Mechanical Engineering

National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research Recruitment 2018

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Mon, 3 Dec 2018 05:17:00 -0800

National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research Recruitment 2018

NCPOR Jobs Recruitment Notification 2018.The National Centre for Polar & Ocean Research (NCPOR)(Formerly NCAOR ) inviting applications for the positions of Project Scientist B, Junior research fellow, Project scientific assistant, Executive assistant in finance, accounts, purchase & stores.Interested and Eligible candidates can apply <<<Readmore>>>

National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research Recruitment 2018

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Mon, 3 Dec 2018 05:12:00 -0800

National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research Recruitment 2018

Last Date for Submission of Application is on December 27th, 2018.

Post and Vacancies :

Total number of vacancies to be filled by NCPOR Is 27 posts.

Project Scientist B – 20 Posts

JRF -03 Posts

Project Scientific Assistant – 02 Posts

Executive Assistant – 02 Posts

Education Qualification:

Applicants must be completed master’s degree/ Bachelor’s degree for a different field from a recognized organization/ Board.

Age Limit:

Applicants maximum age limit is 35 years. For age relaxation applicants can check the official notification.

Salary:

Selected candidates will get pay per Rs.

Project Scientist – Rs.60,413/-.

JRF – Rs.25,000/-.

Project Scientific Assistant – Rs.35,640/-.

Executive Assistant – Rs.35,400/-.

Selection Process:

Through Written test and interview applicants will be recruited.

Application Process:

Applicants may apply the application form through online mode. From 12th November 2018 to 27th December 2018.

How to apply online:

http://www.ncaor.gov.in Is the link applicants can apply directly.

Official Notification

Apply Online

APPSC RECRUITMENT 2018: AEE for Mechanical, Electrical & Civil

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Sat, 1 Dec 2018 19:37:00 -0800

Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission 2018

Assistant Executive Engineer jobs for Mechanical, Electrical and Civil Engineers (General Recruitment)

NOTIFICATION NO.09/2018, Dt.29/11/2018

Click here for Official Notification

Geometry(2D & 3D) - Area, Perimeter, Volume of Geometry

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Thu, 29 Nov 2018 07:13:00 -0800

Geometry - 2D

Geometry - 3D

Are there microplastics in your drinking water?

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Thu, 15 Nov 2018 20:14:00 -0800

As if there weren’t enough scary pollutants in our drinking water, a recent study revealed that most of us drink microplastics everyday, in our coffee and tea, our soup, and sips from the water fountain. Worldwide 83% of water samples contained microplastics. In the U.S., an astonishing 94% of samples tested had microplastics.

The ramifications of this study by Orb Media on the amount of plastic we’re ingesting are staggering. If they’re in drinking water, they’re in all our prepared food, from soup and beer we buy at the store to virtually every restaurant meal we eat. Researchers estimate we’re consuming roughly 3000 pieces of microplastics annually from water alone. Another study found that sea salt, derived from our heavily plastic-polluted oceans, also contains tiny plastic particles.

Though Orb Media researchers measured particles as small as 2.5 microns, they believe our water contains smaller particles as well. They speculate some are tiny enough to cross the walls of our digestive tracts and reach other organs and tissues. Plastic pollution isn’t some far-off problem.

it’s inside us.

How to Choose a Simple Water Filter for Your Home
Microplastic Particles May be Entering the Food Chain

In addition to the chemicals in the plastic itself, which are known to affect hormone function, these tiny particles attach themselves to pathogens from sewage and environmental pollutants like pesticides and heavy metals. Once in our guts, researchers believe, these chemicals can be absorbed into our bloodstreams, where they make their way to all parts of our bodies.

What all this plastic means for human health has yet to be quantified, but researchers do know that plastic chemicals are endocrine disruptors, affecting everything from fertility to cancer risk. A 2016 paper published in the The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology estimated that endocrine disruptors had collectively cost the United States and European Union nearly 12 million IQ points and over $500 billion to treat disease in 2010 alone.

How Did Plastic Get in Our Drinking Water?

Single-use plastics
Though we’re so accustomed to it most of us don’t notice it, plastic is now ubiquitous in our environment, much of it designed for disposability like takeout containers and shopping bags. Few of those one-use plastics are recycled, and many get washed into streams, rivers, and lakes, where they eventually join tons of other microplastics added to our waste stream each day. Despite being designed for disposability, those billions of plastic bags, straws, and myriad pieces of plastic packaging are incredibly durable. Though they break down into increasingly smaller pieces, they do not biodegrade and remain in the environment, entering the tissues of animals, including humans, when they eat and drink.

Synthetic fabrics
Our fleece and acrylic clothing turns out to be a key culprit in the pervasiveness of microplastics, contributing over one million tons annually to wastewater. One study found that a single load of wash could contribute over 700,000 fibers. In addition to the fibers that enter our wastewater, when clothes and other textiles shed fibers through daily wear and tear or a trip through the clothes dryer, some of the dust enters the atmosphere. A 2015 study in Paris found plastic particles suspended in both indoor and outdoor air. Once in the atmosphere, these bits of plastic can enter bodies of water, even those distant from other sources of plastic pollution.

Tires
Car and truck tires are another notable source of plastic pollution. As tires are abraded by roadways, they create dust that gets washed into streams and rivers. A car driving an average of 12,000 miles per year will shed about eight pounds of dust. Multiply that by the more than one billion cars worldwide, and we’re talking about an immense amount of tire dust.

Paint
Latex and acrylic paints contribute another ten percent of the world’s microplastics. When we wash paint brushes in the sink, we send billions of tiny particles of plastic into our waterways.

Microbeads
Popular for their scrubbing action in personal care products like toothpaste and facial scrubs, tiny plastic beads known as microbeads have been washed down drains by the trillions. The U.S. and U.K. banned microbeads beginning in 2017 and other countries are considering following suit. Microbeads are still permitted in personal care products not designed to be rinsed off as well as in industrial applications, so they haven’t yet gone away completely.

Getting Plastic Out of Our Drinking Water
Researchers were surprised to find such pervasive plastic particles in the water of developed countries, where water treatment plants typically use filters considerably smaller than the ones used in the study. One of the conclusions study authors drew from this research is that narrow plastic fibers can slip through filters lengthwise, and those caught by filters may dislodge over time.

A quality home water filter can take out plastic particles of two microns or more, (Lifestraw Steel Personal Water Filter can filter down to 0.2 microns, but its portable size makes it better suited to emergency and wilderness situations). However, like water treatment facilities, some home filters may release some of the fibers caught, researchers report.

Further, though the study was limited by the power of their microscopes, researchers are pretty confident still smaller plastic particles are suspended in our water that can’t be removed by a filter. “I don’t see us filtering ourselves out of this problem,” says Sherri Mason, chair of the Department of Geology and Environmental Sciences at the State University of New York at Fredonia, who supervised the research. “We tend to want to solve problems by dealing with the problem instead of thinking about the sources. The source of the problem ultimately is us.”

While a home water filter is still a good idea to remove other pervasive chemicals and some plastic fibers, (in some cases more than your municipal water filter, as noted in Berkey’s response to the study) we need to do more to solve the larger problem. Mason hopes this research serves as a call to action to rethink what she calls “this love affair we have with synthetic chemicals and plastics.” She urges everyone to limit their use of plastic and call on corporations to find alternative materials and create textiles that shed fewer fibers in the wash. She hopes people will alert elected officials and vote with their dollars to slow the flow of plastics into our environment, currently 300 million tons each year.

How You Can Help Cut Plastic Pollution

We all have roles to play in this fight to curb plastic pollution. Decisions we make each day about the food and goods we buy, the clothes we wear, and our driving habits will all affect how much plastic winds up in our air and water. Our choices can also help shape the decisions made by the manufacturers of all that stuff, as reducing demand for plastic should help decrease its production.

In the laundry room

Synthetic clothing made of polyester, nylon, or acrylic will shed tiny plastic particles each time you wash them. To limit the plastic your laundry contributes to the environment:

Buy natural fibers such as cotton, hemp, or wool.
Wash synthetics less often.
Wash full loads. Fuller loads of washing will produce less friction and thereby pull off fewer fibers. Liquid laundry soap also causes less friction than powdered, so using liquid laundry detergent can also help, though of course more liquid detergent comes in plastic bottles. (See Eco-Nuts Soap Nuts for an alternative). Cold water is reported to release fewer fibers than hot, and will also save energy and cut the emissions of your laundry.
Consider getting a filter for your washer’s wastewater.

Everywhere else

Whenever possible, say no to plastic bags, plastic wraps, and plastic packaging. Bring your own shopping and produce bags, use reusable wrap and bottles, and choose alternative packaging or no packaging whenever possible. These moves will also cut your family’s exposure to the chemicals of concern commonly used in plastic packaging.

Avoid plastic straws, which have become the latest target in the campaign against plastic pollution. Bringing your own beverage container not only eliminates the waste of the cup and lid, but also helps make a dent in the billion straws we toss in the trash every single day. In restaurants, just say no to the straw and sip directly from your cup. Though each straw seems small, the collective impact on plastic pollution has been enormous, and teaching others to do the same can help reverse the trend of our increasing use of disposable plastic.
Drive less and rideshare. The fewer trips tires make on roads, the less plastic dust enters our waterways. Walk or take public transport when possible, and carpool when you can.
Ask companies to move away from plastics. Though some of the work of de-plasticizing the planet will happen through individuals using less and thereby reducing demand, pressuring corporations to produce less of the stuff in the first place is critical. Some corporations have already heeded the call and found alternative materials to plastic.
Support moves toward a circular economy.Plastic is one of the most visible and insidious products of our take-make-waste model of business. Rather than assuming all consumer products will wind up as trash, some forward-thinking companies aim to recapture and reuse all the components of a product when its useful life ends. The Cradle-to-Cradle certification can help you find products designed for endless reuse.
Support organizations trying to stop plastic pollution at its source or clean up existing pollution. Numerous local, national, and international organizations are working to address the problem of plastic pollution with cleanup projects, pressure on government and industry, and technological innovation. If there’s a beach in your area, you can pitch in on cleanup days to keep the plastic litter on beaches from breaking down into smaller (and harder to clean) particles that enter the marine and freshwater food chains.

What are some Important facts about GATE Exam?

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Tue, 13 Nov 2018 08:37:00 -0800

Some of the important Facts to know before you start your GATE Preparation

There is no co-relation between percentage of mark obtained in BTech and qualifying GATE. Since, for qualifying GATE one should need thorough understanding of the subjects, which is not necessary in B-tech exam
Analysis of previous years GATE exam results, indicate that the top rankers have marks in the range of 85 to 90. Acquiring a mark above 65 will ensure a rank within 250
You should have deep understanding of Basics in each subjects for solving GATE question

While doing the problems, short notes should be prepared. Along with it error analysis note also should be prepared. This will help you solve problems without error.
Mathematics is oxygen for GATE students about 15% marks from Mathematics. Without Mathematics one will not get good score in GATE. Solving Aptitude problems are also important
Take standard online test in regular basis, Because it is essential to familiarize with writing online exams and virtual calculators
Solve previous year (at least 10 years) GATE questions. Along with that, GATE questions from other branches such as Maths, Aptitude, Analog ,Digital etc should be solved.
Question will not repeat in GATE. But concept will repeat. So it is important to understand the basic concepts involved in it.
Accuracy and speed are key to success. Accuracy have more importance. Practice to improve accuracy. The time is sufficient in gate exam, because you will get approximately 3-4 minutes in solving a gate question.
Don’t do any kind of guess work to avoid negative marking. If one question is wrong net loss is 1.33 and for two mark question net loss is 2.66. This cause big difference in rank. So only attend questions you know.

Turbomachinery

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Tue, 13 Nov 2018 08:19:00 -0800

Motivation. The most common practical engineering application for fluid mechanics
is the design of fluid machinery. The most numerous types are machines that add
energy to the fluid (the pump family), but also important are those that extract energy
(turbines). Both types are usually connected to a rotating shaft, hence the name turbomachinery.
The purpose of this chapter is to make elementary engineering estimates of the
performance of fluid machines. The emphasis will be on nearly incompressible flow: liquids or low-velocity gases. Basic flow principles are discussed, but not the detailed construction of the machines.

11.1 Introduction and Classification

Turbomachines divide naturally into those that add energy (pumps) and those that
extract energy (turbines). The prefix turbo- is a Latin word meaning “spin” or “whirl,”
appropriate for rotating devices.
The pump is the oldest fluid energy transfer device known. At least two designs
date before Christ: (1) the undershot-bucket waterwheels, or norias, used in Asia and
Africa (1000 B.C.) and (2) Archimedes’ screw pump (250 B.C.), still being manufac-
tured today to handle solid–liquid mixtures. Paddlewheel turbines were used by the
Romans in 70 B.C., and Babylonian windmills date back to 700 B.C. [1].
Machines that deliver liquids are simply called pumps, but if gases are involved,
three different terms are in use, depending on the pressure rise achieved. If the pres-
sure rise is very small (a few inches of water), a gas pump is called a fan; up to 1 atm, it is usually called a blower; and above 1 atm it is commonly termed a compressor.

Classification of Pumps

There are two basic types of pumps: positive-displacement and dynamic or momentum-
change pumps. There are several billion of each type in use in the world today.
Positive-displacement pumps (PDPs) force the fluid along by volume changes. A
cavity opens, and the fluid is admitted through an inlet. The cavity then closes, and
the fluid is squeezed through an outlet. The mammalian heart is a good example, and
many mechanical designs are in wide use. References 35–38 give a summary of PDPs.

A brief classification of PDP designs is as follows:
A. Reciprocating
1. Piston or plunger
2. Diaphragm
B. Rotary
1. Single rotor
a. Sliding vane
b. Flexible tube or lining
c. Screw
d. Peristaltic (wave contraction)
2. Multiple rotors
a. Gear
b. Lobe
c. Screw
d. Circumferential piston
All PDPs deliver a pulsating or periodic flow as the cavity volume opens, traps, and
squeezes the fluid. Their great advantage is the delivery of any fluid regardless of its
viscosity.
Figure 11.1 shows schematics of the operating principles of seven of these PDPs.
It is rare for such devices to be run backward, so to speak, as turbines or energy
extractors, the steam engine (reciprocating piston) being a classic exception.
Since PDPs compress mechanically against a cavity filled with liquid, a common
feature is that they develop immense pressures if the outlet is shut down for any rea-
son. Sturdy construction is required, and complete shutoff would cause damage if
pressure relief valves were not used.
Dynamic pumps simply add momentum to the fluid by means of fast-moving
blades or vanes or certain special designs. There is no closed volume: The fluid
increases momentum while moving through open passages and then converts its high
velocity to a pressure increase by exiting into a diffuser section. Dynamic pumps can
be classified as follows:
A. Rotary
1. Centrifugal or radial exit flow
2. Axial flow
3. Mixed flow (between radial and axial)
B. Special designs
1. Jet pump or ejector (see Fig. P3.36)
2. Electromagnetic pumps for liquid metals
3. Fluid-actuated: gas lift or hydraulic ram
We shall concentrate in this chapter on the rotary designs, sometimes called rotody-
namic pumps. Other designs of both PDP and dynamic pumps are discussed in spe-
cialized texts [for example, 3, 31].

Fig. 11.1 Schematic design of
positive-displacement pumps:
(a) reciprocating piston or plunger,
(b) external gear pump, (c) double-
screw pump, (d) sliding vane,
(e) three-lobe pump, (f ) double
circumferential piston, (g) flexible-
tube squeegee.

Dynamic pumps generally provide a higher flow rate than PDPs and a much stead-
ier discharge but are ineffective in handling high-viscosity liquids. Dynamic pumps
also generally need priming; if they are filled with gas, they cannot suck up a liquid
from below into their inlet. The PDP, on the other hand, is self-priming for most appli-
cations. A dynamic pump can provide very high flow rates (up to 300,000 gal/min)
but usually with moderate pressure rises (a few atmospheres). In contrast, a PDP can

Fig. 11.2 Comparison of perform-
ance curves of typical dynamic and
positive-displacement pumps at
constant speed.

operate up to very high pressures (300 atm) but typically produces low flow rates
(100 gal/min).
The relative performance (-
p versus Q) is quite different for the two types of
pump, as shown in Fig. 11.2. At constant shaft rotation speed, the PDP produces nearly
constant flow rate and virtually unlimited pressure rise, with little effect of viscosity.
The flow rate of a PDP cannot be varied except by changing the displacement or the
speed. The reliable constant-speed discharge from PDPs has led to their wide use in
metering flows [35].
The dynamic pump, by contrast in Fig. 11.2, provides a continuous constant-speed
variation of performance, from near-maximum -
p at zero flow (shutoff conditions) to
zero -
p at maximum flow rate. High-viscosity fluids sharply degrade the performance
of a dynamic pump.
As usual—and for the last time in this text—we remind the reader that this is
merely an introductory chapter. Many books are devoted solely to turbomachines: gen-
eralized treatments [2 to 7], texts specializing in pumps [8 to 16, 30, 31], fans [17 to
20], compressors [21 to 23], gas turbines [24 to 26], hydropower [27, 28, 32], and
PDPs [35 to 38]. There are several useful handbooks [29 to 32], and at least two
undergraduate textbooks [33, 34] have a comprehensive discussion of turbomachines.
The reader is referred to these sources for further details.

The Centrifugal Pump

Let us begin our brief look at rotodynamic machines by examining the characteris-
tics of the centrifugal pump. As sketched in Fig. 11.3, this pump consists of an
impeller rotating within a casing. Fluid enters axially through the eye of the casing,
is caught up in the impeller blades, and is whirled tangentially and radially outward
until it leaves through all circumferential parts of the impeller into the diffuser part
of the casing. The fluid gains both velocity and pressure while passing through the
impeller. The doughnut-shaped diffuser, or scroll, section of the casing decelerates the
flow and further increases the pressure.
The impeller blades are usually backward-curved, as in Fig. 11.3, but there are also
radial and forward-curved blade designs, which slightly change the output pressure.

Fig. 11.3 Cutaway schematic of a
typical centrifugal pump.

The blades may be open (separated from the front casing only by a narrow clearance)
or closed (shrouded from the casing on both sides by an impeller wall). The diffuser
may be vaneless, as in Fig. 11.3, or fitted with fixed vanes to help guide the flow
toward the exit.

Basic Output Parameters

Assuming steady flow, the pump basically increases the Bernoulli head of the flow
between point 1, the eye, and point 2, the exit. From Eq. (3.73), neglecting viscous
work and heat transfer, this change is denoted by H:

where hs is the pump head supplied and hf the losses. The net head H is a primary
output parameter for any turbomachine. Since Eq. (11.1) is for incompressible flow,
it must be modified for gas compressors with large density changes.
Usually V2 and V1 are about the same, z2 z1 is no more than a meter or so, and
the net pump head is essentially equal to the change in pressure head:

The power delivered to the fluid simply equals the specific weight times the discharge times the net head change:

This is traditionally called the water horsepower. The power required to drive the pump is the brake horsepower

where -
is the shaft angular velocity and T the shaft torque. If there were no losses,
Pw and brake horsepower would be equal, but of course Pw is actually less, and the
efficiency of the pump is defined as

Conversion factors may be needed: 1 hp 550 ft. lbf/s 746 W.

The chief aim of the pump designer is to make as high as possible over as broad a range of discharge Q as possible.
The efficiency is basically composed of three parts: volumetric, hydraulic, and
mechanical. The volumetric efficiency is

Solutions for Volume-I Class Room Practice Questions - ACE Engineering Academy

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Thu, 8 Nov 2018 03:04:00 -0800

Ace Engineering Academy Volume -I Solutions

#Engineering Mechanics

#Heat Transfer

#Strength Of Materials

#Thermal Engineering

#Production Technology

#Machine Design

#Theory of Machines

#Fluid Mechanics & Turbo machinery

#IM & OR

#Engineering Mathematics

< Click here for more details

Mechanical E-books Library

PSUs 2019 Full Information

Mechanical GATE Study Materials

IOCL Recruitment through GATE

ACE 2018 Test Series

About GATE 2019

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Wed, 7 Nov 2018 21:50:00 -0800

About GATE 2019

GATE 2019 will be organized by Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras in online mode on February 2, 3, 9 and 10, 2019. A new paper "Statistics" has been added this year, taking the total number of papers for which GATE 2019 will be conducted to 24; in the last edition of the exam there were 23 papers. The candidate though will be able to appear for one paper only, preferably in a paper related to the candidate's qualifying degree; that being said, the candidate is free to choose any of the 24 papers. The GATE 2019 application form opened on August 31, 2018, and had to be filled through GOAPS (GATE Online Application Processing System). Last date to submit completed application without late fee was September 23, 2018. With late fee, the application form could be filled till October 1, 2018. Registered candidates could submit the application form till October 3, 2018. Correction facility of application form for all registered candidates is now open from September 27, 2018. It must be noted that to be eligible for admission to M.Tech courses offered by various institutes based on GATE scores, candidates needs to qualify in the exam. The qualifying score will be different for each paper, and will be known at the time of declaration of GATE 2019 result. Also, unless the candidate qualifies in the exam, GATE 2019 score card will not be available for download.

The validity of GATE 2019 score card will be three years from the date on which results have been declared.

Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) is a national-level post-graduate entrance exam that is jointly conducted by the seven IITs (Bombay, Delhi, Kanpur, Guwahati, Kharagpur, Madras and Roorkee) and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore for admission to M.Tech programmes offered by government as well as many private institutes.

Exam level:	National Level Exam
Frequency:	Once a year
Languages	English
Conducting Body:	Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Duration	3 Hours

GATE 2019 Eligibility Criteria

Candidates are urged to ensure they meet the prescribed eligibility criteria of GATE 2019, as otherwise they will not be considered for admission. Some of the important eligibility parameters that candidates are most concerned about are related to academic qualification, age limit, and nationality. Find the answers to these doubts below.

Academic Qualification:

While there is no minimum pass percentage that has been recommended for appearing in GATE 2019 exam, candidates must, however, meet eligibility criteria related to the qualifying exam which has been explained in the table below.

Candidates who possess certification from any of the professional societies must ensure that those examinations conducted by the societies are approved by MHRD/ AICTE as equivalent to B.E./ B.Tech./ B.Arch.

Nationality:

Indian nationals are eligible to apply for the exam
Additionally, candidates from Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Ethiopia and United Arab Emirates (U.A.E) can also apply.

Age limit: There is no age limit for appearing in the exam.

How to Get in to IIT's through GATE

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Wed, 7 Nov 2018 21:37:00 -0800

GATE Cutoff for IITs
The most common thing that GATE aspirants search for is the GATE cutoff for IITs. The IITs are the premier educational institutions of the country especially for engineering and are the most sought out ones for students to pursue their education from. The GATE cutoff for IITs list out the minimum GATE scores that will be considered for admissions to the M.Tech programmes at the IITs. Each IIT conducts its own M.Tech admissions. Therefore the GATE cutoff marks are separately announced for each IIT. Candidates must also note that the GATE 2019 cutoff for IITs is separate for each discipline and each M.Tech specialization.

>>>SOME IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT GATE EXAM<<<

The GATE cutoff 2019 for IITs will also be separate for each category of the students who apply for the same. IITs cutoff for GATE can be used by the candidates to understand and know the minimum marks they need to obtain in GATE such that they can avail the M.Tech admissions at the IIT of their preference. The GATE Cutoff is determined by each IIT considering a lot of factors like the number of applicants for the particular M.Tech course, the total seats available category-wise for the course, previous year cutoff marks etc. Candidates can check the GATE cutoff marks for all the IITs, M.Tech courses on this page.

Important Facts about IITs, M.Tech courses and GATE Cutoff for IITs

GATE 2019 is being conducted by IIT Madras on February 2, 3, 9 and 10.

The application form of GATE 2019 will be available in online mode tentatively from September 1. IIT Madras will declare of GATE 2019 result on March 16. IIT M.Tech admissions start in February till April and sometimes beyond that.GATE Cutoffs are determined by the individual departments of each IIT that will be announcing the M.Tech admissions. Candidates can check the GATE Cutoff for IITs below by clicking on the given link.

Important Facts about IITs, M.Tech courses and GATE Cutoff for IIT's

GATE 2019 is being conducted by IIT Madras on February 2, 3, 9 and 10.

The application form of GATE 2019 will be available in online mode tentatively from September 1.

IIT Madras will declare of GATE 2019 result on March 16.

IIT M.Tech admissions start in February till April and sometimes beyond that.

GATE Cutoffs are determined by the individual departments of each IIT that will be announcing the M.Tech admissions.

Candidates can check the GATE Cutoff for IITs below by clicking on the given link.

GATE Cut off for IITs

IITs cutoff for GATE is the minimum score required for admission into M.Tech programmes across various IITs. Candidates who score equal to or more than the cutoff marks of GATE for IITs will be considered for admissions into M.Tech programmes. Based on the previous year's cutoff, the candidates can get an idea about the expected cutoff of GATE for IITs this year and their admission chances into M.Tech programmes across the participating IITs.

IIT GATE Cutoff

S.No	Institute	GATE Cut off 2017/2016	GATE Cut off 2015
1	IIT Delhi	Click here	Click here
2	IIT Madras	Click here	Click here
3	IIT Bombay	Click here	Click here
4	IIT Kharagpur	Click here	Click here
5	IIT Guwahati	Click here	NA
6	IIT Kanpur	Click here	Click here
7	IIT Roorkee	Click here	Click here
8	IIT Hyderabad	Click here	Click here
9	IIT Indore	Click here	Click here
10	IIT BHU	Click here	Click here
11.	IIT Jodhpur	Click here	Click here
12	IIT Mandi	Click here	NA
13	IIT Gandhinagar	Click here	Click here
14	IISc Bangalore	Click here	Click here
15	IIT (ISM) Dhanbad	Click here	N/A

Properties of the Velocity Field

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Wed, 7 Nov 2018 16:22:00 -0800

Properties of the

Velocity Field

In a given flow situation, the determination, by experiment or theory, of the proper-

ties of the fluid as a function of position and time is considered to be the solution to

the problem. In almost all cases, the emphasis is on the space–time distribution of the

fluid properties. One rarely keeps track of the actual fate of the specific fluid parti-

cles.6 This treatment of properties as continuum-field functions distinguishes fluid

mechanics from solid mechanics, where we are more likely to be interested in the tra-

jectories of individual particles or systems.

Eulerian and Lagrangian

Descriptions

There are two different points of view in analyzing problems in mechanics. The first

view, appropriate to fluid mechanics, is concerned with the field of flow and is called

the eulerian method of description. In the eulerian method we compute the pressure

field p(x, y, z, t) of the flow pattern, not the pressure changes p(t) that a particle expe-

riences as it moves through the field.

The second method, which follows an individual particle moving through the flow,

is called the lagrangian description. The lagrangian approach, which is more appro-

priate to solid mechanics, will not be treated in this book. However, certain numeri-

cal analyses of sharply bounded fluid flows, such as the motion of isolated fluid

droplets, are very conveniently computed in lagrangian coordinates [1].

Fluid dynamic measurements are also suited to the eulerian system. For example,

when a pressure probe is introduced into a laboratory flow, it is fixed at a specific

position (x, y, z). Its output thus contributes to the description of the eulerian pres-

sure field p(x, y, z, t). To simulate a lagrangian measurement, the probe would have

to move downstream at the fluid particle speeds; this is sometimes done in oceano-

graphic measurements, where flowmeters drift along with the prevailing currents.

The two different descriptions can be contrasted in the analysis of traffic flow along

a freeway. A certain length of freeway may be selected for study and called the field of

flow. Obviously, as time passes, various cars will enter and leave the field, and the iden-

tity of the specific cars within the field will constantly be changing. The traffic engi-

neer ignores specific cars and concentrates on their average velocity as a function of

time and position within the field, plus the flow rate or number of cars per hour pass-

ing a given section of the freeway. This engineer is using an eulerian description of the

traffic flow. Other investigators, such as the police or social scientists, may be interested

in the path or speed or destination of specific cars in the field. By following a specific

car as a function of time, they are using a lagrangian description of the flow.

The Velocity Field

Foremost among the properties of a flow is the velocity field V(x, y, z, t). In fact,

determining the velocity is often tantamount to solving a flow problem, since other properties follow directly from the velocity field. Chapter 2 is devoted to the calcu-lation of the pressure field once the velocity field is known. Books on heat transfer (for example, Ref. 20) are largely devoted to finding the temperature field from known velocity fields.

One example where fluid particle paths are important is in water quality analysis of the fate of con- taminant discharges.

In general, velocity is a vector function of position and time and thus has three components u, , and w, each a scalar field in itself:

The use of u, , and w instead of the more logical component notation Vx, Vy, and Vz

is the result of an almost unbreakable custom in fluid mechanics. Much of this text-

book, especially Chaps. 4, 7, 8, and 9, is concerned with finding the distribution of

the velocity vector V for a variety of practical flows.

The Acceleration Field

The acceleration vector, a -

dV/dt, occurs in Newton’s law for a fluid and thus is very

important. In order to follow a particle in the Eulerian frame of reference, the final result

for acceleration is nonlinear and quite complicated. Here we only give the formula:

where (u, v, w) are the velocity components from Eq. (1.4). We shall study this

formula in detail in Chap. 4. The last three terms in Eq. (1.5) are nonlinear products

and greatly complicate the analysis of general fluid motions, especially viscous

flows.

The Fluid as a Continuum

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Wed, 7 Nov 2018 07:56:00 -0800

The Fluid as a Continuum

We have already used technical terms such as fluid pressure and density without a rig-

orous discussion of their definition. As far as we know, fluids are aggregations of mol-

ecules, widely spaced for a gas, closely spaced for a liquid. The distance between mol-

ecules is very large compared with the molecular diameter. The molecules are not fixed

in a lattice but move about freely relative to each other. Thus fluid density, or mass per

unit volume, has no precise meaning because the number of molecules occupying a given

volume continually changes. This effect becomes unimportant if the unit volume is large

compared with, say, the cube of the molecular spacing, when the number of molecules

within the volume will remain nearly constant in spite of the enormous interchange of

particles across the boundaries. If, however, the chosen unit volume is too large, there

could be a noticeable variation in the bulk aggregation of the particles. This situation is

illustrated in Fig. 1.4, where the “density” as calculated from molecular mass m within

a given volume -

is plotted versus the size of the unit volume. There is a limiting vol-

ume -

* below which molecular variations may be important and above which aggre-

gate variations may be important. The density of a fluid is best defined as

One atmosphere equals 2116 lbf/ft2 -

101,300 Pa.

Fig. 1.4 The limit definition of

continuum fluid density: (a) an

elemental volume in a fluid region

of variable continuum density;

(b) calculated density versus size

of the elemental volume.

The limiting volume -

* is about 10 9 mm3 for all liquids and for gases at atmo-

spheric pressure. For example, 10 9 mm3 of air at standard conditions contains approx-

imately 3 107 molecules, which is sufficient to define a nearly constant density

according to Eq. (1.1). Most engineering problems are concerned with physical dimen-

sions much larger than this limiting volume, so that density is essentially a point func-

tion and fluid properties can be thought of as varying continually in space, as sketched

in Fig. 1.4a. Such a fluid is called a continuum, which simply means that its varia-

tion in properties is so smooth that differential calculus can be used to analyze the

substance. We shall assume that continuum calculus is valid for all the analyses in

this book. Again there are borderline cases for gases at such low pressures that molec-

ular spacing and mean free path3 are comparable to, or larger than, the physical size

of the system. This requires that the continuum approximation be dropped in favor of

a molecular theory of rarefied gas flow [18]. In principle, all fluid mechanics problems

can be attacked from the molecular viewpoint, but no such attempt will be made here.

Note that the use of continuum calculus does not preclude the possibility of discon-

tinuous jumps in fluid properties across a free surface or fluid interface or across a

shock wave in a compressible fluid (Chap. 9). Our calculus in analyzing fluid flow

must be flexible enough to handle discontinuous boundary conditions.

The Concept of a Fluid

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Wed, 7 Nov 2018 07:47:00 -0800

The Concept of a Fluid

From the point of view of fluid mechanics, all matter consists of only two states, fluid

and solid. The difference between the two is perfectly obvious to the layperson, and it

is an interesting exercise to ask a layperson to put this difference into words. The tech-

nical distinction lies with the reaction of the two to an applied shear or tangential stress.

A solid can resist a shear stress by a static deflection; a fluid cannot . Any shear stress

applied to a fluid, no matter how small, will result in motion of that fluid. The fluid

moves and deforms continuously as long as the shear stress is applied. As a corollary,

we can say that a fluid at rest must be in a state of zero shear stress, a state often called the hydrostatic stress condition in structural analysis. In this condition, Mohr’s circle for stress reduces to a point, and there is no shear stress on any plane cut through the

element under stress.

Given this definition of a fluid, every layperson also knows that there are two

classes of fluids, liquids and gases. Again the distinction is a technical one concern-

ing the effect of cohesive forces. A liquid, being composed of relatively close-packed

molecules with strong cohesive forces, tends to retain its volume and will form a free

surface in a gravitational field if unconfined from above. Free-surface flows are dom-

inated by gravitational effects and are studied in Chaps. 5 and 10. Since gas mole-

cules are widely spaced with negligible cohesive forces, a gas is free to expand until

it encounters confining walls. A gas has no definite volume, and when left to itself

without confinement, a gas forms an atmosphere that is essentially hydrostatic. The

hydrostatic behavior of liquids and gases is taken up in Chap. 2. Gases cannot form

a free surface, and thus gas flows are rarely concerned with gravitational effects other

than buoyancy.

Fig.1 A solid at rest can resist

shear. (a) Static deflection of the

solid; (b) equilibrium and Mohr’s

circle for solid element A. A fluid

cannot resist shear. (c) Containing

walls are needed; (d ) equilibrium

and Mohr’s circle for fluid

element A.

Figure 1 illustrates a solid block resting on a rigid plane and stressed by its own

weight. The solid sags into a static deflection, shown as a highly exaggerated dashed

line, resisting shear without flow. A free-body diagram of element A on the side of

the block shows that there is shear in the block along a plane cut at an angle -

through

A. Since the block sides are unsupported, element A has zero stress on the left and

right sides and compression stress -

p on the top and bottom. Mohr’s circle does

not reduce to a point, and there is nonzero shear stress in the block.

By contrast, the liquid and gas at rest in Fig. 1 require the supporting walls in

order to eliminate shear stress. The walls exert a compression stress of p and reduce

Mohr’s circle to a point with zero shear everywhere—that is, the hydrostatic condi-

tion. The liquid retains its volume and forms a free surface in the container. If the walls

are removed, shear develops in the liquid and a big splash results. If the container is

tilted, shear again develops, waves form, and the free surface seeks a horizontal con-

figuration, pouring out over the lip if necessary. Meanwhile, the gas is unrestrained

and expands out of the container, filling all available space. Element A in the gas is

also hydrostatic and exerts a compression stress p on the walls.

In the previous discussion, clear decisions could be made about solids, liquids, and

gases. Most engineering fluid mechanics problems deal with these clear cases—that is,

the common liquids, such as water, oil, mercury, gasoline, and alcohol, and the com-

mon gases, such as air, helium, hydrogen, and steam, in their common temperature and

pressure ranges. There are many borderline cases, however, of which you should be

aware. Some apparently “solid” substances such as asphalt and lead resist shear stress

for short periods but actually deform slowly and exhibit definite fluid behavior over

long periods. Other substances, notably colloid and slurry mixtures, resist small shear

stresses but “yield” at large stress and begin to flow as fluids do. Specialized textbooks

are devoted to this study of more general deformation and flow, a field called

rheology [16]. Also, liquids and gases can coexist in two-phase mixtures, such as

steam–water mixtures or water with entrapped air bubbles. Specialized textbooks pres-

ent the analysis of such multiphase flows [17]. Finally, in some situations the distinc-

tion between a liquid and a gas blurs. This is the case at temperatures and pressures

above the so-called critical point of a substance, where only a single phase exists, pri-

marily resembling a gas. As pressure increases far above the critical point, the gaslike

substance becomes so dense that there is some resemblance to a liquid and the usual

thermodynamic approximations like the perfect-gas law become inaccurate. The criti-

cal temperature and pressure of water are Tc -

647 K and pc -

219 atm (atmosphere2

)

so that typical problems involving water and steam are below the critical point. Air,

being a mixture of gases, has no distinct critical point, but its principal component,

nitrogen, has Tc -

126 K and pc -

34 atm. Thus typical problems involving air are

in the range of high temperature and low pressure where air is distinctly and definitely

a gas. This text will be concerned solely with clearly identifiable liquids and gases,

and the borderline cases just discussed will be beyond our scope.

Conversation Factors from BG to SI Units

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Wed, 7 Nov 2018 06:31:00 -0800

Different Types of Engines

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Mon, 5 Nov 2018 17:11:00 -0800

Indian Army 129th Technical Graduate Course for Lieutenant post

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Mon, 5 Nov 2018 16:54:00 -0800

Indian Army 129th Technical Graduate Course for Lieutenant post

Click here for more details

PSUs 2019 Full Information

Indian Army 129th Technical Graduate Course for Lieutenant post

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Mon, 5 Nov 2018 16:50:00 -0800

Applications are invited from unmarried MALE Engineering Graduates for Grant of Permanent Commission in the Army in all Arms/Services for Lieutenant post. 129th Technical Graduate Course will commence in July 2019 at Indian Military Academy (IMA), Dehradun, Uttarakhand.

Age Limit for Indian Army TGC 2019

20 to 27 years as on 01 Jan 2019. (Candidates born between 02 Jan 92 and 01 Jan 99, both dates inclusive).

Educational Qualification for Indian Army TGC 2019

Applicants should have passed Engineering Degree or be in the final year of Engineering Degree course. The applicants in the final year of Degree Course should complete all their examinations related to the degree, prior to 01 July 2019.

How to Apply for Indian Army TGC 2019

Applications will only be accepted online through their website. Go through the following steps:

Click on this link (Appy now). This link will take you to the eligibility page. Fill all the detail and check your eligibility.

If you are eligible, an Apply now link will get generated. Click it and fill all the required details.

Selection Procedure for Indian Army TGC 2019

The selection procedure is as follows:-

(a) Short listing of Applications. Integrated HQ of MoD(Army) reserves the right to shortlist applications and to fix the cutoff percentage of marks for each Engineering discipline/ stream without assigning any reason .

(b) Only shortlisted eligible applicants depending on the cutoff percentage will be interviewed at Selection Centres, Allahabad (UP), Bhopal (MP) and Bangalore (Karnataka) by Psychologist, Group Testing Officer and Interviewing Officer. Call Up letter for SSB interview will be issued by the respective Selection Centres, through the candidate’s registered e-mail id and through SMS. Candidates will not be interviewed locally. Allotment of Selection Centre is at the discretion of DG Rtg, IHQ MoD (Army) and no request for changes are entertained in this regard.

(d) Applicants will put through two stage selection procedure at SSB. Those who clear Stage I will go to Stage II. Those who fail in Stage I will be returned on the same date. Duration of SSB interviews is five days excluding day of arrival and details of the same are available at official website of Rtg Dte

Discipline wise vacancies are as given below:-

Engineering Streams	Discipline	Vacancies
Civil	Civil / Structural engineering	10
Electrical	Electrical Engineering, Electrical Engineering (Electronics & Power), Power System Engineering, Electrical & Electronics Engineering	05
Architecture	Architecture Engineering	01
Mechanical	Mechanical / Mechatronics Engineering, Mechanical & Automation Engineering	04
Electronics	Power Electronics & Drive	02
Computer Sc & Engg / Computer Technology / Information Tech / M.Sc. Computer Sc	Computer Engineering, Information Science & Engineering	06
Electronics & Telecom / Telecommunication / Electronics & Comn / Satellite Communication	Electronics & Telecommunication / Telecommunication / Electronics & Communication Engineering / Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering	07
Metallurgical	Metallurgical / Metallurgy & Material Technology / Metallurgy & Material / Metallurgy & Engineering & Material Science, Metallurgy and Explosives	02
Electronics & Instrumentation/ Instrumentation	Applied Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering , Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, Electronics & Instrumentation & Control Engineering , Instrumentation & Control Engineering, Instrumentation Technology	02
Micro Electronics and Microwave		01
Total		40

Are There Microplastics In Your Drinking Water ?

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Fri, 26 Oct 2018 18:49:00 -0700

As if there weren’t enough scary pollutants in our drinking water, a recent study revealed that most of us drink microplastics everyday, in our coffee and tea, our soup, and sips from the water fountain. Worldwide 83% of water samples contained microplastics. In the U.S., an astonishing 94% of samples tested had microplastics.

The ramifications of this study by Orb Media on the amount of plastic we’re ingesting are staggering. If they’re in drinking water, they’re in all our prepared food, from soup and beer we buy at the store to virtually every restaurant meal we eat. Researchers estimate we’re consuming roughly 3000 pieces of microplastics annually from water alone. Another study found that sea salt, derived from our heavily plastic-polluted oceans, also contains tiny plastic particles.

Though Orb Media researchers measured particles as small as 2.5 microns, they believe our water contains smaller particles as well. They speculate some are tiny enough to cross the walls of our digestive tracts and reach other organs and tissues. Plastic pollution isn’t some far-off problem

it’s inside us.

How to Choose a Simple Water Filter for Your Home
Microplastic Particles May be Entering the Food Chain

What all this plastic means for human health has yet to be quantified, but researchers do know that plastic chemicals are endocrine disruptors, affecting everything from fertility to cancer risk. A 2016 paper published in the The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology estimated that endocrine disruptors had collectively cost the United States and European Union nearly 12 million IQ points and over $500 billion to treat disease in 2010 alone.

How Did Plastic Get in Our Drinking Water?

Single-use plastics

Though we’re so accustomed to it most of us don’t notice it, plastic is now ubiquitous in our environment, much of it designed for disposability like takeout containers and shopping bags. Few of those one-use plastics are recycled, and many get washed into streams, rivers, and lakes, where they eventually join tons of other microplastics added to our waste stream each day. Despite being designed for disposability, those billions of plastic bags, straws, and myriad pieces of plastic packaging are incredibly durable. Though they break down into increasingly smaller pieces, they do not biodegrade and remain in the environment, entering the tissues of animals, including humans, when they eat and drink.

Synthetic fabrics

Our fleece and acrylic clothing turns out to be a key culprit in the pervasiveness of microplastics, contributing over one million tons annually to wastewater. One study found that a single load of wash could contribute over 700,000 fibers. In addition to the fibers that enter our wastewater, when clothes and other textiles shed fibers through daily wear and tear or a trip through the clothes dryer, some of the dust enters the atmosphere. A 2015 study in Paris found plastic particles suspended in both indoor and outdoor air. Once in the atmosphere, these bits of plastic can enter bodies of water, even those distant from other sources of plastic pollution.

Tires

Car and truck tires are another notable source of plastic pollution. As tires are abraded by roadways, they create dust that gets washed into streams and rivers. A car driving an average of 12,000 miles per year will shed about eight pounds of dust. Multiply that by the more than one billion cars worldwide, and we’re talking about an immense amount of tire dust.

Paint

Latex and acrylic paints contribute another ten percent of the world’s microplastics. When we wash paint brushes in the sink, we send billions of tiny particles of plastic into our waterways.

Microbeads

Popular for their scrubbing action in personal care products like toothpaste and facial scrubs, tiny plastic beads known as microbeads have been washed down drains by the trillions. The U.S. and U.K. banned microbeads beginning in 2017 and other countries are considering following suit. Microbeads are still permitted in personal care products not designed to be rinsed off as well as in industrial applications, so they haven’t yet gone away completely.

Getting Plastic Out of Our Drinking Water

Researchers were surprised to find such pervasive plastic particles in the water of developed countries, where water treatment plants typically use filters considerably smaller than the ones used in the study. One of the conclusions study authors drew from this research is that narrow plastic fibers can slip through filters lengthwise, and those caught by filters may dislodge over time.

A quality home water filter can take out plastic particles of two microns or more, (Lifestraw Steel Personal Water Filter can filter down to 0.2 microns, but its portable size makes it better suited to emergency and wilderness situations). However, like water treatment facilities, some home filters may release some of the fibers caught, researchers report.

Further, though the study was limited by the power of their microscopes, researchers are pretty confident still smaller plastic particles are suspended in our water that can’t be removed by a filter. “I don’t see us filtering ourselves out of this problem,” says Sherri Mason, chair of the Department of Geology and Environmental Sciences at the State University of New York at Fredonia, who supervised the research. “We tend to want to solve problems by dealing with the problem instead of thinking about the sources. The source of the problem ultimately is us.”

While a home water filter is still a good idea to remove other pervasive chemicals and some plastic fibers, (in some cases more than your municipal water filter, as noted in Berkey’s response to the study) we need to do more to solve the larger problem. Mason hopes this research serves as a call to action to rethink what she calls “this love affair we have with synthetic chemicals and plastics.” She urges everyone to limit their use of plastic and call on corporations to find alternative materials and create textiles that shed fewer fibers in the wash. She hopes people will alert elected officials and vote with their dollars to slow the flow of plastics into our environment, currently 300 million tons each year.

How You Can Help Cut Plastic Pollution

We all have roles to play in this fight to curb plastic pollution. Decisions we make each day about the food and goods we buy, the clothes we wear, and our driving habits will all affect how much plastic winds up in our air and water. Our choices can also help shape the decisions made by the manufacturers of all that stuff, as reducing demand for plastic should help decrease its production.

In the laundry room

Synthetic clothing made of polyester, nylon, or acrylic will shed tiny plastic particles each time you wash them. To limit the plastic your laundry contributes to the environment:

Buy natural fibers such as cotton, hemp, or wool.
Wash synthetics less often.
Wash full loads. Fuller loads of washing will produce less friction and thereby pull off fewer fibers. Liquid laundry soap also causes less friction than powdered, so using liquid laundry detergent can also help, though of course more liquid detergent comes in plastic bottles. (See Eco-Nuts Soap Nuts for an alternative). Cold water is reported to release fewer fibers than hot, and will also save energy and cut the emissions of your laundry.
Consider getting a filter for your washer’s wastewater.

Everywhere else

Whenever possible, say no to plastic bags, plastic wraps, and plastic packaging. Bring your own shopping and produce bags, use reusable wrap and bottles, and choose alternative packaging or no packaging whenever possible. These moves will also cut your family’s exposure to the chemicals of concern commonly used in plastic packaging.

Avoid plastic straws, which have become the latest target in the campaign against plastic pollution. Bringing your own beverage container not only eliminates the waste of the cup and lid, but also helps make a dent in the billion straws we toss in the trash every single day. In restaurants, just say no to the straw and sip directly from your cup. Though each straw seems small, the collective impact on plastic pollution has been enormous, and teaching others to do the same can help reverse the trend of our increasing use of disposable plastic.

Drive less and rideshare. The fewer trips tires make on roads, the less plastic dust enters our waterways. Walk or take public transport when possible, and carpool when you can.

Ask companies to move away from plastics. Though some of the work of de-plasticizing the planet will happen through individuals using less and thereby reducing demand, pressuring corporations to produce less of the stuff in the first place is critical. Some corporations have already heeded the call and found alternative materials to plastic.

Support moves toward a circular economy.Plastic is one of the most visible and insidious products of our take-make-waste model of business. Rather than assuming all consumer products will wind up as trash, some forward-thinking companies aim to recapture and reuse all the components of a product when its useful life ends. The Cradle-to-Cradle certification can help you find products designed for endless reuse.

Support organizations trying to stop plastic pollution at its source or clean up existing pollution. Numerous local, national, and international organizations are working to address the problem of plastic pollution with cleanup projects, pressure on government and industry, and technological innovation. If there’s a beach in your area, you can pitch in on cleanup days to keep the plastic litter on beaches from breaking down into smaller (and harder to clean) particles that enter the marine and freshwater food chains.

Plastic Recycling Grades

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Fri, 26 Oct 2018 18:38:00 -0700

Within each chasing arrows triangle, there is a number which ranges from one to seven. The purpose of the number is to identify the type of plastic used for the product, and not all plastics are recyclable or even reusable. There are numerous plastic-based products that cannot break down and cannot be recycled.

Understanding the seven plastic codes will make it easier to choose plastics and to know which plastics to recycle. For example, water bottles that display a three or a five cannot be recycled in most jurisdictions in the US. A three indicates that the water bottle has been made from polyvinyl chloride, a five means that it’s been made of polypropylene, two materials that are not accepted by most public recycling centers.

Here are the seven standard classifications for plastics, and the recycling and reuse information for each type.

#1 - PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate)

PET is one of the most commonly used plastics in consumer products, and is found in most water and pop bottles, and some packaging. It is intended for single use applications; repeated use increases the risk of leaching and bacterial growth. PET plastic is difficult to decontaminate, and proper cleaning requires harmful chemicals. Polyethylene terephthalates may leach carcinogens.

PET plastic is recyclable and about 25% of PET bottles in the US today are recycled. The plastic is crushed and then shredded into small flakes which are then reprocessed to make new PET bottles, or spun into polyester fiber. This recycled fiber is used to make textiles such as fleece garments, carpets, stuffing for pillows and life jackets, and similar products.

Products made of #1 (PET) plastic should be recycled but not reused.

#2 - HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene)

HDPE plastic is the stiff plastic used to make milk jugs, detergent and oil bottles, toys, and some plastic bags. HDPE is the most commonly recycled plastic and is considered one of the safest forms of plastic. It is a relatively simple and cost-effective process to recycle HDPE plastic for secondary use.

HDPE plastic is very hard-wearing and does not break down under exposure to sunlight or extremes of heating or freezing. For this reason, HDPE is used to make picnic tables, plastic lumber, waste bins, park benches, bed liners for trucks and other products which require durability and weather-resistance.

Products made of HDPE are reusable and recyclable.

#3 – PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)

PVC is a soft, flexible plastic used to make clear plastic food wrapping, cooking oil bottles, teething rings, children’s and pets’ toys, and blister packaging for myriad consumer products. It is commonly used as the sheathing material for computer cables, and to make plastic pipes and parts for plumbing. Because PVC is relatively impervious to sunlight and weather, it is used to make window frames, garden hoses, arbors, raised beds and trellises.

PVC is dubbed the “poison plastic” because it contains numerous toxins which it can leach throughout its entire life cycle. Almost all products using PVC require virgin material for their construction; less than 1% of PVC material is recycled.

Products made using PVC plastic are not recyclable. While some PCV products can be repurposed, PVC products should not be reused for applications with food or for children’s use.

#4 – LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene)

LDPE is often found in shrink wraps, dry cleaner garment bags, squeezable bottles, and the type of plastic bags used to package bread. The plastic grocery bags used in most stores today are made using LDPE plastic. Some clothing and furniture also uses this type of plastic.

LDPE is considered less toxic than other plastics, and relatively safe for use. It is not commonly recycled, however, although this is changing in many communities today as more plastic recycling programs gear up to handle this material. When recycled, LDPE plastic is used for plastic lumber, landscaping boards, garbage can liners and floor tiles. Products made using recycled LDPE are not as hard or rigid as those made using recycled HDPE plastic.

Products made using LDPE plastic are reusable, but not always recyclable. You need to check with your local collection service to see if they are accepting LDPE plastic items for recycling.

#5 – PP (Polypropylene)

Polypropylene plastic is tough and lightweight, and has excellent heat-resistance qualities. It serves as a barrier against moisture, grease and chemicals. When you try to open the thin plastic liner in a cereal box, it is polypropylene. This keeps your cereal dry and fresh. PP is also commonly used for disposable diapers, pails, plastic bottle tops, margarine and yogurt containers, potato chip bags, straws, packing tape and rope.

Polypropylene is recyclable through some curbside recycling programs, but only about 3% of PP products are currently being recycled in the US. Recycled PP is used to make landscaping border stripping, battery cases, brooms, bins and trays. However, #5 plastic is today becoming more accepted by recyclers.

PP is considered safe for reuse. To recycle products made from PP, check with your local curbside program to see if they are now accepting this material.

#6 – PS (Polystyrene)

Polystyrene is an inexpensive, lightweight and easily-formed plastic with a wide variety of uses. It is most often used to make disposable styrofoam drinking cups, take-out “clamshell” food containers, egg cartons, plastic picnic cutlery, foam packaging and those ubiquitous “peanut” foam chips used to fill shipping boxes to protect the contents. Polystyrene is also widely used to make rigid foam insulation and underlay sheeting for laminate flooring used in home construction.

Because polystyrene is structurally weak and ultra-lightweight, it breaks up easily and is dispersed readily throughout the natural environment. Beaches all over the world have bits of polystyrene lapping at the shores, and an untold number of marine species have ingested this plastic with immeasurable consequences to their health.

Polystyrene may leach styrene, a possible human carcinogen, into food products (especially when heated in a microwave). Chemicals present in polystyrene have been linked with human health and reproductive system dysfunction.

Recycling is not widely available for polystyrene products. Most curbside collection services will not accept polystyrene, which is why this material accounts for about 35% of US landfill material. While the technology for recycling polystyrene is available, the market for recycling is small. Awareness among consumers has grown, however, and polystyrene is being reused more often. While it is difficult to find a recycler for PS, some businesses like Mailboxes Etc. which provide shipping services are happy to receive foam packing chips for reuse.

Polystyrene should be avoided where possible.

#7 – Other (BPA, Polycarbonate and LEXAN)

The #7 category was designed as a catch-all for polycarbonate (PC) and “other” plastics, so reuse and recycling protocols are not standardized within this category. Of primary concern with #7 plastics, however, is the potential for chemical leaching into food or drink products packaged in polycarbonate containers made using BPA (Bisphenol A). BPA is a xenoestrogen, a known endocrine disruptor.

Number 7 plastics are used to make baby bottles, sippy cups, water cooler bottles and car parts. BPA is found in polycarbonate plastic food containers often marked on the bottom with the letters “PC” by the recycling label #7. Some polycarbonate water bottles are marketed as ‘non-leaching’ for minimizing plastic taste or odor, however there is still a possibility that trace amounts of BPA will migrate from these containers, particularly if used to heat liquids.

A new generation of compostable plastics, made from bio-based polymers like corn starch, is being developed to replace polycarbonates. These are also included in category #7, which can be confusing to the consumer. These compostable plastics have the initials “PLA” on the bottom near the recycling symbol. Some may also say “Compostable.”

#7 plastics are not for reuse, unless they have the PLA compostable coding. When possible it is best to avoid #7 plastics, especially for children’s food. Plastics with the recycling labels #1, #2 and #4 on the bottom are safer choices and do not contain BPA. PLA coded plastics should be thrown in the compost and not the recycle bin since PLA compostable plastics are not recyclable.

The plastics industry has conformed to regulations by applying the required codes to consumer products, but it is up to individuals to read and understand the codes. By understanding these simple classifications, we can best use plastics to our advantage while minimizing the health and disposal issues that may otherwise arise.

Mechanical Instruments & Tools with Names

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Fri, 26 Oct 2018 18:25:00 -0700

Mechanical Instruments & Tools with Names

Heavy Duty CNC Lathe Machine Working

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Tue, 23 Oct 2018 07:39:00 -0700

Heavy Duty CNC Lathe Machine Working

https://youtu.be/4KdppPleGl4

PSU Jobs 2019 – Complete Detail on PSU Recruitment in India

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Sat, 13 Oct 2018 21:48:00 -0700

PSU Jobs 2019 – Complete Detail on PSU Recruitment in India

Here we are going to discussed all about Public sector undertaking ( PSU Jobs ) such as what is it, what are its different types? and what is the procedure for Engineers to get recruited in it?

( I will try to be precise and brief throughout this article about PSU Jobs. )

What is PSU's?
Classification of PSU's
RECRUITMENT PROCEDURE
- THROUGH GATE
- THROUGH NON GATE
GATE CUTOFF FOR PSU

What is PSU and how it can be classified?

PSU are the companies whose 51% or more shares are held by central government or state government or partially by both of them.

PSU can be classified into 3 types which are Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs), Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs), and Public Sector Banks (PSBs).

Department of public enterprise (DPE) further classify Central Public Sector Enterprises into MAHARATNA, NAVRATNA and MINIRATNA I & II Categories.

PSU Jobs : MINIRATNA II

DPE assign Miniratna Category 2 status to a company when it has made profit for the last three years continuously and should have a positive net worth.

PSU Jobs 2018: List of Miniratna Category 2 companies

Bharat Pumps & Compressors Limited Broadcast Engineering Consultants (I) Limited	Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited
Central Railside Warehouse Company Limited	Eil (India) limited
Engineering Projects (India) Limited	FCI Aravali Gypsum & Minerals India Limited
Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited	HMT (International) Limited
HSCC (India) Limited	Indian Medicines & Pharmaceuticals Corporation Limited
MECON Limited	Mineral Exploration Corporation limited
National Film Development Corporation Limited	National Small Industries Corporation Limited
PEC Limited	Rajasthan Electronics & Instruments Limited

PSU Jobs : MINIRATNA I

DPE assign Miniratna Category 1 status to a company when it has made a profit for the last three years continuously, it should have a positive net worth and the pre-tax profit should have been Rs. 30 crores or more in at least one of the three years.

PSU Jobs 2018 : List of Miniratna Category 1 PSU companies

Airports Authority of India	Antrix Corporation Limited
Balmer Lawrie & Co. Limited	Bharat Coking Coal Limited
Bharat Dynamics Limited	BEML Limited
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited	Bridge & Roof Company (India) Limited
Central Warehousing Corporation	Central Coalfields Limited
Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited	Cochin Shipyard Limited
Dredging Corporation of India Limited	Kamarajar Port Limited
Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Limited	Goa Shipyard Limited
Hindustan Copper Limited	HLL Lifecare Limited
Hindustan Newsprint Limited	Hindustan Paper Corporation Limited
Housing & Urban Development Corporation Limited	India Tourism Development Corporation Limited
Indian Rare Earths Limited	Indian Railway Catering & Tourism Corporation Limited
Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited	India Trade Promotion Organisation
IRCON International Limited	KIOCL Limited
Mazagondock limited	Mahanadi Coalfields Limited
Manganese Ore (India) Limited	Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemical Limited
Mishra Dathu Nigam Limited	MMTC Limited
MSTC Limited	National Fertilisers Limited
National Seeds Corporation Limited	NHPC Limited
Northern Coalfields Limited	North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited
Numaligarh Refinery Limited	ONGC Videsh Limited
Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited	Projects & Development India Limited
Railtel Corporation of India Limited	Rail vikas Nigam limited
Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited	RITES LIMITED
SJVN Limited	Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited
South Eastern Coalfields Limited	State Trading Corporation of India Limited
Telecommunications Consultants India Limited	THDC India limited
Western Coalfields Limited	WAPCOS Limited

PSU Jobs : NAVRATNA

A company become eligible for NAVRATNA status when it already has Miniratna category 1 and have at least three Outstanding Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) ratings during the last five years.

PSU Jobs 2018 : List of Navratna PSU Companies :

Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)	Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL)
Container Corporation of India Limited	Engineers India Limited
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited	Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited	National Aluminium Company Limited
National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited	NMDC Limited
Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited	Oil India Limited
Power Finance Corporation Limited	Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited / VIZAG Steel	Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
Shipping Corporation of India Limited

PSU Jobs : MAHARATNA

A company become eligible for MAHARATNA Status when it has an average annual turnover of Rs 20,000 crore during the last three years. The average annual net worth of the company should be Rs 10,000 crore.

PSU Jobs 2018 : List of Maharatna PSU companies

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL)

Coal India Limited

Gas authority of India limited (GAIL (India) Limited)

Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL)

National Thermal Power Corporation Limited (NTPC Limited)

Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC)

Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)

PSU Jobs Recruitment Procedure

Till now what we have read we can conclude that PSU sector covers vast fields such as service, banking, heavy industries, telecom etc. From last few years, it has been seen that many PSU companies have started recruiting engineers through GATE Exam.

List of PSU recruiting through GATE Exam

#MDL - MAZAGONDOCK RECRUITMENT THROUGH GATE 2019

#NTPC RECRUITMENT THROUGH GATE 2019

#IOCL RECRUITMENT THROUGH GATE 2019

#HPCL RECRUITMENT THROUGH GATE 2019

#DDA RECRUITMENT THROUGH GATE 2019

#WBSEDCL RECRUITMENT THROUGH GATE 2019

#RINL VIZAG STEEL RECRUITMENT THROUGH GATE 2019

#Indian Army 129th Technical Graduate Course for Lieutenant post

GATE Mechanical Study Materials

Mechanical E-books Library

MDL Recruitment through GATE 2019 for Executive Trainees

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Sat, 13 Oct 2018 21:18:00 -0700

MDL Recruitment through GATE 2019 for Executive Trainees

http://j.gs/Bqr4

MDL Introduction

Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) is India’s main Shipbuilding Firm with ISO 9001:2008 accreditation. It’s a profit-making Central Government Miniratna Category 1 PSU companies below the Ministry of Defence, Division of Defence Production, engaged primarily in the constructing of Warships and Submarines for the Indian Navy. MDL has a constant progress, each in physical in addition to monetary parameters and has an ambitious progress plan. The current turnover is roughly four thousand Crore which is projected to be greater in the coming years. MDL has worker strength of around nine thousand.

Job Nature: The Selected candidates must deal with job features like Ship/ Submarine building, refits, modernization, in any of the related fields of Planning/Design/ Procurement/ Fabrication /Berth/Outfitting/ High-quality Assurance/ Test and Trials. The selected candidates could also be deployed for some other duties of the Firm relying on requirement as could also be determined by the Administration.

Every year MDL shortlist engineering graduates for the interview on the basis of GATE score for Executive Trainees post.

Qualification for MDL Recruitment through GATE 2019

Full-Time degree in Engineering in Mechanical/ Electrical with minimum First Class or 60% Marks or equivalent CGPA from a recognized University/ Deemed University Or Institute recognized by AICTE.

Final year students can also apply provided they must possess above mention qualification at the time of selection.

Discipline	Vacancy	To include
Mechanical	04	Mechanical/ Mechanical & Industrial Engineering/ Mechanical & Production Engineering/ Production Engineering/ Production Engineering & Management/ Production & Industrial Engineering.
Electrical	04	Electrical/ Electrical & Electronics/ Electrical & Instrumentation.

Age Limit for MDL Recruitment through GATE 2019

28 Year (Above Age limit as on 07.02.2019)

Compensation for MDL Recruitment through GATE 2019

Candidates who will get select as Executive trainee in MDL will get approx 9.6 Lakhs CTC / year

Selection Process for MDL Recruitment through GATE 2019

On the basis of GATE 2019 score, the candidates will be shortlisted for Personal Interview. Candidates obtaining a valid score shall only be eligible for the next stage of selection. The score is valid only if the candidate obtains more than or equal to the qualifying marks as fixed for the respective discipline in GATE 2019.

Application Fee for MDL Recruitment through GATE 2019

The processing fee of Rs. 340/-(including Bank Charges of `40/-) shall be applicable for applicants belonging to General/ OBC Categories. Applicants belonging to SC/ ST/ PWD (Persons With Disability) are exempted from payment of processing fee.

Important Dates for MDL Recruitment through GATE 2019

Details	Date
Last Date for submission of GATE Online Application	01/10/2018
Commencement of MDL Online Application	09/Jan/2019
Last Date of MDL Online Application	07/Feb/2019

NTPC Recruitment through GATE 2019 for Executive Trainee Post

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Sat, 13 Oct 2018 21:04:00 -0700

NTPC Recruitment through GATE 2019 for Executive Trainee Post

For More Details... Click here...

NTPC Recruitment through GATE 2019 for Executive Trainee Post

pradeepchada1@gmail.com (Mechanical) — Sat, 13 Oct 2018 08:30:00 -0700

NTPC Recruitment through GATE 2019 for Executive Trainee Post

NTPC Introduction

National Thermal Power CorporationNTPC Limited, India’s biggest energy firm with an installed capacity of 48,028 MW, is presently working 45 Stations (19 Coal primarily based stations, 7 mixed cycle gas/liquid fuel primarily based stations, 1 Hydro based station, 9 Joint Venture stations and 9 renewable power projects). To comprehend the imaginative and prescient of changing into a world-class energy major, NTPC has plans to become 128000 MW Firm by 2032. The company has been conferred with coveted Maharatna status by Govt. of India for its excellent achievements through the years. NTPC Recruitment through GATE 2019.
NTPC CAREERS OFFICIAL WEBSITE

To fuel its formidable development plan NTPC is in search of promising, devoted, energetic younger Graduate Engineers with a good educational record to join the group as Executive Trainee-2019 in the following discipline

Electrical
Mechanical
Electronics
Instrumentation
Mining

Qualification for NTPC Recruitment through GATE 2019

Full-time Bachelor’s Degree in Engineering or Technology/AMIE with at least 65% marks, taking the average of all the Years, regardless of the weight age given to any specific year by the College/University. Last year/semester applicants are also suitable though they have to obtain not less than 65% marks in their engineering degree.

Age Limit for NTPC Recruitment through GATE 2019

Upper Age limit is 27 years (as on the last date of online application – 30/01/19)

Selection Process for NTPC Recruitment through GATE 2019

Qualified applicants must apply for Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE)-2018. Depending on the GATE-2018 marks and needs, applicants shall be shortlisted for appearing in Online Aptitude Test, which is just qualifying in nature. Based mostly on performance in the Aptitude test, applicants shall be further shortlisted for Group Discussion and Personal Interview.

Applicants have to secure minimal qualifying marks each in Group Discussion and Interview individually, before being considered within the benefit checklist. The ultimate merit list shall be prepared based on 85% weight-age of GATE-2019 marks, 5% weight-age of GD marks and 10% weight-age of Interview marks. Please observe that for ET-2019 procurement, GATE scores of 2019 will solely be legitimate.

Application Fees for NTPC Recruitment through GATE 2019

Applicant belongs to General/OBC category have to pay the registration fee of Rs. 150/-.

The SC /ST /PWD/ XSM category applicants needn’t have to pay the registration fee. The fee may be paid both in online or offline mode.

How to apply for NTPC Recruitment through GATE 2019

Applicants have to register themselves for GATE 2019 Exam
As NTPC Starts online Application for ET-2019 applicants, they have to register themselves providing their GATE Registration Number

Important Dates for NTPC Recruitment through GATE 2019

Events	Date
Starting Date to Apply Online for NTPC Application	10-01-2019
Closing Date to Apply Online for NTPC Application	31-01-2019

Branch	Vacancy	Degree
Electrical	n/a	Electrical / Electrical & Electronics / Electrical, Instrumentation & Control / Power Systems & High Voltage / Power Electronics / Power Engineering
Mechanical	n/a	Mechanical / Production / Industrial Engineering./ Production & Industrial Engineering./ Thermal / Mechanical & Automation / Power Engg.
Mining	n/a	Mining
Instrumentation	n/a	Electronics & Instrumentation/ Instrumentation & Control
Electronics	n/a	Electronics / Electronics & Telecommunication / Electronics & Power/ Power Electronics/Electronics & Communication/Electrical & Electronics