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		<title>Extremely Rare Two-Headed Snake Found in Virginia</title>
		<link>https://astrosci.news/2018/09/24/extremely-rare-two-headed-snake-found-in-virginia/</link>
		<pubDate>Mon, 24 Sep 2018 17:33:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Bill Nye]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<item>
		<title>The Great Endumbening</title>
		<link>https://astrosci.news/2018/09/19/the-great-endumbening/</link>
		<pubDate>Wed, 19 Sep 2018 20:02:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Bill Nye]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://slate.com/technology/2018/09/iq-scores-going-down-research-flynn-effect.html</guid>
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				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="media_block"><a href="http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/uploads/2018/09/19/4ac1b2f8-b8fb-42e4-9e54-6876cca8d12d_1.jpeg.CROP.rectangle-large.jpeg"><img src="https://astrosci.news/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/the-great-endumbening.jpg" class="media_thumbnail"></a></div>
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		<title>Hurricane Florence Is Coming. Here’s How to Prepare for It.</title>
		<link>https://astrosci.news/2018/09/12/hurricane-florence-is-coming-heres-how-to-prepare-for-it/</link>
		<pubDate>Wed, 12 Sep 2018 14:10:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Bill Nye]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://slate.com/technology/2018/09/https-www-huffingtonpost-com-entry-how-to-prepare-hurricane-storm-us-5b969cc6e4b0cf7b004254de.html</guid>
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		<title>The Beaver Should Be America’s National Mammal</title>
		<link>https://astrosci.news/2018/09/05/the-beaver-should-be-americas-national-mammal/</link>
		<pubDate>Wed, 05 Sep 2018 10:06:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Bill Nye]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://slate.com/technology/2018/09/the-case-for-making-the-beaver-americas-national-mammal.html</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I’m here to convince you that the beaver should be America’s national mammal. I’m no beaver-come-lately. I’ve believed in this cause for a long time. And trust me, I’ve paid my dues. If you’re an <a class="mh-excerpt-more" href="https://astrosci.news/2018/09/05/the-beaver-should-be-americas-national-mammal/" title="The Beaver Should Be America’s National Mammal">[...]</a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="media_block"><a href="http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/uploads/2018/09/05/c3638919-759e-4a01-8609-2ead1e6ea844_1.jpeg.CROP.rectangle-large.jpeg"><img src="https://astrosci.news/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/the-beaver-should-be-americas-national-mammal.jpg" class="media_thumbnail"></a></div>
<p>I’m here to convince you that the beaver should be America’s national mammal.</p>
<p>I’m no beaver-come-lately. I’ve believed in this cause for a long time. And trust me, I’ve paid my dues. If you’re an irony-challenged gay guy who loves to talk about beavers—about how beavers are just awesome and how they’ve been your favorite critter ever since you were a little kid and how, when you first saw the movie <em>The Naked Gun</em>,<em> </em>you <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhyCL-ELRxg">agreed with Leslie Nielsen</a> that yes, that really <em>was</em> a nice beaver—then you have to accept that some folks will just snicker.</p>
<p>But a few people will share your enthusiasm for this remarkable rodent. A good friend might even give you the book <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/087795979X/?tag=slatmaga-20">Lily Pond</a></em> by the naturalist Hope Ryden, who spent four years quietly observing the life and times of a beaver family.</p>
<p>This book, which “entranced” and “enriched” none other than Jane Goodall, taught me some of the most marvelous facts I’ve learned about any animal. I was blown away by Ryden’s descriptions of beavers’ quasi-human combination of socialness and engineering talent, such as how beavers walk upright in order to free their forepaws, dig canals in order to easily transport the wood they fell, and replaster the interior walls of their lodges just before the birth of kits. Since reading <em>Lily Pond</em>, I’ve never walked a winter wood without looking out for the beaver-exhaled bubbles that can gather in lines beneath the frozen surface of a pond, allowing hot chocolate–sipping humans on the water’s edge to gaze out on a busy-as-a-you-know-what map of swimming routes beneath the ice.</p>
<p><em>Lily Pond</em> was published in 1989. Now, nearly 30 years later, a different friend has given me a book that’s a worthy successor to it. This new book is called <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/160358739X/?tag=slatmaga-20">Eager: The Surprising, Secret Life of Beavers and Why They Matter</a></em>, and it’s written by <a href="http://bengoldfarb.com/">Ben Goldfarb</a>, an environmental journalist. <em>Eager</em> deserves the high praise it’s received in the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/how-beavers-can-save-the-world-from-environmental-ruin/2018/07/26/7d7f9caa-53c9-11e8-a551-5b648abe29ef_story.html?utm_term=.200fa14c2bc0">Washington Post</a> and the <a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/books/2018/06/07/why-beavers-matter-snapshot-history-through-furniture-nantucket-book-fest/FFq9bOprsMUWcoU6sgoRxH/story.html">Boston Globe</a>. It’s a lovely book, as fine a piece of nature writing as we could ask for.</p>
<p>Yet despite the lighthearted chapter titles—“California Streaming,” “Realm of the Dammed”—Goldfarb’s book is more than a peaceful meditation on the aqua-hobbit folksiness of beavers. Goldfarb wants to show us what beavers did for us once and what they could do for us now. Indeed, his case for the beaver’s importance to America’s past, present, and future is so strong that his book’s publication is the perfect opportunity for America’s beaver lovers to stand up and let their call echo from pond to shining pond: The humble beaver should be our national mammal.</p>
<p>But what’s that, you say, about the beaver already being an official “<a href="http://lois-laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-17/page-1.html">symbol of the sovereignty of Canada</a>” and even bearing a perfidious reference to that country in its scientific name, <em>Castor canadensis</em>? Pshaw. Our beavers will kick their sorry socialist beavers back to the North Pole. And what’s that about Obama having signed a bill that bestowed <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/10/us/politics/bison-mammal-designation.html">national mammal status</a> upon the bison, not the beaver, in 2016? An error, perhaps the most grievous of Obama’s presidency. There’s no doubt in my mind that Trump would happily reverse it.</p>
<p>First, though, if this beaver-as-national-mammal campaign is going to take off, there are a few PR issues that campaigners need to get out ahead of. Specifically: Yes, beavers eat their own poop. As Goldfarb notes, beavers consume their own “pudding-like excretions to extract every last iota of nutrition; by the time their feces reemerge a day later, they’re nearly sawdust.” But I doubt James Carville or Karl Rove could improve on Goldfarb’s spin on this habit: That’s beavers for you, “thrifty as ever.”</p>
<p>It’s also true that beavers challenge once-commonplace stereotypes about gender, which is awesome, though I readily admit it isn’t a topic that has the best track record of bringing Americans together. But it should, because it’s fascinating. For one thing, it’s hard to even distinguish between male and female beavers. Not because today’s young beavers are rebelling against inherited, patriarchal notions of dress and deportment, but because their genitals are hidden behind “fleshy vents” that “do triple duty in the departments of urine disposal, scent secretion, and reproduction.” (Fun facts: Goldfarb notes that the <em>Castor</em> part of the beaver’s scientific name is related to <em>castratum</em>, which male beavers may appear to be, and which may have given rise to a lesser-known fable of Aesop’s, “<a href="http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/oxford/451.htm">The Beaver and His Testicles.</a>”)</p>
<p>Beavers might also divide Americans on religious grounds. The Catholic Church once determined that <a href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/thoughtful-animal/once-upon-a-time-the-catholic-church-decided-that-beavers-were-fish/">beavers are fish</a>, so they don’t count as meat for those who observe Lent.<br />It’s a ruling that isn’t so unreasonable when you consider beavers’ scaly tails, atypical sexual organs, and aquatic lifestyles, but it nevertheless has the makings of a doctrinal fissure. And then there’s the tendency of beavers to go around spraying a mix of castoreum (a “musky, vanilla-tinged oil”—sounds nice, right?) and urine across our homeland, behavior that challenges most every established moral code. Goldfarb, however, describes this as the beaver equivalent of erecting “picket fences around property lines,” which essentially frames it as a habit we humans could come to appreciate.</p>
<p>That’s about it for the potentially polarizing aspects of beaverdom. Now, among the many positives, let’s start with the ways in which beavers embody a diverse set of aspirations for American society. Above all, in this moment of national self-doubt, it’s important to remember that at various points in our past, we Americans have been world-renowned for our eagerness, humility, and ingenuity. Sounds like a rodent you know, right?</p>
<p>Beavers also have family lives that are easy for humans to appreciate. They are “generally” monogamous and exhibit great devotion to kin. As Goldfarb noted in an email to me, female and male beavers divide child rearing, arboriculture (i.e., tree cutting), and civil engineering (i.e., dam work) roughly equally. Juvenile beavers work on the family’s lodge and dams for a couple of years before they leave home to “find their own fortune.” Indeed, a beaver pond resembles that most widely beloved of American institutions: a small family business.</p>
<p>In addition, much like Americans abroad, beavers enjoy a reputation for both excellent teeth and a strong work ethic. In a classroom at a <a href="https://www.massaudubon.org/get-outdoors/wildlife-sanctuaries/pleasant-valley">wildlife sanctuary near my hometown</a> where I once attended nature camp, there was a beaver skull that was said to highlight how important it was for beavers to keep, you know, busy: Without wood to work on, the beaver’s teeth had kept growing and curling back until the beaver’s very inactivity presumably caused its own gruesome demise. Metaphor-wise, it’s difficult to imagine a greater gift for conservatives. Yet beavers also seem to straddle the work-to-live vs. live-to-work divide better than many humans. In his email to me, Goldfarb referenced the naturalist Enos Mills, who wrote that a beaver’s “life is full of industry and is rich in repose.” Is there a better summary of the goals of the labor movement?</p>
<p>I’m fine, as should be obvious by now, with essentially unlimited levels of beaver anthropomorphizing. But even without such unscientific indulgences, the case for the beaver as our national mammal is—forgive me—watertight.</p>
<p>Perhaps the best reason to honor the beaver is the breathtaking scale of its presence in pre-Columbian North America. The upper end of one estimate that Goldfarb quotes of North America’s pre-European-contact beaver population is 400 million (a current estimate is around 15 million). Even more remarkable is how dramatically these creatures once sculpted our treasured landscapes. The traditional range of beavers encompassed portions of every state but Hawaii. I was floored by Goldfarb’s rough estimate of the area of North America that was once submerged by beaver-engineered bodies of water: 234,000 square miles, or more than the combined area of Nevada and Arizona.</p>
<p>Beavers and their dams altered not just our continent, but the lives and the evolutionary paths of a veritable Noah’s Ark of North America’s creatures. Indeed, the beaver is perhaps the best example of a keystone species—that is, one on which so many others depend. Songbirds, snow geese, otters, herons, pelicans, snakes, mink, raccoon, northern leopard frogs, sawflies, and trumpeter swans, to start. Even salmon, perhaps the last species you’d expect to benefit from nature’s most famous dam builders, owe a debt to beavers (Goldfarb quoted a bumper sticker: “Beavers taught salmon to jump”). Long before Goldfarb describes the beaver’s teeth as “evolution’s most consequential dental sculptors,” he should have you convinced.</p>
<p>The beaver may not have the soaring majesty of the bald eagle (America’s national animal) or the stateliness of the bison (our national mammal, for now). But in his email to me, Goldfarb pointed out that the bald eagle depends in part on beaver-made habitats that support salmon and other fish. In addition, “as beavers raise water levels in ponds and wetlands, they kill surrounding trees and create ‘snags’—skeletal hunting perches from which eagles and other raptors scope their prey,” which, be honest, is very cool and frankly underrated work. Even our incumbent national mammal traditionally relied on beaver-controlled water supplies. “The Blackfeet and other Northern Plains tribes refused to kill” beavers, Goldfarb wrote to me, “largely because they recognized that beavers helped sustain the bison that they relied upon.”</p>
<p>Much as they sculpted the natural world that a growing nation would subsume, beavers—specifically, their valuable, hat-friendly fur—also helped shape the polities that became the United States. In his book, Goldfarb describes beaver furs, which Pilgrims used to repay their debts in England, as “the wind in the sails of the <em>Mayflower</em>” and quotes the historian James Truslow Adams: “The Bible and the beaver were the two mainstays of the young colony.” The acquisition of Manhattan (the “real prizes” were thousands of beaver skins, “the island itself was little more than a pot-sweetener”), the American Revolution, the Louisiana Purchase, the War of 1812—Goldfarb argues that more than “any other natural resource, beavers help explain just about every significant American geopolitical event between European arrival and the Civil War.”</p>
<p>The beaver is also a living and (once again) commonplace reminder of some of the most unsavory aspects of America’s history. The fur trade devasted beaver populations and the many species that depended on them. I associate the mammal so strongly with the part of rural western Massachusetts where I grew up that I was dumbstruck to learn from Goldfarb’s book that beavers were hunted to extinction in my home state by the 18<sup>th</sup> century. They returned only in the late 1920s. Even in the comparative vastness of New York state, by the 1890s the beaver population had fallen to just five individuals huddled in the Adirondacks. The plunder was continental in scale: In 1843, John James Audubon could journey along more than 2,000 miles of the Missouri River and see not one beaver.</p>
<p>In addition to upending ancient ecological balances, the fur trade also led, of course, to unnumbered human tragedies. Goldfarb describes some of the traditional roles of beavers in certain Native American cultures and notes that the fur trade, in addition to being one of American history’s more reliable vectors for settlement, disease, and conflict, “warped indigenous peoples’ relationship with beaver from subsistence and kinship to extraction.” If we’re brave enough to embrace national symbols that help us confront the contradictions in our past, then the beaver is perhaps our finest candidate.</p>
<p>In short, it’s hard not to look back at America’s cultural, ecological, economic, and political history without seeing <em>Castor canadensis</em>. But even a country that prides itself on looking mostly forward might find lessons in our current relationship with beavers, and reasons to be hopeful about our shared future on this continent.</p>
<p>Goldfarb notes that today America is sprawling deeper into its landscapes even as many of them are re-wilding, two seemingly contradictory trends that are producing more conflicts between us and a natural world that remains one of the greatest joys of living in this country. One consequence is that many Americans have been given new reasons to view beavers as pests. Goldfarb highlights flooded roads, chewed-through fiber optic cables, and <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/06/08/beaver-wedding-saskatchewan_n_17002486.html">disrupted weddings</a> as just some of the fronts in the war that some may perceive beavers to be waging on our republic. I remember a weeks-long period of my western Massachusetts childhood when we had to boil all our drinking water because beavers had unleashed “beaver fever,” or giardiasis, into the town water supply.</p>
<p>I’d urge beaver skeptics, especially those professionally involved in infrastructure and agriculture, to delve into the details of Goldfarb’s book, much of which is devoted to explaining why many such conflicts can be managed with a combination of an open mind and the latest beaver-friendly technologies. Even the most dyed-in-the-fur beaver haters should do so, because Goldfarb describes new approaches to beaver management that may be cheaper and more efficient than traditional methods such as guns, traps, and infrastructure repairs.</p>
<p>Anyway, Goldfarb isn’t out to show only that if we’re a little smarter about beavers, then we might peacefully coexist. He argues that our ever-greater power to shape the course of the natural world comes with ever-greater responsibilities—and that beavers, world shapers themselves, are uniquely poised to help us.</p>
<p>Trying to inexpensively fix damaged streams and restore ecosystems that other species rely on? Beavers “do so easily what you have to work so hard to accomplish,” said one Forest Service biologist to Goldfarb. Aiming to ensure well-watered pastures for livestock and rich streams that draw wildlife, fishermen, and tourists, all of which are of particular importance to an increasingly water-challenged West? Call 1-800-BEAVERS (but maybe don’t do that, exactly).</p>
<p>Then there’s the specter of further climate change. Hoping to mitigate the impact not just on ecosystems, but on water supplies for cities and agriculture? “By slowing, spreading, storing, and sinking meltwater and runoff,” beavers “can help us compensate, to some to-be-determined extent, for vast-vanishing glaciers and snowpack.” Reworking the Alaskan tundra to “help moose, songbirds, and other northward-fleeing species adapt to global warming”? There’s a beaver for that. What about carbon sequestration in pond sediment? “Forget trees: If you want to fight climate change, it’s entirely possible you’re better off planting beavers.”</p>
<p>In short, Goldfarb argues that it makes sense for Americans to reconsider our relationship with the beaver, not just because it’s right for us to let at least some beavers do what beavers will do, and not just because it’s so easy for nature romantics like myself to see in the lives of beavers many of the attributes that we most value. Goldfarb doesn’t need to anthropomorphize beavers because he demonstrates that they really are like us: They’re the only species that approaches our own in their potential to reshape and to steward, actively or inadvertently, the natural world. And our natural world needs some serious stewardship right now.</p>
<p>“Let the rodent do the work.” That’s what a geomorphologist—whose team devised a way for a Walmart in Logan, Utah, to coexist with the beavers in the stream next door, protecting not just the beavers, but fish, waterfowl, and an environment with “just crazy” levels of biodiversity—told Goldfarb. And let Americans, I’d add, read Goldfarb’s book, which makes it so beautifully clear why we should partner with beavers wherever and whenever we can, and why our nation should find a way to honor these creatures for what they are: the most remarkable of our fellow travelers.</p>
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		<title>A Radical ’70s-Era Group Is Relaunching to Help Scientists Get Political Under Trump</title>
		<link>https://astrosci.news/2018/08/29/a-radical-70s-era-group-is-relaunching-to-help-scientists-get-political-under-trump/</link>
		<pubDate>Wed, 29 Aug 2018 11:54:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Bill Nye]]></dc:creator>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://slate.com/technology/2018/08/a-radical-70s-era-group-is-relaunching-to-help-scientists-get-political-under-trump.html</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Advocates of science are in a bad place right now. Some days, in this Second Year of Trump, scientism—a blanket defense of science as a virtuous and almost holy exercise of objectivity and rationality—feels like <a class="mh-excerpt-more" href="https://astrosci.news/2018/08/29/a-radical-70s-era-group-is-relaunching-to-help-scientists-get-political-under-trump/" title="A Radical ’70s-Era Group Is Relaunching to Help Scientists Get Political Under Trump">[...]</a>]]></description>
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<p>Advocates of science are in a bad place right now. Some days, in this Second Year of Trump, scientism—a blanket defense of science as a virtuous and almost holy exercise of objectivity and rationality—feels like the only natural response to the rising darkness. But, tempting as it might be, cheerleading for capital-S “Science” can’t be the answer. Science—as historians of science and practitioners of science and technology studies <a href="https://twitter.com/coldwarscience/status/1017211382176059392?lang=en">readily argue</a>—is not an objective refuge; it’s shaped by politics just like any other human endeavor. How can we acknowledge that fact while still arguing for science’s authority and value?</p>
<p>From 1969 through 1989, the group Science for the People tried to do just that. Its members took “science has a politics” as a philosophical starting point and then used that understanding to push for radical change. Early on, the group protested weapons labs. Members worked with the Black Panther Party, helping with their free health clinics, and with the Young Lords Organization, assisting them in offering free lead-poisoning testing services. They sent equipment to Vietnamese scientists and helped Midwestern farmworkers identify signs of pesticide poisoning. They <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1975/11/13/against-sociobiology/">publicly combatted</a> advocates of socio-biology. The group also ran a Science for the People magazine during this time, and its <a href="http://science-for-the-people.org/science-for-the-people-magazine/">back issues</a> are a treasure trove of conversation between left-wing scientists about the relationship of their work to capitalism, racism, sexism, and imperialism.</p>
<p>And now, at this desperate time, Science for the People is back, as an <a href="https://scienceforthepeople.org/">activist organization</a> and a magazine—this time, published <a href="https://magazine.scienceforthepeople.org/">online</a>, with a possible print revival in its future. The new magazine’s first issue is on geoengineering, and the organization has working groups focusing on topics like militarism, labor, and nuclear disarmament. A delegation went to Puerto Rico recently to work on agriculture and energy; the group has been helping tech workers who want to convince their companies to cancel contracts with ICE. Members I spoke with reported that the group is largely comprised of a younger generation of scientists and engineers, working in academia and the private sector, complemented by smaller numbers of science-curious progressives and the old guard who had worked with the group in its first incarnation. The question is whether and how the group’s philosophy, which embraces the possibilities of science while critiquing the way it’s directed and funded, could animate a new generation of socially committed scientist-activists.</p>
<p>Reading about the work the first Science for the People once did, from our vantage in 2018, can be heartbreaking. In the short <a href="https://magazine.scienceforthepeople.org/documentary/">documentary</a> produced by the group to announce its relaunch, Fern MacDougal, a graduate student in conservation ecology, described the experience of talking to SftP’s original members before the new generation decided to go ahead and begin again: “My immediate reaction was one of intense loss.” MacDougal didn’t elaborate, but for me, all the abundant hopefulness of the original Science for the People’s work is what’s so sad. In some areas—climate, reproductive justice—our situation has become even more perilous now than it was then. Biological determinism has a stubborn way of cropping up again and again in public discourse—a phenomenon that Katherine Yih, a biologist and epidemiologist who was in the Science for the People chapter in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in the late 1970s and is working with the group again in 2018, calls “old wine in new bottles.”</p>
<p>Then there’s the sad reality that the very basic 20<sup>th</sup>-century concept that science is helpful in public life because it helps us make evidence-based decisions is increasingly threatened under Trump. “It feels as though we’re fighting like heck to defend what would have been ridiculous to think we had to defend, back in those old days,” Yih said. “It was just so obvious that science has that capability to improve the quality of life for people, even if it was often being used for militaristic purposes and so forth. But the notion that we had to defend science against our government was just—it wouldn’t have been imaginable, I think.”</p>
<p>The late-’60s origin story of the group also illustrates how comparatively challenged new left-wing groups are today at organizing—even with the structural advantage of the internet. “Science for the People grew out of the left at a historic height, and position of influence,” Christopher Dols, a civil engineer and the organization’s elected publisher, said. The original group, he pointed out, had the advantage of a natural wellspring: the radical caucuses in several scientific professional associations, born from a general public climate of activism and building on decades of intergenerational debate between scientists over the ethics of participation in weapons research.</p>
<p>In 2018, on the other hand, the group doesn’t have the same kind of natural constituency. If scientists were <a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/0674736826/?tag=slatmaga-20">publicly mulling international politics</a> during the Cold War, their present-day counterparts are <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/03/opinion/we-scientists-have-an-obligation-to-protest.html">writing letters to the New York Times</a> making painfully basic arguments for their political relevance. Dols added that young scientists today may feel that there are more obstacles inherent in taking the risks of political activism. Academic precarity is very real for early-career researchers, as are the threats of government surveillance or the potential loss of funding from corporate sources.</p>
<p>But even with all of these challenges ahead of it, the group feels like something totally fresh and vital. For nonscientists who are STEM-friendly and progressive-curious, the updated magazine represents a departure in science communication—a way of writing about science and social problems that doesn’t just assume that more <em>knowledge</em> about what science is doing is all we need. Sigrid Schmalzer, Daniel Chard, and Alyssa Botelho, editors of a <a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/1625343183/?tag=slatmaga-20">collection of documents</a> from the original movement (key pieces from the magazine, pamphlets by members, the FBI’s report on the group), describe the distinction between the first SftP’s approach to public communication and the way other scientific advocacy groups saw it: “While SftP members promoted science education, they did not see public ignorance as the primary constraint on science’s capacity to fully benefit humanity.” In other words, ignorance was not an individual’s “fault,” a gap to be filled up by knowledge. “Rather,” Schmalzer and her co-editors continued, “they critiqued the power structures … that benefited from public ignorance and impeded the production, circulation, and application of socially beneficial scientific knowledge.”</p>
<p>And for the scientist-activists in the group, the idea that science has a politics has become a <a href="https://scienceforthepeople.org/index.php/2018/04/12/dual-nature-of-science/">focus of study</a>. Although I will admit to some despair at the prospect of trying to rally people to support science without leaning on the rah-rah rhetoric of scientism, Christopher Dols thinks the philosophical question of science’s relationship to politics is actually “the best organizing opportunity” when approaching potential members who are scientists. “Many people are actually infinitely liberated by the idea that, yeah, OK, I can be political,” Dols said. “The conflation of scientific neutrality into political neutrality of the scientist as a citizen is actually a trick by mainstream liberal ideology that we’re helping people break with. And those who break join us, and often join us quite enthusiastically, and they are our target core audience and our base.” In 2018, nobody’s work is politically neutral; the more scientists who see that, the better.</p>
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		<title>Why I Blame Wall Street for My Lyme Disease</title>
		<link>https://astrosci.news/2018/08/28/why-i-blame-wall-street-for-my-lyme-disease/</link>
		<pubDate>Tue, 28 Aug 2018 10:14:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Bill Nye]]></dc:creator>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://slate.com/technology/2018/08/lyme-disease-how-i-came-to-blame-wall-street-for-my-illness.html</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[In August of 2017, I was diagnosed with Lyme disease. To be honest, I was surprised it took as long as it did for me to finally join the growing list of those who’ve contracted <a class="mh-excerpt-more" href="https://astrosci.news/2018/08/28/why-i-blame-wall-street-for-my-lyme-disease/" title="Why I Blame Wall Street for My Lyme Disease">[...]</a>]]></description>
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<p>In August of 2017, I was diagnosed with Lyme disease. To be honest, I was surprised it took as long as it did for me to finally join the growing list of those who’ve contracted the nasty illness. I teach forestry to undergraduate college students, which means I’ve spent the better part of the past 25 years roaming through the woods of New England. During this time, I’ve killed legions of ticks that I found crawling up my pant legs, over blaze-orange hunting vests, or down my collar. I’ve dug out dozens more that evaded my clothed inspections, not discovering them until several hours after they had embedded their evil little blood-sucking heads beneath my skin. But I’ve been fortunate, despite the persistent army of arthropods that continues to grow in numbers and expand into new territories. And <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/index.html">incidences of Lyme disease recorded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> have significantly increased over the past 20 years, yet I had managed to avoid contracting Lyme until just last year.</p>
<p>I moved to Maine in the early 1990s and started spending a lot of time in the New England woods. Over these almost three decades, I’ve noted some significant changes to the Northern forest, the woodlands mainly characterized by beech, birches, and maples that extend from Maine to New York. Some changes are stark and troubling, such as the widespread <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/15/science/earth/something-is-killing-off-the-moose.html">decline in moose populations throughout the region</a>. Some are exciting, though ephemeral—like seeing a pair of Louisiana waterthrushes nest for two consecutive summers in a streambank in my backyard. But then there is an overarching enormous change, initiated by Wall Street and largely invisible to the general public, which is having significant impacts on our Northern forest and which, I suspect, caused my Lyme disease.</p>
<p>The pattern of land ownership in the United States is starkly different between Eastern states and Western states. The Western states contain an extensive amount of public land: national parks, forests, and wildlife reserves. Our Eastern forests, however, are mostly privately owned. Through most of the latter half of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, the biggest landowners east of the Mississippi were private companies, more precisely, paper companies. Companies such as Great Northern, Champion, and International Paper owned millions of acres all throughout the East, which were managed for a steady harvest of wood fiber to make paper. But by the mid-1990s, it made less and less financial sense for the companies who owned paper mills to also own vast acreages of forest land.</p>
<p>In 1981, paper companies owned and managed nearly 60 million acres in the U.S., an area larger than the entire state of Utah. But by 2005, that number had declined by 60 percent. This sell-off was induced by a financial accounting change during the late 1980s, specifically, in how Wall Street auditors thought timberlands should be valued. For several decades, timberland was cheap and of relatively little value, beyond what could be used to make two-by-fours or reams of paper. However, these auditors starting changing their assessments from accounting for just the raw natural resources on the land toward including the real estate potential of these forests. The result was that paper companies found themselves sitting on several million dollars of value that they had never realized they had, and the taxes on their newly revalued land were also going up. Coupled with the Tax Reform Act of 1986, the effective tax rate doubled for corporate timberland. All of this swirled together to mean that paper companies really had no choice but to take their windfall profits and get out from under a crushing tax burden. So, they started selling their forest land, mostly in large quantities and over a relatively short period of time. The Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences outlines in great detail just how profound this shift in ownership was in the Northeast, in a <a href="https://www.manomet.org/wp-content/uploads/old-files/Hagan,%20Irland,%20and%20Whitman.%202005.%20%20Changing%20Timberland%20Ownership%20in%20the%20Northern%20Forest%20and%20Implications%20for%20Biodiversity.pdf">report prepared in 2005</a>.</p>
<p>Through sales and resales of the same acreages over about 25 years, paper companies steadily divested themselves of nearly all the acres of forest they had owned in the Northeast. The buyers of these acres consisted of a few different types, but in general the major type of purchaser would be the financial forestland investor—companies such as Plum Creek, Hancock Timber Resources Group, and Timbervest—which purchased the land with the understanding that the greater value of the resource was in its potential as developable real estate. These companies often negotiated supply contracts with some of the paper companies that sold them the land and kept feeding the mills in the short term.</p>
<p>The new financial forestland investors generally fell into two categories—timberland investment management organizations and real estate investment trusts, entities that first arose in the 1970s and then grew expansively as unprecedented amounts of forestland came up for sale. <a href="http://forisk.com/blog/2015/05/14/forisk-forecast-tracking-the-top-timberland-owners-in-the-u-s-and-canada-2015-update/">Presently, throughout the U.S., the largest private landowners are almost all TIMOs or REITs.</a> While it might be tempting to believe that removing forestland from paper companies, primarily interested in growing trees to feed the mill, would result in improved conservation practices, this isn’t necessarily the case. Instead, these new owner types primarily saw forestland as a much more valuable resource and one that did not require more active forest management. The business models of these financial forestland owners were no longer guided by the relatively small profits that come from supplying fiber to paper mills and became increasingly tailored to the highest-value use of the land: real estate and development potential.</p>
<p>The difference in forest management between a paper company feeding its mill and a financial investor looking to capitalize on selling real estate is significant. For good or ill, paper companies were in the business of cutting trees and keeping their lands in maximally productive states. This meant they were continuously cutting a lot of trees and that the new seedlings that followed would be managed for rapid growth of select species. Undesirable tree species and invasive vegetation were carefully managed, meaning they were cut, girdled, or treated with herbicide. The <a href="https://www.eforester.org/">Society of American Foresters</a>, established by Gifford Pinchot more than 100 years ago, developed the modern science of forest management, and this approach works very well when the desired outputs are a long-term supply of forest products. But as fewer and fewer acres fell under active management, more and more acres were left to “natural” processes. In most areas, this meant dramatic changes in species composition and age classes. Perhaps the most acute change has been the rapid spread of invasive plant species in the Northern forest.</p>
<p>Biologists have long been concerned with the increasing prevalence of invasive species across all ecosystems, as they outcompete native species and disrupt their abundance and distribution. Several freshwater fisheries in the Midwest are <a href="https://www.nps.gov/miss/learn/nature/ascarpover.htm">overrun by introduced Asian carp</a>. Zebra and quagga mussels, native to Eurasia, are now <a href="http://nautil.us/issue/46/balance/the-cancer-of-the-great-lakes">firmly established throughout the Great Lakes</a>, threatening the entire food web in Lake Michigan. The Japanese vine, kudzu, has <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudzu_in_the_United_States#Ecological_relationships">blanketed millions of acres in the Southeastern U.S.</a>, dramatically reducing biodiversity where the thick, dense vines prevent most other plants from photosynthesizing. In the Northeast, our chief concerns among invasive species are garlic mustard, common buckthorn, four varieties of honeysuckle, and Japanese barberry, all of which harm native trees, shrubs, and herbaceous vegetation. The initial concern with most invasives is that they outcompete native species. For invasive plant species, this means some or all of their fruiting, seeding, photosynthetic, and growth strategies are more successful when compared with native plants.</p>
<p>Another, less-considered threat of invasives is their ability to actually benefit secondary species. The framing of invasive species as the sole winner pitted against all other native, losing species is not accurate: While extremely successful invasive species do harm many other species, they can also bring benefits to others as well. And indeed, this is what has happened with the spread of Japanese barberry in the northeast.</p>
<p>Japanese barberry (<em>Berberis thunbergii</em>), a small thorny shrub rarely growing taller than a few feet and sporting bright red, Tic Tac–size berries, is dense in the woods behind my house and widespread across millions of acres of the Northern forest. This barberry was imported, cultivated, and widely planted as an ornamental shrub in the U.S. up into the 1990s. However, after pushing its way beyond backyards into our woodlands and outcompeting native shrubs and tree species, it has been a target for eradication of plant ecologists and forest managers alike. It is now <a href="https://www.mass.gov/massachusetts-prohibited-plant-list">illegal to import, sell, or trade this species in Massachusetts</a>.</p>
<p>Japanese barberry has been bad for several plant species in New England. But it has been a great boon to ticks. In fact, ticks have responded exceptionally well to certain conditions brought on by the reduced amount of forest management throughout New England woodlands. They primarily benefit from increased woody ground cover for both “questing” surfaces (the elevated twigs and leaves that come into contact with the legs of passing deer, coyotes, or unsuspecting humans) and for an improved micro-climate: increased humidity on the forest floor. As Carl Zimmer recounted in his <a href="https://www.outsideonline.com/1915071/rise-tick?page=all">2013 article for Outside magazine</a>, “The Rise of the Tick,” the barberry plant creates an excellent habitat that is conducive for ticks to find new hosts and to find shelter and multiply.</p>
<p>Just after July 4, 2017, as I tossed around in bed at night, I found myself picking at a sore, itchy spot on my left hip. Half-asleep, I continued to dig and pick without satisfaction until I woke up enough to realize that I was probably doing battle with a stubborn tick. So, I made my way to the bathroom, where I could get a hand mirror and get a better look at what small thing had roused me from my sleep. Like the Princess and the Pea, it was just a tiny critter but clearly a tick and fully embedded in my hip and providing enough discomfort to wake me up. Living where we do (a log cabin in the woods of Vermont), we’ve got a range of tick removal devices, but with just enough purchase from my middle fingernail, I was able to pry it free. I gave it a satisfying squish on the bathroom vanity before dropping it in the wastebasket. And like the countless other ticks I had encountered over the years, the particular memory of this one would surely have faded into some generic suite of encounters with all ticks except for the residual bacteria, <em>Borrelia burgdorferi</em>, left behind in my bloodstream.</p>
<p>A five-day-long fever, weakness, loss of appetite, and just generally feeling like crud combined with my complaining were enough for my wife to demand that I go see our doctor. After a series of blood tests and ultimately a positive diagnosis for Lyme, I was put on a prescription of doxycycline. And since this was my first contraction of Lyme, and since we caught it pretty early, and since I responded well to the antibiotics, I’m happy to say that I’m Lyme-free now. But honestly, I’m just waiting for my next bout, which I’m sure will come, as I have no plans to avoid wandering around the beautiful forests and fields of Vermont. Nor is there any indication that preferred tick habitat will be diminished in the near term.</p>
<p>Of course, ticks and Lyme disease both existed in the Northeast long before the large transfer of property from paper companies to financial forestland investors. There is no way I will ever know if this specific tick came into existence thanks to the newfound abundance of Japanese barberry or not. What is known is that the woodlands behind my house were part of a 1,000+ acre, single-owner, contiguous forest that was under active forest management until 1989. For the past three decades, this forest has been divided and subdivided into no fewer than 17 different landowners; forest management has been essentially abandoned, and invasive species have moved in. Also, it’s nice to have someone or something to blame for one’s misfortune, and Wall Street is often a convenient villain.</p>
<p>But as many past or chronic sufferers of Lyme will agree, this isn’t just my personal tale of woe. Incidents and reports of Lyme disease have been dramatically increasing throughout the Eastern U.S. and most particularly in the Northeast, over the same time period during which paper companies’ active land management has been replaced by the more passive management of the TIMOs and REITs.</p>
<p>It might be tempting to shrug off the increase in Lyme disease reports with a corresponding decrease in actively managed forest lands as a specious, inverse correlation. But these two variables are very clearly tied to a shared third variable: the epidemic spread of Japanese barberry. That our Northern forest is so different is not, in and of itself, a bad thing. Change is inevitable and necessary to all natural processes. What we often lose sight of are wide-ranging changes from seemingly innocuous events. Why should it matter who owns forestland as long as it stays as a forest? It matters because how that forest is tended affects human health and well-being as certain as it affects both the tallest trees and the tiniest arthropods.</p>
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		<title>A New Study Ranking States’ Sexism Misunderstands the Insidious Nature of Sexism</title>
		<link>https://astrosci.news/2018/08/23/a-new-study-ranking-states-sexism-misunderstands-the-insidious-nature-of-sexism/</link>
		<pubDate>Thu, 23 Aug 2018 18:24:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Bill Nye]]></dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Is Arkansas the most sexist state in America? A new analysis from a team of economists that set out to create an index measuring sexist attitudes across the U.S. suggests so. (New Hampshire wins the <a class="mh-excerpt-more" href="https://astrosci.news/2018/08/23/a-new-study-ranking-states-sexism-misunderstands-the-insidious-nature-of-sexism/" title="A New Study Ranking States’ Sexism Misunderstands the Insidious Nature of Sexism">[...]</a>]]></description>
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<p>Is Arkansas the most sexist state in America? A new analysis from a team of economists that set out to create an <a href="https://bfi.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/file_uploads/WP_2018-56.pdf">index measuring sexist attitudes</a> across the U.S. suggests so. (New Hampshire wins the “least sexist” crown.) The research team—Kerwin Kofi Charles, Jonathan Guryan, and Jessica Pan—wanted to measure how “the prevalence of sexist beliefs in the places where women grew up and in the places they worked as adults affected outcomes such as wages, workforce participation, and age at marriage and childbirth,” according to the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2018/08/21/most-sexist-places-america/?noredirect=on&amp;utm_term=.689e03ab0936">Washington Post</a>.</p>
<p>To accomplish this goal, the researchers analyzed multiple years of data from the General Social Survey, a biennial survey measuring Americans’ beliefs on a broad range of issues. The researchers focused on eight gender-related questions from the survey, dating back to the 1970s. Several of the questions focused on respondents’ perception of gender roles in politics, such as whether they believed that “Women should take care of running their home and leave running the country up to men,” if they would ever vote for a female president, or whether they believed men are “better suited emotionally” for politics. Other questions focused on respondents’ attitudes towards working mothers versus those who stay at home.</p>
<p>The researchers compiled the responses to these questions and organized them by state. Their conclusion? “Sexism is highest in the Southeast and least extreme in New England and the West,” according to their paper. The states with the highest prevalence of sexist attitudes, in addition to Arkansas, were Utah, Alabama, and West Virginia, and the states with the lowest prevalence, in addition to New Hampshire, were Alaska, Wyoming, and Vermont.</p>
<p>The research culminates in a map visualizing the findings, which the Washington Post organized by a scale ranging from “Less Sexism” to “More Sexism.” But ranking states this way just doesn’t feel terribly useful. (What does “less sexism” even mean, practically?) The entire display strangely collapses sexism into a one-dimensional framework, making it seem as if you could move from Kentucky to Illinois and dramatically lower your sexism exposure.</p>
<p>Sure, this kind of research might help us evaluate the institutional and interpersonal barriers to gender equality in the U.S., and researchers should keep doing it. But this is one of those situations where it’s critical to remember that averages deduced in population-level research are never really indicative of lived experience of individuals, and the general public doesn’t have to pay much attention to them. And besides, the questions asked in this study only touch on a few facets of women’s lives. They do not necessarily indicate how these attitudes impact women differently based on their race, class, sexual orientation, religion, or other identities.</p>
<p>Ranking states based on such a broad topic risks obscuring a lot of meaningful nuance and context without actually telling us that much about how sexism operates in different places across the country. Moreover, it can unintentionally reinforce <a href="https://www.salon.com/2014/12/14/the_north_isnt_better_than_the_south_the_real_history_of_modern_racism_and_segregation_above_the_mason_dixon_line/">oversimplified ideas</a> about social progress that tend to position the North and South as binary opposites—enlightened versus backwards. We should focus instead on comparisons of how state laws meaningfully affect the lives of women, in areas including, but not limited to, women’s reproductive health care access, maternal mortality rates, reports of gender-based violence and sexual misconduct, gender parity in state legislatures, and the wage gap.</p>
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		<title>The New York Times Shouldn’t Have Built Its Facebook and Anti-Refugee Violence Story Around That One Study</title>
		<link>https://astrosci.news/2018/08/23/the-new-york-times-shouldnt-have-built-its-facebook-and-anti-refugee-violence-story-around-that-one-study/</link>
		<pubDate>Thu, 23 Aug 2018 18:09:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Bill Nye]]></dc:creator>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://slate.com/technology/2018/08/the-nytimes-shouldnt-have-relied-so-heavily-on-that-facebook-and-anti-refugee-study.html</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[In December 2017, a pair of Warwick University post-docs, Karsten M&#252;ller and Carlo Schwarz, published an intriguing and clever attempt to measure whether there was any correlation between hate crime and social media usage in <a class="mh-excerpt-more" href="https://astrosci.news/2018/08/23/the-new-york-times-shouldnt-have-built-its-facebook-and-anti-refugee-violence-story-around-that-one-study/" title="The New York Times Shouldn’t Have Built Its Facebook and Anti-Refugee Violence Story Around That One Study">[...]</a>]]></description>
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<p>In December 2017, a pair of Warwick University post-docs, Karsten M&uuml;ller and Carlo Schwarz, <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3082972">published</a> an intriguing and clever attempt to measure whether there was any correlation between hate crime and social media usage in Germany.</p>
<p>Their place of publication was SSRN, probably the most glorious website in the economics profession—an open platform where researchers can post and update their working papers without having to go through the time and rigor of peer review. It’s fast, it’s vibrant, it’s free, and it’s always at the cutting edge of every interesting economic debate. It’s also rather messy, with a signal-to-noise ratio much lower than that of most peer-reviewed journals. Anybody citing a paper found on SSRN does so in full knowledge that it carries a big flashing implicit “caveat lector” sign.</p>
<p>The media first picked up on this SSRN paper in January 2018, when the Economist published a “<a href="https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2018/01/12/in-germany-online-hate-speech-has-real-world-consequences">Daily chart</a>” under the headline “In Germany, online hate speech has real-world consequences.” The short article, citing the paper, explained that the research had shown that “for every four additional Facebook posts critical of refugees, there was one additional anti-refugee incident,” while taking pains to note that “this correlation is of course no guarantee of causation.” Notably, the Economist article only addressed the volume of right-wing anti-refugee posts, rather than the amount of Facebook use broadly.</p>
<p>The New York Times, by contrast, took a very different approach to the paper. Instead of simply reporting on the economists’ findings, the newspaper sent a reporter to Germany. On Tuesday, it ran a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/21/world/europe/facebook-refugee-attacks-germany.html">long, complex feature article</a> of almost 3,000 words, by Amanda Taub and Max Fisher, examining the nexus of hate and social media usage in the country. The Times used the study as a jumping-off point for old-fashioned shoe-leather reporting: There were no quotes in the article from the paper’s authors, but many from local residents. The headline, too, was suitably hedged—“Facebook Fueled Anti-Refugee Attacks in Germany, New Research Suggests.”</p>
<p>Still, the most explosive part of the article centered on the Warwick research. The <em>Times</em> referred to the paper as “a landmark study,” and spotlighted one showstopping finding in particular.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Their reams of data converged on a breathtaking statistic: Wherever per-person Facebook use rose to one standard deviation above the national average, attacks on refugees increased by about 50 percent.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Twitter, of course, jumped right onto this statistic. This tweet, for instance, racked up almost 5,000 retweets:</p>
<p>Immediately, journalists and economists around the world started downloading the paper to try and work out whether it was reliable, and whether it said what the Times said that it said. Neither task is easy: The paper is technically complicated, difficult to read and understand. Its results are hard to judge without replicating a lot of hard statistical work. And to make matters worse, my search for the breathtaking statistic revealed that it was never explicitly stated in the paper.</p>
<p>Part of the problem comes from the fact that the researchers updated the paper on the SSRN site the very day the Times article ran. But even the <a href="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/centres/cage/manage/publications/373-2018_schwarz.pdf">old version of the paper</a> doesn’t say what the Times says it says.</p>
<p>To grok the statistic lauded as the centerpiece of the study, you have to get there sideways. First, you need to look at the difference between Frankfurt and Dresden. The paper then explains:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>As a case study, consider the cities of Frankfurt/Main and Dresden, which are about one standard deviation apart at the AfD users over population measure. The estimated effect of a typical number of AfD refugee posts in a city like Dresden are 0.043 attacks per 10,000 asylum seekers, while it is 0.029 for a city such as Frankfurt. This shift in the share of right-wing social media users implies around 50% more attacks on refugees.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This passage is far from easy to understand, but the gist is that in Dresden, which has one standard deviation more AfD users than Frankfurt, an anti-refugee Facebook post is 50 percent more likely to result in an attack on refugees. It’s probably worth noting that Frankfurt is Germany’s financial capital, the epitome of the rich and comfortable former West Germany. Dresden was in East Germany, has much more neo-Nazi activity, and much more support for the far-right Alternative f&uuml;r Deutschland (AfD) party. But this example is supposed to be illustrative of <em>any</em> two cities with a one standard deviation difference in Facebook use.</p>
<p>The paper then continues:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>We next replace the share of AfD users with the share of people active on the Nutella Facebook page… The coefficients on the interaction term here are very similar, and still highly statistically significant.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The idea here is that by looking at how many people are active on the Nutella Facebook page, you can get a good indication of how active the broader population is on social media. (This may sound odd, but it’s actually a pretty clever way of estimating general use of the network activity—you don’t need to be a neo-Nazi to enjoy a delicious chocolate-y spread.) And areas in the top third of Nutella activity on Facebook do seem to have more attacks on refugees.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>We can easily “read off” which effect local propagation of right-wing social media has: the coefficient of around 2.8 implies that, even within the same county, a municipality with many Facebook users has approximately 0.024 more refugee attacks (per 10,000 refugees) than a municipality with few users in a typical week. This corresponds to an increase of almost two-thirds of the mean of the dependent variable, a large effect.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Finally, the paper concludes:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Overall, the findings we present in this section suggest that exposure to right-wing refugee salience on social media is a predictor of violent attacks on refugees. This is true both for municipalities with many right-wing Facebook users as well as those with high social media affinity that is unrelated to observable municipality characteristics.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This is as close as the paper comes to the New York Times’ breathtaking statistic. The 50 percent number isn’t there, and neither is the standard deviation of national Facebook use.</p>
<p>It makes intuitive sense that in areas of the country where Facebook usage is high, people will be more likely to see anti-refugee sentiment on Facebook. It arguably makes sense to then assume that these people would also be more likely to act on that sentiment by attacking refugees. What the Warwick paper suggests is that this intuition is empirically true.</p>
<p>But in reality, the breathtaking statistic didn’t come directly from the paper. Rather, it came from long phone conversations in which the paper’s authors walked the newspaper’s journalists through the data, and the methodology, and the results. The authors of the paper told Max Fisher that it’s possible to arrive at the statistic just by using the data in the paper; as I’m not a statistics Ph.D., I haven’t confirmed that, and it’s not clear that anybody else has either. (We’ll update this post if someone does.)</p>
<p>What is abundantly clear, however, is that the authors of the paper are more interested in presenting a <em>methodology</em> for trying to estimate these effects than they are in presenting the actual results. I can tell you, having spent a large amount of time reading two different versions of the paper, that in no way does it “converge on a single breathtaking statistic.” Neither, frankly, does it rise to the level of a “landmark study.” As it continues to be dissected in public, it seems the idea of using the Nutella Facebook page as a proxy for Facebook usage more generally, while clever, may well fail to <a href="https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2018/08/facebook-causing-anti-refugee-attacks-germany.html">stand up to scrutiny</a>.</p>
<p>That’s all OK. The white paper was written by a pair of post-docs without any peer review, and there’s no particular reason why it should have been ready for the the social-media klieg lights that suddenly got trained on it. Besides, it’s at pains to include a very strong version of the standard cover-your-ass social-science disclaimer:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The results in this section should be interpreted as purely suggestive and do not allow for causal inference.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This means that even if there is extremely strong correlation between anti-refugee sentiment on Facebook and attacks in the real world, this study isn’t designed to assess if one is causing the other.</p>
<p>The Times’ breathtaking claim, then, is not on the authors—it’s on the <em>New York Times</em>, which should have been much more careful and circumspect in this case. When the Times uses words like “landmark” and “breathtaking,” it starts making claims that would be very difficult for <em>any</em> white paper to stand up to.</p>
<p>When a study becomes the focus of a big article in the paper of record, it’s going to undergo an immediate and discomfiting level of scrutiny. A lot of that is going to land at the feet of the authors, like the post-docs here. But frankly, the majority should be directed at the Times—especially when it starts citing statistics and conclusions which even the authors of the paper don’t seem to be comfortable including in their work.</p>
<p>With hindsight, the Times should have avoided terms like “landmark” and “breathtaking,” and should probably have avoided mentioning specific results at all. The white paper is intriguing, and it was a great idea to use it as a jumping-off point for the newspaper’s shoe-leather reporting. The study was not, however, something to cite as a significant scientific advance. Facebook deliberately makes it extremely difficult for external researchers to quantify its effects on society, which means the best we can hope for is to piece together a jigsaw puzzle of suggestive evidence. (If the company would just make its data available, we’d stop being forced to estimate via imperfect Nutella-proxies.) But as things currently stand, no one piece of research is going to be the kind of smoking gun that the Times tries to turn this one into.</p>
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		<title>Crazy From the Heat</title>
		<link>https://astrosci.news/2018/08/23/crazy-from-the-heat/</link>
		<pubDate>Thu, 23 Aug 2018 10:05:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Bill Nye]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Space]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://slate.com/technology/2018/08/record-high-temperatures-climate-change-is-real-record-heat-everywhere-is-fake.html</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[It’s been really, really hot this summer. How hot? Last Friday, the Washington Post put out a series of maps and charts to illustrate the “record-crushing heat.” All-time temperature highs have been measured in “scores <a class="mh-excerpt-more" href="https://astrosci.news/2018/08/23/crazy-from-the-heat/" title="Crazy From the Heat">[...]</a>]]></description>
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<p>It’s been really, really hot this summer. How hot? Last Friday, the Washington Post<em> </em>put out a series of maps and charts to illustrate the “<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2018/08/17/red-hot-planet-this-summers-punishing-and-historic-heat-in-7-maps-and-charts/?utm_term=.c3d355e1bb4b">record-crushing heat</a>.” All-time temperature highs have been measured in “scores of locations on every continent north of the equator,” the article said, while the lower 48 states endured the <a href="https://thinkprogress.org/hottest-may-june-july-in-us-history-ea200870459d/">hottest-ever stretch</a> of temperatures from May until July.</p>
<p>These were not the only records to be set in 2018. Historic heat waves have been crashing all around the world, with records getting <a href="https://www.wsls.com/weather/all-time-heat-record-broken-in-japan">shattered</a> in Japan, <a href="http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1588996-relentless-heat-humidity-breaking-weather-records-in-atlantic-canada">broken</a> on the eastern coast of Canada, <a href="https://weather.com/forecast/regional/news/2018-07-03-southern-california-record-heat-southwest-monsoon-moisture">smashed</a> in California, and <a href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/minnesota/articles/2018-05-28/another-day-of-record-breaking-heat-in-upper-midwest">rewritten</a> in the Upper Midwest. A city in Algeria suffered through the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2018/07/06/africa-may-have-witnessed-its-all-time-hottest-temperature-thursday-124-degrees-in-algeria/?noredirect=on&amp;utm_term=.d7a1ac443638">highest high</a> temperature ever recorded in Africa. A village in Oman set a new world record for the <a href="https://www.theweathernetwork.com/us/news/articles/oman-quriyat-heat-record-108-43/105883">highest-ever low temperature</a>. At the end of July, the New York Times ran a feature on how this year’s “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/30/climate/record-heat-waves.html">record heat wreaked havoc on four continents</a>.” USA Today reported that <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/05/30/heat-wave-may-2018-likely-hottest/656311002/">more than 1,900 heat records</a> had been tied or beaten in just the last few days of May.</p>
<p>There were <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2018/07/03/hot-planet-all-time-heat-records-have-been-set-all-over-the-world-in-last-week/?utm_term=.19583a883323">lots</a> of other <a href="https://www.axios.com/global-heat-wave-stuns-scientists-as-records-fall-4cad71d2-8567-411e-a3f6-0febaa19a847.html">records</a>, too, <a href="https://twitter.com/ericfisher/status/1024285663485669376">lots</a> and <a href="https://twitter.com/EKMeteo/status/1023667312287723526">lots</a> and <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-44779367">lots</a>—but I think it’s best for me to stop right here. In fact, I think it’s best for all of us to stop reporting on these misleading, imbecilic stats. “Record-setting heat,” as it’s presented in news reports, isn’t really scientific, and it’s almost always insignificant. And yet, <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2002/feb/22/local/me-heat22">every</a> <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jul/24/local/me-heat24">summer</a> seems to <a href="http://www.latimes.com/local/weather/la-me-heat-20160210-story.html">bring</a> a <a href="http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-heat-wave-records-20170828-story.html">flood</a> of <a href="http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-cooling-trend-heatwave-20150829-story.html">new</a> superlatives that pump us full of dread about the changing climate. We’d all be better off without this phony grandiosity, which makes it seem like every hot and humid August is unparalleled in human history. It’s not. Reports that tell us otherwise should be banished from the news.</p>
<p>It’s true the Earth is warming overall, and the record-breaking heat that matters most—the kind we’d be crazy to ignore—is measured on a global scale. The average temperature across the surface of the planet in 2017 was <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/even-without-el-nino-earths-temperature-continues-to-rise/">58.51 degrees</a>, one-and-a-half degrees above the mean for the 20<sup>th</sup> century. These records matter: <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/01/18/climate/hottest-year-2017.html">17 of the 18 hottest years</a> on planet Earth have occurred since 2001, and the four <a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/">hottest-ever years</a> were <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2018/01/18/2017-global-temperatures-noaa-nasa-el-nino/1043927001/">2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017</a>. It also matters that this changing climate will result in <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/17/climate/india-heat-wave-summer.html">huge numbers of heat-related deaths</a>. Please pay attention to these terrifying and important facts. Please ignore every other story about record-breaking heat.</p>
<p>You’ll often hear that these two phenomena are related, that local heat records reflect—and therefore illustrate—the global trend. Writing in Slate this past July, Irineo Cabreros explained that climate change does indeed <a href="https://slate.com/technology/2018/07/climate-change-heat-wave-whats-to-blame-for-this-summers-heat.html">increase the odds of extreme events</a>, making record-breaking heat more likely. News reports often make this point, linking probabilities of rare events to the broader warming pattern. “Scientists say there’s little doubt that the ratcheting up of global greenhouse gases makes heat waves more frequent and more intense,” noted the Times in its piece on record temperatures in Algeria, Hong Kong, Pakistan, and Norway.</p>
<p>Yet this lesson is subtler than it seems. The rash of “record-crushing heat” reports suggest we’re living through a spreading plague of new extremes—that the rate at which we’re reaching highest highs and highest lows is speeding up. When the Post reports that heat records have been set “at scores of locations on every continent,” it makes us think this is unexpected. It suggests that as the Earth gets ever warmer, and the weather less predictable, such records will be broken far more often than they ever have before.</p>
<p>But that’s just not the case. In 2009, climatologist Gerald Meehl and several colleagues published an <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2009GL040736">analysis of records</a> drawn from roughly 2,000 weather stations in the U.S. between 1950 and 2006. There were tens of millions of data points in all—temperature highs and lows from every station, taken every day for more than a half-century. Meehl searched these numbers for the record-setting values—i.e., the days on which a given weather station saw its highest-ever high or lowest-ever low up until that point. When he plotted these by year, they fell along a downward-curving line. Around 50,000 new heat records were being set every year during the 1960s; then that number dropped to roughly 20,000 in the 1980s, and to 15,000 by the turn of the millennium.</p>
<p>This shouldn’t be surprising. As a rule, weather records will be set less frequently as time goes by. The first measurement of temperature that’s ever taken at a given weather station will be its highest (and lowest) of all time, by definition. There’s a good chance that the same station’s reading on Day 2 will be a record, too, since it only needs to beat the temperature recorded on Day 1. But as the weeks and months go by, this record-setting contest gets increasingly competitive: Each new daily temperature must now outdo every single one that came before. If the weather were completely random, we might <a href="http://regclim.met.no/results/Benestad03_CR25-1.pdf">peg the chances</a> of a record being set at any time as <em>1/n</em>, where <em>n</em> is the number of days recorded to that point. In other words, one week into your record-keeping, you’d have a 1 in 7 chance of landing on an all-time high. On the 100<sup>th</sup> day, your odds would have dropped to 1 percent. After 56 years, your chances would be very, very slim.</p>
<p>The weather isn’t random, though; we know it’s warming overall, from one decade to the next. That’s what Meehl et al. were looking at: They figured that a changing climate would tweak those probabilities, goosing the rate of record-breaking highs and tamping down the rate of record-breaking lows. This wouldn’t change the fundamental fact that records get broken much less often as the years go by. (Even though the world is warming, you’d still expect fewer heat records to be set in 2000 than in 1965.) Still, one might guess that climate change would affect the rate, so that more heat records would be set than we’d otherwise expect.</p>
<p>That’s not what Meehl found. Between 1950 and 2006, the rate of record-breaking heat seemed unaffected by large-scale changes to the climate: The number of new records set every year went down from one decade to the next, at a rate that matched up pretty well with what you’d see if the odds were always <em>1/n</em>. The study did find something more important, though: Record-breaking lows were showing up much less often than expected. From one decade to the next, fewer records of any kind were being set, but the ratio of record lows to record highs was getting smaller over time. By the 2000s, it had fallen to about 0.5, meaning that the U.S. was seeing half as many record-breaking lows as record-breaking highs. (Meehl has since extended this analysis using data going back to 1930 and up through 2015. The results <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/113/49/13977">came out the same</a>.)</p>
<p>What does all this mean? On one hand, it’s very good evidence that climate change has tweaked the odds for record-breaking weather, at least when it comes to record lows. (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921818104000943">Other</a> <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2012GL052775">studies</a> have <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2017EF000611">come</a> to the same conclusion.) On the other hand, it tells us that in the U.S., at least, we’re not hitting record highs more often than we were before, and that the rate isn’t higher than what you’d expect if there weren’t any global warming. In fact, just the opposite is true: As one might expect, heat records are getting broken less often over time, and it’s likely there will be fewer during the 2010s than at any point since people started keeping track.</p>
<p>This may be hard to fathom, given how much coverage has been devoted to the latest bouts of record-setting heat. These extreme events are more unusual, in absolute terms, than they’ve ever been before, yet they’re always in the news. How could that be happening?</p>
<p>While the odds that any given record will be broken may be very, very small, the total number of <em>potential</em> records that could be broken—and then reported in the newspaper—is mind-blowingly enormous. To get a sense of how big this number really is, consider that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration keeps a <a href="https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/datatools/records">database of daily records</a> from every U.S. weather station with at least 30 years of data, and that its website lets you search for how many all-time records have been set in any given stretch of time. For instance, the database indicates that during the seven-day period ending on Aug. 17—the date when the Washington Post published its series of “record-crushing heat” infographics—154 heat records were broken.</p>
<p>That may sound like a lot—154 record-high temperatures in the span of just one week. But the NOAA website also indicates how many potential records could have been achieved during that time: 18,953. In actuality, less than one percent of these were broken. You can also pull data on daily maximum temperatures for an entire month: I tried that with August 2017, and then again for months of August at 10-year intervals going back to the 1950s. Each time the query returned at least about 130,000 potential records, of which one or two thousand seemed to be getting broken every year. (There was no apparent trend toward more records being broken over time.)</p>
<p>Now let’s say there are 130,000 high-temperature records to be broken every month in the U.S. That’s only half the pool of heat-related records, since the database also lets you search for all-time highest low temperatures. You can also check whether any given highest high or highest low happens to be a record for the entire month in that location, or whether it’s a record when compared across all the weather stations everywhere on that particular day.</p>
<p>Add all of these together and the pool of potential heat records tracked by NOAA appears to number in the millions annually, of which tens of thousands may be broken. Even this vastly underestimates the number of potential records available for media concern. As they’re reported in the news, all-time weather records aren’t limited to just the highest highs or highest lows for a given day in one location. Take, for example, the first heat record mentioned in this column, reported in the Post: The U.S. has just endured the hottest May, June, and July of all time. The existence of that record presupposes many others: What about the hottest April, May and June, or the hottest March, April, and May? What about all the other ways that one might subdivide the calendar?</p>
<p>Geography provides another endless well of flexibility. Remember that the all-time record for the hottest May, June, and July applied only to the lower 48 states. Might a different set of records have been broken if we’d considered Hawaii and Alaska? And what about the records spanning smaller portions of the country, like the Midwest, or the Upper Midwest, or just the state of Minnesota, or just the <a href="http://www.startribune.com/record-breaking-heat-hangs-over-minnesota-on-memorial-day/483878341/">Twin Cities</a>? And what about the all-time records overseas, describing unprecedented heat in other countries or on other continents?</p>
<p>Even if we did limit ourselves to weather records from a single place measured over a common timescale, it would still be possible to parse out record-breaking heat in a thousand different ways. News reports give separate records, as we’ve seen, for the highest daily high and the highest daily low, but they also tell us when we’ve hit the highest average temperature over several days or several weeks or several months. The Post describes a recent record-breaking streak of days in San Diego with highs of at least 83 degrees. (You’ll find stories touting streaks of daily highs above almost any arbitrary threshold: <a href="https://www.seattlepi.com/local/weather/article/Seattle-breaks-record-with-90-degree-streak-6415961.php">90 degrees</a>, <a href="http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1588996-relentless-heat-humidity-breaking-weather-records-in-atlantic-canada">77 degrees</a>, <a href="http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-los-angeles-375-days-60-degrees-weather-20141231-story.html">60 degrees</a>, et cetera.) Records also needn’t focus on the temperature at all: There’s been lots of news in recent weeks about the fact that the U.K.<br />has just endured its <a href="https://www.travelandleisure.com/travel-tips/weather/extreme-heat-wave-europe-arctic">driest-ever early summer</a>.</p>
<p>“Record-breaking” summer weather, then, can apply to pretty much any geographical location, over pretty much any span of time. It doesn’t even have to be a record—there’s an <a href="https://www.necn.com/news/new-england/Near-Record-Heat-Ahead-485769071.html">endless</a> <a href="https://wgntv.com/2018/05/28/near-record-heat-expected-memorial-day/">stream</a> of stories on “<a href="https://www.cleveland.com/expo/news/erry-2018/06/acc4b4cd991866/nearrecord_heat_sticky_humidit.html">near-record heat</a>” in one place or another, or the “<a href="https://www.wdel.com/news/summer-is-th-hottest-on-record-in-delaware/article_71cab56c-a008-11e8-ae81-6f5f8e5c8547.html">fifth-hottest</a>” whatever to happen in wherever, or the fact that it’s been “<a href="https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2018/08/01/oregon-drought-wildfires-july-taylor-creek-fire-garner-complex/883522002/">one of the hottest</a>” yadda-yaddas that yadda-yadda has ever seen. In the most perverse, insane extension of this genre, news outlets sometimes even highlight when a given <a href="https://www.king5.com/article/weather/blog/its-hot-but-this-july-likely-wont-be-the-hottest-on-record/281-577029417">record <em>isn’t</em> being set</a>.</p>
<p>Loose reports of “record-breaking heat” only serve to puff up muggy weather and make it seem important. (The <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2007/02/wind_chill_blows.html">sham inflations of the wind chill factor</a> do the same for winter months.) So don’t be fooled or flattered by this record-setting hype. Your summer misery is nothing special.</p>
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		<title>Who Gets to Read the Research We Pay For?</title>
		<link>https://astrosci.news/2018/08/21/who-gets-to-read-the-research-we-pay-for/</link>
		<pubDate>Tue, 21 Aug 2018 22:00:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Bill Nye]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Space]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://slate.com/technology/2018/08/who-gets-to-read-the-research-taxpayers-fund.html</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[There’s one field that has stubbornly ignored the changes in access to information that the internet has wrought: scientific publishing. Peer-reviewed research, often funded at least in part by taxpayers, is still difficult to access, <a class="mh-excerpt-more" href="https://astrosci.news/2018/08/21/who-gets-to-read-the-research-we-pay-for/" title="Who Gets to Read the Research We Pay For?">[...]</a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="media_block"><a href="http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/uploads/2018/08/21/4adc201f-4844-48fd-a170-ad396345178d_1.jpeg.CROP.rectangle-large.jpeg"><img src="https://astrosci.news/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/who-gets-to-read-the-research-we-pay-for.jpg" class="media_thumbnail"></a></div>
<p>There’s one field that has stubbornly ignored the changes in access to information that the internet has wrought: scientific publishing. Peer-reviewed research, often funded at least in part by taxpayers, is still difficult to access, as it’s almost entirely published in scientific journals that sit behind some of the priciest paywalls imaginable. This is frustrating for many people who want to keep up with the latest research, but it becomes an ethical issue for people who suffer from rare diseases and somehow still don’t receive easy access to the latest research on their conditions.</p>
<p>This fault line erupted into an earthquake of sorts last week. The director of scholarly communications at Elsevier, a scientific publishing giant, kicked up a storm on Twitter during a debate over rare-disease families’ access to medical research. Elsevier has been a source of <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/when-the-rebel-alliance-sells-out">controversy</a> on and off for the past few decades for what some see as business practices that place prohibitive costs on scientific information. Nearly 40 percent of the company’s income <a href="http://tagteam.harvard.edu/hub_feeds/3865/feed_items/2378758">last year</a> was profit.</p>
<p>This does not sit well with academics and other members of the research community, who often publicly complain about the company’s profit margins, its allegedly restrictive copyrights, and the fact that much of the research it sells access to is taxpayer-funded. This public outrage seems to have gotten under the skin of William Gunn, Elsevier’s director of scholarly communications. When one user argued that people in rare-disease families “shouldn’t have to jump through additional hoops to access information,” Gunn <a href="https://twitter.com/mrgunn/status/1028812448063664129">responded</a>, “Yes, everyone should have rainbows, unicorns, &amp; puppies delivered to their doorstep by volunteers. Y’all keep wishing for that, I’ll keep working on producing the best knowledge and distributing it as best we can.”</p>
<p>This is just one reckless tweet in the heat of a Twitter spat (though it’s worth bearing Gunn’s job title in mind), and, sure, he later <a href="https://twitter.com/mrgunn/status/1030220723611160577">apologized</a>. But the issue of rare-disease families trying to avoid the high fees associated with accessing research on potential treatments goes beyond this Twitter spat: It’s a real problem that has not been adequately fixed by the company.</p>
<p>Elsevier mainly handles <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2016/04/the_lawsuit_against_sci_hub_begs_the_question_why_are_academic_journals.html">logistics</a> for journals, such as coordinating the peer review process, formatting, distributing, and archiving. In exchange, the company is granted ownership of the copyrights to the articles and can thus charge fees for access. A yearly journal subscription can cost $5,000. The price of a single article is usually <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/this-student-put-50-million-stolen-research-articles-online-and-theyre-free/2016/03/30/7714ffb4-eaf7-11e5-b0fd-073d5930a7b7_story.html?utm_term=.b4720d5b30af">around $35</a>. Universities are typically willing to pay these steep fees for their faculty and students. But if you aren’t in academia and don’t subscribe to the journals (and almost no individuals do), how do you access information? Elsevier sent Slate the following statement:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>We at Elsevier care deeply for those in need of critical medical information and want them to be able to access it so we’ve developed a wide variety of free and low-cost options. We’re also always open to new ideas, and expanding others, for example offering the option for patient organizations and charities to contact us with article requests. Details on our more than 30 free/low cost options are <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/about/open-science/science-and-society/access">here</a>.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Elsevier does suggest a range of options for people who are unable to afford its fees at that site, such as visiting a library with a subscription (probably an academic library, and you’d need to find one that will let in members of the public), searching through free databases like PubMed, or emailing the authors of the pieces themselves to see if they will provide a copy without charge. Critics contend that these workarounds are laborious and time-consuming. Charles Oppenheim, formerly the head of the department of information science at Loughborough University, wrote to Slate, “In practice there are insuperable barriers for families that only true open access can resolve,” pointing out that, for example, time and distance barriers often make it impractical for people—perhaps particularly people who have rare diseases—to travel to a library that has the appropriate subscriptions. Free databases like PubMed also do not always contain the latest information on uncommon diseases and often only make the abstracts available. “[Elsevier’s] low-cost options are a joke, and breadcrumbs from a rich man’s table,” Jon Tennant, a paleontologist and open science advocate, told Slate. “Paywalls to health research are an abomination. No one should have to spend $30 each for 20 papers just to see if it has the information they want.”</p>
<p>Academics have proposed a number of open access models that would more freely distribute research data and journal articles, which could allow authors to post their work on websites for free so that anyone with an internet connection can access it. Tennant notes that open access has been the default status in various Latin American countries for decades. The European Union is also currently attempting to achieve open access for all scientific publications by 2020, and has developed a <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/index.cfm?pg=open-science-policy-platform">policy platform</a> with recommendations to achieve that goal. However, Tennant <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/political-science/2018/jun/29/elsevier-are-corrupting-open-science-in-europe">points out</a> that Elsevier has been appointed as a subcontractor for the project, which is concerning because of conflicts of interest and the fact that the company has previously lobbied for bills that would hinder the spread of scientific information.</p>
<p>In the U.S., however, rare-disease families who can’t afford subscription fees still have to navigate a variety of gatekeeping mechanisms in order to access research that could help them make critical health decisions. Only people who have time to spare and know exactly what to look for will be able to effectively take advantage of the “low-cost” options. That’s why some open access advocates see Gunn’s tweet not as a one-off mistake, but rather as indicative of a broader problem in the scientific publishing industry. “[The tweet] was just bizarrely callous and betrays a general mindset and attitude from publishers,” Tennant said. “What we really need is instant universal access to all scientific knowledge, past and future, and start prioritizing people’s lives over corporate profits.”</p>
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