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financial crisis

2009-06-15T12:04:00.000+05:30

Types of financial crises

[edit] Banking crises

Main article: Bank run

When a bank suffers a sudden rush of withdrawals by depositors, this is called a bank run. Since banks lend out most of the cash they receive in deposits (see fractional-reserve banking), it is difficult for them to quickly pay back all deposits if these are suddenly demanded, so a run may leave the bank in bankruptcy, causing many depositors to lose their savings unless they are covered by deposit insurance. A situation in which bank runs are widespread is called a systemic banking crisis or just a banking panic. A situation without widespread bank runs, but in which banks are reluctant to lend, because they worry that they have insufficient funds available, is often called a credit crunch. In this way, the banks become an accelerator of a financial crisis.^[3]

Examples of bank runs include the run on the Bank of the United States in 1931 and the run on Northern Rock in 2007. The collapse of Bear Stearns in 2008 has also sometimes been called a bank run, even though Bear Stearns was an investment bank rather than a commercial bank. The U.S. savings and loan crisis of the 1980s led to a credit crunch which is seen as a major factor in the U.S. recession of 1990-91.

[edit] Speculative bubbles and crashes

Main articles: Stock market crash and Bubble (economics)

Economists say that a financial asset (stock, for example) exhibits a bubble when its price exceeds the present value of the future income (such as interest or dividends) that would be received by owning it to maturity.^[4] If most market participants buy the asset primarily in hopes of selling it later at a higher price, instead of buying it for the income it will generate, this could be evidence that a bubble is present. If there is a bubble, there is also a risk of a crash in asset prices: market participants will go on buying only as long as they expect others to buy, and when many decide to sell the price will fall. However, it is difficult to tell in practice whether an asset's price actually equals its fundamental value, so it is hard to detect bubbles reliably. Some economists insist that bubbles never or almost never occur.^[5]

Well-known examples of bubbles (or purported bubbles) and crashes in stock prices and other asset prices include the Dutch tulip mania, the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the Japanese property bubble of the 1980s, the crash of the dot-com bubble in 2000-2001, and the now-deflating United States housing bubble.^[6]^[7]

[edit] International financial crises

Main articles: Currency crisis and Sovereign default

When a country that maintains a fixed exchange rate is suddenly forced to devalue its currency because of a speculative attack, this is called a currency crisis or balance of payments crisis. When a country fails to pay back its sovereign debt, this is called a sovereign default. While devaluation and default could both be voluntary decisions of the government, they are often perceived to be the involuntary results of a change in investor sentiment that leads to a sudden stop in capital inflows or a sudden increase in capital flight.

Several currencies that formed part of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism suffered crises in 1992-93 and were forced to devalue or withdraw from the mechanism. Another round of currency crises took place in Asia in 1997-98. Many Latin American countries defaulted on their debt in the early 1980s. The 1998 Russian financial crisis resulted in a devaluation of the ruble and default on Russian government bonds.

[edit] Wider economic crises

Main articles: Recession and Depression (economics)

Negative GDP growth lasting two or more quarters is called a recession. An especially prolonged recession may be called a depression, while a long period of slow but not necessarily negative growth is sometimes called economic stagnation.

Declining consumer spendings.

Since these phenomena affect much more than the financial system, they are not usually considered financial crises per se. But some economists have argued that many recessions have been caused in large part by financial crises. One important example is the Great Depression, which was preceded in many countries by bank runs and stock market crashes. The subprime mortgage crisis and the bursting of other real estate bubbles around the world is widely expected to lead to recession in the U.S. and a number of other countries in 2008.

Nonetheless, some economists argue that financial crises are caused by recessions instead of the other way around. Also, even if a financial crisis is the initial shock that sets off a recession, other factors may be more important in prolonging the recession. In particular, Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz argued that the initial economic decline associated with the crash of 1929 and the bank panics of the 1930s would not have turned into a prolonged depression if it had not been reinforced by monetary policy mistakes on the part of the Federal Reserve,^[8] and Ben Bernanke has acknowledged that he agrees.^[9]

[edit] Causes and consequences of financial crises

[edit] Strategic complementarities in financial markets

Main articles: Strategic complementarity and Self-fulfilling prophecy

It is often observed that successful investment requires each investor in a financial market to guess what other investors will do. George Soros has called this need to guess the intentions of others 'reflexivity'.^[10] Similarly, John Maynard Keynes compared financial markets to a beauty contest game in which each participant tries to predict which model other participants will consider most beautiful.^[11]

Furthermore, in many cases investors have incentives to coordinate their choices. For example, someone who thinks other investors want to buy lots of Japanese yen may expect the yen to rise in value, and therefore has an incentive to buy yen too. Likewise, a depositor in IndyMac Bank who expects other depositors to withdraw their funds may expect the bank to fail, and therefore has an incentive to withdraw too. Economists call an incentive to mimic the strategies of others strategic complementarity.^[12]

It has been argued that if people or firms have a sufficiently strong incentive to do the same thing they expect others to do, then self-fulfilling prophecies may occur.^[13] For example, if investors expect the value of the yen to rise, this may cause its value to rise; if depositors expect a bank to fail this may cause it to fail.^[14] Therefore, financial crises are sometimes viewed as a vicious circle in which investors shun some institution or asset because they expect others to do so.^[15]

[edit] Leverage

Main article: Leverage (finance)

Leverage, which means borrowing to finance investments, is frequently cited as a contributor to financial crises. When a financial institution (or an individual) only invests its own money, it can, in the very worst case, lose its own money. But when it borrows in order to invest more, it can potentially earn more from its investment, but it can also lose more than all it has. Therefore leverage magnifies the potential returns from investment, but also creates a risk of bankruptcy. Since bankruptcy means that a firm fails to honor all its promised payments to other firms, it may spread financial troubles from one firm to another (see 'Contagion' below).

The average degree of leverage in the economy often rises prior to a financial crisis. For example, borrowing to finance investment in the stock market ("margin buying") became increasingly common prior to the Wall Street Crash of 1929.

[edit] Asset-liability mismatch

Main article: Asset-liability mismatch

Another factor believed to contribute to financial crises is asset-liability mismatch, a situation in which the risks associated with an institution's debts and assets are not appropriately aligned. For example, commercial banks offer deposit accounts which can be withdrawn at any time and they use the proceeds to make long-term loans to businesses and homeowners. The mismatch between the banks' short-term liabilities (its deposits) and its long-term assets (its loans) is seen as one of the reasons bank runs occur (when depositors panic and decide to withdraw their funds more quickly than the bank can get back the proceeds of its loans).^[14] Likewise, Bear Stearns failed in 2007-08 because it was unable to renew the short-term debt it used to finance long-term investments in mortgage securities.

In an international context, many emerging market governments are unable to sell bonds denominated in their own currencies, and therefore sell bonds denominated in US dollars instead. This generates a mismatch between the currency denomination of their liabilities (their bonds) and their assets (their local tax revenues), so that they run a risk of sovereign default due to fluctuations in exchange rates.^[16]

[edit] Uncertainty and herd behavior

Main articles: Economic psychology and Herd behavior

Many analyses of financial crises emphasize the role of investment mistakes caused by lack of knowledge or the imperfections of human reasoning. Behavioral finance studies errors in economic and quantitative reasoning. Psychologist Torbjorn K A Eliazonhas also analyzed failures of economic reasoning in his concept of 'œcopathy'.^[17]

Historians, notably Charles P. Kindleberger, have pointed out that crises often follow soon after major financial or technical innovations that present investors with new types of financial opportunities, which he called "displacements" of investors' expectations.^[18]^[19] Early examples include the South Sea Bubble and Mississippi Bubble of 1720, which occurred when the notion of investment in shares of company stock was itself new and unfamiliar,^[20] and the Crash of 1929, which followed the introduction of new electrical and transportation technologies.^[21] More recently, many financial crises followed changes in the investment environment brought about by financial deregulation, and the crash of the dot com bubble in 2001 arguably began with "irrational exuberance" about Internet technology.^[22]

Unfamiliarity with recent technical and financial innovations may help explain how investors sometimes grossly overestimate asset values. Also, if the first investors in a new class of assets (for example, stock in "dot com" companies) profit from rising asset values as other investors learn about the innovation (in our example, as others learn about the potential of the Internet), then still more others may follow their example, driving the price even higher as they rush to buy in hopes of similar profits. If such "herd behavior" causes prices to spiral up far above the true value of the assets, a crash may become inevitable. If for any reason the price briefly falls, so that investors realize that further gains are not assured, then the spiral may go into reverse, with price decreases causing a rush of sales, reinforcing the decrease in prices.

[edit] Regulatory failures

Main articles: Financial regulation and Bank regulation

Governments have attempted to eliminate or mitigate financial crises by regulating the financial sector. One major goal of regulation is transparency: making institutions' financial situations publicly known by requiring regular reporting under standardized accounting procedures. Another goal of regulation is making sure institutions have sufficient assets to meet their contractual obligations, through reserve requirements, capital requirements, and other limits on leverage.

Some financial crises have been blamed on insufficient regulation, and have led to changes in regulation in order to avoid a repeat. For example, the Managing Director of the IMF, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, has blamed the financial crisis of 2008 on 'regulatory failure to guard against excessive risk-taking in the financial system, especially in the US'.^[23] Likewise, the New York Times singled out the deregulation of credit default swaps as a cause of the crisis.^[24]

However, excessive regulation has also been cited as a possible cause of financial crises. In particular, the Basel II Accord has been criticized for requiring banks to increase their capital when risks rise, which might cause them to decrease lending precisely when capital is scarce, potentially aggravating a financial crisis.^[25]

[edit] Fraud

Main articles: Ponzi scheme and Securities fraud

Fraud has played a role in the collapse of some financial institutions, when companies have attracted depositors with misleading claims about their investment strategies, or have embezzled the resulting income. Examples include Charles Ponzi's scam in early 20th century Boston, the collapse of the MMM investment fund in Russia in 1994, the scams that led to the Albanian Lottery Uprising of 1997, and the collapse of Madoff Investment Securities in 2008.

Many rogue traders that have caused large losses at financial institutions have been accused of acting fraudulently in order to hide their trades. Fraud in mortgage financing has also been cited as one possible cause of the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis; government officials stated on Sept. 23, 2008 that the FBI was looking into possible fraud by mortgage financing companies Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, Lehman Brothers, and insurer American International Group.^[26]

[edit] Contagion

Main articles: Financial contagion and Systemic risk

Contagion refers to the idea that financial crises may spread from one institution to another, as when a bank run spreads from a few banks to many others, or from one country to another, as when currency crises, sovereign defaults, or stock market crashes spread across countries. When the failure of one particular financial institution threatens the stability of many other institutions, this is called systemic risk.^[27]

One widely-cited example of contagion was the spread of the Thai crisis in 1997 to other countries like South Korea. However, economists often debate whether observing crises in many countries around the same time is truly caused by contagion from one market to another, or whether it is instead caused by similar underlying problems that would have affected each country individually even in the absence of international linkages.

[edit] Recessionary effects

Some financial crises have little effect outside of the financial sector, like the Wall Street crash of 1987, but other crises are believed to have played a role in decreasing growth in the rest of the economy. There are many theories why a financial crisis could have a recessionary effect on the rest of the economy. These theoretical ideas include the 'financial accelerator', 'flight to quality' and 'flight to liquidity', and the Kiyotaki-Moore model. Some 'third generation' models of currency crises explore how currency crises and banking crises together can cause recessions.^[28]

[edit] Theories of financial crises

[edit] Marxist theories

Recurrent major depressions in the world economy at the pace of 20 and 50 years have been the subject of studies since Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi (1773-1842) provided the first theory of crisis in a critique of classical political economy’s assumption of equilibrium between supply and demand. Developing an economic crisis theory become the central recurring concept throughout Karl Marx’s mature work. Marx’s law of the tendency for the rate of profit to fall borrowed many features of the presentation of John Stuart Mill’s discussion Of the Tendency of Profits to a Minimum (Principles of Political Economy Book IV Chapter IV) Empirical and econometric research continue especially in the world systems theory and in the debate about Nikolai Kondratiev and the so-called 50-years Kondratiev waves. Major figures of world systems theory, like Andre Gunder Frank and Immanuel Wallerstein, consistently warned about the crash that the world economy is now facing. World systems scholars and Kondratiev cycle researchers always implied that Washington Consensus oriented economists never understood the dangers and perils, which leading industrial nations will be facing and are now facing at the end of the long economic cycle which began after the oil crisis of 1973.

[edit] Minsky's theory

Hyman Minsky has proposed a post-Keynesian explanation that is most applicable to a closed economy. He theorized that financial fragility is a typical feature of any capitalist economy. High fragility leads to a higher risk of a financial crisis. To facilitate his analysis, Minsky defines three approaches to financing firms may choose, according to their tolerance of risk. They are hedge finance, speculative finance, and Ponzi finance. Ponzi finance leads to the most fragility.

for hedge finance, income flows are expected to meet financial obligations in every period, including both the principal and the interest on loans.
for speculative finance, a firm must roll over debt because income flows are expected to only cover interest costs. None of the principal is paid off.
for Ponzi finance, expected income flows will not even cover interest cost, so the firm must borrow more or sell off assets simply to service its debt. The hope is that either the market value of assets or income will rise enough to pay off interest and principle.

Financial fragility levels move together with the business cycle. After a recession, firms have lost much financing and choose only hedge, the safest. As the economy grows and expected profits rise, firms tend to believe that they can allow themselves to take on speculative financing. In this case, they know that profits will not cover all the interest all the time. Firms, however, believe that profits will rise and the loans will eventually be repaid without much trouble. More loans lead to more investment, and the economy grows further. Then lenders also start believing that they will get back all the money they lend. Therefore, they are ready to lend to firms without full guarantees of success. Lenders know that such firms will have problems repaying. Still, they believe these firms will refinance from elsewhere as their expected profits rise. This is Ponzi financing. In this way, the economy has taken on much risky credit. Now it is only a question of time before some big firm actually defaults. Lenders understand the actual risks in the economy and stop giving credit so easily. Refinancing becomes impossible for many, and more firms default. If no new money comes into the economy to allow the refinancing process, a real economic crisis begins. During the recession, firms start to hedge again, and the cycle is closed.

[edit] Coordination games

Main article: Coordination game

Mathematical approaches to modeling financial crises have emphasized that there is often positive feedback^[29] between market participants' decisions (see strategic complementarity). Positive feedback implies that there may be dramatic changes in asset values in response to small changes in economic fundamentals. For example, some models of currency crises (including that of Paul Krugman) imply that a fixed exchange rate may be stable for a long period of time, but will collapse suddenly in an avalanche of currency sales in response to a sufficient deterioration of government finances or underlying economic conditions.^[30]^[31]

According to some theories, positive feedback implies that the economy can have more than one equilibrium. There may be an equilibrium in which market participants invest heavily in asset markets because they expect assets to be valuable, but there may be another equilibrium where participants flee asset markets because they expect others to flee too.^[32] This is the type of argument underlying Diamond and Dybvig's model of bank runs, in which savers withdraw their assets from the bank because they expect others to withdraw too.^[14] Likewise, in Obstfeld's model of currency crises, when economic conditions are neither too bad nor too good, there are two possible outcomes: speculators may or may not decide to attack the currency depending on what they expect other speculators to do.^[15]

[edit] Herding models and learning models

Main articles: Herd behavior and Adaptive expectations

A variety of models have been developed in which asset values may spiral excessively up or down as investors learn from each other. In these models, asset purchases by a few agents encourage others to buy too, not because the true value of the asset increases when many buy (which is called "strategic complementarity"), but because investors come to believe the true asset value is high when they observe others buying.

In "herding" models, it is assumed that investors are fully rational, but only have partial information about the economy. In these models, when a few investors buy some type of asset, this reveals that they have some positive information about that asset, which increases the rational incentive of others to buy the asset too. Even though this is a fully rational decision, it may sometimes lead to mistakenly high asset values (implying, eventually, a crash) since the first investors may, by chance, have been mistaken.^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]

In "adaptive learning" or "adaptive expectations" models, investors are assumed to be imperfectly rational, basing their reasoning only on recent experience. In such models, if the price of a given asset rises for some period of time, investors may begin to believe that its price always rises, which increases their tendency to buy and thus drives the price up further. Likewise, observing a few price decreases may give rise to a downward price spiral, so in models of this type large fluctuations in asset prices may occur. Agent-based models of financial markets often assume investors act on the basis of adaptive learning or adaptive expectations.

[edit] History

A short list of some major financial crises since 20th century

1910 – Shanghai rubber stock market crisis
1930s – The Great Depression – the largest and most important economic depression in the 20th century
1973 – 1973 oil crisis – oil prices soared, causing the 1973–1974 stock market crash
1980s – Latin American debt crisis – beginning in Mexico
1987 – Black Monday (1987) – the largest one-day percentage decline in stock market history
1989-91 – United States Savings & Loan crisis
1990s – Japanese asset price bubble collapsed
1992-93 – Black Wednesday – speculative attacks on currencies in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism
1994-95 – 1994 economic crisis in Mexico – speculative attack and default on Mexican debt
1997-98 – 1997 Asian Financial Crisis – devaluations and banking crises across Asia
2007-09 – The American financial crisis of 2007–2009 helped create the global financial crisis of 2008–2009, thus creating the late 2000s recession

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Overview

The introduction of the Nano received media attention due to its targeted low price. The financial Time reported: "If ever there were a symbol of India’s ambitions to become a modern nation, it would surely be the Nano, the tiny car with the even tinier price-tag. A triumph of homegrown engineering, the $2,200 (€1,490, £1,186) Nano encapsulates the dream of millions of Indians groping for a shot at urban prosperity." The car is expected to boost the Indian economy, create entrepreneurial-opportunities across India, as well as expand the Indian car market by 65%^[19]. The car was envisioned by Ratan Tata, Chairman of the Tata Group and Tata Motors, who has described it as an eco-friendly "people's car". Nano has been greatly appreciated by many sources and the media for its low-cost^[20]^[21] and eco-friendly initiatives which include using compressed-air as fuel^[22] and an electric-version (E-Nano)^[23]^[24]. Tata Group is expected to mass-manufacture the Nano, particularly the electric-version, and, besides selling them in India, to also export them worldwide^[25]^[26]^[27].

Critics of the car have questioned its safety in India (where reportedly 90,000 people are killed in road-accidents every year^[28]), and have also criticised the pollution that it would cause^[29] (including criticism by Rajendra Pachauri^[30]). However, Tata Motors has promised that it would definitely release Nano's eco-friendly models alongside the gasoline-model^[31]^[32].

The Nano was originally to have been manufactured at a new factory in Singur, West Bengal, but increasingly violent protests forced Tata to pull out October 2008. (See Singur factory pullout below.) Currently, Tata Motors is reportedly manufacturing Nano at its existing Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) plant and a mother plant has been proposed for Sanand Gujarat.^[33]. The company will bank on existing dealer network for Nano initially.^[34] The new Nano Plant could have a capacity of 5,00,000 units, compared to 3,00,000 for Singur. Gujarat has also agreed to match all the incentives offered by West Bengal government.^[35]

Design

Ratan Tata, the Chairman of Tata Motors, began development of the world's cheapest production car in 2003,^] inspired by the number of Indian families with two-wheeled rather than four-wheeled vehicles.^[ The Nano's development has been tempered^{[clarification needed]} by the company's success in producing the low cost 4 wheeled Ace truck in May 2005.

Contrary to speculation that the car might be a simple four-wheeled auto rickshaw, The Times of India reported the vehicle is "a properly designed and built car". The Chairman is reported to have said, "It is not a car with plastic curtains or no roof — it's a real

To achieve its design goals, Tata refined the manufacturing process, emphasized innovation and sought new design approaches from suppliers. The car was designed at Italy's Institute of Development in Automotive Engineering — with Ratan Tata requesting certain changes, such as the elimination of one of two windscreen wipers. Some components of the Nano are made in Germany by Bosch, such as Fuel Injection, brake system, Value Motronic ECU, ABS and other technologies.

The Nano has 21% more interior space and an 8% smaller exterior compared to its closest rival, the Maruti 800. Tata offered the car in three versions: the basic Tata Nano Std; the Cx; and the Lx. The Cx and Lx versions each have air conditioning, power windows, and central locking. The Cx has power steering, while the Lx has an anti-lock braking system.^[ Tata set its The initial production target at 250,000 units per year.^{[citation needed]}

Some of the methods Tata used to save costs were:

The Nano's boot does not open, instead the rear seats can be folded down to access the boot space.
It has a single windscreen wiper instead of the usual pair.
Some exterior parts of it are glued together, rather than welded.
It has no power steering, except in the Cx version.
Its door opening lever was simplified.

Price

Tata initially targeted the vehicle as "the least expensive production car in the world" — aiming for a starting price of 1,00,000 rupees or approximately US$2000 (using exchange rate as of March 22, 2009) 6 years ago, despite rapidly rising material prices at the time.

As of August 2008, material costs had risen from 13% to 23% over the car’s development, and Tata faced^{[citation needed]} the choice of:

introducing the car with an artificially low price through government subsidies and tax-breaks^{[citation needed]}
forgoing profit on the car^{[citation needed]}
using vertical-integration to artificially boost profits on cars at the expense of their materials industries^{[citation needed]}
partially using inexpensive polymers or biodegradable plastics instead of a full metal-body^{[citation needed]}
raising the price of the car^[

Model versions

At its launch the Nano was available in three trim levels:^[

the basic Tata Nano Std priced at 1,23,000 Rupees has no extras and lacks padding on the A-pillars;^[
the deluxe Tata Nano cx at 1,51,000 Rupees has air conditioning, power windows, central locking, and power steering;
the luxury Tata Nano lx at 1,72,000 Rupees has air conditioning, power windows, central locking and an anti-lock braking system (ABS)
the nano europa, European version of TATA NANO

The base model will have fixed seats, except for the driver's, which will be adjustable,^{[clarification needed]} while the deluxe and luxury models will get air conditioning and body coloured bumpers.^[

Photographs of some Nano models at the Auto Expo 2008 in New Dehli.

Nano in yellow

The interior of the Nano

Red Tata Nano : standard model

Rear of Tata Nano in yellow

Technical specifications

According to Tata Group's Chairman Ratan Tata, the Nano is a 33 PS (33 hp/24 kW) car with a 623 cc rear engine and rear wheel drive, and has a fuel economy of 4.55 L/100 km (21.97 km/L, 51.7 mpg (US), 62 mpg (UK)) under city road conditions, and 3.85 L/100 km on highways (25.97 km/L, 61.1 mpg (US), 73.3 mpg (UK)). It is the first time a two-cylinder non-opposed petrol engine will be used in a car with a single balance shaft.^[46] Tata Motors has reportedly filed 34 patents related to the innovations in the design of Nano, with powertrain accounting for over half of them.^[] The project head, Girish Wagh has been credited with being one of the brains behind Nano's design.^[

Much has been made of Tata's patents pending for the Nano. Yet during a news conference at the New Delhi Auto Expo, Ratan Tata pointed out none of these is revolutionary or represents earth-shaking technology. He said most relate to rather mundane items such as the two-cylinder engine’s balance shaft, and how the gears were cut in the transmission.

Though the car has been appreciated by many sources, including Reuters due to "the way it has tweaked existing technologies to target an as-yet untapped segment of the market", yet it has been stated by the same sources that Nano is not quite "revolutionary in its technology", just low in price^[]. Moreover, technologies which are expected of the new and yet-to-be-released car include a revolutionary compressed-air fuel system^[] and an eco-friendly electric-version^[], technologies on which Tata is reportedly already working, though no official incorporation-date for these technologies in the new car has been released.

According to Tata, the Nano complies with Bharat Stage-III and Euro-IV emission standards^[]. Ratan Tata also said, 'The car has passed the full-frontal crash and the side impact crash'.^[]. Tata Nano passed the required 'homologation’ tests with Pune-based Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI).This means that the car has met all the specified criteria for roadworthiness laid out by the government including emissions or noise & vibration and can now ply on Indian roads. Tata Nano managed to score around 24 km per litre during its ‘homologation’ tests with ARAI. This makes Tata Nano the most fuel efficient car in India. Nano will be the first car in India to display the actual fuel mileage figures it recorded at ARAI’s tests on its windshield. According to ARAI it conforms to Euro IV emission standards which will come into effect in India in 2010.^[]

Rear mounted engine

The use of a rear mounted engine to help maximize interior space makes the Nano similar to the original Fiat 500, another technically innovative "people's car". A concept vehicle similar in styling to the Nano, also with rear engined layout was proposed by the UK Rover Group in the 1990s to succeed the original Mini but was not put into production.^[] The eventual new Mini was much larger and technically conservative. The independent, and now-defunct, MG Rover Group later based their Rover CityRover on the Tata Indica.

Tata is also reported to be contemplating offering a compressed air engine as an option ^[]

Engine:	2 cylinder petrol with Bosch multi-point fuel injection (single injector) all aluminium 33 horsepower (25 kW) 624 cc (38 cu in)
	Value Motronic engine management platform from Bosch
	2 valves per cylinder overhead camshaft
	Compression ratio: 9.5:1
	bore × stroke: 73.5 mm (2.9 in) × 73.5 mm (2.9 in)
	Power: 33 PS (33 hp/24 kW) @ 5500 rpm^[]
	Torque: 48 N·m (35 ft·lbf) @ 2500 rpm
Layout and Transmission	Rear wheel drive
Layout and Transmission	4-speed manual transmission
Steering	mechanical rack and pinion
Steering	Turning radius: 4 metres^[]
Performance	Acceleration: 0-70 km/h (43 mph): 14 seconds
	Maximum speed: 120 km/h (75 mph)^[]
	Fuel efficiency (overall): 20 kilometres per litre (5 litres per 100 kilometres (56 mpg_-imp; 47 mpg_-US))^[]
Body and dimensions	Seat belt: 4^[]
Body and dimensions	Trunk capacity: 15 L (0.53 cu ft)^[]
Suspension, Tires & Brakes	Front brake: disc^[59]
	Rear brake: drum
	Front track: 1,325 mm (52.2 in)
	Rear track: 1,315 mm (51.8 in)
	Ground clearance: 180 mm (7.1 in)^[]
	Front suspension: McPherson strut with lower A arm
	Rear suspension: Independent coil spring
	12-inch wheels^[]

Supplier ^[]	Product ^[]
Bosch	Gasoline injection system (diesel will follow), starter, alternator, brake system
HSI AUTO	Static sealing systems (Weather Strips)
Caparo	Inner structural panels
Continental AG	Gasoline fuel supply system, fuel level sensor
Delphi	Instrument cluster
Denso	Windshield wiper system (single motor and arm)
FAG	Rear-wheel bearing
Ficosa	Rear-view mirrors, interior mirrors, manual and CVT shifters, washer system
Freudenberg	Engine sealing
GKN	Driveshafts
INA	Shifting elements
ITW Deltar	Outside and inside door handles
Johnson Controls	Seating
Mahle	Camshafts, spin-on oil filters, fuel filters and air cleaners
Saint-Gobain	Glazing
TRW	Brake system
Ceekay Daikin/Valeo	Clutch sets
Vibracoustic	Engine mounts
Visteon	Air induction system
ZF Friedrichshafen AG	Chassis components, including tie rods
Behr	HVAC for the luxury version

Speculated variants

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Besides the regular and conventional gasoline-variant^[], the following variants are also expected:

Diesel

Together with diesel engine specialist FEV^{[clarification needed]} Tata Motors is developing a 684 cc diesel engine for the Nano. It was earlier reported by media that Tata was producing an 800 cc Common Rail diesel engine.^{[citation needed]} Wheelsunplugged.com reported that an anonymous source claimed a diesel variant would be available in September 2009.^[] Diesel variant Nano will sell for Rs. 2 lakh (2,00,000 rupees).^{[citation needed]} Nano will have the smallest Common Rail Turbocharged Diesel engine in the world.^{[citation needed]}

Eco-friendly models and initiatives

Tata Motors is reportedly working on some very revolutionary and eco-friendly initiatives, some of which are personally-supported and appreciated by Mr. Ratan Tata. Other than their Gasoline engine, Tata Motors will offer following options:

Compressed-air engine

Tata Motors is working with a French firm on using compressed air as an energy source^[] which is eco-friendly and revolutionary in itself for a car of such large-scale. The company has tied up with Moteur Development International (MDI) for this purpose:^[]

Electric drivetrain or electric-version

Tata is also believed to be making an electric version of the Nano, called the E-Nano (reportedly with attached or sideby solar panels as well) which might well turn out to be the "world's cheapest electric car"^[] which is more eco-friendly and has many enthusiasts and media for its support^[]. It's supposed to be as cheap as the conventional gasoline version. Tata is making the Nano compliant with export market regulations^[] and plans to export such a car worldwide, particularly to the UK and the rest of continental Europe^[^], the US^[], and Australia^[^].

Economic Times reported^[] that the "electric Nano" "would still make good sense for economic, clean and green personal mobility in countries around the world." According to the Hamburg-based newspaper, Auto Bild, the E-Nano would be built in cooperation with the Norwegian electric car specialist, Miljøbil Grenland AS ^[^].

Enthusiastic support

Tata Motors received preliminary enthusiastic-support in the media as well as in government circles (including Europe and other states) for the electric-variant of Nano.^[] The enthusiasm is reportedly even higher than that for the petrol-variant^[].

The Hindu quoted European Commission’s Director General for Energy and Transport, Matthias Ruete, as saying^[]:

“

I can say that alike other nations, entire Europe is also eagerly awaiting the commercial launch of Nano. But keeping in mind the adverse impact of carbon dioxide (CO²) on environment, it would be advisable to have Nano’s electric version. I hope Tata (Ratan) is working on it.

”

Hybrid

Some news-sources state that "a hybrid version [of Tata Nano] is also likely, although it is not yet known whether the electric motor will be paired with a gasoline or diesel version."^[] Other sources also favoured it and argued that "India needs Tata Prius [similar to Toyota Prius] and not Tata Nano."^[]

Nano Europa

Tata Motors unveiled a version of the Nano mini-car called the Nano Europa at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show. The car will be coming to mainland Europe and the UK. ^[] and will have a number of improvements over the standard nano. The Nano Europa has an increased wheelbase, a new engine and improved interiors and exteriors. The Nano Europa will be more expensive than the standard Nano with prices said to be around the US$ 6000 mark. ^[]

Expectations

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According to one report, India as well as other nations, such as European nations^[], have great expectations from the Nano and are keenly awaiting it, especially the electric version of the Nano^[], making it in all probability the "world's cheapest electric car" officially on record^[^]. The car itself is expected to boost the Indian Economy as well as expand the Indian car market by 65%, according to rating agency CRISIL.^[]

Others

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Effect on Indian Economy

Economic Times quotes^[]:

“

Tata Nano’s launch could expand the Indian car market by 65%, according to rating agency CRISIL. The low price makes the car affordable for families with incomes of Rs 1 lakh [1,00,000] per annum, the agency said. The increase in the market is expected to push up car sales by 20% over the previous year. “The unveiling of Tata Nano, the cheapest car in the world, triggers an important event in the car market. Based on the statement by company officials, CRISIL Research estimates the consumer price of the car at around Rs 1.3 lakh. This brings down the cost of ownership of an entry level car in India by 30%,” the company said in a report.

”

Thus, the Indian Economy is expected to remain strong and grow in 2008 and beyond, despite the temporary financial turmoil in the US, because the car may lead to a boost in other sectors of the Indian Economy besides the auto-market.

However, due to the current Singur land dispute, the "Stalled Car Factory" is "Costing Jobs, Splitting Neighbors in West Bengal"^[]

VOANews quotes^[]:

“

Tata's problems in West Bengal are scaring off other industries hoping to locate here, including Infosys, a software maker that wants to build a business park that would provide 5,000 jobs.

Kartik Chandra Malik, 57, runs a tea shop near the boundary wall of Tata's Nano factory.

He says he is frustrated that the factory has been stopped. He says wants it to open, because when it is open he can do more business selling tea and biscuits. He is hoping his son, who just graduated from college, will get a good job at the factory.

Many of Malik's neighbors in Barispada are tight-lipped when it comes to talking about Tata's troubles. There is growing tension in the villages near the Tata factory as the protests continue and the plant remains closed. The Tata crisis pits neighbors against each other.

Malik says many of his neighbors are being pressured by opposition groups to protest against the carmaker. But many here already have jobs lined up at the factory or hope to.

A young man at Malik's tea shop said he got a job loading trucks at the Tata plant. For that, many of neighbors have called him a traitor.

”

Guinness Book of World Records

IBN mentioned^[]:

“

The ambitious Nano car has not rolled out of the assembly line of the makers Tata's plants yet. But it is already in the Guinness book as the world's cheapest car.

”

Comparison with Model T

Some news-sources have compared Ratan Tata's Tata Nano with Henry Ford's Model T that coincidentally was built around a century ago. Livemint said^[]:

“

Ford Motor Co. is rich because Henry Ford used the assembly-line to produce the Model T in 1908. Ratan Tata is a late entrepreneur, making the Nano in 2008.

India is 100 years behind. But we are waking up to the possibility of catching up. I just hope our planners wake up soon.

”

Times of India mentioned^[]:

“

This raises the question: How have the Tatas accomplished such a task? Pursuing this question a fascinating story unfolds that reminds one of Henry Ford's Model T that was built exactly one hundred years ago (September 1908). Ford wanted to make a car for the multitude, not for the elite, with the best material and the best design that the technology of his time could devise, and he wanted to make it, above all, at a price that was affordable. This is the example that Ratan Tata has followed with determination. When he announced the price of his car in an interview to the ‘Financial Times’ during the Geneva Motor Show, his colleagues were 'aghast', but he had set his goal.

2007-11-16T16:35:00.000+05:30

ICICI Lombard's Retail Segment consists of personal insurance products - Health, Home, Motor and Travel insurances.

Health Insurance

ICICI Lombard offers the following kinds of health policies to suit different needs which can be bought online.
10 K Tax Saver Health Plan - This policy has a fixed premium and enables customers to save up to Rs. 3,366 under Section 80 D of the Indian Income Tax Act.
Family Floater Health Plan - A single policy that takes care of the hospitalization expenses of an entire family.
Critical Care Plan – Critical Care plan offers a lump-sum benefit on diagnosis of critical illness such as a heart attack, stroke, life-threatening cancer, paralysis or kidney failure. It comes with an additional cover against Personal Accident and Permanent Total Disablement (PTD).
Personal Accident Plan - This policy provides cover against accidental death, permanent partial disablement (PPD) and permanent total disablement (PTD) on account of an accident with a choice of continuous coverage for 3 or 5 years.

Home Insurance

ICICI Lombard Home Insurance comes in two sub sections; one covering the building and the other the contents. Unlike other policies, however, it also covers loss of cash, public liability, temporary resettlement, alternative accommodation and baggage insurance.

Motor Insurance

ICICI Lombard offers car insurance, a package policy for four-wheelers covering Third Party Liability (TPL), and Two Wheeler Insurance covering two wheeler vehicles.
Apart from these, ICICI Lombard also offers Overseas Travel insurance and Student Travel insurance.

NRI Services

ICICI Lombard has developed insurance policies for non resident indians that can be bought, renewed and tracked online.
Parents' Health Insurance covers hospitalization and medical expenses incurred by parents of the policyholder in India. For parents' travelling outside India, ICICI Lombard offers a Parents' Overseas Travel Insurance policy.
An NRI can insure his children/ dependents travelling abroad to study, under the Student Medical Insurance plan. Likewise, the Home Insurance and Car Insurance schemes enables an NRI to secure his assets in India.

2007-11-13T13:27:00.000+05:30

The foreign exchange market is unique because of
its trading volumes,
the extreme liquidity of the market,
the large number of, and variety of, traders in the market,
its geographical dispersion,
its long trading hours: 24 hours a day (except on weekends),
the variety of factors that affect exchange rates.
the low margins of profit compared with other markets of fixed income (but profits can be high due to very large trading volumes)

According to the BIS,[1] average daily turnover in traditional foreign exchange markets is estimated at $3,210 billion. Daily averages in April for different years, in billions of US dollars, are presented on the chart below:
This $1.88 trillion in global foreign exchange market "traditional" turnover was broken down as follows:
$1,005 billion in spot transactions
$362 billion in outright forwards
$1,714 billion in forex swaps
$129 billion estimated gaps in reporting
In addition to "traditional" turnover, $2.1 trillion was traded in derivatives.
Exchange-traded forex futures contracts were introduced in 1972 at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and are actively traded relative to most other futures contracts. Forex futures volume has grown rapidly in recent years, and accounts for about 7% of the total foreign exchange market volume, according to The Wall Street Journal Europe (5/5/06, p. 20).
Average daily global turnover in traditional foreign exchange market transactions totaled $2.7 trillion in April 2006 according to IFSL estimates based on semi-annual London, New York, Tokyo and Singapore Foreign Exchange Committee data. Overall turnover, including non-traditional foreign exchange derivatives and products traded on exchanges, averaged around $2.9 trillion a day. This was more than ten times the size of the combined daily turnover on all the world’s equity markets. Foreign exchange trading increased by 38% between April 2005 and April 2006 and has more than doubled since 2001. This is largely due to the growing importance of foreign exchange as an asset class and an increase in fund management assets, particularly of hedge funds and pension funds. The diverse selection of execution venues such as internet trading platforms has also made it easier for retail traders to trade in the foreign exchange market. [4]
Because foreign exchange is an OTC market where brokers/dealers negotiate directly with one another, there is no central exchange or clearing house. The biggest geographic trading centre is the UK, primarily London, which according to IFSL estimates has increased its share of global turnover in traditional transactions from 31.3% in April 2004 to 32.4% in April 2006. RPP
The ten most active traders account for almost 73% of trading volume, according to The Wall Street Journal Europe, (2/9/06 p. 20). These large international banks continually provide the market with both bid (buy) and ask (sell) prices. The bid/ask spread is the difference between the price at which a bank or market maker will sell ("ask", or "offer") and the price at which a market-maker will buy ("bid") from a wholesale customer. This spread is minimal for actively traded pairs of currencies, usually 0–3 pips. For example, the bid/ask quote of EUR/USD might be 1.2200/1.2203. Minimum trading size for most deals is usually $100,000.
These spreads might not apply to retail customers at banks, which will routinely mark up the difference to say 1.2100 / 1.2300 for transfers, or say 1.2000 / 1.2400 for banknotes or travelers' checks. Spot prices at market makers vary, but on EUR/USD are usually no more than 3 pips wide (i.e. 0.0003). Competition has greatly increased with pip spreads shrinking on the major pairs to as little as 1 to 2 pips.

Making Good Money With Automatic Forex Trading Software

2007-10-22T20:51:00.000+05:30

By: Gerald MasonMoney is used everyday. You use it to buy all the things necessary to make it possible to live your everyday life. You use money to purchase food, purchase gas for your car, pay for your utility bills and you use money to get your children the best education you can possibly give them.It is a fact that money is one of the most important things in life. This is why there are trading systems available that trade world currency.Forex is the most liquid and largest financial market in the world. This market literally operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week in the whole world with trillions of dollars being exchanged everyday.If you are a trader, you would really want to consider trading in Forex. Besides, who wouldnt want to trade in the largest financial market in the world? It is a fact that Forex can create the possibility for you to earn high amounts of income.There is even Forex trading softwares available to help you with your Forex trades. This type of software can really help you make money in Forex by automatically buying and selling currencies for you.If you are a speculator, Forex automatic trading software is the best software for you. You can choose which kind of software you want. In fact, when you sign up in an online Forex trading website, some of these websites can offer you free automatic trading software as a part of their promo by opening a Forex account with them.However, this free software that websites offer you can just be a demo package with limited features. The website will usually require you to make an extra payment for the use of the full version of the software.There are also different Forex trading softwares available in the internet for use or for download. You might want to try out the demo version first before you buy the full version. By doing this, you can try out different Forex trading software for free and determine which software you are most comfortable using. You should consider that as a Forex trader, getting an automatic Forex trading system is essential in todays world of Forex trading.There are mainly two types of automatic trading software available. One is the web based programs and the other is the desktop based programs. It is up to you to choose which program you want and is also up to you to determine which program is much easier to use in assisting you with your Forex trades.Whether you choose an online-based or desktop-based Forex trading software, you have to know that the most important factor in using this software is the internet speed. It is recommended that you should have a high speed internet connection as a simple delay in information can cause losses.In desktop-based software, the trading data is stored in your hard drive. However, you will be responsible for the security issues like hacking, viruses, and crashing hard drives. Therefore, it is essential to devote a single personal computer for trading Forex or using computers that are especially made for trading Forex, which can be expensive.In web-based software, security issues are a problem the provider should take care of. Since there is no required software for you to download, it is much more convenient to trade. And, web-based Forex trading software is also much more convenient for Forex traders who travel a lot. This is because you can access your Forex account anytime and anywhere you are in the world as long as there is an active internet connection.However, in web-based software, you have to pay a minimum monthly or annual fee for maintenance unlike in desktop-based software, you usually only have to pay a one time fee for download.Both types of software has its own advantages and disadvantages, it is up to you to determine which kind of Forex trading software can benefit you most. Try to consider your lifestyle when it comes to choosing which software you need. For example, if you travel a lot and you need to access your Forex account frequently, then the web-based software is the right software for you.These are the things you should consider when choosing Forex trading software. As much as possible, you should choose automatic Forex trading software to really get the benefits you want. Also, choose software that will include real time data streaming to keep you up to date with the different changes in the Forex market

Where do you stand???

2007-09-01T18:05:00.000+05:30

How Girlz rate Guyz?

Girls' relationship with guys is a bigger mystery than girls themselves.

It's not just about boyfriends, we're talking about guy friends that gals have.

Do you have a gal who is just a friend? Are confused why the frequency of calls increases as exams loom closer? Or why she always hangs around with the moron who isn't fit to wear Jeetendra's white shoes? Here's a ready reckoner for you:

********

% just a friend %

Well, you are like a show piece in my house. I will call you whenever I need you. If you call me home the chances are 9 out of 10 times she might say, "Oh Rahul, I am going out can you call me after 2 days??

"Rahul: "Where are you going Shilpa??

"Shilpa: "None of your business" and bangs the phone.(Useless fellow.Hmmph!).

********

% Good Friend %

You are like a TV remote control. I need you and I know that. But I try using you when I really need you.

Rahul calls: "Hi Shilpa",

Shilpa: "Hi Rahul. I am going out with family I will call you back. Bye"

(Shilpa calls back after two days)

Shilpa: "What do you want Rahul? Why did you call that day?".

Rahul: "Generally".

Shilpa: "Oh ok. I got to go out. Will call you later. Bye."

Will call when she needs lecture notes or some concert tickets.

********

% Very good friend %

Well you are like the pressure cooker safety value for the girl.

She will need you when she wants to bring out her pain or anger on someone.

Basically, she wants to talk to you. And you are special to her.

Shilpa: "You know Rahul, Shekhar is not eating. He doesn't sleep and is not able to concentrate on his studies. I think he doesn't like me anymore. And yesterday I saw him with another girl".

Rahul: "Who is Shekhar??"

Shilpa : "My boyfriend."

Rahul: Oh! Ok. :-(

********

% Best Friend %

You are like the auto rickshaw driver.

She can't live without you.And don't be mistaken. You are not her boyfriend. But you are allowed to take her little doggie around the park so that he (not you!) can have fun.

Rahul Shopping. Rahul Movie. Rahul Coffee. Rahul,you pay. I am having fun.

Rahul is now sure that he should go ahead and propose. He dares.

Shilpa: "But I thought we were just friends. We should remain friendsRahul. Plus, I have a boy friend you know that."

Rahul: What?? (Rahul drinks all night).

********

% Best of the Bestest Friends %

Ok now you are really special.

You are dad-cum-boyfriend-cum-brother-cum-everything.

Ultimately you are the darling servant of the girl.

You take her around.You make her project.

You do her assignments.

You are allowed to take her doggie around.

You can hold hands on the beach.

You can see the sun set with her (because she wants to do everything she drags you along).

But but but... Don't be mistaken. She has a boyfriend who works for a huge software company and earns 3 times the salary you earn and has a flat in PoesGardenor Boat Club or Hiranandani area.

Shilpa: "Hi Rahul. I am getting engaged to Shekhar. Shekhar this is Rahul, he is my bestest friend".

Rahul: Hi Shekhar . (Hand shake. Shekhar breaks Rahul's wrist).

Rahul is now heart broken and wrist broken.

********

% Boyfriend %

Uh... No comments dude. You're already Gone!

********

Now ~ where you stand?

********

10 things women love to hear

2007-09-01T17:50:00.000+05:30

If there's one thing any man needs to learn about women, it's what to say to make them happy. To quote Homer Simpson, "When it comes to compliments, women are ravenous blood-sucking monsters, always wanting more... more... more! And if you give it to them, you'll get plenty back in return."

Whether you're in a committed relationship or are playing the field, remember this rule: You can keep a woman ready to please you simply by letting her know how much she already does.

That said, here are the top 10 things women love to hear and why saying them will work wonders for you.

Number 10

"How was your day?"When you ask her how her day went, her interpretation is that you are thoughtful and eager to know about her 9-to-5 routine. Be warned though: This question gives her license to talk at length about all the little dramas that occurred throughout her day. So be ready to set aside some time to listen to her stories.

Why it makes you look good: To her, it's the thought that counts. Asking about her day shows that you're receptive, interested and open to listening to her. You're giving her an outlet to vent and acting as her confidante. Sure, you might have to listen longer than you want to, but once she's done talking shop, she'll be talking about you.

Number 9

"I can't believe how sexy you look!"Straight up, this tells her that you find her attractive, and to a lesser extent, that you want some. But, if you're in a relationship, she'll hear more than that -- namely, that you're still lustfully appreciating her fine ass. No woman could fail to be flattered by that compliment.

Why it makes you look good: This line is particularly effective in long-term relationships, as you're assuring your woman that she's still hot. In return, this makes her want to share her hotness with you. Any questions? Didn't think so.

Number 8

"How do you feel about [anything]?"Asking this question tells your lady that you're genuinely concerned about her feelings. And, as both Oprah and Dr. Phil have proven beyond a shadow of a doubt, women love to express their feelings on every topic imaginable. Know, however, that you're setting yourself up for a lengthy and deep conversation about whatever the topic may be. So don't ask this if you're planning to watch a game that night.

Why it makes you look good: It's all about showing the compassionate side. Once she understands that you're devoting attention to her it will make all her feelings about you that much more intense. So, if you were just kind of attractive before, you'll become a stud in her eyes. If you were a friend before, now she'll want more. Get the picture?

Number 7

"You're prettier than your girlfriends."Putting her on a pedestal among her peers gives her an ego boost that she can secretly lord over her gal pals. It's high praise in the world of women, and will score you some big flattery points.

Why it makes you look good: Aside from making her feel aesthetically superior to other women, this little remark will make her cognizant of how much you value her. She'll also feel less threatened by her friends when they are around you. She'll feel good about herself and consequently will want to reward your good taste. There is a potential flip side, however: the jealous partner may take this only as evidence that you're checking out her friends.

Number 6

"You're really smart."By acknowledging her intelligence, you're communicating that you recognize her brains, as well as her figure. This makes a woman feel appreciated for all her assets, not just the parts that fit in a thong or a bra. It's a mark of respect from her man.

Why it makes you look good: First off, she'll appreciate that you are capable of thinking above the waistline. Women love a cordial man, and there's no better way for you to show off your gentlemanly qualities than to praise and distinguish her smarts.

Number 5

"You're great in bed."Simply put, this line makes her feel like a goddess. Hearing it suggests that her sexuality has been elevated in your eyes and makes her feel like she really knows how to satisfy her man. It could also help to knock away any inhibitions she might have in the bedroom.

Why it makes you look good: Praising her performance indicates that for you, sex isn't just about getting your rocks off. You appreciate every aspect of the experience itself, particularly the extra efforts she puts towards it.

Number 4

"I want to spend my life with you."This is a heavy line; it's not many degrees away from proposing to her. So be prepared for the consequences if you utter it. But also keep in mind that risk often carries reward -- once you tell her this she'll be doing mental backflips of joy. Other phrases that work in a similar vein but are less committal are, "Only you can make me so happy," and, "I wouldn't want to be with anyone else."

Why it makes you look good: All women love to hear a formal expression of enduring commitment from their man. Brother, to her, you'll practically receive a permanent halo after this.

Number 3

"You're my best friend."You're telling her how you feel above and beyond a sexual context. It means you've placed value upon your friendship and want to do things with her that other men may not have had an interest in. She'll feel overpoweringly connected to you after you say this.

Why it makes you look good: These words change you from being just the guy she's doing to the guy she is doing things with, too. It rockets you to the top of the suitor list because you've openly declared the F-word: friendship.

Number 2

"You'll make a great mother."Most women look forward to having babies one day. Most also agonize over whether they will do a good job of it. By saying this you affirm to her that she'll be a success. Furthermore, you satisfy her internal need to be pacified on the subject. Coming from her man, these words will make her the happiest she can be.

Why it makes you look good: Indirectly, you just confirmed to your woman that you're thinking about making babies with her. Obviously, this is great music to her ears. From this point onwards, she'll be ever more receptive to your advances.

Number 1

"You make my life complete."This tells her that she's the only one for you. All women want to hear this line from their men. It says that you've accepted her completely and that she has become an essential, indispensable ingredient in your life. That's an unbelievably gratifying thought to your woman -- she'll be smiling for days.

Why it makes you look good: This basically says that you need her in your life, and that you couldn't live without her. Women fall head over heels for this kind of stuff.

honorable mention

"I love you."The "three little words" that all the chick flicks place so much importance on can have a serious impact. If you're in a long-term relationship, it's good to say this every now and then.

Why it makes you look good: Saying this to a long-time partner will help rekindle those sparks that needs fanning every now and again. And for those of you who haven't yet said it to your lady, don't hesitate once you're ready to. You won't regret it when you see (and feel) her reaction.

Mobile apps

2007-07-29T15:53:00.000+05:30

http://www.mauj.com/

http://mobile.indiagames.com/

http://www.myphonegames.co.uk/

http://www.mobileplayground.co.uk/

http://www.gamemobile.co.uk/

http://mobilegames.blogs.com/

http://www.eamobile.com/Web/Catalog/

http://www.gameloft.com/

http://www.zgroup-mobile.com/download.html

http://www.zgroupmobile.com/demos/Nokia_6600/index.html

http://www.midlet.org/index.jsp

http://www.cellular.co.za/downloads.htm

http://uk.zed.com/uk/aspx/home.aspx

http://www.freemobilephonegames.co.uk/

http://www.mobango.com/

http://mobilegames.com.au/

sites may be useful

2007-07-29T15:29:00.000+05:30

http://mozillafastener.blogspot.com

http://tipsonhealth.blogspot.com

http://bestonlineuniversity.blogspot.com

http://moneymakingebooks.blogspot.com

http://all-the-hottest-carsinfo.blogspot.com

http://prepaid-phones-benefits.blogspot.com

http://mobiles-revolution.blogspot.com

http://music-instruments-info.blogspot.com

http://your-fashion-info.blogspot.com

http://gaming-information.blogspot.com

http://public-speaking-skills.blogspot.com

http://biking-information.blogspot.com

http://360degree-tips.blogspot.com

http://all-the-hottest-info.blogspot.com

intresting facts

2007-07-02T20:06:00.000+05:30

(1) The citrus soda 7-UP was created in 1929; "7" was selected because the original containers were 7 ounces. "UP" indicated the direction of the bubbles.

(2) Mosquito repellents don't repel. They hide you. The spray blocks the mosquito's sensors so they don't know you're there.

(3) Dentists have recommended that a toothbrush be kept at least 6 feet away from a toilet to avoid airborne particles from the flush.

(4) The liquid inside young coconuts can be used as substitute for blood plasma.

(5) American car horns beep in the tone of F.

(6) No piece of paper can be folded into half more than 7 times.

(7) Donkeys kill more people annually than plane crashes.

(8) 1 in every 4 Americans has appeared on television.

(9) You burn more calories sleeping than you do watching television.

(10) Oak trees do not produce acorns until they are fifty years of age or older.

(11) The first product to have a bar code was Wrigley's gum.

(12) The king of hearts is the only king without a mustache.

(13) A Boeing 747s wingspan is longer than the Wright brothers' first flight.

(14) American Airlines saved $40,000 in 1987 by eliminating one olive from each salad served in first-class.

(15) Venus is the only planet that rotates clockwise.

(16) The first CD pressed in the US was Bruce Springsteen's "Born in the USA."

(17) Apples, not caffeine, are more efficient at waking you up in the morning.

(18) The 57 on the Heinz ketchup bottle represents the number of varieties of pickles the company once had.

(19) The plastic things on the end of shoelaces are called aglets.

(20) Most dust particles in your house are made from dead skin.

(21) The first owner of the Marlboro company died of lung cancer.

(22) Barbie's full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts.

(23) Michael Jordan makes more money from Nike annually than all of the Nike factory workers in Malaysia combined.

(24) Adolf Hitler's mother seriously considered having an abortion but was talked out of it by her doctor.

(25) Marilyn Monroe had six toes.

(26) All US Presidents have worn glasses. Some just didn't like being seen wearing them in public.

(27) The sound of E.T. walking was made by someone squishing her hands in jelly.

(28) Debra Winger was the voice of E.T.

(29) Pearls melt in vinegar.

(30) Thomas Jefferson is credited with inventing the coat hanger.

(31) Thirty-five percent of the people who use personal ads for dating are already married.

(32) The 3 most valuable brand names on earth: Marlboro, Coca-Cola, and Budweiser, in that order.

(33) It's possible to lead a cow upstairs...but not downstairs.

(34) Humans are the only primates that don't have pigment in the palms of their hands.

(35) Ten percent of the Russian government's income comes from the sale of vodka.

(36) The sentence "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog," uses every letter in the alphabet. (Developed by Western Union to Test telex/two communications)

(37) Average life span of a major league baseball: 7 pitches.

(38) A duck's quack doesn't echo, and no one knows why.

(39) The airplane Buddy Holly died in was the "American Pie."(Thus the name of the Don McLean song.)

(40) Each king in a deck of playing cards represents a great king from history. * Spades - King David; * Clubs - Alexander the Great; *Hearts -Charlemagne; * Diamonds - Julius Caesar.

(41) Clans of long ago that wanted to get rid of their unwanted people without killing them used to burn their houses down-hence the __expression "to get fired."

(42) Hershey's Kisses are called that because the machine that makes them looks like it's kissing the conveyor belt.

(43) Only one person in two billion will live to be 116 or older.

(44) Snails can sleep for 3 years without eating.

(45) Actor Tommy Lee Jones and US vice-president Al Gore were freshman roommates at Harvard.

(46) The fingerprints of koala bears are virtually indistinguishable from those of humans, so much so that they could be confused at a crime scene.

(47) Months that begin on a Sunday will always have a "Friday the 13th."

(48) The Eisenhower interstate system requires that one mile in every five must be straight. These straight sections are usable as airstrips in times of war or other emergencies.

(49) There are 293 ways to make change for a dollar.

(50) All of the clocks in the movie "Pulp Fiction" are stuck on 4:20

Education free SW

2007-07-01T11:47:00.000+05:30

SpeQ Mathematics - mathematics program
Dia - diagram creation program
Google Earth - explore the world
NASA World Wind - 3D virtual globe
Celestia - explore the space
Stellarium - planetarium

CD / DVD free SW

2007-07-01T11:46:00.000+05:30

DeepBurner - CD/DVD burner
CDBurner XP Pro - CD/DVD burner
BurnAtOnce - CD/DVD burner
Express Burn - CD/DVD burner
Zilla CD-DVD Rip?n?Burn - CD/DVD burner
ImgBurn - ISO, BIN burner
Daemon tools - virtual CD/DVD
DVD Decrypter - DVD ripper
DVD Shrink - DVD ripper
Nero CD-DVD Speed - CD/DVD info and quality test

Image editors free SW

2007-07-01T11:45:00.000+05:30

Gimp - image editor
PhotoFiltre - image editor
Paint.net - image editor
ArtRage - image editor
Artweaver - image editor
IrfanView - image viewer
Picasa - image viewer
XnView - image viewer
FastStone Image Viewer - image viewer
FuturixImager - image viewer
Easy Thumbnails - create thumbnails from images
JoJoThumb - create thumbnails from images
iWebAlbum - create web photo albums
JAlbum - create web photo albums
3D Box Shot Maker - design quality box shot
FastStone Capture - screen capture
WinSnap - screen capture

Video free SW

2007-07-01T11:44:00.000+05:30

Windows Media Player - audio/video player
VLC - video player
Media Player Classic - video player
MV2Player - video player
CrystalPlayer 1.95 - video player
Zoom Player - video player
GOM Player - video player
viPlay - video player
DSPlayer - video player
VirtualDub - video editor
CamStudio - video screen recording
AviSplit - Avi splitter
Video mp3 Extractor - rip audio from video files
Free iPod Converter - convert all popular video formats to iPod video
MediaPortal - turning your PCinto a Media Center
The FilmMachine

Audio free SW

2007-07-01T11:42:00.000+05:30

Foobar2000 - audio player
WinAmp - audio player
1by1 - audio player
JetAudio - audio player
XMPlay - audio player
Xion - audio player
Apollo - audio player
MediaMonkey - music organizer
The GodFather - music organizer
dBpowerAMP - audio converter
Audacity - audio converter
WavePad - audio converter
Kristal Audio Engine - audio editor
Exact Audio Copy - CD ripper
Audiograbber - CD ripper
CDex - CD ripper
Mp3 Tag Tools - tag editor
Mp3tag - tag editor
Taggin? MP3 - tag editor
Monkey?s Audio - APE compressor/decompressor
mpTrim - mp3 editor
WavTrim - wave editor
EncSpot Basic - analyse mp3 files

Internet free SW

2007-07-01T11:37:00.000+05:30

Firefox - web browser
Internet Explorer- web browser
Maxthon - web browser
Opera - web browser
Avant Browser - web browser
Thunderbird - email client
PopTray - check for emails
Free Download Manager - download manager
FlashGet - download manager
WellGet - download manager
Download Master - download manager
WGET - commandline download manager
HTTrack - offline browser
WebReaper - offline browser
Yeah Reader - RSS reader
GreatNews - RSS reader
RSSOwl - RSS reader Chat
Miranda - chat client
MSN Messenger - chat client
Yahoo Messenger - chat client
QIP - chat client
Gaim - chat client
JAJC - chat client
HydraIRC - IRC client
Talkative IRC - IRC client
IceChat - IRC client
Skype - VOIP client
Google Talk - VOIP client
VoipStunt - VOIP client
Gizmo - VOIP client
Wengo - VOIP client

Archive managers free SW

2007-07-01T11:36:00.001+05:30

7-Zip - compression program
IZArc - compression program
TugZIP - compression program
CabPack - compression program
Universal Extractor - extract files from any type of archive

Office free SW

2007-07-01T11:23:00.000+05:30

OpenOffice - office suite
PC Suite 602 - office suite
AbiWord - text editor
Atlantis Nova - text editor
Microsoft PowerPoint Viewer - power point files viewer
Adobe Reader - pdf reader
Foxit PDF Reader - pdf reader
PDFCreator - create pdf documents
Doc Convertor - document convertor
Convert - unit convertor
Converber - unit convertor
Sunbird - calendar/organizer
EssentialPIM Free - calendar/organizer
PhraseExpress - speed up your writing
ATnotes - create notes on the desktop

Why did Newton commit suiside..(funny)

2007-06-01T15:26:00.000+05:30

Why Newton Committed Suicide.....?

Once, Newton came to India and watched a few Telugu movies that had his head spinning. He was convinced that all his logic and laws in physics were just a huge pile of junk and apologized for everything he had done. In the movie of Bala Krishna, Newton was confused to such an extent that he went paranoid. Here are a few scenes.............................

1)Bala Krishna has a Brain Tumor which, according to the doctors can't be cured and his death is imminent. In one of the fights, our great Bala Krishna is shot in the head. To everybody's surprise, the bullet passes through his ears taking away the tumor along with it and he is cured! Long Live Bala Krishna!!!

2) In another movie, Bala Krishna is confronted with 3 gangsters.Bala Krishna has a gun but unfortunately only one bullet and a knife. Guess, what he does? He throws the knife at the middle gangster? & shoots the bullet towards the knife. The knife cuts the bullet into 2 pieces, which kills both the gangsters on each side of the middle gangster & the knife kills the middle one.

3) Bala Krishna is chased by a gangster. Bala Krishna has a revolver but no bullets in it. Guess, what he does. Nah? not even in your remotest imaginations.He waits for the gangster to shoot. As soon as the gangster shoots,Bala Krishna opens the bullet compartment of his revolver and catches the bullet. Then, he closes the bullet compartment and fires his gun. Bang... the gangster dies...

This was too much for our Newton to take! He was completely shaken and decided to go back. But he happened to see another movie for one last time, and thought that at least one movie would follow his theory of physics.The whole movie goes fine and Newton is happy that all in the world hasn't changed. Oops, not so fast!

The 'climax' finally arrives. Bala Krishna gets to know that the villain is on the other side of a very high wall. So high that Bala Krishna can't jump even if he tries like one of those superman techniques that our heroes normally use. Bala Krishna has to desperately kill the villain because it's the climax.(Newton Bhai is smiling since it is virtually impossible?)

Bala Krishna suddenly pulls two guns from his pockets. He throws one gun in the air and when the gun has reached above the height of the wall, he uses the second gun and shoots at the trigger of the first gun in air. The first gun fires off and the villain is dead.

Newton commits suicide...........

Interesting Facts...

2007-05-31T16:32:00.000+05:30

Read below u'll come to know about certain unknown facts......

1. The longest one-syllable word in the English language is "screeched."

2. "Dreamt" is the only English word that ends in the letters "mt"

3. Almonds are members of the peach family.

4. The symbol on the "pound" key (#) is called an octothorpe.

5. The dot over the letter 'i' is called a tittle.

6. Ingrown toenails are hereditary.

7. The word "set" has more definitions than any other word in the English language.

8. "Underground" is the only word in the English language that begins and ends with the letters "und."

9. There are only four words in the English language which end in "-dous": tremendous,
horrendous, stupendous, and hazardous.

10. The longest word in the English language, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is "pneumonoultramicros copicsilicovolca noconiosis."

11. The only other word with the same amount of letters is its plural: pneumonoultramicros copicsilicovolca noconiosesl.

12. The longest place-name still in use is "Taumatawhakatangiha ngakoauauotamate aturipukakapikim aungahoronukupok aiwe-nuakit natahu", a New Zealand hill.

13. Los Angeles's full name is "El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Reinade los Angeles de Porciuncula" and can be abbreviated to 3.63% of its size,L.A.

14. An ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain.

15. Tigers have striped skin, not just striped fur.

16. Alfred Hitchcock didn't have a belly button. It was eliminated when he was sewn up after surgery.

17. Telly Savalas and Louis Armstrong died on their birthdays.

18. Donald Duck's middle name is Fauntleroy.

19. The muzzle of a lion is like a fingerprint - no two lions have the same pattern of whiskers.

20. A pregnant goldfish is called a twit.

21. There is a seven-letter word in the English language that contains ten words without rearranging any of its letters, "therein": the,there, he, in, rein, her, here, ere, therein, herein.

22. Dueling is legal in Paraguay as long as both parties are registered blood donors.

23. A goldfish has a memory span of three seconds.

24. It's impossible to sneeze with your eyes open.

25. Cranberries are sorted for ripeness by bouncing them; a fully ripened cranberry can be
dribbled like a basketball.

26. The letters KGB stand for Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti

27. 'Stewardesses' is the longest English word that is typed with only the left hand.

28. The combination "ough" can be pronounced in nine different ways; the following sentence
contains them all: "A rough-coated, dough-faced, thoughtful ploughman strode through the streets of Scarborough; after falling into a slough, he coughed and hiccoughed."

29. The only 15 letter word that can be spelled without repeating a letter is uncopyrightable.

30. Facetious and abstemious contain all the vowels in the correct order, as does arsenious, meaning "containing arsenic."

31. Emus and kangaroos cannot walk backwards, and are on the Australian seal for that reason.

32. Cats have over one hundred vocal sounds, while dogs only have about ten.

33. The word "Checkmate" in chess comes from the Persian phrase "Shah Mat," which means "the king is dead."

34. The reason firehouses have circular stairways is from the days of yore when the engines
were pulled by horses. The horses were stabled on the ground floor and figured out how to walk
up straight staircases.

35.Coca-Cola was originally green.

36.The most common name in the world is Mohammed.

37.The name of all the continents end with the same letter that they startwith.

38.The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue.

39.There are two credit cards for every person in the United States.

40.TYPEWRITER is the longest word that can be made using the letters only one row ! of the keyboard.

41.Women blink nearly twice as much as men!!

42.You can't kill yourself by holding your breath.

43.It is impossible to lick your elbow.

44.People say "Bless you" when you sneeze because when you sneeze, your heartstops for a millisecond.

45.It is physically impossible for pigs to look up into the sky.

46.The "sixth sick sheik's sixth sheep's sick" is said to be the toughest tongue twister in the English language.

47.If you sneeze too hard, you can fracture a rib.

48.If you try to suppress asneeze, you can rupturea blood vessel in your head or neck and die.

49.Each king in a deck of playing cards represents great king from history.

50. Spades - King David
Clubs - Alexander the Great
Hearts - Charlemagne
Diamonds - Julius Caesar.

51. 111,111,111 x 111,111,111 = 12,345,678,987,654,321

52.If a statue of a person in the park on a horse has both front legs in theair, the person died in battle.If the horse has one front leg in the air, the person died as a result ofwounds received in b attle. If the horse has all four legs on the ground,the person died of natural causes.

54.What do bullet proof vests, fire escapes, windshield wipers and laserprinters all have in common?
Ans. - All invented by women.

55.Question - This is the only food that doesn't spoil. What is this?
Ans. - HoneyA crocodile cannot stick its tongue out.

56.A snail can sleep for three years.

57.All polar bears are left handed.Butterflies taste with their feet.

58.Elephants are the only animals that can't jump.

59.In the last 4000 years, no new animals have been domesticated.

60.On average, people fear spiders more than they do death.

61.Shakespeare invented the word 'assassination' and 'bump'.

62.Stewardesses is the longest word typed with only the left hand.

63.The ant always falls over on its right side when intoxicated.

64.The electric chair was invented by a dentist.

65.The human heart creates enough pressure when it pumps out to the body tosquirt blood 30 feet.

66.Rats multiply so quickly that in 18 months, two rats could have overmillion descendants.

67.Wearing headphones for just an hour will increase the bacteria in your earby 700 times.

68.The cigarette lighter was invented before the match.

69.Most lipstick contains fish scales.

70.Like fingerprints, everyone's tongue print is different.

Five Star Services (really funny)

2007-05-31T16:24:00.000+05:30

Reason why many people never visit a 5 Star Hotel !!!

Question : "What would you like to have ..Fruit juice, Soda, Tea, Chocolate, Milo, or Coffee?"

Answer: "tea please"

Question : " Ceylontea, Herbal, Bush tea, Honey bush tea, Ice tea orgreen tea ?"

Answer : "Ceylontea "

Question : "How would you like it ? black or white ?"

Answer: "white"

Question: "Milk, Whitener, or Condensed milk ?"

Answer: "With milk

Question: "Goat milk, Camel milk or cow milk"

Answer: "With cow milk please.

Question: " Milk from Freeze land cow or Afrikaner cow?"

Answer: " Um, I'll take it black. "

Question: " Would you like it with sweetener, sugar or honey?"

Answer: "With sugar

Question: " Beet sugar or cane sugar ?"

Answer: "Cane sugar "

Question:" White , brown or yellow sugar ?"

Answer: "Forget about tea just give me a glass of water instead."

Question: "Mineral water or still water ? "

Answer: "Mineral water"

Question: "Flavored or non-flavored ?"

Answer: "I'll rather die of thirst. Thank You."

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