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Legal Dna Paternity Testing | Court Admissible Dna Test | Legal Dna Test

admin — Fri, 30 Jul 2010 12:04:31 +0000

A nice information!

Legal vs Home DNA Paternity Test

There may be a variety of different reasons for carrying out a Paternity DNA Testing
. At the most basic level a paternity DNA test is used to establish in a scientific manner whether an alleged father is indeed the biological father of the child. Through the comparison of the DNA profiles of the child with that of the alleged father, one is now able to establish with levels of probability that can be as high as 99.99% whether a biological relationship exists between an alleged father and the child, thus making DNA testing highly efficient and reliable.

Home DNA Paternity Test

Advances in DNA testing technology have now enabled paternity DNA tests to be carried out on samples of saliva, and for the consumer this has meant that DNA paternity tests can now be carried out in the comfort of one’s own home. In fact, whereas until recently, in order to perform a DNA paternity test, one had to visit a laboratory or a clinic, and have a blood sample taken, nowadays it is possible to carry out a paternity test using oral swabs that need to be simply rubbed along the inside of the mouth and the cheek. The samples are then left to dry and mailed back to the laboratory for analysis.

This kind of test is called a home paternity DNA test, and is very useful when one needs to have quick, reliable answers to paternity issues to satisfy one’s own need to know. If, however one needs to use these results for legal matters, such as legal recognition of a child as being one’s own, petitioning for child support and matters relating to immigration, one needs to order what is called a legal paternity test.

Legal DNA Paternity Test

In essence, a legal paternity test is a test in which the DNA samples are collected by an independent third party who becomes responsible for confirming the identities of the persons who are taking part in the test and assumes general responsibility for assuring that the DNA samples are not in any way tampered with. Therefore whilst in a home paternity DNA test, samples are usually collected by the participants themselves in their own home environment, a legal DNA paternity test usually necessitates a visit to a clinic or laboratory where the specialist will collect the samples.

Chain of Custody

This procedure is called maintaining the ‘chain of custody’, and is necessary in order to ensure that the test results are reliable, valid and that this fact can be witnessed by an independent third party. For this reason, results of a home DNA paternity test cannot be used in a court of law, because there is no way of proving without doubt that the persons participating in the test on paper are indeed the same persons who have provided the DNA samples. So, for example, a person who does not wish to provide child support may send a sample from another person instead of his own, using a home DNA paternity test. For this reason, the results of a home DNA paternity test can be used for ‘informational’ purposes only.

How the DNA test works

It is important to note that technically speaking, a home paternityDNA Testing for Immigration is identical to a legal paternity DNA test, and that the difference between the two tests lies exclusively in the method of collection of the samples. In both cases the DNA of the child is compared to that of the father, to check for correspondence in the genetic markers. If a large enough number of genetic markers are found to be in common, the alleged father is confirmed as being the genetic father of the child. Modern DNA paternity tests are extremely accurate and reliable, and can confirm paternity with levels of probability greater that 99.99%.

http://www.homednadirect.co.uk

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How To – Paternity DNA Testing

admin — Fri, 30 Jul 2010 11:56:58 +0000

Watch this!

Ever wonder how a DNA paternity test is done? This short video shows how easy it is. Test conducted at DNA Diagnostics Center (DDC) – the worlds largest paternity testing laboratory.

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Biotechnology a boon to Textile Industry

admin — Fri, 30 Jul 2010 11:27:31 +0000

A nice information!

The biotechnology has made rapid developments in genetic engineering with a possibility of ‘tailoring’ organisms in order to optimize production of established or novel metabolites of commercial importance and of transferring genetic material (genes) from one organism to another. It has economized developing industrial processes with less energy and renewable raw materials thus it is an effective interdisciplinary and integrate natural and engineering sciences. Few textile industrial uses are focused here.

Fibers and Biopolymers: Cotton, wool and silk natural textile fibers are an asset but biotechnology producing unique fibers and improve yields of existing fibers. Cotton is leading worldwide textile fiber with ca 20 million tons grown/year by about 85 countries but it is vulnerable to many insects, and to maintain yields, large amounts of pesticides are in use. Cotton is prone to infestation by weeds under intense irrigation conditions and needs throughout its growth cycle, and has poor tolerance to any of the herbicides. Hence biotechnologists have put forward short-term objectives on genetically engineering insect, disease and herbicide resistance into cotton plant along with modification of fiber quality and properties to have high performance cottons. Naturally colored cottons are attracting the world market hence transgenic intensely colored cottons (blues and vivid reds) is dream of the day that can replace bleaching and dyeing.

Biotechnology has largely influenced animal fiber production, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, diagnostics, genetically engineered vaccines and therapeutic drugs are other catchments of it. CSIRO, Australia’s national research organization is put up efforts for genetic modification of sheep to resist attack from blowfly larvae by engineering a sheep that secretes an insect repellent from its hair follicles and ‘biological wool shearing’’. And is expected to artificial epidermal growth factor which on injection into sheep interrupts hair growth, within a month, it breaks up in wool fiber and fleece can be pulled off whole in half the time it takes to shear a sheep.

Fermentation is developing biopolymers at large-scale i.e. bacterial storage compound polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is developed by Zeneca Bioproducts and is as produced ‘Biopol’. It high molecular weight linear polyester and thermoplastic (melts at 180°C) and can be melt spun into biocompatible and biodegradable fibers suitable for surgical use where human body enzymes slowly degrade sutures. Biopol is being used as conventional plastics for shampoo bottles but it is not economic, research is on to produce Biopol from plants, probably from genetically engineered variety of rape. Polysaccharides chitin, alginate, dextran and hyaluronic acid biopolymers are of interest in wound healing as chitin and its derivative chitosan are important components of fungal cell walls, at present manufactured from sea food (shellfish) wastes. Patents taken out by Japanese Unitika cite a use of fibers made out of chitin in wound dressings. At BTTG, research has been directed for use of intact fungal filaments as a direct source of chitin or chitosan fiber to produce inexpensive wound dressings and other novel materials. Tests are carried out at Welsh School of Pharmacy indicate that these products have wound healing acceleration properties. Wound dressings based on calcium alginate fibers have already been developed by Courtaulds and are marketed as ‘Sorbsan’. Present supplies of this polysaccharide rely on its extraction from brown seaweed’s. However, a polymer of similar structure can also be produced by fermentation from certain species of bacteria. Dextran, which is manufactured by fermentation of sucrose by Leuconostoc mesenteroides or related species of bacteria, is also being developed as a fibrous non-woven for specialty end-uses such as wound dressings. Additional unique biopolymers are now coming onto market thanks to biotechnology e.g. hyaluronic acid a polydisaccharide of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine found in connective tissue matrices of vertebrates and is also present in capsules of some bacteria. The original method of production by extraction from rooster combs was very inefficient requiring 5 kg of rooster combs to provide 4 g of hyaluronic acid. Fermentech, a British biotechnology company, is now producing hyaluronic acid by fermentation. The same amount of high quality purified hyaluronic acid can be obtained from 4 liters of fermentation broth as opposed to 5 kg of rooster combs.

Different biotechnological routes for cellulose production are being worked out globally, cellulose is produced as an extra cellular polysaccharide by several bacteria in form of ribbon-like micro fibrils, and can be used to produce moulded materials of relatively high strength. Sony, a Japanese electronics company has patented a way of making hi-fi loudspeaker cones and diaphragms from bacterial cellulose. An alternative route to cellulose, still at a very early stage of development, concerns in vitro cultivation of plant cells. Culturing cells of various strains of Gossypium can produce cotton fibers in vitro include a more uniform product displaying particularly desirable properties. Plant tissue culture can provide a steady, all year supply of products without climatic or geographic limitations free of contamination from pests. Proteins are interesting biopolymers for utilizing new genetic manipulation techniques where animal and plant proteins genes (e.g. collagen, various silks) can now be transferred into suitable microbial hosts and proteins produced by fermentation. US army is taking up spider silk as a high performance fiber for bulletproof vests.

Enzymes

Chemical reactions by catalytic proteins (enzymes) are a central feature of living systems, living cells makes enzymes although the enzymes themselves are not alive and we can encourage living cells to make more enzymes than they would normally make. Or to make a slightly different enzyme (protein engineering) with improved characteristics of specificity, stability and performance in industrial processes and operate under mild conditions of pH and temperature. Many enzymes exhibit great specificity and stereo selectivity. With a notable exception of starch-size removal by amylases, however, scant attention is given to application of enzymes in textile processing for preparation textile fibers e.g. flax and hemp by dew retting involves action of pectolytic enzymes from various microorganisms, which degrade pectin in middle lamella of these plant fibers. Yet no attempts appear to be taken to use isolated enzyme preparations for desired effects although their effectiveness has been demonstrated in the laboratory.

Use of isolated enzymes to remove fats and waxes, pectin’s, seed-coat material and colored impurities from loom state cotton and cotton/polyester fabrics, leading to a novel, low-energy fabric-preparation process, (replace scouring and bleaching) is investigated at BTTG. Only partial success is made using existing commercial enzyme preparations due to the recalcitrant nature of some of components and process was found to be too slow and therefore uneconomic for current applications. Enzyme that is being applied in textile processing for removal of hydrogen peroxide prior to dyeing is catalase. Undoubtedly, use of microbial enzymes can be expected to expand into many other areas of textile industry replacing existing chemical or mechanical processes in not too distant future.

Contrary to textile processing enzymes are used in detergents since their inception in 1960’s, and washing powders are referred to as ‘biological’, and degrade stains with milder washing conditions at lower temperatures saving energy and protects fabric. Cellulose enzymes could replace pumice stones used to produce ’stone-washed’ denim garments, stones can damage clothes, particularly the hems and waistbands, and most manufacturers are now using enzyme treatment. Cellulose enzymes are in biopolishing, a removal of fuzz from surface of cellulosic fibers, which eliminates pilling making fabrics smoother and cleaner looking. Similarly protease enzymes are developed for wool.

Interesting uses of enzymes are in biotransformation with biocatalytic transformation of one chemical to another. In practice, either intact cells, an extract from such cells or an isolated enzyme may be used as the catalyst system of a specific reaction. Concentration of individual enzymes in cells is typically less than 1 per cent this can now be increased using gene amplification techniques. Bulk chemical production by oil-based processes is being replaced by biotransformations, biotechnology competes with chemical synthesis. For example, optical activity of chemicals as of polymer precursors is likely to grow and biotransformation has a particular edge over traditional chemical methods.

Textile Auxiliaries: These are dyes produced by fermentation or from plants in future in the nineteenth century many of colors used to dye textiles came from plants e.g. woad, indigo and madder. Many microorganisms produce pigments during their growth, which are substantive as indicated by permanent staining and associated with mildew growth on textiles and plastics. Some species produce up to 30% of their dry weight as pigment, such microbial pigments are benzoquinone, naphthoquinone, anthraquinone, and perinaphthenone and benzofluoranthenequinone derivatives, resembling in some instances the important group of vat dyes. Microorganisms offer great potential for direct production of novel textile dyes or dye intermediates by controlled fermentation techniques replacing chemical synthesis. Production and evaluation of microbial pigments as textile colorants is currently being investigated at BTTG. Another biotechnological route for producing pigments for use in food, cosmetics or textile industries is from plant cell culture, e.g. red pigment shikonin (cosmetics) is being commercially produced since 1983 in Japan. Shikonin was extracted from roots of five-year-old Lithosperum erythrorhiz plants where it makes up about 1 to 2 percent of dry weight of roots. In tissue culture, pigment yields of about 15 percent of dry weight of root cells have been achieved.

New Analytical Tools: Work on molecular biology at BTTG has led to development of species-specific DNA probes for animal fibers to detect adulteration of high value specialty fibers such as cashmere by much cheaper fibers e.g. wool and yak hair. Rapid methods are being evolved to assist in early detection of biodeterioration of textile and other materials. BTTG have shown that presence of viable microorganisms on textiles can be assessed using enzyme luciferase isolated from firefly (Photinus pyralis), which releases light (bioluminescence) in combination with ATP produced by the microorganisms.

Waste Management: Microbes or their enzymes are being used to degrade toxic wastes instead of traditional processes, thus waste treatment is useful industrial asset of biotechnology. In textile industry color removal from dyehouse effluent, toxic heavy metal compounds and pentachlorophenol used overseas as a rot-proofing treatment of cotton fabrics but washed out during subsequent processing in the UK pose a challenge for disposal. Currently efforts are on to resolve such problems perhaps biotechnology would appear to offer the most effective solutions.

Conclusions: Biotechnology is being treated as upcoming science with enormous commercial implications for many industrial sectors in years to come. It has successfully developed new products, opened up new doors, expedited production and helped to clean up environment. Mainly biotechnology is contributing a lot to textile industries but it current awareness is low. Michael Heseltine recently launched ‘Biotechnology Means Business’ initiative in the UK to inform companies about biotechnology and put them in touch with experts to deploy biotechnology to give a competitive edge to their business to win new markets. E.g. downstream processing after fermentation accounts for at least 70 percent of production costs in biotechnology and there is the need for improved filtration and separation techniques. Hollow fibers and membranes, which separate molecules according to size, are finding increased application in this area.

Enzymes are used in detergents e.g. protease removes stains caused by proteins such as blood, grass, egg and human sweat. Amylase removes starch-based stains such as those made by potatoes, pasta, rice and custard. Lipase breaks down fats, oils and greases removing stains based on salad oils, butter, fat-based sauces and soups, and certain cosmetics such as lipstick. Cellulase brightens and softens the fabric, and release particles of dirt trapped in the fibers. Briefly biotechnology improves plant varieties used in production of textile fibers and in fiber properties, and derives fibers from animals and health care of the animals along with novel fibers from biopolymers and genetically modified microorganisms. The survismeter is a effective tool to characterize broth fermentation.

References

Biotechnology Means Business: state of the art report on ‘The Textile & Clothing Industries’, 1995, The Biotechnology Unit, DTI, LGC, Queens Rd., Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LY, UK. Little Book on Enzymes and the Environment, 1993, NovoNordisk A/S, DK – 2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark.

Glossary: Biotechnology: Use of living organisms or their cellular, sub cellular or molecular constituents to manufacture products and establish processes. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, chemical molecule to carry hereditary information to pass from parent to offspring. DNA Probe: Single DNA strand used to detect a presence of complementary strands of DNA. Enzymes: Protein molecules that speed up specific chemical reactions and remain unchanged. Gene: Unit of heredity composed of DNA.

Genetic Engineering: A range of techniques for manipulating DNA and thereby modifying the genetic structure of living organisms. Transgenesis: Stable incorporation of foreign DNA from one species into another. For example, incorporating genes from a bacterium has developed insect resistant transgenic plants.

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High-throughput DNA shearing with sonication

admin — Fri, 30 Jul 2010 11:27:21 +0000

A nice information!

Introduction

The demand for low cost, rapid genomic sequencing has driven the development of the present high-throughput massively parallel sequencing technology. This technology requires an efficient and reliable method to produce small DNA fragments.

DNA shearing methods

Small-insert random DNA fragments are necessary to create efficient libraries for genomic sequencing projects. The success and efficiency of sequencing a large genome is dependent on the randomness of the fragments generated by the shearing of target DNA. Physical shearing methods (i.e. sonication, nebulization, and hydrodynamic shearing; references 1, 2, 3) are preferentially chosen over enzymatic digestion due to the randomness and size of the fragments produced resulting in a suitable overlapping collection of fragments for sub-cloning. The SonicManTM offers these properties in a high-throughput sonication format allowing for a straightforward, user-friendly, customizable method to generate random DNA fragments.

Using sonication

The following is possible using sonication:

Sonication scalable to 96, 384, or 1536 formats with working volumes ranging from 10 µL to 1.5 mL.

Incorporated chiller ensures sample temperatures do not increase significantly during sonication.

Sonication procedures allow for an uncomplicated, quick process as opposed to techniques like hydrodynamic shearing.

Shear 96 sample to (50 – 200) bp fragments in 4 hours as compared to 24 hours for in focused acoustic methods.

The instrument

The work described is performed using an instrument developed by MatriCal, configurable with 96, 384, and 1536 well formats. SonicMan uses disposable pin lids to transfer sonic energy to each individual well and to prevent well-to-well cross contamination. Plates are placed on a retractable shuttle. The sonicator provides variable power outputs up to 1150 W and configurable time intervals from 0.1 to 20 seconds.

Fragment size is correlated with sonication settings (power/time) and is controllable by the user. Fragments centered around a desired length can be repeatedly generated in seconds Samples may be sonicated in volumes ranging from 25ul to 1.5ml per well. Formats are scalable to 96-well and 384-well plates Unlike enzyme based digestion, the random fragments generated are suitable for the sequencing of large genomes Sonication is an uncomplicated, quick, process compared with techniques like hydrodynamic shearing No specialized reagents are needed minimizing solution variation and providing easy carryover to downstream applications

Sonication is delivered via an acoustic horn that directs the acoustic wave to a series of pins, 1 per well of the microplate.

High-Throughput Preparation of
Fragmentor Mate-Paired Libraries Why Shear?

Randomly sheared fragments are required for shotgun based sequencing methods in order to produce the redundant overlapping library of fragments needed for sequence reconstruction. As enzymatic methods do not produce random fragments, mechanical based shearing methods are required. Sonication is arguably the most popular method for producing DNA fragments and has been used for library construction in some of the earliest shotgun sequencing experiments (4). As methodologies move to the high-throughput arena, one true high-throughput option for mechanical library construction is the high-throughput capable sonicator, the SonicMan™.

The Uniqueness of DNA shearing by acoustics

The SonicMan™ is a high-throughput plate sonicator that employs a disposable 96, 384, or 1536 probed lid to simultaneously sonicate each well of a high density plate. Like in all sonicators, a piezoelectric crystal converts electrical energy to mechanical energy producing longitudinal vibration in a titanium alloy horn. This horn is tightly coupled to the disposable pinned lid which is able to transfer the sonic energy to the samples producing the cavitation that is the basis of the biological effects of sonication.

High Throughput Shearing

Shear 96 samples to peak fragments sizes of 50 -200 bp in 4 hours as opposed to alternative methods which take over 24 hours to shear 96 samples (below).

Low Fragment Size & Tight Resolution

The SonicMan™ can shear fragments to sizes from 50 and 200 bp, the low length tight resolution desired for single end sequencing libraries. Libraries sheared to relevant size ranges for separation inserts of mate-paired reads may also be produced, e.g. bp ranges of 200 to 300 or 300 to 500 or higher.

Shearing Efficiency: Shear to 100 bp fragments

DNA fragments reaching as low as 200 bp may be achieved after 5 minutes of total sonication time. Shears producing DNA peak fragments of 150 bp may be achieved in 30 total minutes of sonication time (below). From left to right there are a standard in lanes 1 and 9, sonication times for lane 2 to lane 8 of 0 to 30 seconds in 5 second increases.

Shearing Uniformity

The tube plate is sonicated in a custom designed chiller shuttle that in conjunction with strict quality assurance procedures of the pin and PinLid dimensions as well as silicone application methods ensures a highly uniform intra plate DNA shearing procedure (left).

References Deininger PL 1983. Anal. Biochem. 129: 216-223. Bodenteich AS, Chissoe S, Wang Y-F, and Roe BA 1994. In Automated DNA sequencing and analysis techniques (ed. MD Adams, C Fields, and C Venter), pp.42-50. Academic Press, London, UK. Thorstenson YR, Hunicke-Smith SP, Oefner PJ, Davis RW 1998. Genome Res. 8:848-55. Fuhrman, S., Deininger, P., LaPorte, P., Friedmann, T. & Geiduschek, E. (1981) Analysis of transcription of the human Alu family ubiquitous repeating elementbyeukaryotic RNA polymerase III. Nucleic Acids Res., 9 (23), 6439–56. Conclusion

Small fragment DNA shearing to can be achieved reliably and accurately using an automated sonication process. The SonicMan™ is a high-throughput sonicator capable of providing fragment libraries appropriate for today’s massively parallel sequencing technology.

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Who Discovered DNA?

admin — Fri, 30 Jul 2010 11:25:47 +0000

A nice information!

DNA can be looked at as a set of codes which contains information that has been inherited from the parents. It contains protein codes that decide how dark or tall a person will be or almost how long the person will live.

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. Its discovery has been credited to the research of James Watson’s and Francis Crick. Rosalind Franklin is another important name that comes up.

Studies on DNA were done in early 1950s by Nobel laureate, Linus Pauling. He proposed a sample of DNA model when stationed at California Institute of Technology. During the same time in England, James Watson and Francis Crick were doing research on the structure of hemoglobin, and not DNA. Meanwhile, Maurice Williams was studying DNA molecule at King’s College in London. He wanted an x-ray expert and Rosalind Franklin easily filled the role. After two years, a complete model of DNA was publicly presented by Watson and Crick.

DNA passes on 50/50 from parents. The DNA transferred from the parents are of two types, genotype and phenotype. When these two are considered, it can be guessed what the offspring will be like. One can be confusing to go with. It should be remembered that genes don’t combine literally. Genes are transferred from generation to generation depending on the strongest side. This is the reason some traits show in one generation and disappear in the next. Traits are not needed for a person’s survival is repressed. However they don’t disappear completely.

Besides being the imprint of parents, it gives us and doctors an idea of possible diseases. There are many ways in which DNA is used. Scientists use it to study animal, plant and human genetics with the view of improving their conditions. Cloning is one aspect that easily comes to mind but there are positive aspects. For instance, stem cell therapy for curing cancer.

Every person has a unique DNA and this helps in solving many criminal cases. DNA identification is a science itself. J Craig Venter successfully decoded the sequence of DNA. He had initially worked with the US government and helped to identify 20,000 – 25,000 genes making the DNA. Within three years, he successfully identified 24,000 genes in humans.

To settle the issues of race completely, Venter proved that every human has the same genetic makeup. Variations such as build, skin color and others are genetically pointless. It shows that the ancestral mother of every human is same.

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DNA Sequencing Equipment and Services Markets

admin — Fri, 30 Jul 2010 11:25:40 +0000

A nice information!

DNA Sequencing Equipment and Services Markets

The market has been changing in unpredictable ways as second-generation sequencers are being incrementally introduced and upgraded. On the surface, the situation has become somewhat linear and predictable, but as biotech analyst Justin Saeks explains, it is actually a unique and relatively volatile situation that is not seen often with life science tools markets. Third-generation systems have the potential to completely change the market, or to simply join the pack. ( http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research-Reports/DNA-Sequencing-Equipment-and-Services-Markets-2nd-Edition.html )

Revenue growth has been unusually high, and all of the trends seem to indicate that growth will continue in the near term. It is likely that completely new technologies will be introduced at least every year or two, while second-generation sequencer improvements also continue. In 2nd edition of DNA Sequencing Equipment and Services Markets, these changes are detailed and put in context, along with the following:

* DNA Sequencer Revenues by Industry and by Leading Systems
* Forecast of Sequencer Revenues to 2014
* Review of Important Sequencers and Comparison of Features and Drawbacks.
* Profiles of Major Companies in the Marketplace
* Affymetrix and Illumina Settlement and other Significant Litigation in the Industry
* Major Industry Deals since 2008, Review of Deals 05-07, and Analyst Commentary
* Over 70 Figures and Tables making market information accessible
* Review of Major Deals and Litigation affecting the marketplace.
* Review of Technologies Under Development
* Discussion of Funding Sources and Recent Grant Awardees
* Strategic Recommendations for Companies Operating in the DNA Sequencing Market

DNA Sequencing Equipment and Service Markets represents research culled from a variety of secondary sources. But the true insights originated from interviews with market experts; these interviews were used to confirm numbers and test forecast assumptions.

Companies profiled in the report include:
* 454 Life Sciences / Roche
* Applied Biosystems / Life Technologies
* Beckman Coulter (Fullerton, CA)
* GE Healthcare Life Sciences
* Helicos Biosciences
* Illumina / Solexa
* LI-COR Biosciences (Lincoln, NE)

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A Link for the Missing — DNA “Fingerprinting”

admin — Fri, 30 Jul 2010 11:23:12 +0000

Watch this!

The process of DNA profiling was developed by British geneticist Alec Jeffries in 1984 and has been instrumental in the forensic analysis of crime scene evidence leading to the conviction of perpetrators and the freeing of innocent convicts. This segment looks at the use of DNA fingerprinting as an additional way to identify children in the event of their disappearance.All 50 Secrets of the Sequence videos have an accompanying classroom-tested lesson that encourages students to further explore the video topics. Each lesson includes background information, state and national science standards, discussion questions and answers, teacher notes and an activity that will ensure a hands-on, “minds-on” experience. To see lessons for this series, visit www.pubinfo.vcu.edu

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Dna Sequencing Equipment And Services Markets, 2Nd Edition

admin — Fri, 30 Jul 2010 11:21:48 +0000

A nice information!

Since the last edition of Kalorama Information’s DNA Sequencing Equipment and Services report, the market has been changing in unpredictable ways as second-generation sequencers are being incrementally introduced and upgraded. On the surface, the situation has become somewhat linear and predictable, but as Kalorama Information biotech analyst Justin Saeks explains, it is actually a unique and relatively volatile situation that is not seen often with life science tools markets. Third-generation systems have the potential to completely change the market, or to simply join the pack.

Revenue growth has been unusually high, and all of the trends seem to indicate that growth will continue in the near term. It is likely that completely new technologies will be introduced at least every year or two, while second-generation sequencer improvements also continue. In Kalorama Information biotech analyst Justin Saek’s 2nd edition of DNA Sequencing Equipment and Services Markets, these changes are detailed and put in context, along with the following:

DNA Sequencer Revenues by Industry and by Leading Systems

Forecast of Sequencer Revenues to 2014

Review of Important Sequencers and Comparison of Features and Drawbacks.

Profiles of Major Companies in the Marketplace

Affymetrix and Illumina Settlement and other Significant Litigation in the Industry

Major Industry Deals since 2008, Review of Deals 05-07, and Analyst Commentary

Over 70 Figures and Tables making market information accessible

Review of Major Deals and Litigation affecting the marketplace.

Review of Technologies Under Development

Discussion of Funding Sources and Recent Grant Awardees

Strategic Recommendations for Companies Operating in the DNA Sequencing Market

Kalorama Information’s DNA Sequencing Equipment and Service Markets represents research culled from a variety of secondary sources. But the true insights originated from interviews with market experts; these interviews were used to confirm numbers and test forecast assumptions.

Companies profiled in the report include:

454 Life Sciences / Roche

Applied Biosystems / Life Technologies

Beckman Coulter (Fullerton, CA)

GE Healthcare Life Sciences

Helicos Biosciences

Illumina / Solexa

LI-COR Biosciences (Lincoln, NE)

To know more about this report & to buy a copy please visit :
http://www.visionshopsters.com/product/1650/DNA-Sequencing-Equipment-and-Services-Markets-2nd-Edition.html

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Dna Sequencing In Drug Discovery: Market Outlook For Applications, Tools And Services, And 40 Company Profiles -Aarkstore Enterprise

admin — Fri, 30 Jul 2010 11:21:29 +0000

A nice information!

Advanced technological developments in microarrays, bioinformatics and similar tools have increased the scope of applications and services.

This report covers regional markets, products and services while evaluating them over the next five years, and profiles almost 40 companies involved in the DNA sequencing market.

Key features of this report

It analyzes the market data ( revenues ) of DNA sequencing tools and services in North America, Europe, Asia and rest of the world that includes Middle East, Africa, Russia, Latin America and Australia.

Key market drivers and restraints for the parent segments and evaluation of respective sub segments with respect to market dynamics.

Covers microarray, DNA sequencing kits, chromatography, mass spectrometry, DNA amplification and many others within the tools market along with their sub segments. The services market includes high throughput sequencing , shot gun sequencing , re-sequencing, sample process and primer walking, single pass analysis and bacterial identification.

Scope of this report

Understand the emerging technologies and the growth associated for evaluation of potential of the type of products and services.

Understanding the product developments on which companies are focusing to evaluate new technological trends.

For evaluation of growth prospective for DNA sequencing applications and determining lucrative markets.

Key Market Issues

Funding from public institutes is encouraging market players to focus on the development of the DNA sequencing technology.

The withdrawal of certain drugs from the market due to their lack of efficacy among the worldwide patient population has created a need to address variations in diseases and drug responses on an individual basis.

Next generation sequencing may hinder the growth of the market for first-generation DNA sequencing technology especially in the drug discovery and development sector.

Key findings from this report

The DNA sequencing market growth is highest in the Asian and North American region, with Europe having the second largest market.

North America constitutes the major market share with next-generation sequencing attracting the new participants in the region.

The existing market participants are strategically positioning their DNA sequencing technologies by differentiating the specificity of the type of their tools and services.

Agilent Technologies, CLC Bio, and Life Technologies Corporation are some of the major DNA sequencing companies engaged in collaborative partnerships in the past couple of years.

Key questions answered

What are the important DNA sequencing markets and their growth over the period 2009-14?

What are the major technologies and services that have emerged in different areas such as microarray, PCR, re-sequencing, high throughput sequencing?

In which areas are the companies focusing while forming strategic alliances with other market players?

What is the current potential of DNA sequencing applications with respect to drug development and discovery?

Table of Contents :
DNA Sequencing in Drug Discovery
Executive summary
Market overview
Market dynamics
Global DNA sequencing tools & services market
Company profiles
Chapter 1 Market overview
Summary
Evolution of DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing and drug discovery
Defining the market
Need for more reliable and compatible tools
High throughput and next-generation sequencing – attractive growth factors
DNA sequencing tools dominate the market
Protecting DNA sequencing technology
Applications of DNA sequencing
Drug development
Clinical trials
Whole genome testing
Toxicology prediction
Identification of drug resistance
Drug discovery
Chapter 2 Market dynamics
Summary
Introduction
Regional markets
North America
Europe
Asia
RoW
Competitive landscape
Recent agreements and collaborations
Recent launches
Market drivers
Funding from public institutes
NGS technologies
Patient profiling for genetic disorders
Development of personalized medicine
High productivity rates
Market restraints
Shift in sequencing market trends
Introduction of NGS technologies
Chapter 3 Global DNA sequencing tools & services market
Summary
DNA sequencing tools
Microarray
Biochip microarray
Gel array
Array design kit
Low and high density microarrays
Bioinformatics
Electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis
Capillary electrophoresis
DNA sequencing kits
Consumables, chemicals, reagents and probes
DNA polymerase
Primers
Automated DNA sequencers
Chromatography
DNA amplification (PCR)
Mass spectrometry
Microscopy-based techniques
Electron microscopy
Atomic force microscopy
Microfluidics-enabled workstations
Barcode readers for DNA sample presentation
Computational chemistry and biology modeling
Spotters/arrayers
Centrifuge
Scanners
Thermal cyclers
Charge-coupled devices (CCDs)
Plates, strips and columns
DNA sequencing services
High throughput sequencing
Shotgun sequencing
Re-sequencing
Sample process and primer walking
Single pass analysis
Bacterial identification
Market drivers
Microarray technology is a powerful tool for high throughput screening
Increasing applications of microarrays
Increasing applications of bioinformatics in R&D
Technological breakthroughs generate need for efficient DNA sequencing
Genomics and drug discovery applications of automated sequencers
Diagnostic applications of automated sequencers
Applications in comparative research projects of automated sequencers
Developments in PCR technology
PCR is a reliable tool for multiple applications
Government initiative for funding
Market restraints
Limited scope of microarrays for pathogen enumeration
Time loss due to large number of laboratory specific variations for microarrays
Low cost next-generation technologies hinder growth of microarrays
Incompatibility issues of current bioinformatics tools
High cost of modifying supporting products
High cost and reliability issues of PCR technology
Chapter 4 Company profiles
Summary
454 Life Sciences
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Other events
Affymetrix
Company overview
Product and services
Company strategy
Agilent Technologies
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Beckman Coulter, Inc
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Bio-Rad Laboratories
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Caliper Life Sciences
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
CapitalBio Corp.
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
CombiMatrix Corp.
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Commonwealth Biotechnologies, Inc
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Complete Genomics, Inc
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
DNA Vision
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Enzo Biochem, Inc
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
EPICENTRE Biotechnologies
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Eurofins MWG Operon
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
GE Healthcare
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Gen-Probe Life Sciences
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
GVK Biosciences (GVK BIO)
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Helicos BioSciences Corp.
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Illumina, Inc
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Integrated DNA Technologies
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Kapa Biosystems, Inc
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Life Technologies Corp.
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Microchip Biotechnologies, Inc
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Nanogen, Inc
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Ocimum Biosolutions Ltd.
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Pacific Biosciences
Company overview
Company strategy
PamGene
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Promega Corp.
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
QIAGEN
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Sequenom
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Shimadzu Biotech
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Sigma-Aldrich
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
SoftGenetics, LLC.
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Third Wave Technologies, Inc
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
VisiGen Biotechnologies
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
ZS Genetics
Company overview
Products and services
Company strategy
Chapter 5 Appendix
Glossary
Patents
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Developments in DNA sequencing
Figure 1.2: DNA sequencing in drug discovery and development
Figure 1.3: DNA sequencing and drug discovery market
Figure 1.4: Relative importance of features of DNA sequencing tools, 2009 versus 2014
Figure 1.5: DNA sequencing market drivers
Figure 1.6: DNA sequencing tools market dynamics
Figure 1.7: Patent analysis by technology, 2007 versus 2009
Figure 1.8: Patent analysis by geography, 2006 versus 2008
Figure 1.9: Patent applications (%) by competitors, 2004- Oct 09
Figure 2.10: Major segments of the global DNA sequencing market (%), 2008-09
Figure 2.11: Competitive landscape (%), 2008-09
List of Tables
Table 1.1: Global DNA sequencing market by tools and services ($m), 2007-14
Table 1.2: Global DNA sequencing applications market by applications ($m), 2007-14
Table 1.3: Global drug development market, by applications ($m), 2007-14
Table 1.4: Global drug discovery market, by applications ($m), 2007-14
Table 2.5: Global DNA sequencing market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 2.6: Agreements and collaborations in the DNA sequencing market, 2008-09
Table 2.7: New product, technology & service launch in the DNA sequencing market, 2008-09
Table 2.8: New product, technology & service launch in the DNA sequencing market, 2008-09 (ctd1)
Table 2.9: New product, technology & service launch in the DNA sequencing market, 2008-09 (ctd2)
Table 2.10: New product, technology & service launch in the DNA sequencing market, 2008-09 (ctd3)
Table 3.11: Global DNA sequencing tools market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.12: Global DNA sequencing tools market, by products ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.13: Global microarray market, by products ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.14: Global microarray market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.15: Global biochip microarray market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.16: Global gel array market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.17: Global array design kit market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.18: Global high and low density microarray market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.19: Global bioinformatics market, by products ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.20: Global bioinformatics market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.21: Global electrophoresis market, by products ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.22: Global electrophoresis market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.23: Global gel electrophoresis market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.24: Global capillary electrophoresis market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.25: Global DNA sequencing kits and others market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.26: Global consumables, chemicals, reagents and probes market, by products ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.27: Global consumables, chemicals, reagents and probes market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.28: Global DNA polymerase market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.29: Global primers market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.30: Global automated DNA sequencers market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.31: Global chromatography market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.32: Global DNA amplification (PCR) market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.33: Global mass spectrometry market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.34: Global microscopy-based techniques market, by products ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.35: Global microscopy-based techniques market, by geography, ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.36: Global electron microscopy market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.37: Global AFM market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.38: Global microfluidics-enabled workstations market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.39: Global barcode readers market for DNA sample presentation, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.40: Global computational chemistry and biology modeling market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.41: Global spotters/arrayers market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.42: Global centrifuge market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.43: Global scanners market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.44: Global thermal cycler market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.45: Global charge-coupled devices market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.46: Global plates, strips and columns market by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.47: Global DNA sequencing services market by products ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.48: Global DNA sequencing services market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.49: Global high throughput sequencing market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.50: Global shotgun sequencing market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.51: Global re-sequencing market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.52: Global sample process and primer walking market by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.53: Global single pass analysis market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 3.54: Global bacterial identification market, by geography ($m), 2007-14
Table 5.55: US patents
Table 5.56: US patents (ctd 1)
Table 5.57: US patents (ctd 2)
Table 5.58: US patents (ctd 3)
Table 5.59: US patents (ctd 4)
Table 5.60: US patents (ctd 5)
Table 5.61: US patents (ctd 6)
Table 5.62: US patents (ctd 7)
Table 5.63: US patents (ctd
Table 5.64: European patents
Table 5.65: European patents (ctd 1)
Table 5.66: European patents (ctd 2)
Table 5.67: European patents (ctd 3)
Table 5.68: European patents (ctd 4)
Table 5.69: European patents (ctd 5)
Table 5.70: European patents (ctd 6)
Table 5.71: European patents (ctd 7)
Table 5.72: European patents (ctd 7)
Table 5.73: European patents (ctd
Table 5.74: European patents (ctd 9)
Table 5.75: European patents (ctd 10)
Table 5.76: European patents (ctd 11)
Table 5.77: Japanese patents
Table 5.78: Japanese patents (ctd 2)
Table 5.79: Japanese patents (ctd 3)
Table 5.80: Japanese patents (ctd 4)

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All Dna Sequencing Data

admin — Fri, 30 Jul 2010 11:21:01 +0000

A nice information!

DNA sequencing is the process in which scientists find the sequence of the building blocks of a strand of DNA. Those building blocks in each strand are called nucleotides, each of which is assigned a letter; A (Adenine), C (Cytosine), G (Guanine), and T (Thymidine). Each strand of DNA is a double strand and are contained within cells. Each time a cell splits, so does a strand of DNA. Each single side of the strand will then replicate itself. During this replication, another completed double strand of DNA is formed, which is an exact replica of the first.

The DNA sequencing is what pre-determines the genetics of every living thing. Each gene has its own unique strand of DNA sequencing. Scientist are able to determine the exact DNA sequencing of certain genes by taking a tiny strand and putting the sequence into a computer, which can produce a 3D model of the gene. You cannot go out and purchase a DNA sequencing kit like you can buy a bottle of cologne, but through government grants and funding, the scientists who study DNA sequencing are able to use this technology to determine what goes wrong with a gene that causes diseases and deformities.

Almost everything that is alike has the same DNA sequencing except for a few small genes that determines their minor differences. Humans, for example, will have the same genetic makeup as their ancestors, apart from the small genes that give them a different hair color or shape of their ears. This is why we tend to look like our parents and grandparents, because we have mostly the same DNA sequencing as they do. This is also how DNA sequencing is used to determine paternity.

DNA sequencing is done by scientists in a very precise manner. First the DNA must be extracted from the chromosome that houses it, and then broken up into smaller strands. Each small strand is used to make a set of fragments, each one base (two opposing nucleotides in a strand) shorter than the one before it. The fragments are separated by a gel and then a fluorescent dye is used to identify each individual type of nucleotide. A computer program then generates the sequences of the nucleotides into units of about 500 bases that exactly replicate the strand that the DNA was taken from. These units are then replicated to make a very long strand of DNA sequencing. The resulting DNA sequencing is then shared with other scientists in computer databases.

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