

Je pense que les "quasi" situations et les situations hypothétiques inconsciemment forgées constituent l'une des plus riches sources potentielles de compréhension de l'organisation et de la classification des perceptions de l'être humain.
Songez à quel point nos vies mentales seraient pauvres si nous n'étions pas doués de ce pouvoir créatif de nous glisser hors de la réalité pour plonger dans de douces suppositions ! Du point de vue de l'étude des processus de réflexion humains, ce glissement, ou déplacement, est très intéressant, car il se produit la plupart du temps inconsciemment, ce qui signifie que l'observation des déplacements et des non-déplacements est très révélatrice de ce qu'est l'inconscient.
Une des principales fonctions du réseau de concepts est de permettre de modifier légèrement des idées fausses pour les transformer en variantes qui peuvent être correctes.
Essayer les idées récentes qui ont marché.
Malaphore : recombinaison d'idées.
Question : Un ordinateur pensant pourra-t-il additionner rapidement ? Réflexion : Peut-être pas. "Je pense, donc je n'ai pas accès au niveau auquel je somme".
La véritable intelligence dépend intimement d'une capacité d'appréhension globale de son environnement, c'est à dire d'une possibilité programmée de "sortir du système", tout au moins à peu près dans la mesure où nous avons, nous, cette possibilité. Or, une fois qu'un programme aura cette capacité, vous ne pourrez plus le retenir ; il aura dépassé le point critique, et il ne vous restera plus qu'à faire face aux conséquences de ce que vous aurez créé.
Nous restons exactement les mêmes bien que des milliers de neurones meurent chaque jour.

ChapitreXX Boucles Étranges ou Hiérarchies Enchevêtrées

Le pionnier de la cybernétique, Norbert Wiener. Science des communications et de la régulation des informations.
Hiatus : manque de continuité, coupure.
épistémologie : branche de la philosophie qui s'intéresse à la connaissance scientifique.
immixtion : action de s'immiscer

Vous avez bien un sens des désirs qui découle du substrat physique de votre esprit.
Une des questions centrales de ce livre serait "les mots et les pensées suivent-ils des règles formelles ? ". Un des grands objectifs de ce livre est de mettre en évidence les multiples niveaux de l'esprit/cerveau, et j'ai essayé de montrer pourquoi l'ultime réponse à cette question est : "oui, à condition de descendre au plus bas niveau, le matériel, pour trouver les règles".
En fait les règles de fond ne changent pas. Les neurones agissent toujours selon le même processus simple.
Vous avez accès à vos pensées, mais pas à vos neurones. Les règles logicielles de différents niveaux peuvent changer, mais les règles matérielles ne le peuvent pas et, en fait, c'est justement de leur rigidité que découle la souplesse du logiciel !
Comment la conscience surgit de la jungle des neurones.
Les gens ont un sens intuitif de la signification des faits parce que ils ont dans leurs cerveaux un matériel intégré qui incorpore des méthodes rudimentaires d'interprétation des faits.
Mon idée là-dessus, c'est que le processus selon lequel nous décidons de ce qui est valide ou de ce qui est vrai est un art, et qu'il s'appuie aussi fermement sur un sens de la beauté et de la simplicité que sur des principes profondément enracinés de la logique, du raisonnement, ou de tout autre phénomène qui peut être objectivement formalisé.
Théorème de Gödel : "La vérité est une chose trop sérieuse pour la confier entièrement aux théories mathématiques".
La plus grande contradiction de nos vies, la plus difficile à affronter, est peut-être la connaissance que "il y a eu une époque où je n'étais pas vivant, et il y aura une époque où je ne serai pas vivant".
La croyance plutôt orientale : "Le monde et moi ne sommes qu'un, et la notion de ma disparition est une contradiction intrinsèque". La croyance plutôt occidentale : "Je ne suis qu'une partie du monde, et je mourrai, mais après, le monde continuera sans moi"
Principe d'incertitude d'Heisenberg : implication : non-déterminisme et rôle de l'observation.
Magritte, La condition humaine : "C'est ainsi que nous voyons le monde : nous le voyons comme extérieur à nous, même si ce que nous éprouvons intérieurement n'en est qu'une représentation mentale"
Libre arbitre : "Le système X fait-il des choix ?"
Ce programme se surveille bien et a des idées sur ses idées, mais il n'est pas capable de surveiller tous les détails de ses processus et a donc une perception intuitive, et non pas une compréhension totale, de ses propres rouages. C'est cet équilibre entre la connaissance de soi et l'ignorance de soi que naît le libre arbitre.
Peu importe que le système fonctionne de façon déterministe ou non ; nous le qualifions de "choisisseur" si nous pouvons nous identifier à une description de haut niveau du processus qui se déroule pendant l'exécution du programme. A un bas niveau (celui du langage machine), le programme ressemble à n'importe quel autre programme; à un haut niveau (réunitarisé), des qualités comme la "volonté", l'"intuition", la "créativité" et la "conscience" peuvent émerger.
Escher a donc fait là une parabole graphique du Théorème d'incomplétude de Gödel. Voilà pourquoi les deux brins de Gödel et d'Escher sont si étroitement entremêlés dans mon livre.
Quand on croit que l'on sait tout, il y a toujours plus.
L'Offrande musicale est une fugue de fugues, une Hiérarchie Enchevêtrée comme celles d'Escher et de Gödel, une construction intellectuelle qui me rappelle, de façons inexprimables, la belle fugue à multiples voix qu'est l'esprit humain. Voilà pourquoi j'ai choisi, dans mon livre, de faire de Gödel, d'Escher et de Bach les trois brins d'une guirlande éternelle.

Ricercar à six voix

BABBAGE : polymath, mathématicien, inventeur et cryptanalyste.
Je me demande si vous accepteriez que j'essaie d'exécuter la tâche beaucoup moins grandiose consistant à multiplier MA PROPRE intelligence par six.

Maturation de la vigne au 14 août 2025

2025-08-14T13:21:00.007+02:00

Le prélèvement de maturation sur la parcelle de vigne a été effectué ce matin par mes soins. Voici les résultats sur un échantillon de 15 raisins pris en diagonale sur la parcelle :

Progression de 1 degré en 4 jours du 14/08 au 18/08 puis baisse de 1 degré (5mm de pluie) le 21/08

Par rapport à 2024, le niveau d'acide tartrique (AT) est supérieur, mais c'est le même degré pour un prélèvement qui avait été effectué le 3 septembre 2024. Le poids des raisins est aussi supérieur. On peut donc dire que la vigne à trois semaines d'avance par rapport à l'année dernière.
Il est tombé 4 mm de pluie cette nuit à Saint Ennemond. S'il pleut encore la semaine prochaine, les baies devraient grossir.

La vigne a souffert de la sécheresse cette année. Certains ceps, heureusement peu nombreux, n'ont plus de feuilles :

Le voisin utilise un robot pour désherber ses parcelles :

Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance - Robert M. Pirsig

2025-08-01T09:36:00.040+02:00

It's all of technology they can't take.
Somewhere are people who understand it and run it but those are technologists, and they speak an inhuman language when describing what they do.
You can't really think hard about what you're doing and listen to the radio at the same time.
When you want to hurry something, that means you no longer care about it and want to get on to other things. I just want to get at it slowly, but carefully and thoroughly.
If they can't stand physical discomfort and they can't stand technology, they've got a little compromising to do. They depend on technology and condemn it at the same time.
A hang-up. You just sit and stare and think, and search randomly for new information, and go away and come back again, and after a while the unseen factors start to emerge.
What we have here is a conflict of visions of reality. The world as you see it right here, right now, is reality, regardless of what the scientists say it might be.
What you've got here, really, are two realities, one of immediate artistic appearance and one of underlying scientific explanation and they don't match and they don't fit and they don't have much of anything to do with one another.
I want to divide human understanding into two kinds - classical understanding and romantic understanding.
Both are valid ways of looking at the world although irreconcilable with each other.
Mark Twain's experience comes to mind, in which, after he had mastered the analytic knowledge needed to pilot the Mississippi River, he discovered the river had lost its beauty. Something is always killed.
The ultimate purpose of life, which is to keep alive, is impossible, but that this is the ultimate purpose of life anyway, so great minds struggle to cure diseases so that people may live longer, but only madmen ask why. One lives longer in order that he may live longer. There is no other purpose.

Part II

To speak of certain government and establishment institutions as 'the system' is to speak correctly, since these organizations are founded upon the same structural conceptual relationships as a motorcycle. They are sustained by structural relationships even when they have lost all other meaning and purpose.
To revolt against a government because it is a system is to attack effects rather than causes ; and as long as the attack is upon the effects only, no change is possible.
If a revolution destroys a systematic government, but the systematic patterns of thought that produced that government are left intact, then those patterns will repeat themselves in the succeeding government. There's so much talk about the system. And so little understanding.
It's a good day to be alive.

9

hang up: contretemps
gee-whiz: révolutionnaire
juggernaut: pouvoir destructeur
lumbering: lourd
crank up: augmenter
bluffs: bosquets

That is induction: reasoning from particular experiences to general truths.
Repair problems are not that hard.
For this you keep a lab notebook. Everything gets written down, formally, so that you know at all times where you are, where you've been, where you're going and where you want to get.
Sometimes just the act of writing down the problems straightens out your head as to what they really are.
(1) statement of the problem, (2) hypotheses as to the cause of the problem, (3) experiments designed to test each hypothesis, (4) predicted results of the experiments, (5) observed results of the experiments and (6) conclusions from the results of the experiments.

10

baffled: perplexe
muddled: confus
fetters: chaînes
dreariness: monotone
creepers: plantes grimpantes

The state of mind which enables a man to do work of this kind is akin to that of the religious worshipper or lover. The daily effort comes from no deliberate intention or program, but straight from the heart.
What shortens the life-span of the existing truth is the volume of hypotheses offered to replace it.
The more you look, the more you see.
Sometimes I'd a little better to travel than to arrive.

11

timberline: cîme
creek: ruisseau
play tag: jouer au loup
aspen: tremble (arbre)
prow: proue
thatched: avec un toit de chaume
nod: signe de tête
cognizance: conscience
shiver: frissonner
stunted: rabougri
broad-leafed: feuillus
thaw: dégel
airtight: irréfutable
slumber: sommeil
nits: poux

It was at a level at which everything shifts and changes, at which institutional values and verities are gone and there is nothing but one's own spirit to keep one going. His early failure had released him from any felt obligation to think along institutional lines and his thoughts were already independent to a degree few people are familiar with. He felt that institutions such as schools, churches, governments and political organizations of every sort all tended to direct thought for ends other than truth, for the perpetuation of their own functions, and for the control of individuals it the service of these functions.
He was actively in pursuit of something now.
What does it all mean? What's the purpose of all this?
The primitive tribes permitted far less individual freedom than does modern society.
"That all our knowledge begins with experience there can be no doubt".
If I were to go down to the bank and to ask to see my money they would look at me a little peculiarly. They don't have 'my money' in any little drawer that they can pull open to show me. 'My money' is nothing but some east-west and north-south magnetic domains in some iron oxide resting on a roll of tape in a computer storage bin. But I 'm satisfied with this because I've faith that if I need the thing that money enables, the bank will provide the means, through their checking system, of getting it.
Tu es libre quand tu obéis à la loi que tu t'imposes en tant qu'être rationnel.
Quel principe guide vraiment mon choix ?
Avec son inversion copernicienne, Kant fait de l'esprit humain le centre actif de la connaissance, non un simple miroir passif du monde extérieur.

12

whack: grand coup
to gloss over: passer rapidement
haywire: détraqué
whacky: dingue
miffed: vexé
flunk: rater
buff: musclé
cocksure: arrogant
blithely: gaiement
miter: assembler
honeysuckle: chèvrefeuille

He became aware that the doctrinal differences among Hinduism and Buddhism and Taoism are not anywhere near as important as doctrinal differences among Christianity and Islam and Judaism.

13

fright: effroi
ludicrous: ridicule
rammed: bondé
hush: chut
kinship: parenté
contemptuous: méprisant
rumblings: grondements

You are never dedicated to something you have complete confidence in. No one is fanatically shouting that the sun is going to rise tomorrow. They know it’s going to rise tomorrow. When people are fanatically dedicated to political or religious faiths or any kinds of dogmas or goals, it’s always because these dogmas or goals are in doubt.

14

livestock: bétail
slant: pencher
grate: grille
trout: truite
marshmallow: guimauve
wistfully: avec mélancolie
to veer away: se déporter
non sequitur: sophisme
letdown: déception
nuts: cinglé
kindling: petit bois
brook: ruisseau
slur: affront
expound: énoncer
to damn: condamner
chopped-up: émincé
contrive: planifier
speechify: discourir
ludicrous: absurde
ugliness: laideur
topsy-turvy: sans dessus dessous
to vilify: diffamer
quilt: couette

For me a period of depression comes on when I reach a temporary goal like this and have to reorient myself toward another one.
After you pick up skill, welding gives a tremendous feeling of power and control over the metal. You can do anything.
If the machine produces tranquillity it's right. If it disturbs you it's wrong until either the machine or your mind is changed.
The art of work is just as dependent upon your own mind and spirit as it is upon the material of the machine. That's why you need the peace of mind.
You look at where you're going and where you are and it never makes sense, but then you look back at where you've been and a pattern seems to emerge. And if you project forward from that pattern, then sometimes you can come up with something.

15

baffled: perplexe
to jell : se constituer
mimicry: imitation
eddy: tourbillon
perfunctorily: machinalement
backwash: contrecoup
spine-tingling: chair de poule
jolt: à coup
to trot: trotter
itsy-betsy: minuscule
wearily: avec lassitude
despondent: déprimé

We’ve all changed…so much since you left
That’s all over for me now. I’m doing other things

Part III

16

duff: litière
wrought: forgé
partridge: perdrix
dull: terne
drudge: bête de somme
stump: poser une colle
dismissal: licenciement
balky: entêté
nonplussed: perplexe
rote: répétition
to loaf: traîner
contemptuous: méprisant
hunch: intuition
to sprain an ankle: se fouler une cheville

There are as many routes as there are individuals souls.
For every fact there is an infinity of hypotheses. The more you look the more you see.
To force them to look within themselves, the only place they would ever get a really right answer.

17

marsh: marais
to crouch: s'accroupir
moose: élan
jagged: dentelé
to expound: énoncer
outline: contour
to jack up: augmenter
abode: demeure
holiness: sainteté
selfless: désintéressé, altruiste

To live only for some future goal is shallow. It's the sides of the mountain which sustain life, not the top.
There is, in fact, no formal difference between inability to define and stupidity.
He did't know where he was going. All he knew was that it worked.
Any effort that has self-glorification as its final endpoint is bound to end in a disaster. When you try to climb mountain to prove how big you are, you almost never make it. And even if you do, it's a hollow victory. In order to sustain the victory you have to prove yourself again and again in some other way, and again and again and again, driven forever to fill a false image, haunted by the fear that the image is not true and someone will find out. That's never the way.

18

to recoil: reculer
to blather: jacasser
overcast: nuageux
thereupon: à ce sujet
to conjure up: faire apparaître
cleavage: scission
squareness: caractère carré
stave: échelon
groovy: stylé
cocky: trop sûr de soi
rubbery: caoutchouteux
flutter: battement
damp: humide
knoll: monticule

I think that the referent of a term that can split a world into hip and square, classic and romantic, technological and humanistic, is an entity that can unite a world already split along these lines into one. A real understanding of Quality doesn't just serve the System, or even beat it or even escape it. A real understanding of Quality captures the System, tames it, and puts it to work for one's own personal use, while leaving one completely free to fulfill his inner destiny.

19

to dispel: dissiper
knoll: monticule
ridge: crête
springy: bondissant
flunk out: être recalé
to despise: mépriser
smug: suffisant
forceful: déterminé
ominous: menaçant
to dash: se précipiter

He put it up on a kind of mental shelf where he put all kinds of questions he had no immediate answers for.

20

barren: stérile
creases: plis
spook: flanquer la trouille
eerie: étrange
fussbudget: maniaque
mesmerize: hypnotiser
fright: peur
faintheartedness: craintivité
fathomless: insondable

The silence allows you to do everything right.
Believe me, when the world is not seen as a duality of mind and matter but as a trinity of quality, mind, and matter, then the art of motorcycle maintenance and other arts take on a dimension of meaning they never had.
People differ about Quality, not because Quality is different, but because people are different in terms of experience.
The sudden accumulated mass of awareness began to grow and grow into an avalanche of thought and awareness out of control.

21

rind: peau
What I want to do now in the Chautauqua is get away from intellectual abstractions of an extremely general nature and into some solid, practical, day-to-day information, and I’m not quite sure how to go about this.

22

shattering: bouleversant
leeward: sous le vent
ascertainment: détermination
quandary: dilemme
serrated: en dents de scie
rutty: défoncé
wearily: péniblement
spill: flaque
logging: abattage
sheepish: penaud
twilight: crépuscule

Jules Henri Poincaré
Then it's the exception that becomes important. We seek not resemblances but differences, choose the most accentuated differences because they're the most striking and also the most instructive.
The subliminal self, Poincaré said, looks at the large number of solutions to a problem, but only interesting ones break into the domain of consciousness.
Poincaré judgment that the scientist selects facts, hypotheses and axioms on the basis of harmony.

24

hopelessness: désespoir
leaden feeling: sentiment lourd
shank: tige
stuck: bloqué
sledge: masse
folds: enclos
homespun: fait maison
sag: affaissement
gorgeous: superbe
hairpin: épingle à cheveux
crag: rocher escarpé

A person who sees Quality and feels it as he works is a person who cares.
The classic-romantic split that I think underlies the whole humanist-technological problem.
Quality is scientific reality. Quality is the goal of Art.
The leading edge is where absolutely all the action is.
You have to have a sense what's good. That is what carries you forward.
The technology of fifty and a hundred years ago, always seem to look so much better than the new stuff.

25

glare: lumière vive
dullness: monotonie
phony: faux
tinsel: guirlandes de Noël
mending: raccommodage
scrubby: broussailleux
scant: rare
groovy: stylé
contention: affirmation
ghastly: épouvantable
slant: pente
to resent: en vouloir
to fathom: comprendre

Actually a root word of technology, techne, originally meant 'art'. The ancient Greeks never separated art from manufacture in their minds, and so never developed separate words for them.
The answer is Phaedrus' contention that classic understanding should not be overlaid with romantic prettiness.
The passions, the emotions, the affective domain of man's consciousness, are a part of nature's order too. The central part.
The place to improve the world is first in one's own heart and head and hands, and then work outward from there.
Just a sort of unexplained sadness that comes each afternoon when the new day is gone forever and there's nothing ahead but increasing darkness.

26

dusty: poussiéreux
wisp: mêche
guzzle: engloutir
gumption: courage, cran, bon sens. Avoir de la gumption: être pleinement engagé, motivé, avec un esprit clair
caliper: pied à coulisse
lathe: tour
goofed: faire une gaffe
to conjure up: évoquer
fussiness: caractère exigeant
ailment: affection, maladie
spic and span: impeccable
dingy: miteux
fidgety: agité
louse up : gâcher
nuts and bolts: écrous et boulons
studs: clous
tapped holes: trous taraudés
warped: déformé
stool: tabouret
licked: léché
sloppy: peu soigné
tailgating: coller une voiture

If you have a high evaluation of yourself then your ability to recognize new facts is weakened. Your ego isolates you from the Quality reality.
Anxiety, the next gumption trap, is sort of the opposite of ego. You're so sure you'll do everything wrong you're afraid to do anything at all.
You fix things that don't need fixing, and chase imaginary ailments. You jump to wild conclusions and build all kinds of errors into the machine because of your nervousness. These errors, when made, tend to confirm your underestimation of yourself.
When you make the mistakes yourself, you at least get the benefit of some education.
My favorite cure for boredom is sleep.
I enjoy troubleshooting more than most and dislike cleaning more than most.
Impatience is close to boredom but always results from one cause: an underestimation of time the job will take. Very few jobs get done as quickly as planned.
Yes or no confirms or denies an hypothesis. Mu says the answer is beyond the hypothesis.
Your understanding of the context of the question needs to be enlarged.
Buy good tools as you can afford them and you'll never regret it.
Pay attention to adequate lighting.
Its' the way you live that predisposes you to avoid the traps and see the right facts.
If you're a sloppy thinker the six days of the week you aren't working on your machine, what trap avoidances, what gimmicks, can make you all of a sudden sharp on the seventh? It all goes together.
But if you're a sloppy thinker six days a week and you really try to be sharp on the seventh, then may be the next six days aren't going to be quite as sloppy as the preceding six. What I'm trying to come up with on these gumption traps, I guess, is shortcuts to living right.
We've arrived at the West Coast! We're all strangers again! Folks, I just forgot the biggest gumption trap of all. The funeral procession! The one everybody's in, this hyped-up, fuck-you, super modern, ego style of life that thinks it owns this country. We've been out of it for so long I'd forgotten all about it.

Part IV

28

quivering: tremblant
loathsome: dégoutant
writh: se tordre
cognizance: conscience
lore: connaissance
lacy: en dentelle
wrenches: clés
dipstick: jauge de niveau
smother: étouffer
hark: écouter
weasel: fouine
skulk: rôder
capstone: pierre finale
rod: tige
stationery: fournitures de bureau
unbowed: insoumis
skimmed: écrémé
perjury: parjure

Don't throw anything away. Never, never throw anything away.

29

scabbard: fourreau
smithy: forge
hazy: brumeux
spectaculars: grands spectacles
bumblebees: bourdons
worth: valeur
endow: doter
drizzle: brune
raves: éloge
to dwell on: s'étendre sur
slight: affront
contempt: mépris
spite: méchanceté
awe: émerveillement
smugness: suffisance
stunt: cascade
wan: blême
chuckholes: nids de poules
dubious: douteux
likeness: ressemblance
enconium: louange
fouled up: faire foirer
shirttail: pan de chemise
to despise: mépriser
scent: parfum
quarry: carrière
edgy: nerveux
fulcrum: point d'équilibre
feelers: antennes
cookery: cuisine
pandering: lêche bottes
pimping: maquereau
titter: gloussement
winnowing: sélectionner
sooty: couvert de suie
abhor: détester
to get over: oublier
misgivings: doutes
imperishable: impérissable
slain: tué
bereft: endeuillé
deeds: actes
wily: rusé
schemer: inspirateur
stout: fort
furrow: sillon
braggart: vantard
flay: fouetter
tugging: tirer sur
pristine: pur
Aretê: excellence, vertu, perfection; réaliser pleinement sa nature

It's paradoxal that where people are the most closely crowded, in the big coastal cities in the East and West, the loneliness is the greatest. The explanation, I suppose, is that the physical distance between people has nothing to do with loneliness. It's psychic distance, and in Montana and Idaho the physical distances are big, but the psychic distances between people are small, and here it's reversed.
My personal feeling is that this is how any further improvement of the world will be done: by individuals making Quality decisions and that's all.
We do need a return to individual integrity, self-reliance and old-fashioned gumption.
What are the three kinds of particular rhetoric? 'Forensic, deliberative and epideictic'
What are the epideitic techniques? 'The technique of identifying likeness, the technique of praise, that of encomium and that of amplification'
Phaedrus studied hard during this period, and learned extremely fast, and kept his mouth shut.
The Iliad is the story of the siege of Troy.
Duty towards self.
One can acquire some peace of mind from just watching that horizon.
We always condemn most in others, he thought, that which we most fearing ourselves.
Happiness and good are not objective terms.

30

womanish peevishness: irritabilité féminine
drab: morne
foil: faire-valoir
barren: stérile
outflank: contourner
rubbery: caoutchouteux
composure: calme
surly: bourru
spell: sort
timberline: cîme
scathingly: d'un ton cinglant
hedge: haie
loathsome: dégoûtant
ruts: ornières
eerie: étrange

They've been at it all their lives.
The white horse is temperate reason, the black horse is dark passion, emotion.
Aristotle's opinion is that dialectic comes before everything else.
A lifetime of blows tends to make a person unenthusiastic about any unnecessary interchange that might lead to more.
No one else can cross it for you. You've got to cross it by yourself.

31

slug: limace
slime: bave
to dawdle: traîner
dew: rosée
to recant: se rétracter
hazy: brumeux
contempt: mépris
wail: pleurs
teal: sarcelle
whine: sifflement
rag: chiffon

32

to enshroud: envelopper
groves: bosquets
to conk on the head: frapper à la tête

It's not as small as I think it is.
Is it hard? No if you have the right attitudes. It's having the right attitudes that's hard.
Trials never end, of course. Unhappiness and misfortune are bound to occur as long as people live.

Afterword

baffled: déconcerté
to confine: borner
to conceive: tomber enceinte
to recede: reculer
to mend: raccommoder

Who really can face the future? All you can do is project from the past, even when the past shows that such projections are often wrong. And who really can forget the past? What else is there to know?
It gives a positive goal to work toward that does not confine.
What is seen now so much more clearly is that although the names keep changing and the bodies keep changing, the larger pattern that holds us all together goes on and on.
It will take work, it will take time.
Reading is the enemy of writing.
www.moq.org

Mildiou sur grappe

2025-06-26T19:02:00.007+02:00

Nous sommes le 26 juin 2025 et le mildiou a frappé sur quelques grappes de la parcelle. Difficile d'évaluer le pourcentage de dégâts.

L’intensité correspond à la somme des pourcentages des dégâts observés par grappes, divisée par le nombre de grappes observées. Donc quand on parle d’une intensité de 79 %, ça veut dire 79 % de perte par rapport au rendement initial. Alors que la fréquence correspond au nombre de grappes symptomatiques par rapport au nombre de grappes observées. Donc celle-ci peut être élevée sans pour autant qu’il y ait une grosse diminution du rendement.

Les images ci-dessous :

L'heure des prédateurs - Giuliano Da Empoli

2025-05-30T08:07:00.010+02:00

allogène : d'une origine différente de la population autochtone
interlope : dont l'activité n'est pas légale
luddite : ouvrier s'opposant aux techniques modernes
componction : sentiment profond de regret

La première loi du comportement stratégique est l'action. En situation d'incertitude, lorsque la légitimité du pouvoir est précaire et peut être remise en cause à tout moment, celui qui n'agit pas peut être sûr que les changements auront lieu à son désavantage.
Cambridge Analytica.
L'idée même d'une limite à la logique de la force, de la finance et des cryptomonnaies, à l'emballement de l'IA et des technologies convergentes, ou au basculement de l'ordre international vers la jungle, est sortie du domaine du concevable.
Il n'y a pratiquement aucune relation entre la puissance intellectuelle et l'intelligence politique.
La prise de risque est la seule vraie monnaie du jeu.
"On n'attend pas le bon moment pour se lancer. On se lance en espérant que ce sera le bon moment."
Ils parlent un langage inintelligible, dans le seul but de tromper les pauvres gens et, en fin de compte, ils ne s'occupent que de leurs propres affaires.
Aux Etats-Unis, les avocats sont la catégorie professionnelle la plus détestée, juste derrière les politiciens.
Augmenter la température pour multiplier l'engagement.
Alimenter le réchauffement du climat social.
"Moi je ne vois que ce que je crois" : lapsus Eric Zemmour.
"Qui ne sait pas dissimuler ne sait pas régner"
Comme les borgiens, l'IA se nourrit du chaos et en extrait la surprise.
Ils étaient habitués à l'idée qu'acquérir des informations est le meilleur moyen de réduire l'incertitude sur l'avenir.
Aujourd'hui, nous possédons de plus en plus d'informations et nous sommes de moins en moins capables de prédire l'avenir.
Les borgiens sont à l'aise, parce qu'ils se nourrissent du chaos.
Mais surtout le plaisir du contact humain, de sa chaleur et des surprises qu'il recèle. Tout le contraire des Asperger de la tech et de leur désir maniaque de transformer l'homme en machine.
Waze souffre d'Asperger : ses efforts sont concentrés sur un seul objectif.
Le Château s'approprie un bien public et le transforme en bénéfice privé.
"Il se peut que la lumière qui éclaire notre univers s'éteigne et que nous soyons plongés dans une obscurité pareille à celle de cette nuit. Peut-être même quelque cataclysme, pire que la guerre, est-il déjà déclenché et, dans l'âme humaine, partout, les choses évoluent-elles de telle façon que tout ce qui doit être réglé le sera par le feu et l'épée. Il se peut que cette réponse soit réellement arrivée." Sándor Márai, Les Braises.
"Les philosophes ne m'intéressent pas, je cherche des sages"
Curzio Malaparte Technique du coup d'État

Just Keep Buying - Nick Maggiulli

2025-05-05T18:49:00.032+02:00

1. Where should you start? Why saving is for the poor and investing is for the rich

neuroticism: névrotisme

I. SAVING

If you are retired and can no longer work, you should spend more time on your investments.

2. How much should you save? It's probably less than you think.

overarching: prédominant

Phenoptypic plasticity, or the ability for an organism to change its physiology in response to its environment. When we have the ability to save more, we should save more, and when we don't, we should save less.
The biggest determinant of an individual's saving rate is the level of their income.
Earners in the bottom 20% saved 1% of their income annually while earners in the top 20% saved 24% of their income annually.
Save what you can.
The end result of this behavior is lots of money left to heirs.
This data suggest that the fear of running out of money in retirement is a bigger threat to retirees than actually running out of money.
Given the empirical research, the risk of running out of money for many current and future retirees remains low. This is why you probably need to save less than you think.

3. How to save more. The biggest lie in personal finance

foraging: cueillette
wiggle room: marge de manoeuvre
floss: fil dentaire
tout: racoler
The human body will adjust its total energy expenditure over time based on physical activity.
Despite the many documented health benefits of exercise, its effect on weight loss seems to be limited by human evolution.
Increases in income aren't followed by similar increases in spending.
Diminishing marginal utility: it means that each additional unit of consumption brings about less benefit than the unit before it. Personally I call it the law of stomach.
They are taking these outlier cases and passing them off as normal.
To save even more, think like an owner.
The end goal should be ownership, using your additional income to acquire more income-producing assets.

4. How to spend money guilt-free. The 2x Rule and maximizing fulfillment

unscathed: indemne
to splurge: faire une folie

Creates anxiety around spending money.
20% of investors worth $5 million and $25 million were concerned about enough money to make it through requirement.
The 2x Rule works like this: Anytime I want to splurge (faire une folie) on something, I have to take the same amount of money and invest it as well. So, if I wanted to buy a $400 pair of dress shoes, I would also have to buy $400 worth of stocks (or other income-producing assets). This makes me re-evaluate how much I really want something because if I am not willing to save 2x for it, then I don't buy it.
Autonomy (being self-directed), mastery (improving your skills), and purpose (connecting to something bigger than yourself) are the key components to human motivation and satisfaction.
Your money should be used as a tool to create the life that you want.
The difficulty lies not in spending your money, but figuring out what you truly want out of life:

What kind of things do you care about?
What scenarios would you prefer to avoid?
What values do you want to promote in the world?

After all, it's not the purchase that makes you feel guilty, but how you justify that purchase in your head.
This is to ask yourself whether a given purchase will contribute to your long-term fulfillment.

5. How much lifestyle creep is okay? And why it's more than you think.

Lifestyle creep is when someone increases their spending after experiencing an increase in income or as a way of keeping up with their peers.
Why a savings goal of 25x annual spending can lead to a comfortable retirement.
This analysis assumes that you require 25 times your annual spending to retire, you get an annual raise of 3%, and your portfolio grows 4% a year.
Why you should save 50% of your raises.

The 2x rule states that before you buy something expensive, you should set aside a similar amount of money to buy income-producing assets.

6. Should you ever go into debt? Why credit card isn't always bad.

dry spells: vagues de chaleur
lineage: descendant
bet hedging: stratégie pour limiter les pertes dans un monde incertain.
thriftier: économe

The borrower is slave to the lender.
Some of the world's poorest people actually use debt as a way to save money. Many poor borrowers around the world used debt as a behavioral crutch to force themselves to save money.
Some people will always have a strong aversion towards debt even if they aren't in financial trouble.

7. Should you rent or should you buy? How to think about your biggest financial purchase

Home maintenance can take up more time than you might initially imagine.

8. How to save for a down payment (and other big purchases) Why your time horizon is so important

down payment: acompte, versement initial

Cash is the most sure-fire, lowest risk way to save for a big upcoming purchase.
Given that a two-year savings time horizon slightly favors cash and a five-year savings time horizon clearly favors bonds.
Why Time Horizon is the Most Important Factor

9. When can you retire? And why money isn't the most important factor

Why spending declines in retirement.
Crossover point because this is the point when your monthly income crosses over your monthly expenses to grant you financial freedom.
Your biggest concern during retirement is unlikely to be money anyway.
The bigger retirement concern:

Physical well- being, mental well-being, and solid social support play bigger roles than financial status for most retirees.
Zelinski's book suggests that it is not a financial crisis you need to worry about in retirement, but an existential one.
How will you spend your time?
What social groups will you interact with?
What will be your ultimate purpose?

Though money can solve many of your problems, it' won't solve all of your problems. Money is merely a tool to help you get what you want out of life. Unfortunately, figuring out what you want out of life is the hard part.

II. INVESTING

10. Why should you invest? Three reasons why growing your money is more important than ever before

Saving for Your Future Self
Preserving Wealth Against Inflation
Replacing Your Human Capital with Financial Capital

11. What Should You Invest In? There is no one true path to wealth

Since the U.S. government can just print any dollars they owe at will, anyone who lends to them is virtually guaranteed to get their money back.
Lindy Effect states that something's popularity in the future is proportional to how long it has been around in the past.
The hard part about products as investments is that they require lots of work upfront with no guarantee of a payout. There is a long road to monetization.
Creating a product takes lots of time and effort.
Pros: full ownership. Personal satisfaction. Can create a valuable brand.
Gold, cryptocurrency, commodities, art, and wine have no reliable stream associated with their ownership.
The bulk of my investments (90%) are in income-producing assets, with the remaining 10% spread out in non-income-producing assets such as art and various cryptocurrencies.

12. Why you shouldn't buy individual stocks Why underperforming is the least of your worries

lull: accalmie

The mental turmoil.
Because Darren only bet what he was willing to lose, and he made sure that any such loses wouldn't affect his financial future.
By buying an index fund or ETF is usually a far better bet than trying to pick big winners among individual stocks.
Underperformance isn't a matter of it, but when.
Yes, you had skill in the past, but what about now?
The simplicity of indexing allows me to focus my attention on the things in life that are far more important than my portfolio.

13. How soon should you invest? And why earlier is better than later

And it was data that he collected.
Deep insight can be gleaned from one useful data point.
Every day you end up waiting to invest usually means higher prices you will have to pay in the future.
Invest what you can now.
"The best time to start was yesterday. The next best time is today"
The best timing approach is to invest your money as soon as you can.
The Average-In strategy generally underperforms Buy Now most of the time.
A higher standard deviation usually corresponds with a riskier investment or investment strategy.
The standard deviation of the Buy Now strategy is always higher than the Average-In strategy when investing in the S&P 500.
This is what investors want: outperformance, with lower risk.
When deciding between investing all your money now or over time, it is almost always better to invest it now.
Generally, the longer you wait to deploy your capital, the worse off you will be.
Investors won't be able to keep buying as the market falls anyway.
You should never wait to buy the dip.

14. Why you shouldn't wait to buy the dip. Even God couldn't beat dollar-cost averaging.

1996-2019 and the 1928-1957 periods just happen to be two periods where there were prolonged, severe bear markets.
Buy the Dip typically underperforms DCA.
Saving cash to buy the dip is futile. You would be far better offf if you Just Keep Buying.
It's' generally better to invest sooner rather than later. Taken together, the conclusion is undeniable: you should invest as soon and as often as you can.

15. Why investing depends on luck And Why you shouldn't care

The importance of your future returns increases as you add more money.
The end is everything.
The investment returns during your first decade of retirement are so important.
Most markets go up most of the time.

16. Why you shouldn't fear volatility The price of admission for successful investing

bust: fiasco

Sometimes the biggest risk you can take is taking no risk at all.
If you want the upside - building wealth - you have to accept volatility and periodic declines that come with it.
In 2008 the S&P index was down 48%.
Markets won't give you a free ride without some bumps along the way. You have to experience some downside in order to earn your upside.
We have the ability to diversify.
Volatility is just a part of the game. It comes with the territory of being an investor.

17. How to buy during a crisis Why you should stay calm in a panic

Just keep buying the next time there's blood in the streets.

18. When should you sell? On rebalancing, concentrated positions, and the purpose of investing

Taking less time to monitor your investments each year allows you to spend more time doing the things you enjoy.
Remove the emotion from the selling process.
Whatever you decide to do, don't sell all of it at once. Why? Because of the tax consequences and the possibility of regret if the price skyrockets.
To live the life that you want to live.
What's the point of investing if you never get to enjoy the results?
A safety net for you and your loved ones.
You could even buy your dream car if you want.
Each additional unit of consumption provides less happiness than the unit before. The same is true for wealth.
This is why going from $0 to $1 million in wealth provides a much bigger boost to someone's happiness than going from $1 million to $2 million.

20. Why you will never feel rich And why you probably are

eggnog: lait de poule
roaches: cafards
to abjure: renier

I know from experience that recognizing your wealth is always harder than it seems.
This was just like my friend John who couldn't see his wealth because all he knew growing up was being relatively poorer than his high school friends. Unfortunately, this feeling doesn't seem to go away even as you move further the wealth spectrum.
Most people at the upper end of the income spectrum think that they are less well off than they actually are.
Households above the 50th percentile (médiane) in income tend to underestimate how well they are doing relative to others.
Wealth perception as a network problem.
Why most people feel less popular than their friends: "Have you ever had the impression that other people have many more friends than you? If you have, you are not alone.
You are likely far richer than you think.
Because being rich is a relative concept.
This why no one feels rich. Because it's always easy to point at someone who is doing better.

21. The most important asset And why you'll never get any more of it

cryptic: énigmatique
treacherous: traître

Time is worth far more than money. Because you can do some things with time that you could never do with money. In fact, with enough time you could even move mountains (ce que je me disais quand j'étais jeune)
This is why time is, and always be, your most important asset.
I incorrectly believe that money was a more important asset than time.
Wealth isn't an absolute game, it's a relative game.
Over time, however, excessive optimism diminishes...People are not becoming depressed. They are becoming, well, realistic.

Conclusion: The just keep buying rules How to win the traveler's game

Saving is for the Poor, Investing is for the Rich
Save what you can
Focus on Income, not Spending
Use the 2x Rule to eliminate the spending guilt
Save at least 50% of your future raises and bonuses
Debt isn't Good or Bad, It depends on how you use it.
Only buy home when the time is right
When saving for a big purchase, Use Cash
Retirement is about more than money
Invest to replace your waning human capital with financial capital
Think like an Owner and Buy Income-Producing Assets
Don't Buy Individual Stocks
Buy Quickly, Sell Slowly
Invest As Often As You Can
Investing Isn't About The Cards You Are Dealt, but How You Play Your Hand
Don't Fear Volatility When It Inevitably Comes
Market Crashes Are (Usually) Buying opportunities
Fund the Life You Need Before You Risk it for the Life You Want.
You'll Never Feel Rich and That's Okay
Time is Your Most Important Asset
Every day we have to make financial decisions, without knowing what the future holds. We are constantly searching to find the best information that we can.

Marathon de Londres 2025 - Le 24 ème marathon

2025-05-01T18:08:00.006+02:00

Quel beau temps nous avons eu pour ce 24 ème marathon, avec 21 degrés, un peu trop chaud pour courir. La prochaine fois, il faudra penser à la casquette. J'ai profité des jets d'eau qui arrosaient les coureurs et de ce fait je me suis retrouvé avec un mal de gorge le mardi suivant le marathon. La semaine suivante j'étais encore malade. Après le coup de blues subit après le marathon de Chicago, ça fait deux marathons de suite ou l'après course n'est pas sans conséquences.
Compte tenu du faible entrainement dû au Covid, je suis parti sur une allure de 6 minutes au km et j'ai fait une "Murakani 28" soit aucun arrêt avant le 28 ème km. Encore une fois, lors du prochain marathon, il faudra que j'augmente les kms lors des entrainements.
Il y a trop de coureurs qui marchent et c'est décourageant.
Mais vraiment très content de finir ce marathon en 4:41.

Tower Bridge (après 2 heures de course)

Sur le Mall avec Buckingham en fond

Dans les 195 derniers mètres

La joie immense de finir un marathon

La médaille

Alpine, La renaissance Bernard Ollivier

2025-04-12T15:21:00.006+02:00

A l'arrache, avec panache.
Still alive.
Elégance, Légèreté, Agilité, Sportivité, Plaisir de conduire.

La taille des arbres fruitiers

2025-03-24T09:43:00.002+01:00

L'eau et les matières minérales nutritives nécessaires à la vie de l'arbre, azote (N), phosphore (P), potasse (K), magnésium (Mg)..., sont puisées dans le sol, sous forme de solution, par les poils absorbants des racines. Ces substances minérales dissoutes constituent la sève brute. Celle-ci monte dans l'arbre par les radicelles, les racines, le collet, le tronc, les branches et les rameaux, en passant par les vaisseaux du bois jeune, et parvient aux bourgeons et aux feuilles.
Dès leur apparition, sous l'influence de la lumière, les feuilles jouent un rôle capital en absorbant, grâce à la chlorophylle qu'elles contiennent, le carbone de l'air sous forme de gaz carbonique. Elles rejettent dans l'atmosphère de l'eau, en transpirant, et de l'oxygène, en respirant. Ce phénomène, appelé photosynthèse, transforme la sève brute en une sève élaborée contenant du sucre, de l'amidon et des acides organiques.
La sève élaborée redescend dans l'arbre par les vaisseaux du liber, le tissu végétal situé juste sous l'écorce des rameaux et des branches. Elle nourrit les jeunes tissus en formation, les nouveaux bourgeons en train de croître, les feuilles, les fleurs, les fruits, les racines.
Il existe deux catégories d'arbres :

ceux qui fructifient sur des bois âgés de quelques années : pommier, poirier
ceux qui fructifient sur des bois âgés d' un an seulement : abricotier, pêcher, cerisier, prunier, vigne, olivier...

The 5 Types of Wealth - Sahil Bloom

2025-03-04T08:06:00.069+01:00

Prologue The Journey of a Lifetime

overbearing: autoritaire
budding: en herbe
The arrival fallacy is the false assumption that reaching some achievement or goal will create feelings of satisfaction and contentment in our lives.
I had prioritized one thing at the expense of everything.
The greatest discoveries in life come not from finding the right answer but from asking the right questions.
You need to immerse yourself in the human experience.
Creativity and community were live-giving for her.
Imagine your ideal day at eighty years old:

What are you doing?
Who are you with?
Where are you?
How do you feel?

Time, people, purpose, health.
Spending time surrounded by loved ones, engaged in activities that create purpose and growth, healthy in mind, body and spirit.
If we mesure only money, all of our actions will revolve around it. We'll play the game wrong.
I reprioritized my health, focusing on the basics of movement, nutrition, and sleep.
Never let the quest for more distract you from the beauty of enough.

Designing your dream life

1. One Thousand Years of Wisdom

Your wealthy life may be enabled by money, but in the end, it will be defined by everything else.

2. The Five Types of Wealth

lopsided: bancal
ragtag: hétéroclite
staining: tâcher
You say yes to every single work call but can't find time to reconnect with an old friend.
Five types of wealth:

Time Wealth
Social Wealth
Mental Wealth
Physical Wealth
Financial Wealth

3. The Wealth Score

4. The Life Razor

leftovers: vestiges
to pass up: laisser passer
deeds: actions
to tuck: border

Occam's razor: The simplest explanation is the best one. Simple is beautiful.
Hanlon's razor, a tongue-in-a-cheek (moquerie, sarcasme) adage stating that one must never attribute to malice what is adequately explained by stupidity.
Hitchens' razor: anything asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence. A useful rule that will save you from wasting time on pointless arguments.
Health problems that affect those closest to you.
He was working eighty-hour weeks.
I wake up early and do hard things.
I take care of myself physically and mentally.

5. Your True North

burst: éclater
heed: écoute
dimmer: faible
afoul: être en conflit
to belittle: rabaisser
knocked off my feet: à tomber par terre
jarring: qui secoue

Climbing the Right Mountain.
There is no favorable wind for the sailor who doesn't know where to go.
Life is about direction, not speed.
James Clear: "You do not rise to the level of your goals. You fall to the level of your systems"
High-leverage systems are the daily actions that create amplified, asymmetric forward progress.
Focus their energy on a few moments and ignore the rest.
Select the actions that will create meaningful progress toward your envisioned future.
If you don't take care of your mind in your sixties or seventies, you won't have it in your eighties.
Social Wealth becomes the primary goal.
At the end of each month:

What really matters right now in my life, and are my goals still aligned with this?
Are my current high-leverage systems aligned with my goals?
Am I in danger of running afoul of my anti-goals?

At the end of each quarter:

What is creating energy right now?

What is draining energy right now?

Who are the boat anchors in my life? Boat anchors are people who hold you back from your potential

What am I avoiding because of fear? The thing you fear the most is often the thing you must need to do.

Time Wealth

6. The Big Question

fleeting: bref

How Many Moments Do You Have Remaining with Your Loved Ones?
"The years go by, as quickly as a wink. Enjoy yourself, enjoy yourself, it's later than you think." (Les années passent aussi vite qu'un clin d'oeil. Amusez-vous, amusez-vous, c'est plus tard que vous ne le pensez) Guy Lombardo
Direct your attention to the things that truly matter (and ignoring the rest)

7. A Brief History of Time

staple: essentiel
ominous: de mauvais augure
panting: haletant

Look behind. Remember thou are mortal. Remember that you must die.
The concept of memento mori is a staple fo Stoic philosophy, a reminder of the certainty and inescapability of death - of time's inevitable victory over man.
Thor is unable to defeat Elli, which is taken as a symbol that old age will eventually triumph over youth.
The atomic clock is the most recent advancement in clock technology - it uses the vibrations of atoms to measure time. Atomic clocks are so accurate that they won't stray by a single second over ten billions years.
Einstein contested the notion of absolute time and proposed the concept of space-time. The idea that space and time are intimately connected, meaning that time is experienced differently by different observers based on their relative motion and position.
A species must evolve if it hopes to survive.
Red Queen's paradox: running faster and faster just to stay in the same place.
Your attention is more divided than ever.
There is a cognitive switching cost to shifting your attention from one task to another.
You have more time than your ancestors but less control over how you spend it. You have more time, but somehow you have less time for the things that truly matter to you.
Not all time is equal.
chronos and kairos.
Kairos suggests that specific moments have unique properties - that the right action in the right moment can create outsized results and growth.
Kairos time: when energy can be invested with the greatest possible return.

8. The Three Pillars of Time Wealth

Awareness: An understanding of the finite, impermanent nature of time.
Attention: The ability to direct your attention and focus on the things that matter (and ignore the rest)
Control: The freedom to own your time and choose exactly how to spend it.
Awareness: Time as your most precious asset.
Attention: unlocking asymmetric outputs.
Control: the ultimate goal.
Too little and too much free time lead to unhappiness.
The ability to choose what you do and when you do it.

9. The Time Wealth Guide

overarching: général
to contrive: arranger
to prosecute: poursuivre

The Energy Calendar:

Green: energy-creating

Yellow: neutral

Red: energy draining

The Two-List Exercise:

The most important things: make a list for your top personal priorities.

Separating the lists into Priorities and Avoid at All Costs.

The Eisenhower matrix:

"What is important is seldom urgent and what is urgent is seldom important"

The Index Card:

We tend to overestimate what we can accomplish in a day, so be intentionally conservative in the number of items you list. As a rule of thumb, it should be three unless there is a very specific reason for it to be more.

How to Eliminate Time Waste: Parkinson's law:

Batch-process email in one to three short, time-constrained windows. If you allow yourself to check your email throughout the day, you'll be plagued by attention residue and never get through your work.

How to Stop Procrastinating: The Anti-Procrastination System:

The hardest part is getting started.
Writing every single morning immediately after waking up.

How to Concentrate Attention: The Flow State Boot-Up Sequence:

"The Deep Work Hypothesis: the ability to perform deep work is becoming increasingly valuable in our economy. As a consequence, the few who cultivate this skill, and then make the core of their working life, will thrive" Cal Newport
The natural dopamine-reward response that all these apps, digital tools, and social platforms were built on.
You need a personal boot-up sequence.
The sequence can be built around five core senses:

1) Touch

2) Taste

3) Sight

4) Sound

5) Smell

flow state

How to Create Time Leverage: Effective Delegation
How to Streamline Commitments: The Art of No:

Humans systematically overestimate the amount of free time they will have in the future, so they say yes to future things, assuming they will have time for them, but when that future date arrives, they find they're wrong.
Humans tend to be overly optimistic when taking on something new.

How to Manage Your Time: Time-Blocking and the Four Types of Professional Time

Morning question: What good shall I do this day?

Take the resolution of the day

Evening question: What good have I done today?

Examination of the day
History's most successful people have all made a practice of creating space for reading, listening, learning and thinking. We can draw a lesson from this.

How to Fill Your Newly Created Time: The Energy Creators

What should you do with this newly created time?

What activities felt life-giving and joyful?

Who made you feel energized?
What new learning or mental pursuits sparked your interest to go deeper?
What rituals created more peace, calm, and mental clarity?
What physical pursuits did you enjoy?
What financial pursuits felt effortless (or even fun)?
So you can take your newly created time and put it toward more of those activities, people, and pursuits.

Social Wealth

11. The Big Question. Who Will Be Sitting in the Front Row at Your Funeral?

a blur of: un méli-mélo
ashen-faced: blême
throes: affres, douleurs
breadth: ampleur
bland: fade
to uproot: déraciner

facing death every day allowed us to set aside the silly things and focus on what matters.
The only thing that matters at all is the quality of the relationships with the people we love.
We must remember our center. And it's not the money.
Over the past thirty years, technologies designed to bring us together have made us lonelier than ever before.
Human connections is ultimately what provides the lasting texture and meaning in life.
Conventional wisdom says one should focus on the journey, not the destination. I disagree. Focus on the people. When you surround yourself with inspiring people, the journeys become more beautiful, and the destinations more brilliant. It's impossible to sit where you are and plan the perfect journey. Focus on the company - the people you want to travel with - and the journey will reveal itself in due time. Nothing bad has ever come from surrounding oneself with inspiring, genuine, kind, positive-sum individuals.

12. The Uniquely Social Species

mischiefs: bêtises
catatonic: idées délirantes de thématique mélancolique de ruine, de négation d'organes, une culpabilité pathologique
churn: perte de clientèle

A willingness to care for one another in times of need.
It's fair to say that social connection has long been a driving force behind the design of human lives.
The key to healthy aging is relationships, relationships, relationships.
The people who were the most satisfied in their relationships at age fifty were the healthiest at age eighty.
They missed their former teams.
You may need food, water and shelter to survive, but it is human connection that allows you to thrive.

13. The Days Are Long but the Years Are Short

to squander: gaspiller

14. The Three Pillars of Social Wealth

a blur of: un méli-mélo
to splurge: faire une folie
imbued: imprégné
fleeting: bref

"Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked." Steve Jobs.
Like muscles, neglected relationships atrophy.

15. The Social Wealth Guide

running errands: faire les courses
quip: trait d'esprit
stonewalling: réponse évasive, blocage
ad hominem: mettre en contradiction
nod: signe de tête
contempt: mépris
self-soothing: pour se consoler
shifty:louche
unvarnished: brut de décoffrage
briskly: d'un bon pas
dowry: dot
tattered: en lambeaux

Social Wealth Hacks I Wish I knew at Twenty-Two

Expose yourself to new beliefs, mindsets, and views.

Work on your own happiness before trying to help others.

Don't focus on looks and status in others.

How to Navigate Romantic Relationships: Two Rules for Growing in Love

5lovelanguages.com/quizzes/love-language

The gentle start-up.

Take responsibility.

Build a culture of appreciation.

Pause and take a break.

You won't be able to make everyone happy.

How to Build a Personal Board of Advisers: The Brain Trust

System and processes were deliberately put in place to ensure the absolute highest quality and consistency of the product across the decades.

How to Play the Right Game: The Status Tests

Would I buy this thing if I could not show it to anyone or tell anyone about it?
They cannot forge a healthy mind and body any faster than you.

Mental Wealth

17. The Big Question: What Would Your Ten-Year Old Self Say to You Today?

keen: assidu
wit: esprit
deprecating: désapprobateur
whim: caprice
awe: émerveillement
conjecture: supposition
mischievous: malicieux
herring: hareng
skim: écrémé
blueberries: myrtilles
to stave off: écarter
bestow: décerner
therein: là
behold: regardé
ruthless: sans pitié
milling about: broyer
prodded: pousser
noxious: toxique
pursuit: activité
ruthless: sans pitié
astray: égaré

Curiosity is the foundation of a life of Mental Wealth.
Curiosity, it turns out, is very, very good for you. It is the real Fountain of Youth.
In your sixties and seventies when you stop learning new things because you don't see any utility in it anymore.
Your joy for continued growth, development and learning.
Your ten-year-old self would remind you to stay interested in the world and have some fun along the way.

18. A Tale as Old as Time

Seeking growth, meaning, purpose, and authenticity.
Ikigai - a combination of the Japanese word wiki, meaning "life", and gai, meaning "effect" or "worth". Together they connote "a reason for life". Ikigai can be visualized as four overlapping circles: (1) what you love, (2) what you are good at, (3) what the world needs, and (4) what you can be paid for.
We are all searching for our purpose.
You must fight to maintain your distinctiveness - consistently, relentlessly.

19. The Three Pillars of Mental Wealth

Three core pillars of mental wealth:

Purpose

Growth

Space

Blue zone to refer to a geographic area characterized by extraordinary human longevity.
The active, continuous pursuit of new interests and curiosities.
Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. Dr Dweck
Gandhi: "Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever"
Your power is in the space that exists between stimulus and response.
An escape where you can slow down and breathe new air in your life.

20. The Mental Wealth Guide

Mental Wealth Hacks I Wish I Knew at Twenty-Two

Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking and Bittersweet: How Sorrow and Longing Make Us Whole. Susan Cain
Do work you love and work that matters. Solve problems, make art, think deeply.

Choose one creative project at a time and do it as well and as deeply as you possibly can.
If you want to get better at anything, do it for thirty minutes per day for thirty straight days. A little dedicated effort each day is all you need.
Don't consume the news unless you're highly confident it will matter one month from now.

How To Find Your Purpose: The Power of Ikigai

Make a list of the activities that are live-giving.
Make a list of the activities that you have unique competency in.
Define your current world and make a list of the activities that it needs from you.

How To Choose Your Life Pursuits: The Pursuit Map

"How we spend our days is, of course, how we spend our lives. What we do with this hour, and that one, is what we are doing." Annie Dillard, The Writing Life.
Zone of genius: excellent competency and high interest or passion.

How to Learn Anything: The Feynman Technique

Feynman's true genius was his ability to convey complex ideas in simple, elegant ways.

Their common genius is the ability to break through the complexity and convey ideas in simple, digestible ways.

Find beauty in simplicity.

How to Retain Everything: The Spaced-Repetition Method

Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve.

Think of your brain as a muscle.

How to Think Differently: The Socratic Method

What's the problem you're trying to solve?

What is your hypothesis?

Why do you think this?

Is the thinking too vague?

What is it based on?

Why do you believe this to be true?

How do you know it's true?

How would you know if you were wrong?

What concrete evidence do you have?
How credible is it?
What hidden evidence may exist?
Can an error be quickly fixed?
How costly is this mistake?
What alternative beliefs or viewpoints might exist?
Why might they be superior?
Why do others believe them to be true?
What do they know that you don't?
What was your original thinking?
Was it correct?
If not, where did you err?
What conclusions can you draw from the process about systemic errors in thinking?

How to Unlock New Growth: The Think Day
How to Create New Space: The Power Walk

Go for a fifteen-minute walk first thing in the morning.

How to Build Clear Boundaries: The Personal Power-Down Ritual

What are the focus priorities for tomorrow?

How to Improve Your Mental Health: The 1-1-1 Journaling Method

One win from the day.
One point of tension, anxiety, or stress.
One point of gratitude.

21. Summary: Mental Health

The unwillingness to live someone else's life.
What you love.
What you are good at.
What the world needs.

Physical Wealth

22. The Big Question

Will You Be Dancing at Your Eightieth Birthday Party?

23. The Story of Our Lesser World

penning: écriture
to bestow: décerner
sinful: immoral
swath: zone
rearing: éducation
edible: comestible
staunch: ardent
snazzy: stylé
splurge: faire une folie
oatmeal: flocons d'avoine
flaxseed: graine de lin
hemp seeds: chanvre
arousal: exitation

A lower overall muscle mass, particularly in the upper body.
Plato wrote: "Lack of activity destroys the good condition of every human being"
Put simply, the 80/20 rule says that a small number of inputs drive mots of the outputs.
Most of the results are driven by a few simple inputs - completing basic daily movement, consuming whole, unprocessed foods, and prioritizing sleep and recovery.
In a world that wants you to chase everything everywhere all at once, you must narrow your focus.

24. The Three Pillars of Physical Wealth.

The three controllable pillars of Physical Wealth:

Movement

Nutrition

Recovery

A little bit of exercise goes a long way and a lot of exercices goes a longer way.
Cardiovascular training. The two types of cardiovascular training to understand:

Aerobic: Low intensity; relies on the oxygen you breathe to sustain activity.
Anaerobic: High intensity; relies on the breakdown of sugars to sustain activity.

During higher-intensity anaerobic cardiovascular training, your lungs cannot provide enough oxygen to meet your body's demands, so the body breaks down stored sugar of energy.

Strength

Resistance exercise and strength training is the number one way to combat neuromuscular aging.

Stability and Flexibility

You can build stability and flexibility through dedicated stretching and mouvement routines and dynamic activities like yoga and Pilates.
Every single day that you delay is a missed opportunity that you'll never get back.

Nutrition: fuel the body

Overall caloric intake
Macronutients

proteins
carbohydrates (glucides)
fats
Prioritize protein

Focus on cleanliness of source

Micronutients

This includes iron, vitamin A, vitamin D, iodine, folate (vitamine B9 dans les légumes verts), and zinc

Hydration: a baseline of three liters of fluid per day.
Recovery: recharge the body

Recommended eight hours
Sleep deprivation has a variety of negative effects on the brain, including diminished attention, focus, concentration, and emotional control, and has been linked to a long list of diseases, including Alzheimer's, heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers.
It's not just if you sleep poorly, you function less well. If you sleep better, you function much better.
Afternoon sunlight exposure to regulate circadian rhythm and improve sleep quality.

How to Win the Day: A Science-Backed Morning Routine

"When you arise in the morning, think of what a precious privilege it is to be alive - to breathe, to think, to enjoy, to love" Marc Aurèle
If your goal is to create, you must work like a lion. Sprint when inspired. rest. repeat.
I always start my day with two hours of focused work on the most important tasks.

The Movement Plan: A level 3 Training Plan That Works

the5typesofwealth.com/movementplan

The Common-Sense Diet: Principles and Foods

How to Become a Pro Sleeper: Nine Rules for Sleep

1. Keep a regular schedule
2. View morning sunlight
3. Control your sleep environment
4. Avoid food right before bed
5. Avoid consuming excessive liquids before bed
6. Avoid caffeine in the afternoons
7. Cut back on alcohol
8. Create a wind-down routine
9. Avoid screens before bed

How to Promote Calm: Science-Backed Breathing Protocols

In simple terms, the Yerkes-Dodson Law says that stress and performance are positively correlated only up to a certain point, after which more stress reduces performance.

Financial Wealth

27. The Big Question: What is Your Definition of Enough?

gripped: agrippé
rebuke: réprimander
lavish: somptueux
creep: envahir, dépasser
deeds: actes
quenched: étancher
uptake: prise
untethered: détaché
dwindling: diminuer
ratchet up: augmenter
liability: responsabilité
lifestyle creep: extension du style de vie
gizmo: machin, truc
swings: balancements
hassle: ennuis
tantalizing: tentant
hustle: agitation
benefactor: bienfaiteur

The knowledge that I've got enough.
That thing you once longed for becomes the thing you can't wait to upgrade.
Time, people, purpose, health.

28. The Financial Amusement Park

29. The Three Pillars of Financial Wealth

Dr Stanley. "The Millionaire Next Door".
Financial wealth is built on three pillars:

Income generation
Expense management
Long-term investment

A basic model to establish a robust income engine:

build skills
leverage skills

Create (and stick to) a budget

six months of expenses to cushion against any unexpected turbulence.

Manage expectations: lifestyle creep = expectation inflation
The first rule of compounding: Never interrupt it unnecessarily.
10% annual improvement, 1.1^50=117,391
Simply buying, holding, and compounding a diversified market index fund will generate the most attractive time, energy, and risk-adjusted long-term outcomes.
The best time to start was twenty years ago; the second best time is today.
The compounder of choice was a simple low-cost market index fund that they invested their excess cash into on a regular basis.
The most important and fundamental questions about your life will remain, irrespective of the level you achieve.

30. The Financial Wealth Guide

I have a clear process for investing excess monthly income for long-term compounding.
What are you earning, saving, and investing each month?
Financial Wealth Hacks I Know at Forty-Two I Wish I Knew at Twenty-Two

Make a rule to save a specific percentage and invest a specific percentage of your gross annual income.
Buy the best and keep it as long as possible.
I recommend making at least 90 percent of your portfolio through index funds
Negotiate your bills down. It's a little-known fact that you can negotiate many of your bills with a one-time phone call.
Conscious spenders care about the value of something.
The way you feel about money is uncorrelated with the amount in your bank account.
To feel good about money, you need to (a) know your numbers and (b) improve your money psychology by spending unapologetically (n'éprouver aucun remords) on things you care about (and paying as little as possible for things you don't)

Seven Pieces of Career Advice I Wish I Had Known When I Was Starting Out

Your world looks very different from the advice giver's world.
Start focusing on how you can create immense value for everyone around you.
"If it's your job to eat a frog, it's best to do it first thing in the morning. And if it's your job to eat two frogs, it's best to eat the biggest one first" Mark Twain.
Data in, story out.
But as with all things in life, if you focus your attention and energy on what is within your control, you'll always be better off.

Six Marketable Meta-Skills to Build for a High-Income Future

Sales
Storytelling
Design
Writing
Software engineering
Data science

The Seven Basic Principles of Expenses Management

Build a cushion for unexpected items.
Automate savings: Always save before you spend. Automate your monthly savings by having a direct deposit go into a dedicated account.
Six months of expenses in cash.

The Eight Best Investment Assets for Long-Term Wealth Creation

There's no such thing as a free lunch.
"Just keep Buying" Nick Maggiulli
Bonds: U.S. Treasury bonds are considered extremely low risk due to the government's ability to print money.
Bonds tend to rise when stocks fall.
Your own products: high degree of control and personal fulfillment. Do not offer any guarantee of future returns, and the majority are likely to fail.

The Return-on-Hassle Spectrum

"Return on hassle" the idea that the time and energy associated with an investment need to be considered as part of the return equation.
Buying and holding a well-diversified, low-cost market index fund will provide the most attractive balance.

The Single Greatest Investment in the World

Books, courses and education
Fitness
Networking events
Quality food
Mental health
Personal development
Sleep
Deep focus and relaxation
Wait thirty days to complete the order: if you still want it, order it. If not, skip it.
Life hack: always invest in yourself - you'll never regret it.

31. Summary: Financial Wealth

Financial wealth compass:

Goals: What financial wealth score do you want to achieve within one year?
Anti-goals: What are the two to three outcomes that you want to avoid on your journey?
High-leverage systems: What are the two to three systems from the financial wealth guide that you want to implement to make tangible, compounding progress toward your goal score.

Create an investment account with a low-cost brokerage and consider establishing an automatic deposit.

Conclusion: The Leap of Faith

Establish your baseline Wealth score.
When you're thinking about a move, consider the effects on your loved ones and your health. When you're evaluating a big investment or purchase, reflect on the impact it may have on your freedom and mental state.

Zeno - Léa Hirschfeld

2025-02-28T14:13:00.013+01:00

Le moment est trop particulier pour tuer le temps sur mon portable.
Elle a tout pour elle, à commencer par le physique. Quand on a ça, c'est sûr qu'on va bien.
Becoming Bullet proof.
Le temps d'accueil est très long, presque une heure pour enlever son manteau, aller aux toilettes, se laver les mains, dire bonjour à tout le monde.
Au goûter, la "collation".
Savoir ce qu'on a c'est bien, mais le vrai défi c'est de vivre une vie heureuse.
Ça demande de la hauteur et une certaine férocité d'élever un enfant décalé.
C'est fun de travailler dur pour des choses qui comptent.
Elle a un syndrome génétique de naissance qui touche à peu près une personne sur un million.
Je ne sais pas communiquer avec lui.
Il a du charme, peu importe ses difficultés, ça lui servira.
Le savoir, c'est l'autonomie. L'autonomie, c'est la liberté.
Nous ne sommes pas égaux face à notre capacité à gérer nos émotions.
Beaucoup de gens ici vivent encore chez leurs parents, comme mon frère. Ça m'étonnerait que ce soit par choix.
ESAT : Établissement et service d'accompagnement par le travail : structure qui permet aux personnes en situation de handicap d'exercer une activité professionnelle en bénéficiant d'un soutien médico-social et éducatif dans un milieu protégé.
Quand il le faut, en famille, on trouve une solution. Ça n'a pas de prix.
Ils participent à sa stigmatisation et je leur fais bien comprendre.
Aux safety meetings, on ne parlait que de ça : la fatigue, la pression.
J'ai lu que, par dégoût de leur apparence ou pour ne plus être confrontées à la pression extérieure, certaines personnes s'isolent tellement qu'elles en perdent toute vie sociale.
Il est en opposition permanente.
Une organisation qui n'est pas la mienne...
Les amis, c'est bien. Mais parfois, ce dont on a vraiment besoin, c'est d'être seul.
C'est douloureux pour tout le monde de faire face à ses limites.
Les écoles, les stages, les projets professionnels, certaines amitiés...tellement de choses s'arrêtent. Et pour trouver la suite, il faut tout reconstruire chaque fois, c'est un effort de toute la famille en permanence.
Pour qu'il progresse, ils lui ont créé des conditions.
Il a eu un espace de travail.
Pour s'investir réellement dans le processus de soin, il faut une relation de confiance entre le patient et le conseiller.
Sans volonté profonde, c'est mort.
J'ai tout revu : mon entourage, mes habitudes, mes réponses à la colère, aux frustrations, à la tristesse.
Si tu sais, bouge toi. Au fond, personne ne peut rien pour toi.
Vision arriérée du handicapé à qui on interdit tout bonnement d'avoir du potentiel et quelque chose à offrir au monde.
Immense difficulté à rencontrer des professionnels compétents.
Plus le fait que ma mère a dû arrêter de travailler pour sauver Anton du néant.
Elle aimerait qu'un de ses fils fasse quelque chose de sa vie, si c'est pas un bon travail de bureau, que ce soit au moins des enfants, le genre de choses qu'une mère souhaite.
C'est ça aussi les cheveux : je veux être un homme nouveau.
Si ça ne marche pas, elle filmera les refus.
Rien n'arrive par hasard. Tout vient à point pour qui sait attendre.
On a parfois juste besoin d'être seul.
C'est pas parce qu'il est handicapé qu'il doit vivre avec des handicapés. Avec moi au moins, il sera dans le monde.
Le problème, c'est le système.
L'Art, ou plutôt la représentation du handicap dans les médias et dans les arts, est un levier indispensable pour qu'on parle de nous autrement.
Et alors qu'est-ce qui bloque à ton avis ? - Déjà, il y a ceux qui n'ont pas confiance en nos capacités, qui ont la flemme de prendre plus de temps, tout ça ...
On prend plus de temps ou alors on fatigue plus vite, on peut se blesser, être plus tendus, et le temps c'est de l'argent.
On a peur ! on n'ose pas ! On se censure !
C'est pas le handicap qui fait mal, c'est le rejet. Moi je te le dis, faut être fort pour ne pas se laisser miner.
En fait, c'est comme si, pour plein de gens, le handicap ne pouvait jamais rimer avec qualité et rêve.
Au fond, les gens préfèreraient voir les êtres comme mon frère disparaître, c'est ça ? L'eugénisme gagnera ? La ségrégation gagnera ? C'est quoi la vision des gens comme elle ? Celle du "pas déranger" ?
La bonne place pour chaque chose, c'est la place logique.
Ma mère doit toujours m'accompagner partout et pour elle c'est encore plus long qu'avant quand j'habitais chez eux parce que je suis pas toujours prêt quand je dois l'être et ça l'énerve.
Avec des amis ou une amoureuse peut-être mais seul... Seul c'est trop triste. C'est comme si j'avais déménagé par principe parce que j'ai trente-trois ans. Pourquoi on doit partir de chez soi ? C'est l'ordre des choses je sais, mais bon... Quand je vis seul, je me souviens que j'ai le syndrome de Williams.
La vie m'a appris que certaines choses restent sans réponses.
Depuis qu'il vit seul, on dirait que son autisme diminue. Il a dix fois plus confiance en lui, sort de jour comme de nuit, peu importe l'heure ou l'occasion. Il cumule deux jobs, l'un dans une cantine, l'autre au département Recherche d'une université où il s'occupe des souris.
Le monde est sans pitié quand on a pas les ressources pour avancer seul.
L'esprit d'équipe compte plus que la victoire.
Moi je pense que rien n'est jamais fini, tout se transforme.
Anton a besoin de voir et de ressentir.
Ce n'est pas évident de naviguer à contre-courant.
Le monde du handicap est un monde inattendu, inconnu, parfois miraculeux.
Face au handicap et à la maladie, on a pas d'autres choix que de se battre. Décalés apporte un regard bienveillant sur des questions cruciales auxquelles personne ne sait répondre, comme l'inclusion.
Une personne sur dix entre seize et vingt-cinq ans se sent éprouvée par l'accompagnement d'un proche âgé, malade ou en situation de handicap. Cette charge physique et/ou mentale concerne plus de un million de personnes en France métropolitaine.
Am I willing to live with the consequences?

Never Finished - David Goggins

2025-01-26T14:42:00.049+01:00

Introduction

warped: déformé
slights: affronts
hatch: éclore

Chapter One MAXIMIZE MINIMAL POTENTIAL

numbness: engourdissement
scurrying: se précipiter
unraveling: se défaire
hustler: arnaqueur
to veer: virer
funky: exubérant
wink: clin d'oeil
slate: ardoise
flimsy: fragile
Haven: abri
unfathomably: incompréhensible

I accepted the hard truth that hoping and wishing are like gambling on long shots, and if I wanted to be better, I had to start living every day with a sense of urgency. Because that is the only way to turn the odds in your favor.
There was no one pushing on a day-to-day basis any longer.

EVOLUTION NO. 1

snag: pépin
foreclosure: saisie
to come out of the gauntlet: sortir du gant
etched: gravé
to hunker down: s'installer
slingshot: lance-pierre

Understand, the clock is always ticking, and at some point, your golden hour will expire unless you take action.
I'd wasted way too much of my life telling myself the same sad story. I needed to move forward. It was time to write something new.
My father never apologized to me. Nobody ever said sorry for anything I went through. I had to come to the conclusion that while I didn't deserve any of it, I was my main problem and primary obstacle.
Windows of opportunity can and do close, so it is imperative that we do not waste time on bullshit.
We need to understand that forward motion gives our lives momentum.
You have been preoccupied by bullshit for way too long. It's time to switch your focus to the things that will slingshot you forward. #DistractingInjuries #NeverFinished

Chapter Two Merry Fucking Christmas

aptly: avec grande pertinence
corny-ass: over-used
tantalizing: attrayant
numbing: engourdissant
sheen: éclat
dazed: abasourdi
potholes: nids de poules
underdog: outsider
faith: conviction
blood clots: caillots de sang
sickle cell: drépanocyte; un drépanocyte est une globule rouge déformé en forme de faucille
squeaky: grinçant
gurneys: brancards à roulettes
wobbly: branlant
drip: perfusion
vindicated: innocenté
expendable: facilement remplaçable
grind: boulot pénible
savage: sauvage
swan song: chant du cygne

I saw things as they really were, and that made me a fighter.
Like most of us, she didn't want to feel her pain, so she failed to find the power in it.
Denial is self-protecting, but it's also self-limiting. Accepting your full truth, including all your faults, imperfections, and missteps, allows you to evolve, expand your possibilities, seek redemption, and explore your true potential.
Inspiring you to never be satisfied.
I had to double down on what made me unique, maintain faith in myself and my vision, and work harder.
You cannot be afraid to disappoint people. You have to live the life you want to live.
Focus on the horizon. That is your perspective. That is your future.
It was risky, but trailblazers never take the smooth roads thousands of others have already traveled.
Life is the ultimate competitor; it takes no day off, and it won't care if you've made some money or got a promotion at work.
I've always been a man of action and service, and I know I would not be able to inspire people by simply talking about the things I did in my past. I gave myself one rule before joining social media: if I can't live it, I won't speak it.

EVOLUTION NO. 2

rip: déchirure
rub: frotter
sore: douloureux
whined: gémir
nagging: tenace
emperor with no clothes: importance de reconnaître et de dire la vérité
dread: crainte
daze: confusion
numb: paralysé
perk: se redresser
to cringe: grimacer
swollen: enflé
bitch: garce
hunky-dory: génial
recoil: reculer
slighted: manquer de respect
gnarly: horrible
crevice: fissure
disposable: jetable

You must literally listen to yourself.
My fear and trauma were transformed into energy and confidence.
I've kept a journal for years, but there are levels to this shit, and a written archive is the entry level. Audio recordings are more interactive and accessible and have a more profound effect on the mind.
Recording yourself isn't just a reliable tool for neutralizing trauma. It can change the dynamic of almost any situation or mood.
The way we speak to ourselves in moments of doubt is crucial, whether or not the stakes are high. Because our words become actions, and our actions build habits that can coat our minds and bodies with the plaque of ambivalence, hesitancy, and passivity and separate us from our own lives. If any of this sounds familiar, grab your phone and record your inner dialogue as soon as you wake up. Don't hold back. Spill all your dread, laziness, and stress into the mic. Now listen to it. Nine times out of ten, you won't like what you hear.
You must speak the truth and be willing to listen to it. Don't be afraid of your weakness or doubt. Don't be embarrassed and pretend it doesn't exist. It surfaced for a reason, so use it to flip the dynamic of your life.
Luckily, the world is filled with jealous, insecure haters.
Winners in life see everything they experience and everything they ear, see, and feel as pure energy. They train their minds to find it.
It's time to make your own mixtape. #TapeRecordYourself #NeverFinished

Chapter Three The Mental Lab

ruck: baston
boulder: rocher
bolted: verrouillé
crutch: béquille
bout: combat
pushover: faible
to heed: écouter
sway: balance
wrinkle: imprévu
to bonk: se cogner
flippant: désinvolte

Difficult workouts and long study sessions tended to spotlight all my weak points.
Sometimes the biggest decisions in your life - the ones that will set your trajectory for weeks, months, years, or even decades to come - sneak-up (prendre de court) on you.
Mental toughness and resilience fade if they aren't used consistently. I say it all the time: you are either getting better, or you're getting worse.
When I trained for Badwater the first time, my feet and ankles were so fucked I couldn't even run for the first four weeks of training. I had to work out on the elliptical or with a rowing machine, and I never even considered letting injuries stop me.
Because when I run, I focus on my stride, remain conscious of where and how my feet strike the ground and on my head and shoulder position. I visualize myself running with a tray of full water glasses on my head.
Because I don't run to burn calories or maintain cardiovascular fitness. To me, it's about achieving mental and physical greatness.
I had to sharpen my focus.

EVOLUTION NO. 3

to teeter: chanceler
unhinged: dérangé
swirling: tourbillon
shallow: peu profond
chipping: éclat
froth: mousse
to stagger: chanceler
brink: bord
swell: gonfler
shiver: frissonner
to graze: érafler

His emotions were controlling him instead of the other way around.
Quitting on a dream stays with you.
Many dreams die while suffering.
Maybe you finished Ultraman or graduated from Harvard. I do not care. Respect is earned every day by waking up early, challenging yourself with new dreams or digging up old nightmares, and embracing the suck (faire avec sans râler) like you have nothing and have never done a damn thing in your life.
There are 86400 seconds in a day. Losing just one of those seconds can change the outcome of your day and, potentially, your life #OneSecondDecision #NeverFinished

Chapter Four A Savage Reborn

winded: essoufflé
scorching: brûlant
motherfucking: fils de pute
churning: agité
slick: glissant
chatty: bavard
to coast: aller en roue libre
to scout: explorer
to bitch about: se plaindre de
stuttering: bégaiement
stammering: bégaiement
upbringing: éducation
craggy: escarpé
the baddest motherfucker: le mec le plus redoutable
smug: suffisant, imbu de soi-même
scraps: les restes
unraveling: se défaire
tremor: tremblement
elated: fou de joie

A prepared mind craves the worst conditions because it knows that pressure brings out its best and exposes almost everyone else.
The prepared mind is a magnificent thing.
I'd learned long ago that no matter what type of event or challenge I engage in, the only competition that ever matters is me against me.
I would speed-hike (marcher rapidement) the ups and run the flats and downs. Most ultra runners use that strategy because running steep inclines burns your reserves, and you don't really make up that much time.
People who've spent time on high country trails know the heartbreak of a false summit. When all you want is for the incline to stop kicking your ass, it tricks you into thinking you've made it, only to reveal that you're even close. In life, there are plenty of false summits.
The end comes when it comes, and anticipation will only distract you from completing the task in front of you to the best of your ability. Remember, the struggle is the whole journey.
The only way to free yourself from the struggle is to finish it.
I didn't wear a fitness watch. I wore a ten-dollar special from Walmart that I bought the day before because I didn't want knowledge of my pace clouding my mindset. I was focused on one thing: the task at hand.
For many people, the haunting begins the minute they wake up. Maybe they are fat or disabled, feel ugly, or are failing and overwhelmed at school or work, and it consumes them.
The only thing on their agenda is avoiding exposure and surviving another day in hell.
The full-time savage sees everything in life as an opportunity to learn, adapt, and evolve.
Your strongest moments will often make you think of your weakest.
Crossing the finish line with any amount of unburned fuel is a cardinal sin.
If you want to maximize minimal potential and become great in any field, you must embrace your savage side and become imbalanced, at least for a period of time.
When you don't know who is you're talking to, the wise move is to lead with respect or say nothing at all.

EVOLUTION NO. 4

to tear down to the studs: réduire à ses éléments les plus fondamentaux.
dazzle: éblouir
spellbound: émerveillé
rubble: gravat
to relapse: rechuter
stalk: traquer
out of the spell: expliquer clairement
to claw: griffer

When your self-worth goes away and you don't deal with or accept your demons, they will continue to own you, and you will become a bottom feeder (accepter la médiocrité ou perdre son estime de soi)
The human mind loves progress.
Have the courage and mental endurance to do whatever it takes to start knocking down those walls. You are the warden of your life. Don't forget you hold the keys. #PrisonerMind #NeverFinished

Chapter Five Disciple Of Discipline

to snap: se casser
rimmed: bordé
filth: saleté, crasse
shivers: frissons
out-doorsy: qui aime les activités de plein air
prissy: guindé
frazzled: éreinté
diaper: couche
ungodly: infernal
stench: puanteur
sagging: défoncé
throb: vibration
breakdown: décomposition
etch: graver
to coddle: couver
quiver: carquois
pristine: pur, immaculé
scrapes: éraflures
to loath: détester
to sag: descendre
to trump: surpasser
brass: cuivre
beaming: radieux

That's the beauty of discipline.
I am proof that rebirth is possible through discipline, which is the only thing capable of altering your DNA.
Nowadays, it doesn't matter where you are from or who you are; if you are disciplined, there will be no stopping you.
I dropped down and hit a max set of push-ups.
I first realized I am at best when I am a disciple of discipline.
Whenever I had a purpose or a task in front of me, I didn't consider it done until I'd completed it to the best of my ability.
Never treat yourself as a victim.
Next, accept that you are on your own. Nobody will come save you.
Then, you must become a disciple of discipline.

EVOLUTION NO. 5

pity: pitié
balm: baume
to snatch: arracher
to squander: gaspiller
plight: situation désespérée
hoarder: personne qui fait des réserves (écureuil)
mopey: mélancolique
foul: infect
oblivious: inconscient
janitor: concierge
selflessness: altruisme
to mop: nettoyer
grit: courage
freefall: faire de la chute libre
shedding: mue

Another morning, you miss the gym, another evening wasted without studying. Another day burned when you didn't made any progress toward your dreams, ambitions, and deepest desires.
The only thing that ever matters is the present moment.
The earlier I get up, the more I do.
Don't feel sorry for yourself. Get strategic. Attack the problem.
You've got to find the lesson in every shitty task or low-wage job. That requires humility.
Continued growth only comes when you are willing to be humble. #TrainedHumility #NeverFinished

Chapter Six The Art or Getting Hit In The Mouth

overbearing: dominateur
to gush: s’épancher
taunting: sarcasme
to lay back: s’allonger
ledge: rebord
glimmer:: faible lueur
disbelief: incrédulité
blink: clin d’œil
to freak out: flipper
hobbling: boitiller
swivel: pivot
to fend for oneself: se débrouiller
bladder: vessie
slant: incliné
steaming: fumant
giddy: étourdi
to swell: enfler
adrenals: glandes surrénales
haymaker: coup de poing fracassant
blinders: œillères
gait: démarche, allure
poles: batons
subdued: sombre
to reel: rembobiner
on the mend: guérison
fitful: sporadique
slumber: sommeil
bleary-eyed: troublé
peruse: lire attentivement
to roust: faire bouger

If ten becomes the new normal, then half or full marathon may be the next step. After a marathon comes ultra. Each time you level up, your mind will step in like an overbearing chaperone and try to shut down the party.
There is nothing wrong with being afraid or hesitant. We all have our reasons for remaining in the shallow end, but we must make our shallow end a training background.
I wasn’t a warrior capable of thriving in discomfort.
You need to evaluate what you are feeling. Remember, if you stay where you’ve always been, you will never learn if you have what it takes to venture into the deep water.
Six weeks to train.
The pain always faded to manageable, and my range of motion tended to kick in once I was warmed up.
Situational Awareness: SA
Making sure to eat and drink at planned intervals regardless of how good I felt.
I bought a pair of battery powered, heated gloves just before my Frozen Otter race in 2014, which kept my hands at normal body temperature and enabled my blood to keep flowing. I won that race in part because of those gloves.
I race streamlined.
Once again, I called upon past triumphs to push me forward.
The heated gloves - which by now where covered by an even thicker pair of larger gloves - thawed (décongeler) my hands out, and I figured as my blood flow shifted back forward normal, my lungs would find some relief.
I never get emotional or over-exited at the beginning of something hard. I never celebrate anything in the middle of a race. Better to stay calm, focused on my own shift.
Based on your perception and comprehension, what will your future status be?
Spot checks are a regular part of Ranger School.
But there is never a time in your life where you should give in that autopilot mentality.
You never want to rely on someone else to lead you in your race.
I immediately recognised that I allowed the worst-case scenario to happen.
Once a mistake has been made in the heat of the battle, the only thing that matters is dealing with the aftermath with a clear head.
The thyroid is the master computer of the endocrine system, and when it is over-taxed, our metabolism - the process of converting what we drink and eat into energy - becomes impaired, which can cause a cascade of consequences.
By the time I was back on the trail, my legs felt like they were made out of stone.
I knew from experience that the best life lessons don’t appear when things go well. It’s when all your goals and pretty plans turn to shit that you can see your flaws and learn more about yourself.
The rewards I seek are internal, and if you have that mindset, you will find opportunities for growth everywhere.
Remember, the goal is always to complete the mission - whatever it may be - with no regrets and a clear head, so you can use it to progress in life.
They cannot run at all and wish like hell they could.
Incremental progress is still progress.
HAPE diagnosis: Œdème pulmonaire de haute altitude = accumulation de liquide dans les poumons.
DNF: Did Not Finished

EVOLUTION NO. 6

sacrificing life and limb: risquer sa vie
grunt: troufion
lofty: ambitieux

I learned that when you change, not everyone in your life will be on board.
When you evolve, your inner circle must evolve with you.
When there is no one around you who believes in or understands your quest, you must turn your foxhole into a one-man fighting position.
I knew living someone's else idea of my life is a recipe for misery.
She knows what my priorities are and fully supports them without question.
The type that comes with an expectation of effort and demands hours, weeks, and even years of hard work. Because that is exactly what it takes to fulfill lofty ambitions and, more important than that, find out what you are truly capable of.
Who's in your foxhole? Tag them and tell them why! #FoxholeMentality #NeverFinished

Chapter Seven The Reckoning

tenderness: sensibilité
infamous: infâme
ruck: godet; se bagarrer
throb: vibrer
deflating: décourageant
to grind: moudre
tear: déchirure
sprain: foulure
vial: fiole
wrinkled: ridé
freakish: bizarre
patella: rotule
puck: palet
regimen: régime
dig: fouille
cloaked: habillé
tailspin: vrille
to smack: gifler
numbness: engourdissement
flunked: recalé
crutches: béquilles
drudgery: travail acharné
redemption: rachat
upended: retourné
shuttered: aux volets fermés
upswings: redressements
scooting running: courir avec une posture basse et rapide
gravy: profit
pickle: cornichon
jackhammer: marteau piqueur
to scamper: courir
wry: ironique
puffy: bouffi
taut: tendu
demeanor: comportement
howls: hurlement
blunt: contondant
limp: boiter
goofy: ridicule
thug: voyou
ridge: arête
stem: radical
seedpod: cosse
seeping: suinter
taint: tâche
to hobble: boitiller
rash: éruption
freak: flipper; phénomène
hammering: raclée
blister: ampoule
shitter: les chiottes
quaking: trembler
fumed: être furieux
surly: renfrogné
giddy: étourdi
cinder: braise
unquenchable: insatiable
layover: escale
to slither: onduler
to holler: gueuler

Running had long ago become like breathing to me.
For a regimen of massage therapy, range of motion work, and a treatment called "dry needling", which is similar to acupuncture.
Hope is not an anchor point.
I knew that a bad attitude always lingers and can turn my setback into a tailspin.
The more you dwell on the negative, the weaker you feel, and that weakness infects those around you. However, the reverse is also true. I knew that if I could control my attitude and redirect my attention, I'd gain control of the entire situation.
Nobody teaches you how to think, act, and move when disappointment, bad news, malfunction, and disaster inevitably strike. Which means it's up to you to cultivate your own strategy and have the discipline to practice it.
ROGER = "Received Order Given Expect Results"
In some situations, thinking is the enemy.
Your fate depends on your approach.
Having a target allowed me to strategize and prioritize.
Very few individuals step outside the box and attempt to stretch their limits.
When your entire day is fucked up, make sure that you achieve something positive before lights out.
We all know that training is required to make the cut in competitive sports, get into the best schools, and compete for the most coveted jobs because that's what it takes to be prepared.
My whole existence revolved around training, visualization, and recovery.
We can't rely on others to get us to where we need to be.
Sympathy has no power. Humor, on the other hand, picks everyone up. It is a huge morale booster.
I am just a guy who believes in himself more than most.
We all must mentally recharge from time to time. Some people like to golf. Others enjoy watching football on Sundays. I go out in the backwoods and crush myself for several days at a time.
I am focused on being my best all times. When you live that way, there is no time to donate to small-town racists or anyone else whose perspective is defined by their narrow minds.

EVOLUTION NO. 7

flunk out: se faire recaler
embossed: en relief
delusional: délirant
peon: prolétaire
onslaught: assaut
from afar: de loin
gassed: crevé
limestone: roche calcaire
to squawk: brailler
outlier: cas particulier
stud: étalon
to relish: aimer
creed: croyance, credo

Because it is the uncommon story, the uncommon leader, that inspires others to seek more of themselves, work harder, and rise to the occasion.
Self-leadership.
It was the first time I'd ever seen someone do more than what was required.
He'd prepared for the moment, attacked the opportunity, and showed out.
He made me uncomfortable because he exposed my lack of dedication to giving my best effort each and every day.
It had to be the result of countless lonely hours in the gym, on the trails, and in the books.
Believe me, if you think you're being watched, you live differently.
I wanted to make my own opportunities and eat alone at my own table. I wanted to become an outlier.
He was the first one to show me how to do more with less and that was not just possible to dig deeper but mandatory if you are striving to be your best self.
To live the creed on the day to day.
I live with a Day One, Week One mentality. This mentality is rooted in self-discipline, personal accountability, and humility. While most people stop when they are tired, I stop when I am done. In a world where mediocrity is often the standard, my life's mission is to become uncommon amongst the uncommon.
I am not crazy, I'm just not you.
Mine your core principles, and come up with your own oath to self.
Who you will become and what do you want to stand for? Are you ready to be the standard? If you are willing, share your oath to yourself. #OathToSelf #SelfLeadership #Neverfinished

Chapter Eight Play Until The Whistle

shinbone: tibia
shin: tibia
brace: appareil orthopédique
bowlegged: avoir les jambes arquées
befuddlement: confusion
feat: exploit
bark: noueux, écorce
shears: cisailles
puddle: flaque
clot: caillot
unsettling: troublant
hunch: pressentiment
gingerly: avec précaution
to hobble: boitiller
to abhor: détester
to scramble: brouiller
scrimmage: mêlée
to scour: récurer
to skim: écrémer
flicker: vacillant
wedge: cale
short of: à moins de
to wince: grimacer
lightheaded: étourdi
to scuttle: détaler
excruciating: atroce
spin: tour
to wobble: remuer
crank: manivelle
to conjure: faire apparaître
to bide: attendre
freak: bizarre
fledgling: débutant; oisillon
to unfurl: se dérouler
withering: critique
hamstring: tendon
a lick: un peu; petit coup

I'd put a heavy load on my bones for so long they had grown dense as stone and transformed my cartilage into cement that was almost impossible to cut through.
My whole life has been wrapped around my physical being. While mindset has always been number one for me, I achieved my mindset through physical training.
When you invest that volume of pain and suffering in yourself, it will produce mental toughness.
Age, health, and the responsibilities we carry can be limiting. That doesn't mean we should give in to those limitations or use them as excuses to let ourselves or our dreams go, but we can acknowledge them, as long as we are committed to finding out what we can still do given those limits - wether they be temporary or indefinite - and maximizing that.
You've got to work with what you have.
With every unfortunate turn in life, no matter how heavy the weight, you have to be committed to pushing back against that pressure with effort.
Every statistician will warn you that whenever you deal in probabilities, there will be outliers. Always

EVOLUTION NO. 8

to elude: échapper
to scavenge: fouiller
to don: revêtir
to plummet: chuter
stunt: cascade
boarded up: condamné
shackled: enchainé
saddled with: imposer qqchose de contraignant
clip: couper
self-worth: amour propre; estime de soi
mold: moule
crust: croûte
pliability: souplesse
haven: refuge
updraft: courant d'air ascendant
glimmer: faible lueur

It's time to level-up and seek out that blue-to-black line. The line that separates good from great. #GreatnessIsAttainable #NeverFinished

Chapter Nine Wringing out the Soul (L'expression suggère un état d'épuisement extrême, comme si l'âme était pressée jusqu'à sa dernière goutte.)

chirping: gazouiller
to wring out: tordre, essorer
taunting: moquerie
gauzy: transparent
grunt: troufion
cue: signal
beanie: bonnet
gravy: bénéfice
slushy: fondue
rigs: semi-remorques
spruce: épicéa
to haul: tirer
numbed: engourdi
stoked: bien fourni
to outlast: durer plus longtemps; survivre
shin: tibia
splint: éclisse
concussed: commotion
dragging: traînant
calisthenics: pompes, tractions, squats, burpees, dips, planches
to holler: brailler
ditty bag: petit sac
janky: pourri
bungee: corde élastique
snapback: casquette
slingshot: lance-pierre
to dole out: distribuer
dangling: qui pendille
webbing: sangles
sulk: bouder
to pass down: transmettre
to unfurl: se déployer
eerie: inquiétant
scare: frayeur
bogs: marécages
thorny: épineux
shrubs: arbustes
to hinder: entraver
to snicker: ricaner
to smirk: sourire d'un air suffisant
hindered: entravé
valiance: vaillant
billow: tourbillon
to summon: faire venir

I'd be able to leave Indiana behind, gain self-respect and confidence, and infuse my life with meaning. But now, there was literally nothing riding on this.
I had zero external motivation and all of the pain.
Why the fuck am I putting myself through this?
A pair of heated gloves.
I could schedule everything else around my runs and gym workouts to optimize my fitness and performance. En fait, le gars il organise sa journée en fonction de sa CAP et de sa gym.
Those early morning runs were non-negotiable.
On voit l'évolution de l'auteur avec l'age dans la réaction vis à vis des autres.
Their acceptance and respect for every individual.
Everyone has a process to work through.
To stop thinking, look the fear in the eye, and jump anyway.
When you are working a goal that is important to you and things don't go your way, never let alone anyone see it bring you down.
And if you need help, ask for it. Never be ashamed of it.
I was focused on the fight to come. That mentality to always be looking for the next mission was a product of experience, but not only military experience. I've been discovering, developing, refining, and adapting that mindset my entire life.
I clock countless hours in the gym, where I log thousands of reps and run and ride my bike obscene distances, to cultivate belief.
Your greatness is not tied to any outcome. It is done in the valiance of the attempt.
Nothing in my life has ever happened for me on the first try.
The process will be long and arduous.
I hope you and everyone else get to feel this one day because to overcome all obstacles and bump against the outer reaches of your capabilities is the pinnacle.
Always be willing to try one more time.

Six Leçons - Ludwig von Mises

2025-01-22T16:52:00.006+01:00

Leçon 4 : L'Inflation

Les enseignants sont des personnes dévouées qui sont censées penser davantage à l'éducation des jeunes qu'à leur salaire.
Le 1er août 1914, la valeur du dollar était de quatre marks allemands et vingt pfennigs. Neuf ans et trois mois plus tard, en novembre 1923, le dollar était arrivé à 4,2 milliards de marks allemands. En d'autres termes, le mark allemand ne valait rien. Il n' avait plus aucune valeur.
John Maynard Keynes écrivit : "A long terme, nous sommes tous morts".
Pendant plusieurs années, le peuple allemand a pensé que son inflation n'était qu'une affaire temporaire, qu'elle allait bientôt prendre fin. Ils le crurent pendant près de neuf ans, jusqu'à l'été 1923.
William McKinley, 25ème président des Etats-Unis de 1897 à 1901, où il fut assassiné, sachant qu'en 1900 il conduisit l'adoption du "Gold Standard Act" et fit frein à l'inflation par l'argent (métal).
On connaît le pouvoir d'un syndicat aujourd'hui. Il a le droit, pratiquement le privilège, de recourir à la violence.
La seule méthode pour parvenir à une situation de "plein emploi" est le maintien d'un marché du travail sans entraves.
"Un des privilèges d'un homme riche est qu'il peut se permettre d'être insensé beaucoup plus longtemps qu'un pauvre".
L'inflation est une politique, une politique délibérée de gens qui recourent à l'inflation parce qu'ils la considèrent comme un moindre mal que le chômage.
L'inflation est une politique.
Il faut équilibrer le budget de l'Etat.

Leçon 5 : L'Investissement étranger

La différence est l'offre de capital, la quantité de biens d'équipement disponibles. En d'autres termes, la masse de capital investi par unité de population est plus grande dans les pays dits avancés que dans les pays en voie de développement.
C'est un fait bien connu que les chemins de fer de la plupart des pays européens, ainsi que ceux des Etats-Unis, furent construits avec l'argent des capitaux britanniques.
Il faut se rendre compte que, dans tous les pays à l'exception de l'Angleterre, les investissements étrangers jouèrent un rôle considérable dans le développement des industries modernes.
Pour des raisons purement politiques, les Français investirent en Russie, durant les deux décennies précédant la Première Guerre mondiale, une vingtaine de milliards de francs-or, les prêtant principalement à l'Etat russe. On se rendra compte que les Français n'avaient pas supposé qu'un jour il y aurait un gouvernement communiste russe qui déclarait simplement qu'il ne paierait pas les dettes contractées par son prédécesseur, le gouvernement tsariste.
L'ONU n'est qu'un lieu de rencontre pour des discussions inutiles.
Ce qui manque pour rendre les pays en voie de développement aussi prospères que les Etats-Unis, ce n'est qu'une chose : le capital ; et, bien sûr, la liberté de l'employer sous la discipline du marché et non sous la discipline de l'Etat.
L'épargne intérieure des masses de la population présuppose une unité monétaire stable.
Sur le marché monétaire américain aujourd'hui, ce ne sont plus les banques, ce sont les compagnies d'assurance qui sont les plus grands prêteurs.
Dans un monde sans barrières migratoires, il y aurait une tendance partout dans le monde vers une égalisation des salaires.
Il n'y a pas de raccourcis vers un paradis terrestre. Cela prend du temps et il faut travailler.

Leçon 6 : La Politique et les Idées

L'homme n'est pas un être qui, d'une part, à un côté économique et, d'autre part, un côté politique, sans lien entre les deux.
Des discours politiques, des éditoriaux, dans les journaux, des brochures et des livres furent écrits pour persuader.
Un groupe de pression est un groupe de gens qui veulent obtenir pour elles-mêmes un privilège spécial aux dépens du reste de la nation.
La vérité est que ce qui détruisit cette ancienne civilisation fut quelque chose de similaire, presque identique aux dangers qui menacent notre civilisation aujourd'hui : d'une part, ce fut l'interventionnisme et, d'autre part, l'inflation.
Ainsi, si les gens comparent nos conditions à celles de l'Empire romain et disent "On ira dans la même direction", ils ont de bonnes raisons de le dire.
Les idées peuvent être vaincues par d'autres idées.
Ce qu'il faut c'est lutter contre les mauvaises idées.
Nous devons nous opposer à la confiscation de la propriété, au contrôle des prix, à l'inflation et à tous ces maux dont nous souffrons.

The Power of Your Subconscious Mind - Joseph Murphy

2025-01-05T05:26:00.027+01:00

The Treasure House Within You

dominion: territoire
fright: peur
fathomless: insondable
enthralling: captivant
boiler: chaudière
to lull: bercer

Change your thoughts, and you change your destiny.

How Your Own Mind Works

amenability: disposition
amenable: disposé
grooves: sillons
foreboding: pressentiment
berth: couchette
indwelling: à demeure
longing: envie
poised: posé, digne
cheer: bonne humeur
grind: boulot pénible
impending: imminent
doom: mort
laudable: louable
topsy-turvy: sens dessus-dessous
stymied: contrarié

Through your subjective mind you can read the thought of others, read the contents of sealed envelopes and closed safes.
"You're too old now".
You are what you think all day long.
Your greatest power is your capacity too choose. Choose happiness and abundance.
Do not let others do your thinking for you. Choose your own thoughts and make your own decisions.

The Miracle-Working Power of Your Subconscious

the ken: l'entendement
springs: sources
seers: voyant, prophète
shrines: lieux saints
to dwell on: s'attarder sur
thrill: frisson

Man is what he thinks all day long.

Mental Healings in Ancient Times

to kindle: allumer
splinter: écharde
amenable: disposé à faire
expounder: disserteur
blister: ampoule

The process of all healing is a definite, positive, mental attitude, an inner attitude, or a way of thinking, called faith. Healing is due to a confident expectancy, which acts as a powerful suggestion to the subconscious mind releasing its healing potency.
There is only one process of healing,ng and that is faith.
Remind yourself frequently that the healing power is in your own subconscious mind.
All disease originates in the mind. Nothing appears on the body unless there is a mental pattern corresponding to it.

Mental Healings in Modern Times

creed: croyance
to flock: venir en masse
ascribed: attribué
slumber: sommeil
sap: énergie

There is an old saying, "The doctor dresses the wound, but God heals it".
Imagine the end desired and feels its reality.
It is foolish to believe in sickness and something to hurt or harm you. Believe in perfect health, prosperity, peace, wealth, and divine guidance.
Blind faith means that a person may get results in healing without any scientific understanding of the powers and forces involved.
Learn to pray for your loved ones who may be ill. Quiet your mind, and your thoughts of health, vitality, and perfection operating through the one universal and subjective mind will be felt and resurrected in the mind of the loved one.

Practical Techniques in Mental Healings

despondent: déprimé
lullaby: berceuse
bequeathed: léguer
outcropping: affleurement
untrammeled: sans entraves
cripple: estropié
lame: boiteux
decree: décret

Nothing happens by chance.
Prayer is the formulation of an idea concerning something we wish to accomplish. Prayer is the soul's sincere desire. Your desire is your prayer.
The easiest and most obvious way to formulate an idea is to visualize it, to see it in your mind's eye as vividly as if it were alive.
A picture is worth a thousand words.
Serve Yourself with Scientific Truth
To affirm is to state that it is so, and as you maintain this attitude of mind as true, regardless of all evidence to the contrary, you will receive an answer to your prayer.

The Tendency of the Subconscious Is Lifeward

lifeward: vers la vie
hunch: pressentiment
to partake: participer
bladder: vessie
utterance: déclaration

Your solar plexus is the brain of your subconscious mind.
You are the sum total of your own thoughts.

How to Get the Results You Want

to remonstrate: se plaindre
tantalizingly: cruellement
outcropping: affleurement

There must be a clear cut idea in your mind.
Do not be concerned with details and means, but know the end result.
Know that there is always an answer and a solution to every problem.
Imagination is your most powerful faculty.
Imagine the fulfillment of your desire over and over agin prior to sleep.

How to Use the Power of Your Subconscious for Wealth

brow: front
to dwell on: s'étendre sur
outwardly: extérieurement

They are condemning the thing they desire and want.
The feeling of wealth produces wealth. Keep this in mind al the time.

Your Right to be Rich

sneaky: sournois
swindler: escroc

Should there be a financial collapse of government tomorrow and all the man's present holdings become valueless, as the German Marks did after the First World War, he would still attract wealth and be cared for, regardless of the form the new currency took.
There is no such thing as free lunch. You must give to receive. You must give mental attention to your goals, ideals, and enterprises, and your deeper mind will back you up.

Your Subconscious Mind as a Partner in Success

to cast bread upon the waters: do something kind or good without expecting anything in return
to redound: retomber
down payment: acompte

The first step to success is to find out the thing you love to do. Success is in loving your work.
The second step to success is to specialize in some particular branch of work and know more about it than anyone else.
Find out what you love to do, and then do it.
Specialize in your particular field and try to know more about it than anyone.
A successful man is not selfish. His main desire in life is to serve humanity.
If you imagine an objective clearly, you will be provided with the necessities through the wonder-working power of your subconscious mind.

Scientists Use the Subconscious Mind

to bring forth: engendrer
weary: las
duct: canal
to dwell on: s'étendre sur
abiding: durable
sinew: tendon
volition: volonté
heirloom: héritage
to arouse: exciter
to sever: couper
to rebound: rebondir
compulsion: obsession
pleasantness: caractère agréable

True thinking is free from fear.
Think how happy you would be about the perfect solution.
Probably, when you are preoccupied with something else, the answer will come in your mind like toast pops out of a toaster.
The action is your thought. The reaction is the response from your subconscious mind.
Mentally devote yourself to the right answer, until you find its response in you.
You delay the answer by thinking it will take a long time or that it is a major problem.
Your subconscious is the storehouse of your memory, and within your subconscious are recorded all your experiences since childhood.

Your Subconscious Mind and Your Happiness

poised: posé, digne
brethren: frères, camarades
to enfold: envelopper
to indulge: céder à
streak: marque, trace
deeds: action
stump: souche
shied: timide
blessing: bénédiction

The greatest discovery was the power of the subconscious touched by faith.
Happiness is a habit.
"A man's life is what his thoughts make of it" Marc Aurèle.
Today they are many people trying to buy happiness through the purchase of radios, television sets, automobiles, a home in the country, a private yacht, and a swimming pool, but happiness cannot be purchased or procured in that way.
The kingdom of happiness is in your thought and feeling. Too many people have the idea that it takes something artificial to produce happiness.
The truth is that happiness is a mental and spiritual space.
Nothing is accomplished without desire.
Imagine the fulfillment of your desire.

Your Subconscious Mind and Harmonious Human Relations

tantrum: colère
haughty: hautain
cantankerous: acariâtre
to boo: huer
to hiss: siffler
gullible: crédible

The simple truth that it is never what a person says or does that affects him, it is his reaction to what is said or done that matters.
A dog will react ferociously if you hate or fear dogs. Animal pick up your subconscious vibrations and react accordingly.
Recognize that every man wants to be loved and appreciated, and made to feel important in the world.
Misery loves company.
You are the only thinker in your world.
You can disagree without being disagreeable.
Wish for the other what you wish for yourself.

How to Use Your Subconscious Mind for Forgiveness

to snarl up: s'emmêler
bondage: servitude
scarlet: écarlate
crimson: pourpre
mesmerized: fasciné
sizzle: grésiller
to mar: gâcher
grudge: rancune
quench: étancher
wither: faner

Emotions follow thoughts, and you have the power to reject all thoughts, which may disturb or upset you.
You must forgive everyone who has ever hurt you if you want perfect health and happiness.

How Your Subconscious Removes Mental Blocks

a jinx: un sort
creed: croyance
to dodge: esquiver
to behold: contempler

Focused attention
When you really have the intense desire to over come any block in your life, and you come to a clear-cut decision that there is a way out, and that is the course you wish to follow, then victory and triumph are assured.
You are a creature of habit. You are conditioned to react the way you do.
Realize that something good can come out of your suffering. You have not suffered in vain. However, it is foolish to continue to suffer.
When fear knocks at the door of your mind, or when worry, anxiety, and doubt cross your mind, behold your vision, your goal.
When your attention wanders, bring it back to the contemplation of your good or goal. Make a habit of this. This called disciplining the mind.
The statements of others cannot hurt you except through your own thoughts and participation. You are the only thinker of your universe.

How To Use Your Subconscious Mind to Remove Fear

unutterable: indicible
fright: peur
boon: aubaine
to befall: arriver à
boogie man: croque-mitaine
to bemoan: se lamenter
chaplain: aumônier
to dwell on: penser sans cesse

Millions of people are afraid of the past, the future, old age, insanity, and death. Fear is a thought in your mind, and you are afraid of your own thoughts.
Most of your fears have no reality.
Suggestive amnesia.
Imagine you are climbing the mountain, fell the reality of it all, enjoy the scenery, knowing that as you continue to do this mentally, you will do it physically with ease and effort.
His practice is to sit still for fifteen minutes in the morning and realise that in the center of him is a deep still ocean of peace. Meditating in this way, he generates tremendous power, which overcomes all manner of difficulties and fears.
Do the thing you are afraid to do, and the death of fear is certain.
Confidence is greater than fear.
You were born with only two fears, the fear of falling and the fear of noise. All your other fears were acquired. Get rid of them.
Whatever your fear has its solution in the form of your desire.

How to Stay Young in Spirit Forever

The fear of time, not time itself, has a harmful effect on our minds and bodies, and the neurotic fear of the effects of time may well be the cause of premature aging.
Life is endless. Age is not the flight of years, but the dawn of wisdom.
Get it out of your head once and for all that 65, 75 or 85 years of age is synonymous with the end for you or anybody else. It can be the beginning of a glorious, fruitful, active, and most productive life pattern, better than you have ever experienced. Believe this, expect it, and your subconscious will bring it to pass.
Man's life is spiritual and eternal.
Age has its' own glory, beauty, and wisdom, which belong to it.
You Are as Young as You Think You Are
Your Gray Hairs Are an Asset
Age Is an Asset
Be Your Age
Retirement - a New Venture
You must Be a Producer and Not a Prisoner of Society
Get a Vision
Your Mind Does Not Grow Old
Your retirement is a new venture. Take up new studies and new interests. You can now do the things you always wanted to do when you were so busy making a living. Give your attention to living life.