So it’s gone all around the world, already disrupting the lives of a few billion people. The 2019 Wuhan Coronavirus has affected our lives everywhere and so I thought it’d be good to present some key vocabulary for you to be able to follow the media discussion.

First up, what to call this virus?

In Australia we’re hearing the term COVID-19 a lot more in our news media.

COVID-19 is the official name for the disease which came out of Wuhan, China towards the end of 2019.

COVID-19 is an acronym – COronaVIrus Disease-2019.

Coronavirus (n.)

A type of virus that infects humans, which leads to respiratory problems, and other symptoms such as coughing and fever. 

The name comes from the Latin corona.

Cool fact: coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s in chickens.

You can read more here – wiki.

Other names you’ll see include:

Wuhan Coronavirus

China Coronavirus – variations on this name were reported in the global media during January 2020.

Chinese Virus*

* This last term particularly is used by some people to keep media attention on China, and as a result, it is political in nature. It came about when the Chinese Communist Party accused the American military of spreading the virus. As a result, the American President Donald Trump called it ‘the Chinese Virus.’ In Australia this term is not used.

Contagious (adjective)

If something is contagious, it can be passed on from one person to another.

Eg The corona virus is highly contagious, so we must take care.

Contagious can also be used in a positive way to describe something good about someone:

Eg Her enthusiasm is contagious

Epidemic (noun)

This is when an illness has a large number of cases at the same time.

First wave, second wave

Even if we have kept the virus under control in Australia, experts are afraid that a second wave will happen over winter, where numbers increase again.

Herd immunity (n.)

This is the idea that people are free to move about, and as a large percentage of the population develop the virus, they will also develop immunity to it.

Infectious (adj.)

If something is infectious, it can be passed from one person to another.

Like the word contagious, it can also have a positive spin:

She has an infectious smile

Though note that you can have an infection but that doesn’t mean it’s contagious

For example, you might have an ear infection, but it is probably not contagious.

Lockdown (n.)

At the moment we are in lockdown – shops are closed, as are fitness centres, schools, pretty much most non-essential businesses. Lockdown therefore refers to all the restrictions we have in place in order to stop the movement of people and the virus.

The next step will be coming out of lockdown and easing restrictions.

Mutate (v.), mutation (n.)

A virus can mutate, which means that it changes in some way and develops a new form because of a change in its genetic structure.

Novel (adj.)

The word novel means “new”, and a newly identified coronavirus strain is often called a novel coronavirus.

Eg There are now more than 3,000 cases of the novel coronavirus in the US, according to government agencies.

Outbreak (noun)

An outbreak is when something starts to happen. Often it refers to something negative such as a disease or violence.

Pandemic (n)

This is when a disease affects people all over a very large area or indeed the world, as we are experiencing now with COVID-19.

Respiratory (adj.)

This refers to your lungs or how you breathe.
Eg I’m having respiratory problems

Quarantine (n, v), Self-isolate (v), self-isolation

To be in quarantine means that you keep yourself away from others, such as by staying at home.

Self-isolation is required when you might have been in contact with someone who has COVID-19. The Australian Government has required that travellers coming back to Australia self-isolate for two weeks, as it can be up to two weeks for symptoms of the virus to appear – yikes!

From what I’ve read, self-isolation implies that you are a little more at risk, though essentially they both have the same idea that you’re by yourself at home or at a hotel.

Social distancing (n.), social distance (v.) 

“Come to our store, where we practise social distancing to keep you safe.” Wow, when I hear this on the radio it feels like we’re living in a science fiction film!

In Australia and I believe most parts of the world, we’re told or encouraged to social distance, which means that we should be 1.5 metres apart from other people who we do not live with.

Strain (n.)

You see this word a bit in the media too, referring to a new variant or subtype of a virus.

Symptom (n.)

A symptom is like a signal or a sign that something deeper is going wrong. For example, if you have fever and a dry cough, these could be symptoms of Covid-19 or the flu, for example.

The word is used by doctors but also to talk about any kind of big problem:

Eg The loss of jobs are symptoms of deeper problems in the economy.

The difficult part of this pandemic is that some people are spreading the virus but had no symptoms!

Virus (n.)

It’s a microorganism which is generally smaller than bacteria and which needs a host (such as us humans) in order to survive and grow. A virus invades living cells and tries to replicate.

SOURCES & FURTHER READING

I was inspired by ABC News Au, which featured many of these words.

The Australian Government has updates here on the virus.

New! You can download this article to your phone or tablet by clicking here or the image on the right.

You know how a snowball gets bigger and bigger as it rolls down a mountain? Or how a train you catch goes faster and faster as it pulls out of the station? That’s the momentum we want for your English in 2019! 

Of course many students and teachers focus on what happens during their course at school, but today I’d like you to consider something even bigger and broader. 

First up, let’s consider a typical ‘student’ way of thinking. You go to class, and then when you come home you think: “I should study something..I should do that homework my teacher gave me.” 

So you might start your homework, but then after checking social media and watching random videos on Youtube, you lose the desire to focus more on your English. 

You might also feel a bit disappointed in yourself or frustrated. 

On top of this, you’re actually looking at the small decisions (what to do tonight, should it be grammar or writing, and so on) and this can in itself be stressful. 

Each day you might have these feelings that you should study English, and each day you might have too many ‘English decisions’ to make.  Or postpone. Or ignore. 

Isn’t there a better way? 

I recommend you build a lifestyle that creates so much momentum for you that just 2-3 big decisions can provide you with the foundations for an amazing English life!

1.  Speak English At Home 

I understand that when you come to Australia you want to find a place to sleep quickly and easily. So, for example, many Colombian students will join a group for their country on Facebook, and that’s how they find accommodation and possibly even work. 

It’s all very quick. After just one week in Melbourne you already have a home, a way to make some money, and you’ve made some new friends to hang out with. You have an instant social circle!

The problem of course is that you’re now speaking Spanish at home. It happens a lot. So many students link up with people who speak their native language, and English becomes less of a priority. 

Now, that’s your decision, but one of the best ways of improving your English is to speak it at home! 

Can you find a place to live with Australians?

Can you find an international house? 

If not, what’s stopping you?

Maybe you want the comfort of living with your fellow Colombians (or Brazilians, Koreans or Japanese friends).  

Maybe it’s more important to have fun in Australia than learn English. I’d argue though that you can do both – if you speak English at home you can gain comfort from this and also have your fun lifestyle! 

If you’re reading this in another country, then the same principle applies. I lived in Europe for many years and my flat in Prague was an ‘English apartment’ with flatmates coming from all over the world! 

You can also create an English home by: 

• Organising language exchanges on sites such as Italki. Speak with the world from your bedroom! 
• Reading books and articles in English 
• Playing English language music 
• Watching TV shows in English on Netflix
• Agreeing with your flatmates to have ‘English Happy Hours’ or ‘English Only Nights’ 
• Inviting your international friends over more often 

As you’re reading this, it might all seem logical to you, but you’d be surprised by how many international students stay in their ‘bubble’. For example, just last week I met a student who had been here for three years and she was still at Pre-Intermediate (A2) level.

On the positive side, I’ve also had students who speak English at home and they are now ready to study at university or college or get a professional job!  

It really is possible – you just have to keep going to get what you want! 

2. Speak English At Work

I get that it can be tough moving to an expensive country such as Australia. You want to find work quickly so that you can afford your rent and pay for your English classes and travels. 

Yet many of my students have worked either as cleaners or in hospitality, and therefore they end up speaking very little English.

For example, I’ve known many Taiwanese students who work at at Chinese restaurant (washing dishes, waitering) and they end up speaking Mandarin for most of the day. 

Many Colombian and Brazilian evening students wake up at about 6am and clean all day, and speak mostly to each other while visiting different houses. 

My tip is to do your best to see what else is out there! 

If you’re in hospitality, at least see if you can find work at an Australian cafe or restaurant. Not only will you speak more English with your workmates and customers, but you’re more likely to get paid better! 

Speaking English at work really is like magic for your English! Recently I had a student from Taiwan and she had picked up all these common every day English expressions from her experience of speaking with customers. 

I know a few others who have worked in construction. They actually didn’t study much, but they spoke English with their mates at work. They spoke with Aussies while working, and later on had a beer or two socially. As they did this every day, their spoken English skyrocketed!

On top of this, students who speak at home and at work seem a lot more relaxed and comfortable. 

That’s because in addition to having English lessons, they’ve had HUNDREDS of interactions in the language. They learn so much! 

Again, if you’re reading this in another country, the same principle applies. See if you can find a company where you’ll speak English.

It’s totally possible! For example, I know many students in Prague who do this! One friendly Czech guy I know works for Apple, while another works in finance and communicates across Europe in English.

If you’re still at school or university, see if you can work for hotels or restaurants with an international clientele. 

3. Create Your Own English Space  

You can do this wherever you are in the world. Create a bigger and bigger world for your English.

If you’re in Melbourne and you often speak Spanish, perhaps you can start by creating one day just for yourself and English.

Go to your local library and find a book to read in English (it’s free!).

Go for a walk in the Botanic Gardens and write your English diary.

Go to a concert and see if you can chat to someone there. In Australia I’ve found that people sometimes just start chatting to you!

Put yourself out there.

Perhaps write your Instagram photo description in English. Maybe the photo has a story behind it..?

Commit to going to a yoga or dance class once a week. Doing something regular is a great way to feel comfortable meeting new people and who knows where that can lead!

Take The Leap!

At some point you may need to walk alone while you’re on your English journey. If your flatmates are not speaking to you in English and if you don’t speak English at work, then if English really is a priority, you’ll have to walk alone..at least for a bit.

It all comes back to you. What do you want to do in Australia? How do you want to feel?

Part of it involves putting your own culture aside..at least for a while. 

I know an Australian woman in Melbourne who speaks Portuguese really well. All the Brazilians are amazed when they hear her speak, and they say she speaks like a Brazilian. She told me:

“I wanted to speak Portuguese so while I was living in Sao Paulo I did what Brazilians do. I woke up with them, I worked with them, I went out with them. I ate their specialities and experienced the city as much as I could like a Brazilian.” 

After being back in Melbourne for over 2 years, I’d say few students follow the advice I’ve written here. Almost everyone improves because at least they have their English classes.

But how many reach their potential? 

Do you feel you’ve reached your potential? What about doing better than what you had ever thought you could achieve?!

To reach your potential have a think about whether you can make one of these 3 big decisions I’ve written about above.

I hope you do great things this year!

And please let me know how you’re going on your English journey! 

– “I decided not to take that job.”
– “Really? How come?”

– “How come you aren’t going out tonight?”

– “I won’t be able to come tomorrow, sorry.”
– “Oh no, how come?”

– “So how come he got the job and not me?”

As you might be able to guess, how come is used to ask why or how something has happened.

It can be part of a whole sentence or as a fixed “How come?” when the context or situation is clear.

We particularly use it to talk about other people or to mention a situation involving other people.

So you’ll hear how come + he/she/we/they quite often.

You’ll also hear it with ‘so’:

“So how come he’s here so often?”

“So how come you haven’t offered Tegan the job?”

Grammatically there’s one key difference compared to using ‘why‘:

– “Why did he go home?”
– “How come he went home?”

As you can see, why uses an auxiliary verb (did in the above example), whereas how come is written like a regular sentence (ie subject + verb).

Also compare:

– “Why is she tired?”
– “How come she is tired?”

Most importantly, why is it good to use ‘how come?‘? Well, it sounds a bit softer, a little less inquisitorial.

It sounds a bit more matter of fact and that’s one reason we use it more in conversation.

Isabella* was a new student in class, speaking in Italian to her friend when I walked in.

“I really need to improve, teacher,” she said as she introduced herself to me.

“I want to be advanced so I can do a course in Finance in eight months’.”

She then spoke a bit more Italian to her friend..

The question of how to make a lot of progress brings up all kinds of questions. The following ideas come from the perspective of learning English in Australia (I’m based in Melbourne), though you can apply these principles anywhere:

When Is ‘English Time’ For You?

There are basically two extremes in how students approach their time in Australia – which one are you?

First, some students see ‘English time’ as being the moment the teacher starts the lesson. Before that, they’ll speak their own language.

Second, some learners see ‘English time’ as starting from the moment they arrive in Sydney or Melbourne.

This creates two completely different student journeys, and after even a few months you can see how much more progress the second group make!

The learner in the first case still makes progress because they are attending an intensive course of about 4 hours a day.

However, they often do several of the following:

• Speak at home in their native language
• Live with flatmates from the same country
• Limit their chances to speak English by choosing a job connected to their language and culture
• They might not do much homework
• They won’t go out and meet Aussies

Among students who are in the second group, one Japanese girl, Misaki*, is a good example:

Misaki was probably at the lowest level in the class when she started an exam course with me last year. After 3 months, she’d practically over-taken everyone else!

How? For her, ‘English time’ was in class, at school during the breaks, at home, everywhere.

She did two things which I recommend:

• She did all the homework and read books, followed programmes on YouTube, and so on;
• She went to parties and spoke English to everyone, and she met up with friends for a coffee and spoke English there too.

In short, English everywhere!

One party she went to was the regular Language Exchange nights at El Coco. To be honest, not many Aussies go there, but there are students from all over the world. So you’d have Japanese girls talking to guys from Korea or Colombia in English, having fun and making friends too.

After a few months, each learner has spent a completely different amount of time being active in English. For the first main group, they’re still getting about 20 hours a week, but students like Misaki are spending many more hours on improving their English skills. Forty? Fifty?

Peer Pressure To Speak Your Language

Some schools in Australia have a strict ‘English Only’ policy, which means you cannot speak any other language at the school, with few exceptions. You must speak English at the school!

But if you’re at a school where you can speak your own language during the break or around the premises, you’ll most likely do the same.

For example, at one school I know there is an area in the lounge which is now called ‘the Brazilian table.’ During the break, almost all the Brazilians go there and speak Portuguese in the middle of the lounge.

It means they’re excluding everyone else, including the teachers, and the end result is that students are broken up into separate ‘language groups’ instead of coming together to share stories and have fun in the common language, English.

So if you’re in this situation, are you going to join them?

The chances are that if people from your country are speaking your native language at the school, then there’ll be social pressure to fit in and be ‘cool’ like them.

Are you strong or motivated enough to join the other nationalities and speak English?

Is it more important for you to make friends from your own country than it is to improve your English and make friends from the whole world?

On this note, I should add I’ve seen many Brazilians who have been great at speaking only English. It just depends on them and on the learning environment at each institution.

Choose wisely because it’ll have a big effect on your English!

Choose an ‘English Only’ School

Following on from the situation above, choosing an English Only school is the easiest way how you can maximise speaking English during your studies.

Compare two groups. The ‘Brazilian table’ meet each other every day and have fun together. Maybe they even go out to the pub and become friends – but it’s all in Portuguese.

At an English Only school you MUST speak in English the whole time while you’re at school.

As a result, here’s what happens: classmates from Japan, Korea, Chile, Brazil and Spain spend a lot of time together at school speaking English, and so it seems only natural to go out to the pub or the beach and continue the fun in English.

Speaking English becomes a natural part of your time in Australia.

It all seems very logical – the more you speak English, the better you get. But a lot of students don’t see this.

Choosing an English Only school is simply one of the best things you can do while you’re taking an ELICOS course!

Choose A Job Which Involves English

This one’s tough. You need a job to pay the rent, and Australia isn’t cheap. So for many students, the quickest way to find work is to apply at a cafe or restaurant which has cuisine from their country.

For students at lower levels (Beginner, Pre-Intermediate), this can mean working in the kitchen.

For others it might mean being a waiter or waitress.

Quite a few find work cleaning.

I know a few students getting $23 an hour in Melbourne to do the cleaning at various offices. And one student was getting $30!

So the temptation is there. The downside is that quite often the business hires people who speak the same language (eg Koreans at a Korean restaurant), so you end up speaking your language all day.

At least being a waiter gives you some interaction with Australians.

But being a cleaner means you’re singing Dua Lipa songs all morning (or night!) to yourself.

All up – do your best to find a job that enables you to speak English and mix with others.

It’s All About Momentum

So you’ve joined an English Only school. You’re doing the homework, you’re speaking English with your classmates, and now you’ve started going out together.

And you’re in a mixed-nationality apartment and work with Aussies.

Each of these steps helps you build more and more momentum!

The opposite situation – say, speaking Korean at school and then going to your job and speaking your language at work – simply means you won’t get the most out of your stay.

So please take the time to set up an ‘Automatic English’ lifestyle!

Good luck with your choices and enjoy your time here!

A post shared by David Sweetnam (@davidsweetnam) on Mar 15, 2017 at 6:38pm PDT

Today – some phrases you can use in various Speaking Exams such as IELTS or the Cambridge First or Advanced papers. It’s designed as something you can slowly go through while you’re on the bus or tram, or you can print it out and highlight phrases you’d like to practice.

[Download the mobile-friendly eBook by clicking on the image below]

10 USEFUL PHRASES TO KICK OFF:

1. I really think that…

2. What I think is that..

3. I reckon that..

4. I have to say that..

5. I feel that…

6. I believe that..

7. I’m sure that..

8. Don’t you think that..?

9. So it looks like we agree on that.

10. So what do you think?

A BIGGER LIST INCLUDES: 

I think that..
I definitely think that..
I really think that..
I really do think that…
You’d think that..
What I think is that..
I was just thinking that…
I tend to think that..
I don’t think that…
What do I think?

I reckon that…
I believe that…
I don’t believe that..
I’m sure that…
I’m not sure that..
If you asked me, I’d say…
I’d hope that…
I’d say that…
I have to say that…
I’m sure you`ll agree that…

GIVING AN OPINION `MORE STRONGLY`

I firmly/strongly believe that…
I’m convinced that…
As far as I`m concerned,…
I can guarantee you that..

SOUNDING A BIT MORE FORMAL

My opinion is that…
In my view,…
My view is that..
I take the view that…
I would hope that…
I would say that…

What are your thoughts on this?
What are your views?

EMPHASISING THAT IT’S A PERSONAL OPINION

Personally,…
As I see it,…
Just from my personal point of view,..
For me,…
I feel that…
My feeling is that…

ASKING SOMEONE FOR THEIR OPINION & VIEWS

What do you think?
So do you think that..?
D’you think that..?
What do you reckon?
How do you see it?
What’s your take on this?

TAKING SOMETHING INTO ACCOUNT

Considering….,…
Taking into consideration…
Having considered these points, …
Taking into account (X), I believe that..
Taking this/that into account..

REFERING TO OTHER SOURCES/’DISTANCING’ AN OPINION

According to…
Apparently..
(x) says that…
It’s been reported that..

If you want to print out the eBook version, there’s a link below:

Or get you can get the traditional PDF version here:

Giving Your Opinion – Speaking Exam Phrasebook

I haven’t added any teacher’s notes, but essentially these three pages could be used over 2 lessons to talk about books and reading, either as stand-alone discussion sheets or to supplement your class coursebook.

I hope you find this helpful – please let me know how it goes by leaving a comment below.

Or get it here:

English Conversation: Books & Reading [PDF] 

Today we’ve got conversation questions on the topic of films & movies.

The conversation questions are dividend up as follows:

Page 1 – At The Cinema
General discussion about going to the cinema.

Page 2 – Living The Life
Chatting about actors and actresses, and how students imagine what it’s like to be an actor.

Page 3 – The Film
Talking about the ingredients in what constitutes a ‘great film.’

Page 4, 5 – Films You Remember
Conversation about your favourite films and films from various genres.

I’ve also added a few ‘Speaking Challenges‘ as a way to promote speaking for a minute or two, encouraging producing extended stretches of dialogue that help in exam preparation and general speaking skills.

This version was used for a high pre-intermediate class, but I believe you can use them between A2 and B2 (Upper Intermediate) level.

Please let me know if you’d like to suggest any improvements by leaving a comment below. I’m sure there’ll be a newer version after I’ve taken into account your feedback.

Thanks for popping in and I hope you find at least some of these activities useful!

Or click below:

You’ve gotta see it

As for this blog on learning English, I’m now very busy and I don’t plan to post regularly on here for the winter. However, I do have some ‘English Vocabulary Guides’ I’d like to publish, so please be on the lookout for them.

Have a nice weekend and feel free to check out more pictures here.

"Going up!" #melbournelife #melbournecity #melbourne #skycrapers #spencerst #ilsc25

A photo posted by David Sweetnam (@davidsweetnam) on May 27, 2016 at 4:49am PDT

Sun's just come out. Hawks play the Swans in a few hours – go #hawthorn! #melbourne #melbournecity #yarra #evanwalkerbridge #southgate

A photo posted by David Sweetnam (@davidsweetnam) on May 19, 2016 at 11:07pm PDT

Can anyone think of a caption for this one? Must be an interesting night's sleep upstairs.. #westrichmond #richmond #richmondhill #melbourne #trainspotting #trains #tunnel #melbournelife

A photo posted by David Sweetnam (@davidsweetnam) on May 10, 2016 at 9:37am PDT

A nice walk up Melbourne's Collins Street..#collinsstreet #melbourne #greysky #skyscrapers #melbournecbd

A photo posted by David Sweetnam (@davidsweetnam) on May 3, 2016 at 7:35am PDT

The sky, the clouds, the sea..all meet. On the bike one Tuesday afternoon… #southmelbourne #southmelbournebeach #cycling #melbourne #middleparkbeach #nebe

A photo posted by David Sweetnam (@davidsweetnam) on Apr 20, 2016 at 6:19am PDT

“Don’t worry, I’ll take care of it. Everything’ll be fine. I’ll have it all done by the close of play tonight. ”

Take care of is a phrasal verb which many students seem to mix up with other verbs, and often learners make a mistake regarding which preposition to use.

It might help if you see this phrasal verb as one piece of vocabulary, and not 3 separate words.

Take care of is used to say that you’ll look after someone or something or that you’ll do what is necessary in a particular situation. It’s this idea of dealing with or handling a situation so that everything will be ok or works out fine.

It’s also said as a way to reassure someone that the situation will be resolved or looked after. That’s why you might hear someone say “don’t worry” before saying that they’ll take care of things. Or that after saying they’ll take care of something, they might say how.

Check Out These Examples

Take care of is often used with ‘ll, especially in spoken English or conversational writing (eg in emails). Here are a few examples:

“You go ahead, Sylvie. I’ll take care of this. I’ll call you later.”

“I’ll take care of this personally.”

“Look, don’t worry – I’ll take care of it myself.”

“If you pay for the drinks, I’ll take care of the rest.” [I’ll pay for the rest]

“I know you’re really stressed about this merger. Don’t worry about the paperwork, I’ll take care of everything.”

“There’s no way you’re going to work while you’re sick honey. I’ll take care of you.”

“I totally recommend the Smith Street Hotel, they’re great. Tell them I sent you and they’ll take care of you.”

Do you see how this phrasal verb can be used in a number of situations?

For example, at the hotel it might mean they’ll give you good, friendly service so that you feel a valued guest. In the case of the man or woman taking care of their partner who is sick, this means they’ll make them tea, talk to them, go to the shops, and so on.

In a few cases there might be a negative meaning, in that the situation will be resolved in a bad way. Think of a guy who works for a drug dealer and they’re worried that their friend will tell the police:

“Hey, I’ve got this. I’ll take care of him, ok. He won’t say nuffin’ after I’m through talking with him.”

• Of course it can be used with other verb forms:

“I’m taking care of the shop while Gill’s on holiday.”

“Don’t worry, we’ve already taken care of it, Marge.”

“Well I’m glad we took care of that!”

Take Care Of – Patterns With Reflexive Pronouns

Typical examples of take care of include reflexive pronouns:

“You’ve really got to take care of yourself, Gary. That looks like a nasty bump you’ve got there.”

“After Louise left me, I found it hard to take care of myself.”

“Ok mate catch you next week at the footy – take care of yourself!” [a way of saying ‘goodbye’]

“Hey everything will be alright. Just tell me you’ll take care of yourself, ok.” [a way of sympathising or showing concern towards someone]

Describing Duties At Work Or At Home

When we talk about our work or things we need to look after, we often use take care of:

“I take care of the day-to-day running of the business, while Nigel deals with the strategic part.”

“I take care of the kids when Nuria and Martin have to go to work.”

“While Britney’s been away, I’ve been taking care of her clients.”

Is there another phrasal verb you would like me to write about..? Please feel free to leave a suggestion below and until next time – take care of yourself! 

While I already have many downloads on this site, for example here, I’ve prepared this guide to Gay-LGBTQI Vocabulary using different software compared to the previous documents. It should be more reader-friendly and something you can access on the go on your iPad, iPhone or another mobile device.

My goal is to create e-guides of about 5-20 pages on all kinds of English topics, such as grammar, fluency, and vocabulary. They will be also be available on Amazon. After that, I’d like to publish my own book on learning English.

If you have a suggestion on what I could do for the next topic, please feel free to leave your ideas in the comments section below (also please let me know how the guide suits your mobile device, as it might appear differently than on mine).

This guide is an updated version of this post written last year. I hope you’ll find it interesting!

Disclaimer:

This is a presentation of gay and lesbian vocabulary – it is recommended for adults and mature audiences based in Australia. If you are located outside of Australia, please be aware that the vocabulary does concern topics that might not be suitable for download in your country.

Please download it here or by clicking the image below: