You can order fiber splice closure here:

Outside Plant Closures

Question: What factors should I know before I decide on a splice closure for an OSP installation?

Answer:

1) First of all you have to know your splice closure application. Is it aerial installation? Or is it buried installation? And so forth.

2) Know your splice Count and splice type – How many fiber splices does the closure need to hold? Are they fusion splices, mechanical splices or a combination of both? Some closures can be purchased with additional sealed ports that can be opened to accommodate new fibers that may be added in the future.

3) Be sure to match the closure, and the application, to the correct type of splice tray. For example, if using ribbon fiber, make sure that the closure can accommodate a splice tray that is designed for ribbon.

4) Ease of Reentry – Many newer types of closures, such as those offered from Multilink, can be sealed without requiring sealing tape or C-cement. This makes it easy to seal the closure and also to reenter it when future work is required.

5) Multilink closures use compression grommets, made of malleable material that provides a tight seal when the two halves of the closure are bolted together. I recommend using a crisscross star pattern when tightening bolts to ensure that pressure is applied evenly to the compression seal. The grommets around the cable entry and exit ports can be ordered with various hole sizes to accommodate different cable diameters.

6) Some closures have a fitting that enables the installer to fill the sealed closure with compressed air to determine if there are any leaks. A soapy solution can be applied to seams, which will show bubbles if air is leaking out.

The loss associated with mode field diameter (MFD) mismatch between single mode fibers is

Differences in the mode field diameter between single mode fibers (of the same type or different types) lead to a signal loss. The above equation can be used to estimate the loss and can be used with the measured or specified MFD, or the uncertainty of the MFD. The user should realize that MFD is a function of wavelength and changes across the G and L bands, as illustrated below.

There are several companies manufacturing dispersion devices. Each company should supply MFD and Aeff specifications as a function of wavelength to their customers. This will aid the deployment of these components. Using the goniometric radiometer technique, both fast and accurate measurements can be made. Where other methods may take hours, this method takes less than 20 seconds.

As an example, the uncertainty of 10 percent of MFD in a typical single mode fiber results in a loss uncertainty of about 0.039dB or 0.9 percent, while an uncertainty of 0.5 percent leads to a loss uncertainty of merely 0.00011dB or 0.0025 percent.

The MFD is also related to the effective area of the fiber core (A_eff), which in turn is related to the nonlinear index n₂, and (n₂/A_eff) defines the nonlinear effects in the fiber. Nonlinear effects tend to be less pronounced for larger diameter fibers.

The new Cheetah Splice-On Connector (SOC) is the quickest pre-polished factory terminated pigtail to prepare, splice and install. The Cheetah’s 25mm splice protection sleeve is encapsulated and protected by the strain relief boot, eliminating the need for splice trays, chips, and extra cabinets.

The universal holder allows for the flexibility of use with the industry’s best fiber optic fusion splicers such as Alcoh Fujikura (AFL), Sumitomo Electric and Fitel. This feature allows the user to ensure low loss splices.

The fiber pigtail is less than 2 inches in length and is pre-cleaved for direct insertion into a fusion splicer, and is available in single mode, multimode and 10 Gig multimode fiber types.

Simply remove the cleave protector, insert the SOC into the fusion splicer and splice. There are 19 styles of Cheetah Splice-On connectors available and they conveniently fit onto 900um tight buffered cables.

Here are the detailed assembly instructions for Cheetah Splice-On Connectors (SOC).

Cheetah Splice-On Connector Compatibility Chart with Fusion Splicing Machines (Fusin Splicers) from AFL, Fitel, and Sumitomo

Step 1:

Open and remove the contents of the vial. Each kit consists of one each of the following.

A. Universal dust cap with extension handle (to aid in transfer from holder to oven)

B. Outer housing (SC style shown, all versions may not contain a separate outer housing)

C. Splice-On Connector (SOC) pigtail with cleave protector

D. 25mm mini splice sleeve

E. Universal strain relief boot

Step 2:

Remove the standard dust cap and replace it with the extended dust cap.

(Note: Depending on the fusion splicer model used, it may not be possible to use the extended dust cap. This will be evident after the connector is placed into the holder and in the splicer. If during the alignment phase the fiber position is too high or too low, the operator may need to omit the extended dust cap during the splicing operation when using this splicer.)

Step 3:

While holding the connector firmly, pull down on the cleave protector to remove it from the connector.

Do not to touch the cleaved fiber stub with the protector or your fingers as this may damage the pre-cleaved end.

Step 4:

Insert the connector into the Universal Splice-On Connector Holder (P/N F1-SOCHOLDER) so that the back end of the connector is flush with the end of the holder (Figure below). Once aligned properly, the connector should fit freely into the holder with no force required.

Step 5:

Insert the holder into the right hand side of the splicer(Figure 6), being sure that the fiber stub lays properly into the v-groove block of the splicer (Figure 7).

Step 6:

Slide the 900um strain relief boot and the 25mm mini splice sleeve onto the 900um field fiber. Strip, clean, and cleave the field fiber to a 10mm cleave length and insert into the left hand side of the fusion splicer.

Step 7:

Perform the fusion splice as described in the splicer manufacturer’s instructions.

Step 8:

Once the fusion splicing cycle is completed, remove the connector from the splicer and slide up the splice protection sleeve to cover the splice. An equal amount of the sleeve should cover the buffer on either side of the splice. If the extended cap was not used in the splicing process, it can be put in place now to aid in the transfer to the oven.

Step 9:

Transfer the splice to the heat oven (Figure 9).

(Note: Depending on the model of splicer used and the style of connector, the operator may notice that the entire connector and splice do not fit into the splicers protection sleeve oven. In order to ensure a proper sleeve shrink, the connector must be placed on top of the oven and the oven heat settings should be changed to a recommended setting of 230 degrees C for a time of 70 seconds. In addition, the Universal Holder can also be used as a heat shield to ensure a complete shrink of the sleeve (Figure 10).)

Step 10:

After the heat cycle in completed, remove the assembly from the oven.  Make sure that the splice sleeve has fully cooled before sliding the strain relief boot into place. For SC connectors, install the outer housing onto the connector, being sure to align the angled corners of the inner housing with those of the outer housing (Figure 11).

You can get Corning InfiniCor multimode fibers from Fiber Optics For Sale Co. by clicking on the following picture.

So let’s look at Corning’s OVD process Quality

>> Corning OVD Process Quality

One of the most important advantages of the OVD process versus IVD surrounds bandwidth uniformity.

Variability in the fiber manufacturing process, specifically in forming the core region can lead to bandwidth variability in the full length of the fiber. This is a problem since most manufacturing measurements, such as those made during the Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD) process, are made on the full fiber lengths (up to 17.6km), while the application of the fiber in network links is usually less than 2km.

Given the difference between the measured fiber length and application fiber length, it is very important to understand how the bandwidth measured during manufacture relates to the bandwidth of the fiber length that is deployed.

This is of particular concern in the MCVD method since there are process conditions such as higher thermal conductivity oft he glass than the deposited chemicals and geometry variations in supplied third-party tubes that make it prone to axial bandwidth non-uniformities.

In a recent study at Corning’s Center for Fiber-Optic Testing (CFT), Corning measured a number of high-bandwidth 50/125um fibers, all with Effective Modal Bandwidth (EMB) between 950 and 4000 MHz*km, made from both the IVD and OVD manufacturing processes.

The study involved measuring both the full 8.2km length (as manufactured) and 4.1km halves of the original fibers in order to gather a very accurate measurement of the consistency of the EMB value along the entire fiber length.

These measurements revealed an average of 13% difference in EMB value between the 4.1km halves for MCVD produced fibers compared to a 3% average difference for Corning’s OVD produced fibers (see above figure).

Typical application lengths for multimode network systems can vary from 100m to 550m. Therefore, a wide variance in the actual EMB value of the fiber compared to what might be specified for an IVD manufactured fiber poses significant system risk in high-performance multimode fiber applications.

>> The Quality Argument

Despite significant data to the contrary, IVD fiber manufacturers have often claimed that their manufacturing processes are superior to those of Corning’s chosen OVD process for producing multimode fibers.

One typical argument focuses on perceived “centerline dips” in the refractive index profile (RIP) of multimode fibers. IVD fiber manufacturers’ claim is that these profile errors can impact the bandwidth, or transmission capability of the fiber.

Corning’s laser-optimized fibers use a centerline etching process which is very effective in achieving centerline profile control. A recent review of Corning produced and competitor’s IVD produced multimode fibers shows that Corning’s OVD process produces outstanding centerline profile control which is proven to be superior to the IVD process. See the figure below.

Recent claims from some cablers have focuses on testing performed in 2004. This testing compared Corning’s fiber with an IVD manufactured multimode fiber. The experiment concluded that the IVD process produced a higher quality 10 Gb/s, 50um multimode optical fiber (i.e. OM3 fiber). Corning argues that this conclusion is not accurate because the experiment compared a 550m, 10 Gb/s product from a prominent IVD manufacturer with Corning’s InifiCor SX+ fiber, a product designed and specified for 10 Gb/s performance over 300 meters, using one transmitter/receiver combination. Corning argues that a comparison of similar products over a broad range of transmitters and receivers would produce at least similar, if not superior results for Corning’s InfiniCor fiber products.

>> Corning’s CPC Coating

Corning’s CPC coating enables a fiber with resilience to environmental conditions such as temperature cycling, often experienced in campus networks and unregulated duct environments.

Corning performed a competitive study of ribbon cable design containing new microbend performance coatings from 2 other major multimode fiber manufacturers. The result is shown below. It shows that the cumulative positive impact of the CPC coating is dramatic.

>> Corning’s MinEMBc Measurments

Multimode fiber is the most complex fiber type to characterize for system performance. Corning measures every single meter of their InfiniCor multimode fiber products in house. They don’t do sampling or outsourcing.

The following figure shows Corning’s DMD and minEMBc measurement methods.

>> Corning’s 10 Gb/s Link Lengths Specifications versus Actual Capability

Recent CFT system testing performed on Corning’s InfiniCor SX+ and eSX+ fibers and another leading fiber manufacturer’s equivalently branded products demonstrated that not all fibers are equivalent. As shown in the figure below, all of the InfiniCor fibers met and often exceeded the minimum link length against which the fibers were sold for 10 Gb/s system performance.

Fiber Optics For Sale Co. manufactures a whole line of fiber optic patch cords. The list below shows our fiber optic patch cable manufacturing capability.

:: Connector Types

• LC (LC/PC, LC/UPC and LC/APC)
• SC (SC/PC, ST/UPC and SC/APC)
• ST (ST/PC, ST/UPC)
• FC (FC/PC, FC/UPC and FC/APC)
• MU
• MTRJ
• MTP
• MPO
• E2000 (E2000/UPC and E2000/APC)
• SMA (SMA 905 and SMA 906)
• 3M Volition VF45
• D4
• ESCON
• FDDI
• DIN

:: Fiber Mode

• 9/125um Single Mode SM Fiber
• 62.5/125um Multimode MM Fiber
• 50/125um Multimode MM Fiber

:: Fiber Cable Configuration

• Simplex Fiber Patch Cord
• Duplex Fiber Patch Cord
• Ribbon Fiber (for MTP and MPO connectors)

:: Cable Jacket Fire Rating

• Riser Rated (OFNR)
• Plenum Rated (OFNP)
• Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH)

:: Fiber Optic Patch Cable Specification Sheet

1) LC Fiber Optic Patch Cable

PDF Download:  LC Fiber Optic Patch Cable Spec Sheet

LC Fiber Optic Patch Cord

LC stands for Lucent Connector and was developed by Lucent Technologies in the 1990s. LC connector is a small form-factor fiber optic connector and was developed to replace SC connector due to their smaller size. (LC is only half the footprint of  SC connector). It uses a 1.25mm diameter ferrule and it is often found on small form-factor pluggable (SFP) transceivers.

LC connector features a push and latch locking scheme. It is becoming very popular especially in single mode applications. There are LC/PC (for multimode), LC/UPC and LC/APC (for single mode) patch cables.

2) SC Fiber Optic Patch Cable

PDF Download:   SC Fiber Optic Patch Cable Spec Sheet

SC stands for Subscriber Connector or Square Connector or Standard Connector. It is extremely common in datacom and telecom fiber optic market. It features a push-pull snap coupling mechanism and a 2.5mm diameter ferrule.

SC was developed by NTT (Japan) and is available in simplex and duplex configuration. There are SC/PC (multimode), SC/UPC and SC/APC (both for single mode) versions. SC connectors are rated for 1000 mating cycles and have a typical insertion loss of less than 0.25dB.

SC fiber optic patch cables are the most commonly used fiber optic cable. They are convenient to use and low cost. SC fiber optic patch cords are widely used in fiber optic networks.

3) ST Fiber Optic Patch Cable

PDF Download:   ST Fiber Optic Patch Cable Spec Sheet

ST stands for Straight-Tip and features a Bayonet twist locking mechanism. ST connector has 2.5mm diameter ferrule as in SC connector. It was developed by AT&T and was very popular in the 1980s and 1990s.

ST is a very commonly used fiber optic connector in fiber optic networks. Since SC connector is spring-loaded, you need to make sure it is seated properly. ST connector is rated for 500 mating cycles and features a typical insertion loss of 0.25 dB.

ST fiber patch cables are available in both single mode and multimode types.

4) FC Fiber Optic Patch Cable

PDF Download:   FC Fiber Optic Patch Cable Spec Sheet

FC stands for Fixed Connector and features a threaded barrel housing. FC connector was developed by NEC (Nippon Electric Co.) for use in high-vibration environments. It features a 2.5mm diameter ferrule and a typical insertion loss of 0.25dB.

FC connectors are commonly used in both single mode and polarization maintaining fiber. They are very common in datacom, telecom, measurement equipment and lasers. But they are being gradually replaced by SC and LC connectors.

FC connectors come in FC/PC (multimode), FC/UPC and FC/APC (both for single mode) versions.

FC fiber optic patch cables are available in both single mode and multimode versions.

5) MU Fiber Optic Patch Cable

PDF Download:   MU Fiber Optic Patch Cable Spec Sheet

MU connector is also a small form-factor connector which features a 1.25mm diameter ferrule as in LC connector. MU connector has the same push-pull locking mechanism as SC connector.

MU connector was developed by NTT and is more popular in Japan than other parts of the world. It is composed of plastic housing and 1.25mm zirconia (ceramic) ferrule. MU connector is sometimes called “mini SC” since it looks like a miniature SC connector.

Fiber Optics For Sale Co’s MU fiber optic patch cables are fully compatible with NTT-MU style products, and are NTT and JIS compliant.

MU connectors are used in advanced optical transmission, exchange, and subscriber systems or high speed data application.

6) MTRJ Fiber Optic Patch Cable

PDF Download:   MTRJ Fiber Optic Patch Cable Spec Sheet

MTRJ stands for Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack. MTRJ connectors use molded MT ferrules originated by NTT. Each MTRJ connector houses two fibers (duplex) and the footprint resembles copper RJ45 Ethernet connector.

It is half the size of a SC connector and contributes to the price drop per fiber port on fiber-to-the-desktop solutions. MTRJ connectors come in male (with two metal pins) and female (no pins).

MTRJ is a small form factor connector and becoming more and more common in fiber-to-the-desk networks.

7) SMA 905 and SMA 906 Fiber Optic Patch Cable

PDF Download:   SMA 905 and SMA 906 Fiber Optic Patch Cable Spec Sheet

SMA 905 connector, also known as FSMA connector, was one of the first fiber optic interconnect system that gained industry wide acceptance. It has a screw coupling nut (threaded plug and socket) and holds a single fiber.

SMA stands for Sub Miniature A. SMA 905 connector has a straight ferrule (3.14mm in diameter), while SMA 906 connector has a stepped ferrule. (ferrule diameter step from 0.118” to 0.089”) The stepped ferrule design allows an alignment sleeve to be used and therefore the SMA 906 connection has lower insertion loss than SMA 905 connection.

SMA connectors are typically used in medical, surgical, military, industrial, and laser systems. They were once popular but now they are decreasing in popularity.

SMA fiber optic patch cord is usually multimode. SMA connector’s ferrule is traditionally made of steel (tungsten carbide with copper-nickel alloy insert) although ceramic versions are also available.

MTP Fiber Optic Patch Cable

PDF Download:   MTP Fiber Optic Patch Cable Spec Sheet

MTP stands for "Multifiber Termination Push-on" connector and it is designed by USConec and built around the MT ferrule. Each MTP contains 12 fibers or 6 duplex channels in a connector smaller than most duplex connections in use today. It is designed as a high-performance version of the MPO and will interconnect with MPO connectors.

MTP fiber optic patch cable actually upgraded version of the former MPO connector. MTP fiber optic patch cord features better mechanical and optical performance compared to MPO. Both MTP and MPO series cables are multi fiber connectors.

MTP connector is manufactured specifically for a multi-fiber ribbon cable. The single mode version has a angled ferrule allowing for minimal back reflection, whereas the multimode connector ferrule is commonly flat.

Optical alignment is facilitated by a pair of metal guide pins in the ferrule of a male MTP connector, which mate with corresponding holes in the female MTP connector.

Another type of MTP connector is the Secure MTP version. Currently we carry 4 different "keys" of Secure MTP from USCONEC. K1, K2, K3, and K4. They have different colors that need to match up with the coupler in order to work. Those are described further in the secure MTP section.

9) MPO Fiber Optic Patch Cable

PDF Download:   MPO Fiber Optic Patch Cable Spec Sheet

MPO connector realizes high density interconnection by MT ferrule with Fiber Ribbon. Fiber Optics For Sale Co. offers various MPO Cable Assemblies. Our MPO cable assemblies can have up to 12 fibers, adopted to VSR interface and have low loss (about 0.35dB) in both single mode and multimode.

Single mode MPO fiber optic patch cord and multimode MPO fiber optic patch cable are commonly used in high-density backplane and Printed Circuit Board (PCB) applications in datacom and telecom systems.

10) E2000 Fiber Optic Patch Cable

PDF Download:   E2000 Fiber Optic Patch Cable Spec Sheet

E2000 connector was designed to be the ultimate in optical fiber connectors. E2000 connector exceeds all standards for connector performance and operation. It looks like a LC connector but with a shutter cover over the end of the fiber.

E2000 fiber optic patch cable can meet customers’ highest expectations. E2000 fiber optic patch cord assemblies have superior performance on insertion loss as well as exceptional repeatability.

E2000 fiber optic patch cord comes in E2000/PC (multimode), E2000/UPC and E2000/APC (both single mode). The insertion loss is 0.2dB for all three types. E2000/APC features <-85dB back reflection which makes it ideal for high-performance networks.

11) Corning Bend Insensitive Fiber Optic Patch Cable

PDF Download:   Corning SMF-28e XB Bend Insensitive Fiber Optic Patch Cable Spec Sheet

Fiber Optics For Sale Co. offers bend insensitive fiber optic patch cable featuring Corning’s SMF-28e XB fiber. They support installation with small cable bending radius and compact organizers.The bend insensitive fiber optic patch cords are compliant with ITU-T G657.A standards.

SMF-28e XB fiber is an industry leader in comprehensive fiber performance. Available with the performance advantage of improved macrobend specifications, SMF-28e XB fiber expands the capability and performance of the world’s metropolitan and access networks including FTTH and CATV. This full-spectrum standard single-mode fiber is compliant with ITU-T G.652.D and G.657.A and is fully compatible with legacy single-mode fibers.

12) 45 Degree Boot Fiber Optic Patch Cable

PDF Download:   45 Degree Boot Fiber Optic Patch Cable Spec Sheet

45 degree boot fiber optic patch cables have the same performance as regular straight boot patch cables. The only difference is that they have 45 degree rubber boot instead of a straight one. All common type of connectors are available with 45 degree boot including SC, ST, LC E2000, FC etc.

PDF Download:   90 Degree Boot Fiber Optic Patch Cable Spec Sheet

90 degree boot fiber optic patch cables have the same performance as regular straight boot patch cables. The only difference is that they have 90 degree rubber boot instead of a straight one. All common type of connectors are available with 90 degree boot including SC, ST, LC E2000, FC etc.

You got a fiber cable installation job on hand, great!

Now you have to choose the parts for the job, from fiber cable, splice and patch enclosure, to innerduct and everything else.

But wait, what type of connector should you use? Should you choose a quick termination connector such as 3M Hot Melt, or the traditional epoxy and polish connector, or the brand new splice-on connectors as those from AFL and Sumitomo?

The selection of appropriate "assembly style" fiber connector can directly affect your installation quality and cost.

Now let’s look at your options.

============================================================================

1) Traditional Epoxy and Polish Connectors:

These old fashioned tried and proved connectors have the highest reliability and best proven record. Each connector’s overall cost is the least among all types of connectors.

The typical installation time is about 2 minutes each connector and involves epoxy injection, epoxy curing with a heat oven, connector crimping and polishing.

The majority of connectors today use this approach enjoying improvements that apply to better epoxy and polishing procedures. The tensile strength meets EIA/TIA standards of 20lbs and the installer can polish the ferrule to the desired satisfaction. This connector takes longer to install but costs less.

Advantage:

• Lowest per connector cost
• Highest quality and reliability

Disadvantage:

• Whole set of tools
• Assembly time is longer (2 minutes)
• The technician doing the job needs to have good training and experience

Applications:
This type of connector is suitable for large volume connector installation (to save cost) and production floor. Or if your job requires definitely the highest reliability.

============================================================================

2) Quick Termination Connector – No-Epoxy, Pre-Polished

This type of connector has a pre-polished fiber stub inside the connector body, all you need to do is strip your fiber, cleave it, insert the cleaved fiber into the connector body and then crimp. Your fiber is essentially mechanical spliced with pre-polished fiber stub.

Corning Unicam connectors, 3M No-Polish connectors, 3M Crimplok connectors, AMP Lightcrimp Plus connectors all belong to this category connector.

Since it is pre-polished, each connector costs at least three times more than the standard epoxy connector.

Since no epoxy is used, the tensile strength is half of what is called for in the EIA/TIA standards. Probably the biggest concern with this quick termination style connector is that in a mated pair of connectors you have two splices and a connection point within 3 inches, making failure and loss three times more likely.

Advantage:

• Quick termination – less than 1 minute per each connector
• Less skill needed – Any technician with little training can do it

Disadvantages:

• Connector cost is high – each connector costs from 7~12 dollars depending on the model
• Special assembly tools needed – each manufacturer has its own design

Applications:
This type of connector is suitable for low volume, low training installation. Such as emergency repair, low fiber counts job.

============================================================================

3) Quick Termination Connector – Pre-Loaded with Epoxy

3M Hot Melt connectors are this type of special quick termination connector. The connector comes with epoxy (hot melt epoxy) loaded in the body.

There is no epoxy injection step needed as standard epoxy and polish connector. The steps include fiber stripping, epoxy heating (so it melts and you can insert the stripped fiber), inserting fiber into the connector, connector cooling and polishing.

This product is marketed as a quick termination solution and typically takes less than 1 minute to terminate. The epoxy holds the fiber in place inside the ferrule much like the traditional connectors, therefore the fiber is less prone to breaking due to vibration or abnormal temperature conditions.

Advantage:

• Quick Termination – less than 1 minute if the technician is good trained
• High reliability as standard epoxy and polish connectors

Disadvantages:

• Whole set of tools needed
• Higher connector cost

Applications:
Suitable for quick and high reliability job. Very popular in military applications.

============================================================================

4) Splice-On Fiber Connectors

Recently several manufacturers have been marketing a brand new type of connector – splice-on connectors. This includes FITEL Fusion Splice-On connectors, Sumitomo Lynx Splice-On Connectors and AFL FUSECONNECT Splice-On connectors.

The connector has a pre-polished ferrule and an extra pre-cleaved fiber length (not a fiber stub inside the connector body). All you need to do is to strip your fiber and fuse it with the connector, protect the fusion splice with a heat shrink sleeve and then assemble the whole connector together.

There is no epoxy, no polishing and no mechanical splice involved at all. The steps are pretty easy and any technician with a little training can do a very good job.

Each connector typically takes about 1 minute to terminate.

Advantages:

• High reliability as standard epoxy and polish connectors
• Quick termination compared to standard epoxy and polish connector
• Only a few tools are need (fiber stripper, fiber cleaver, fusion splicing machine)
• Little skill is needed, any fairly good trained technician can do a very good job
• Low tool investment if you rent the fusion splicer machine

Disadvanages:

• Higher per connector cost
• Expensive fusion splice machine needed (although you can always rent one)

Applications:
This type of connectors is suitable for low fiber count, quick but high reliability jobs. If you are doing a large volume job, you’d better stick with the epoxy and polish connectors.

Fiber Optics For Sale Co. carries Corning Rack Mount Fiber Optic Patch Panel in stock. You can get them here:

http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/page/FOFS/CTGY/Corning-Cable-Systems-Rack-Mount-Enclosures

Or by clicking on on the picture below.

>> General Description

The PCH-01U Pretium rack-mountable housing has a capacity of 96 fibers. It fits into 19-inch rack and occupies 1U (rack unit) space. Here is how the housing looks. The fiber patch panel dimensions are 17 x 12 x 1.75 inch, the weight is 5 lbs.

>> Product Contents:

Here is the list of contents in the package.

• PCH-01U Pretium 1U housing with 2 mounting brackets
• 1x Unit Identification Label
• 2x 10-32 Philips-head screws
• 1x 6-32 Nylon wing nut
• 2x 6-32 Philips flat-head screws
• 4x Cable ties
• 2 feet spiral wrap
• 1 foot double-sided hook-and-loop strap
• 1x Internal strain-relief bracket (cable plate)
• 1x Universal cable clamp (UCC) kit
• 1x Bracket, right UCC

>> PCH-01U Fiber Optic Splice and Patch Panel Installation

4.1 Opening the Housing

Removing the cover is optional but is recommended to ease installation

Step 1: Open front and rear doors

Step 2: Locate the plunger fasteners at the front of the unit under the housing cover and pull out to release the plungers

Step 3: Lift stop latches and slide the cover of the unit toward the front until it is clear of the base. Set the cover aside

4.2 Mounting the Housing into a Rack

Attach the unit to the equipment rack using the four screws provided

4.3 Installing Cable Entry Plate

Step 1: Determine location for cable entry into housing.

Step 2: Slide drawer back completely. The drawer must be in this position to prevent fiber damage during drawer actuation.

Step3: Install cable entry plate using the provided wing nut at the location where the cable will enter the housing

Step 4: Install the strain-relief bracket to the side of the housing at the location where cable will enter the housing.

4.4 Securing the Cable

Note: Fiber optic cable is sensitive to excessive pulling, bending and crushing forces. Consult the cable specification sheet for the cable you are installing. Do not bend the cable more sharply than the minimum recommended bend radius. Do not apply more pulling force to the cable than specified. Do not crush the cable or allow it to kink.

Important: If you are installing outside plant cable or temperature fluctuates widely along any part of the cable, the central member must be strain-relieved. Failure to do so may result in damage to the cable as temperature varies. If the entire length of cable is located in a controlled environment where temperature fluctuation is minimal, it is not necessary to secure the central members. The cable can be strain-relieved by sheath retention alone.

To strain-relieve the cable, use the Universal Cable Clamp (UCC) or cable ties.

4.4.1 Using the Universal Cable Clamp (UCC)

Step 1: Attach the UCC clamshell to the strain-relief bracket as shown in Figure 5 to allow installation of a second UCC if necessary.

Step 2: Follow installation instructions provided with the UCC kit to secure the cable. Do not tighten yet to allow for cable adjustment if necessary.

Step 3: Secure cable to cable entry plate using a loose cable tie. Do not over-tighten cable tie.

4.4.2 Using Cable Ties

Step 1: Attach the cable with cable ties to the strain-relief bracket in two places as shown in Figure 6.

Step 2: Allow room on the bracket to strain-relieve the cable strength member, if present.

Step 3: Secure cable to cable entry plate using a loose tube tie. Do not over-tighten cable tie.

4.4.3 Strain-relieving the Cable Central Member

Step 1: Install the U-shaped washer and the flat washer on the strain-relief bracket in the orientation shown in Figure 6 using the supplied Philips-head screw.

Step 2: Place the central member and yarn, if present, between the U-shaped washer and the flat washer.

Step 3: Wrap yarn in a clockwise direction around the screw and under the U-shaped washer.

Step 4: Tighten the screw.

Step 5: Trim off the excess yarn and central member.

4.4.4 Grounding Armored Cable

One grounding kit (part number FDC-CABLE-GRND, purchased separately) is required to ground each armored cable. Follow instructions provided with the grounding kit.

Step 1: Attach the other end of the ground wire to the equipment rack. The equipment rack must be grounded to the primary building ground.

Step 2: Remove the paint from the frame at the grounding location to ensure metal-to-metal contact. It is recommended to use an antioxidant on the bare metal to prevent corrosion.

Step 3: Or, attach the other end of the ground wire to a rack-mounted grounding bus bar, which is grounded to the primary building ground.

4.5 Managing Cable

4.5.1 Installing Preconnectorized Cable

Step 1: Clean connectors and adapters.

Step 2: Install connectors into the adapters at the rear of the connector panels.

Step 3: Route cable slack around radius control guides (Figure 7)

Step 4: Use cable ties through the lances to secure fibers as needed.

Important: Lift the tray stop latches and slide the drawer backward and forward to verify that the drawer slides in the grooves of the guides and that there is enough fiber slack to prevent violating the minimum fiber bend radius of the cable.

4.5.2. Installing Cable Using Buffer Tube Fanout (BTF) Kits

Step 1: Terminate the fibers according to the instruction provided with the Buffer Tube Fanout (BTF) kit.

Step 2: Feed the fanout body and connectors through the cable entry opening.

Step 3: Slide the drawer back completely and loop the buffer tube under the fanout bracket and around the radius control guides. Secure the BFT truck body to the fanout bracket using a cable tie. (Figure

Step 4: Route the connectorized fibers under the plastic tabs on the radius control guides

Step 5: Remove the caps from the connectors and adapters into which they will be mated. Clean both connectors and adapters. Mate the connectors in the adapters.

Step 6: Use cable ties through the lances to secure fibers as needed.

4.6 Documentation

Record fiber identification information appropriately on the identification label (Figure 9). The identification panel can be removed, if desired. Accurate recordkeeping is imperative for an organized installation.

4.7 Closing the Housing

Step 1: Lift up on stop latches and slide drawer forward to make sure cable is not stressed. If necessary, readjust cable strain-relief to prevent stress on fibers. Tighten UCC clamp.

Step 2: Slide drawer back to original position.

Step 3: If previously removed, slide the cover back in the retaining flanges on top of the housing. Push the plunger fasteners to secure

Step 4: Close the front and rear doors.

4.8 Install Jumpers

Step 1: Remove dust caps from the connectors and adapters into which they will be mated. Clean all connectors and adapters.

Step 2: Install jumpers as specified on planning diagrams. The panel can be raised to access the adapters on the bottom row. When raising the panel, the cover must be removed to prevent damage to the connectors on the back side of the panel. Cut the provided hook-and-loop strap into small sections and feed the strap through the appropriate lance at the front of the housing. Loosely secure jumpers using the straps at the front of the housing. (Figure 10)

Step 3: Provide enough jumper slack to allow the connector panel tray to slide backward and forward without violating the minimum bend radius of the jumper.

Step 4: Record jumper routing information on the provided identification sheet. The identification panel can be removed, if desire. Accurate recordkeeping is imperative for an organized installation.

>> Connector Care and Cleaning

• Always keep dust caps on connectors and adapters when not in use
• Ensure dust caps are clean before reuse.
• Use optical cleaning materials as standardized by your company
• Clean the connector before every mating, especially for test equipment patch cords (jumpers)
• A minimum level of cleaning is listed below. Local procedures may require more rigorous cleaning methods

Step 1: Remove plugs from the connector adapter.

Step 2: Wipe the connector ferrule twice with a lint-free wiping material moistened with isopropyl alcohol. Then wipe across the end of the ferrule.

Step 3: Repeat previous step with a dry wipe.

>> Testing

6.1 Provisioning Tests

Equipment should be tested from the source (or central office) to receiver at the time of provisioning to verify signal continuity and acceptable loss limits. Use an optical power meter to verify signal continuity and determine loss measurements are within specified local standards.

6.2 Troubleshooting Tests

An optical power meter can be used to perform the first step in troubleshooting. A power meter designed for measuring only dBm power levels is suitable for maintenance purposes.

For high attenuation:

• Remove connector and reclean connector and adapter
• Verify cable ties are not too tight
• Maintain appropriate fiber bend radius. Make sure there are no sharp bends

Once a fault is isolated to the installed cable link, an OTDR is needed. An OTDR can locate fiber events and measure the losses attributable to cable, connectors, splices, and/or other components. The graphical display of loss over a cable’s entire length provides the most revealing analysis and documentation available on a cable link, commonly referred to as its signature trace. It is recommended to perform an OTDR analysis to document the integrity of the cable system, locate and measure each event or component, and uncover faults throughout the cable. Follow the instructions provided with the OTDR tester you are using.

You can get Fiber Optic Cable Installation Tools from Fiber Optics For Sale Co.

>> Installation Specifications

For a proper cable installation, it is important to understand the cable specifications. The two most important specifications are tensile loading and bend radius. It is very important to adhere to these limits.

> Tensile Loading

There are two tension specifications for fiber optic cables. The important tension for installation is the maximum load the cable can be subjected to without causing permanent damage. We call it the “maximum load installation” and it is measured in Newtons or pounds. The “maximum load installation” can also be known as “short-term tension,” “dynamic load,” “installation load” or “installation tension.”

Whenever possible, the tension on the cable being installed should be monitored. Tension can be measured with a dynamometer or with a pulling wheel. Breakaway pulling eyes that separate if the tension reaches a preset level are available. The use of a swivel is recommended when pulling the cable in a tray. The swivel allows the cable and pulling rope to twist independently.

If pulling a cable in an outside plant conduit, the use of approved lubricants can help minimize friction. The use of corrugated innerducts can also help reduce the amount of tension needed to pull the cable. When installing loose-tube cables, the use of sealer is recommended to prevent gel migration.

If a run is too long, or if several bends are in the conduit, intermediate pull boxes should be used to separate one long pull into two or more shorter pulls. A cable should not be pulled through more than two 90º bends at one time. If three or more 90º bends in a continuous run are unavoidable, the cable should be installed from a central point, unreeled into a figure-eight, and then backfed to complete the installation. Sharp bends may increase cable tension, so it is best to install cable in sequences that minimize stress and labor costs.

Pull Box

When running cable vertically, take note of the cable weight. Install cables in a sequence that applies the least amount of strain to the cable. For example, most vertical chasers in buildings tend to be congested at the lower floors; instead, try to start your installation at the top and work down the building, thereby eliminating most of the cable installation by the time you reach the lower floors. After installation, the strength member of the cable will need to support the hanging cable. If a long vertical run is necessary,
cable should be secured at each floor and service loops should be placed every three floors, at a minimum. This procedure will help distribute the weight of the cable vertically and will facilitate moves, adds and changes (MACs) if needed at a later date.

> Bend Radius

There are two types of bend radius:

The short-term minimum bend radius, or dynamic bend radius, is the tightest recommended bend while installing cable at the maximum rated tension. It is the larger of the two specified bend radii. Throughout the pull, the minimum bend radius must be strictly followed. If a location exists in the middle of a run where a relatively tight bend is unavoidable, the cable should be hand-fed around the bend or a pulley can be used.

The long-term bend radius, or static bend radius, is the tightest recommended bend while the cable is under a minimum tension. It is the smaller of the two specified bend radii. After the pull is complete, the cable can be bent more tightly to fit into existing space, but not to exceed the long-term minimum bend radius.

Always follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for minimum bend radius and tension. Failure to do so may result in high attenuation (macrobends) and possible damage to the cable and fiber. Guidelines are normally supplied with the cable manufacturer’s specification sheets. If the bend radius specifications are unknown, the de facto standard is to maintain a minimum radius of 20x the diameter of the cable.

The minimum bend radius must also be adhered to when using service loops. Fiber optic splice trays and patch panels are designed to accommodate the bend radii of the individual fibers, but outside of the hardware, extra care must be taken.

>> Installation Tools

> Gripping Techniques

:: General

To effectively utilize all of the available strength in the cable, the strength member must be used. The manufacturer’s specification will identify the strength member(s) in the cable.

:: Cables with aramid yarns as the strength member

For cables using aramid yarn alone as the strength member, the jacket can be removed to expose the yarn. The yarn should be tied in a knot with the pull rope, so that the jacket will not be inadvertently used for strength. Optionally, the jacket can be tied into a tight knot before pulling. After pulling, the knot should be cut off.

:: Cables with aramid yarn and an e-glass central member

For cables using aramid yarn and an e-glass central member, a pulling grip should be used. The strength member(s) should be attached independently. This can be accomplished by weaving the strength member into the fingers of the grip, and then taping it together. All strength members should be gripped equally to ensure proper distribution of tension.

> Pre-terminated and MPO Fiber Optic Cable Assemblies

:: General

Factory pre-terminated fiber optic cable assemblies may be specified in project environments such as data centers. The assemblies can be ordered in either indoor (plenum) or outdoor versions, with different fiber counts, and in multimode or single mode. A pulling eye can be factory installed on either end or on both ends of the cable. The pulling eye (and associated cable netting) will protect the pre-terminated ends during the pull. This product is a great time saver and ensures quality connections every time.

:: Pulling Eye

The use of pulling eyes (and associated cable netting) is highly recommended. Pulling eyes facilitate installation and protect the pre-terminated ends during the pull.

Pulling Eye Kit

For both regular and pre-connectorized cables, the maximum pull force is identified with the “installation maximum load” cable specification on fiber cable’s data sheet.

In many cases, pulling is not done from point to point, but rather from an intermediate point, pulling in each direction to each termination location. In these cases it is important to make sure that the cable is ordered with two pulling eyes, one at each end.

The installation of a cable that is pre-connectorized on both ends requires special raceway considerations and pulling grips. A typical fiber optic connector is 0.5 in. (1.25 cm) in diameter, has a limited pull-off rating and must be protected during cable placement. A pulling grip for a pre-connectorized cable must successfully isolate the connectors from any tensile load by placing the load on the cable itself. The pulling grip must also protect the connectors from abrasion and damage. In medium fiber-count cables (6 to 24 fibers), the connectors must be staggered when installed to reduce the diameter of the pulling grip. In high-fiber-count cables (greater than 24 fibers), installation of a pre-connectorized cable may not be possible due to the conduit size that would be required.

Staggered ST Connectors

:: MPO Fiber Optic Cable Assemblies: Ordering Tips

Since the MPO connector is pre-terminated by the manufacturer, it is important to be precise when measuring the length of the ribbon cable required, and to always add a minimum of 3 to 5 m (10 to 16 ft.) to the total ribbon cable length to plan for unknown difficulties. For very long lengths, adding three percent to the total length is suggested.

The minimum conduit diameter needed to pull one ribbon cable assembly equipped with an MPO connector and one pulling eye is ¾ in. (21 mm). Up to 12 ribbon cables can be pulled through a 1-½ in. (41 mm) conduit.

MTP Fiber Cable Assembly 

>> Installation Guidelines

> Prior to Installation

Before installing the cable, it is recommended to test the cable for continuity while still on the reel. This is to ensure that no damage occurred during shipment. Since the cost of installation is usually higher than the cost of materials, testing the fibers before installation can avoid unnecessary additional expenses and help meet important deadlines. At a minimum, continuity testing can be done on the reel with a visual fault locator or a simple fiber tracer such as a flashlight, a modified flashlight to properly hold the fibers, a microscope or a bright red light (LED lookalike). With one of these simple tests, you should be able to identify broken fibers, if any, within the optical fiber cable.

Red Laser Light Visual Fault Locator (VFL) 

Also, double-checking the actual fiber count and actual cable length is recommended to ensure a proper installation and avoid added costs. It is preferable to use Velcro® wraps instead of tie wraps. Remember not to distort the shape of the cable, as this adds pressure to the optical fibers and may affect performance.

Fiber optic cables can be installed in innerducts. The use of innerducts tends to reduce the pulling tension required. Ensure that properly rated innerducts are being installed.

A 3 to 6 m (10 to 20 ft.) length of cable slack should be stored in the enclosure or on the wall to allow for repairs and relocation needs.

> Outside Plant Cable Installation

:: General

Protect exposed cables from vehicular and pedestrian traffic.

:: Underground Installation

For underground installations, pull long cables from the center of the run. Store excess cable in vaults or manholes, and identify optical cables with markers.

:: Aerial Cable Installation

Use proper hardware that matches cable type, as well as span and tension requirements. Use the correct cable jacket.

:: Buried Cable Installations

Identify cable locations with surface markers. Anticipate obstructions.

:: Administration

A unique identifier shall be assigned to each backbone cable, which shall be marked on each end. Reference should be made as per the ANSI/TIA/EIA-606-A standard.

>> Termination

> General

Before termination, the cable should be properly secured to provide a tension-free length of fiber. When splicing fibers, mechanical or fusion, a splice tray is needed to properly store the completed splices. If connectors are to be used, trays or shelves should be used to support the fiber behind the connector. Proper strain relief sleeves provided with the connectors should always be used to prevent excessive bending of fiber. No shelf is necessary if terminating a breakout style cable with connectors.

> Cable Preparation for Termination

:: General

It is acceptable to directly terminate the 900 μm tight buffer from a distribution cable with a connector, if the above precautions are taken. It can be acceptable to directly terminate the 250 μm coated fiber from a loose buffer tube with a connector in certain applications. However, it is usually recommended to use a breakout kit, which converts a six- or twelve-fiber loose buffer tube to a six- or twelve-fiber 900 μm distribution-style ready for termination.

If outside plant cables are used, the gel flooding material needs to be cleaned with the appropriate solvent (please consult the cable manufacturer for recommendation on the choice of solvent). The more thorough the cleaning, the easier the termination procedure will be.

:: Cable Preparation

To prepare the cable for termination, the outer jacket must be properly stripped. Two ring cuts should be made in the jacket, one about 2 in. (5 cm) from the end and the second at the point where the jacket is to be removed. Care must be taken not to cut all the way through the jacket and into the core. The 2-in. piece is removed from the end of the cable exposing the core and the aramid ripcord. Make a notch in the jacket alongside the ripcord (do not cut the ripcord!). Pull the ripcord with needle-nose pliers, or similar tool, until it reaches the second ring cut. Remove the core from the sliced jacket and pull the jacket to tear it at the ring cut.

>> Testing

> General

Once the cable plant is installed and terminated, it is recommended to test the fiber optic segment. The testing should be done according to TIA TSB-140 and the Acceptance Testing Notes guidelines. These documents provide additional guidelines for field-testing length, loss and polarity of a completed fiber optic link.

> Test Equipment

Various types of testing equipment are available on the market, such as an optical loss test set (OLTS), a visual fault locator (VFL) set or an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR). For troubleshooting, the OTDR is recommended.

:: Optical Loss Test Set (OLTS)

The OLTS consists of a light source and an optical power meter. The main function of this equipment is to measure the optical power or loss.

:: Visual Fault Locator (VFL) or Tracer

The VFL is a red laser source; the tracer is an LED source. Either instrument can be used to trace fibers and troubleshoot faults on optical fiber cables. The main function of this equipment is to check continuity of the fiber, as well as to identify fibers and connectors in patch panels or outlets.

:: Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

The OTDR is a more sophisticated measurement instrument. It uses a technology that injects a series of optical pulses into the fiber under test and analyses the light scattering and the light reflection. This allows the instrument to measure the intensity of the return pulse in functions of time and fiber length. The OTDR is used to measure the optical power loss and the fiber length, as well as to locate all faults resulting from fiber breaks, splices or connectors.

> Fiber Testing Guidelines

The following testing guidelines promote efficient and accurate testing:

• Clean all connections and adapters at the optical test points prior to taking measurements, as per ANSI/TIA/EIA-526-14A.
• The light source or OTDR (optical time domain reflectometer) used for multimode testing must operate within the ranges: 850 ± 30 nm and 1300 ± 20 nm.
• Test jumpers must be of the same fiber core size, performance and connector type as the cable system (e.g. 50/125 μm FX2000 jumpers for a 50/125 μm FX2000 optical fiber system) and shall be one to five meters long.
• “Method B, One Reference Jumpers” as per ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 is the recommended test method.

You can get Fiber Optic Fusion Splicer, Fusion Splicing Machines, and Fusion Splice Protection Shrink Sleeves from Fiber Optics For Sale Co.

Optical power loss at the splicing point of two ends of optical fiber is known as splice loss. In this tutorial splice loss measurement technique, extrinsic & intrinsic factors effecting splice loss and typical settings of splicing instrument are described.

>> Fusion Splicing Splice Loss

Fusion splicing is a technique to join two fibers ends. Optical power loss at the splicing point is known as splice loss.

>> How splice loss can be measured?

An Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) can be used for splice loss measurement. A cable section-containing splices are normally shown as knees on the optical power loss OTDR graph. As per the procedure (ANSI/TIA/EIA-455-8-2000), splice loss measurements with an OTDR must be conducted from both directions and averaged (by adding with signs)for accurate splice loss. Below is the graphical picture of ‘gainers’ and ‘exaggerated losses’ measurements; the effect on actual splice loss is relatively low.

* Where DB(±R) represents “true” or “actual” loss, L(±R) represents loss as seen by the OTDR, B(±R) represents loss (backscatter) due to MFD (mode field diameter) mismatch as seen by the OTDR, and ω₁ and ω₂ represent the respective fiber mode-field diameters

While these differences in MFD result in “gainers” and exaggerated losses” in uni-directional OTDR.

It is important to remember that actual splice-loss is the measured splice-loss in both directions divided with two.

Example:

>> On which parameters splice loss is dependent?

The parameters, which control loss in any fiber joining method, can be classified as Intrinsic and Extrinsic parameters.

>> Intrinsic Parameters

Intrinsic or fiber related parameters are determined when the fiber is manufactured and cannot be controlled by the individual doing splicing.

Mode Field Diameter (MFD) is the most important intrinsic parameter. More splice loss can be observed for higher difference in MFD values. The MFD is a characteristic, which describes the mode field (cross-sectional area of light) traveling down a fiber at a given wavelength. When fibers with different MFD values are spliced together, a MFD mismatch occurs at splice point. With the help of the following formula splice loss due to MFD mismatch can be calculated from MFDs (in um) of two fibers

For example, if the MFD of two fibers are 8.8um and 9.6um, splice loss between these two MFD values is 0.035 dB as per the above equation.

Figure 1 shows calculated splice loss as per equation 3 with various MFD combinations of range 8.8-9.8 Em. Higher differences in MFD values between two fibers increases splice loss.

Figure 2 shows maximum splice loss of fiber with particular MFD value with any other fiber of MFD range 8.8-9.6 um. Splice loss of fiber with MFD 9.3 um is lowest when spliced with any other fiber of range 8.8-9.6 um. Splice loss increase in either side of the band and reaches 0.05 dB at two extreme points. Thus it is better to maintain MFD value close to 9.3um to achieve least splice loss with any other fibers.

>> Extrinsic Parameters

Extrinsic, or splice process related parameters are those induced by splicing methods and procedures. Splice process parameters include lateral and angular alignment, contamination at the fiber end and core deformation due to un-optimized heating & pressing. These external parameters can be controlled/minimized by improving skill of the individual doing splicing and by automated fiber alignment and fusion cycles.

It has been observed that splice loss between two identical fibers with same MFD and geometry parameters is as high as 0.04 dB. This excess loss is due to miss alignment and other splicing process parameters. Figure 3 shows fiber end conditions with various un-optimized splicing parameters.

Other important extrinsic parameter is fiber end angle. Proper fiber end preparation is the most fundamental step to get acceptable splice loss. Generally end angle less than two degrees gives acceptable field splice loss. End angle is dependent on condition of cleaver and cleaver blade. Typical end angle of well – maintained cleaver is around one-half degree. Figure 4 is showing comparison between bad and good cleaving. It has been observed that extrinsic parameters can give splice loss as high as 0.4 dB. By controlling extrinsic parameters, acceptable field splice loss can be achieved.

>> Recommended Splicing parameters for G652 fibers

Parameters

• ARC duration 01.50sec
• Pre-fusion 00.10sec
• ARC gap 10.00μm
• Overlap 15.00μm
• ARC power 00.20step

Alignment method

• Auto Core Alignment

Fiber end check

• Auto cleave angle check

Measurement method

• Optical time domain reflectormeter (OTDR)

>> Origin of Optical Fiber

This idea is very simple. Let us fill up a container with water and shone a light into it. In a darkened room, then pull out the bung. The light shone out of the hole and the water gushed out. It is expected that the light would shine straight out of the hole and the water would curve downwards, as in the diagram.

But the light stayed inside the water column and follows the curved path. Nature had found a way to guide light. What was expected and what actually happened here lead to the basic foundation of Optical Fiber.

The basic requirements still remain the same today, a light source and a clear material (usually plastic or glass) for the light to shine through. The light can be guided around any complex path. Being able to guide light along a length of optic fiber has given rise to two distinct areas of use, light guiding and communications.

>> Modern Day Optical Fiber

Modern day optical fiber is oriented towards faster rate of communicating data between source and destination. Fiber might not to be in a line of sight, now light can pass through the complex loop as shown in the figure.

This property of fiber to conduct even on bending made it more and more possessive towards new area of research.

>> Why is OFC on such a hype

Optical fiber had a property of communicating even when bent without much attenuation and on short versions of data communication had no or negligible data loss, which opted it more in medical and IC chip designing technology.

Conduction with or without amplifier at the later stage and its tiny structure had some commanding influence in the area of data communication.

>> How to provide data

The angles of the rays are measured with respect to the normal. This is a line drawn at right angles to the boundary line between the two refractive indices, core and cladding region. The angles of the incoming and outgoing rays are called the angles of incidence and refraction respectively.

>> Stephen William Hawking

“Optical Fiber will lead an example for all lossless communication in mere future, including IC technology” And now the worlds fastest calculating machine. Blue Gene/L ”, Developed at Lawrence Livermore National lab, is capable of calculating 280.6 trillion calculations/sec which uses Optical fiber for its internal connection has done the miracle as stated above by Stephan Hawking.

>> Types of Optical Fiber

>> Single Mode Step-Index Fiber

Advantages:

• Minimum dispersion: all rays take same path, same time to travel down the cable. A pulse can be reproduced at the receiver very accurately.
• Less attenuation, can run over longer distance without repeaters.
• Larger bandwidth and higher information rate

Disadvantages:

• Difficult to couple light in and out of the tiny core
• Highly directive light source (laser) is required.
• Interfacing modules are more expensive

>> Multimode Fiber

Multimode step-index Fibers:

• Inexpensive; easy to couple light into Fiber result in higher signal distortion; lower TX rate

Multimode graded-index Fiber:

• intermediate between the other two types of Fibers

>> Acceptance Cone & Numerical Aperture

Acceptance Angle, θ_c, is the maximum angle in which external light rays may strike the air/Fiber interface and still propagate down the Fiber with <10 dB loss.

Numerical Aperture (NA)

>> Optical Fiber Link

>> High Speed Optical Fiber Communication ICs Based on INP HEMT

High-speed integrated circuit technology is the key to realizing large-capacity optical fiber communication systems. This paper describes the present status of 0. l-pm-gate InP HEMT ICs for the next-generation 40-Gbit/s/ch. systems. As an advanced IC technology, this paper also describes a 4OMbit/s OEIC that is monolithically fabricated with a uni-traveling-carrier photodiode and the 0.1-pm InP HEMTs.

>> OEIC Technology

The capability of monolithic integration with a photodiode is another great merit of the InP HEMT. The EDFA relaxes the gain requirement for the electrical amplifier in the optical receiver. Furthermore, a photodiode that has broad bandwidth and high saturation output power, such as the UTC-PD makes direct driving possible at the characteristic impedance of 50 ohms with a voltage swing of 1 Vp-p.

>> IC Design and Results

The basic 40-Gbit/s optical sender (OS) and receiver (OR) configurations. The functions required for optical communication ICs are basically time-division multiplexing, reshaping, retiming, regenerating, and time-division demultiplexing. Reshaping is performed by the Er-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), photo detector (PD), preamplifier (Pre) and baseband amplifier (Base).

>> Questions of Strength

One common misconception about optical fiber is that it must be fragile because it is made of glass. In fact, research, theoretical analysis, and practical experience prove that the opposite is true. While traditional bulk glass is brittle, the ultrapure glass of optical fibers exhibits both high tensile strength and extreme durability.

How strong is fiber?

Figures like 600 or 800 thousand pounds per square inch are often cited, far more than copper’s capability of 100 pounds per square inch. That figure refers to the ultimate tensile strength of fiber produced today. Fiber’s real, rather than theoretical; strength is 2 million pounds per square inch.

>> ILD versus LED

Advantages:

• More focused radiation pattern
• Smaller fiber
• Much higher radiant power
• Longer span
• Faster ON, OFF time
• Higher bit rates
• Possible monochromatic light
• Reduces dispersion

Disadvantages:

• Much more expensive
• Higher temperature
• Shorter lifespan

>> Light Detectors

PIN Diodes

• Photons are absorbed in the intrinsic layer, sufficient energy is added to generate carriers in the depletion layer for current to flow through the device

Avalanche Photodiodes (APD)

• Photogenerated electrons are accelerated by relatively large reverse voltage and collide with other atoms to produce more free electrons avalanche multiplication effect makes APD more sensitive but also more noisy than PIN diodes

>> Advantages of Fiber Optics

Less expensive – Several miles of optical cable can be made cheaper than equivalent lengths of copper wire.

Higher carrying capacity – Because optical fibers are thinner than copper wires, more fibers can be bundled into a given-diameter cable than copper wires. This allows more phone lines to go over the same cable.

Low power – Because signals in optical fibers degrade less, lower-power transmitters can be used instead of the high-voltage electrical transmitters needed for copper wires.

Digital signals – Optical fibers are ideally suited for carrying digital information, which is especially useful in computer networks.

>> Conclusion

40-Gbit/s ICs for next-generation optical fiber communication systems have been developed using 0.1 – pm InP HEMT technology. These ICs have sufficient speed margins for the 40-Gbit/s data rate. An optoelectronic decision IC monolithically integrated with a UTC-PD and the InP HEMTs was also confirmed to operate at 40 Gbit/s, and an optical receiver using the OEIC offered high receiver sensitivity.

Use of well-developed signal processing techniques and algorithms to design these optical devices is a wise use of existing technology.

>> Next Generation Optical ICs