AYURVEDA

NIMBA

2023-01-02T11:33:00.003+05:30

NIMBA

Basonym of Drug

निम्बति सिञ्चति स्वास्थ्यमिति, स्वस्थवृत्तिकरमिति यावत् ।

Nimba (Azadirachta indica) is very useful drug, which maintains health,

Synonyms

Morphology

1. हिङ्गुनिर्यासः - हिङ्गु इव निर्यासोऽस्य ।

The exudate from Nimba resemble Hingu Niryāsa

Properties and Actions

2. अरिष्ट:- न रिष्टमशुभमस्मात्, सर्वरोगनाशक इत्यर्थः ।

Nimba cures many diseases, does good always if used.

3. कृमिघ्न कृमीन् हन्ति इति ।

Very efficacious in helminthiasis.

4. नियमन नियच्छति शमयति रोगानिति ।

Nimba alleviates many diseases.

5. पारिभद्र परितः भद्रः कल्याणकरः ।

If used, Nimba always does good.

6. पिचुमर्दः - पिचुं कुष्ठं मर्दयति नाशयतीति ।

Nimba is very efficacious drug when it comes to skin diseases.

7. सुतिक्तक:- अतितिक्तः तिक्तद्रव्येषु अग्रगण्यः ।

Nimba is one of the best among drugs having bitter taste.

8. वरत्वच:- वरा श्रेष्ठा त्वगस्येति ।

Bark of Nimba is very useful.

Regional Name

English - Neem tree or Margosa tree.

Hindi - Nim

Kannada -Bevina Mara

Malayalam -Veppu

Marathi - Kadunimba

Botanical Name

Azadirachta indica Juss.

Azadirachta- Persian name meaning best tree indica- Native of India

Family- Meliaceae

Kula - Nimba kula

Gana vargikaraṇa (Classical categorization)

Caraka- Kandughna varga

Suśruta- Aragvadhādi gana

Guduchyadi gana

Lākṣādi gana

Bhavaprakāśa Nighantu- Guducyādi varga

Taxonomy

Kingdom - Plant

Class - Dicotyledons

Sub class - Polypetalae

Order - Disciflorae

Family - Geraniales

Genus - Azadirachta

Species - indica

Habitat

Nimba (Neem) tree grows all over India. It is commonly planted as avenue trees.

Varieties

1. Nimba - Azadirachta indica

2. Mahānimba - Melia azadirachta

3. Parvata Nimba (Aralu)- Ailanthus excelsa

4. Akāśa Nimba - Malingtonia horensis

Morphology

Habit- A large tree

Root- Tap root and branched

Stem- Woody, branchedsolid, erect and cylindrical.

Leaf - Compound,alternate,imparipinnate, exstipulate, pinnae are lanceolate, oblique, serrate,acuminate with unicostate reticulate venation.

Inflorescence- Axillary panicle

Flower- Actinomorphic, bisexual, complete, bracteate, pedicellate, hypogynous, sepals are 5 and gamosepalous, petals are 5, polypetalous and white in colour, stamens are 10, Gynoecium : Tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary.

Fruit- Drupaceous with one seed.

Useful part-Patra (Leaf), and Twak (Bark), Bija (Seed), Phala (Fruit), Puspa (Flowers) and Niryasa (Resin).

Leaf -Pinnately branched leaves with ovate lanceolate, subfalcate and bluntly serrate leaflets having an acute apex, measuring upto 5 cm in length and 1.5 cm in breadth. The leaves are upto 50 cm long clustered at the end of the branches, which also bear bunches of lilac flowers in terminal panicles. Leaflets when fresh are bright green but turn greyish on drying. Has got disagreeable odor. Taste is very bitter.

Bark - Bark is Channelled or quilled pieces of tough and fibrous bark ranging from 3 mm to 10 mm in thickness. Outer surface is greyish brown to black in colour, rough, scaly, irregularly fissured, especially in the bark obtained from older stems. Inner surface is creamish in colour, conspicuously laminated and coarsely fibrous. Transversely cut portion shows a smooth, minutely chequred surface. On breaking becomes fibrous, has got bitter and astringent taste.

Phytoconstituents

Leaves - contain Nimbin, Nimbinene, Nimbandiol, Nimbolide, Quercitin, B-sitosterol, Azadirone, Azadiradione and Azadirachtin. Bark has Nimbin, Nimbinin, Nimbidin, Margolone and Margolonone.

Seeds- contain Nimbin. Nimbidin, Azadirachtin, Chlorogenic acid, Salanin and 4-Epinimbin.

Flowers- possess Nimbosterol Myricitin andKaempferol. Fruits yielded gedunin, Azadiradione,Azadirone and Deacetyl Azadirachtinol.

Rasapanchaka

Rasa -Tikta Kaşāya

Guna -Laghu Rukşa

Vipäka - Katu

Virya -Sita

Doşakarma (Action on Doşa)

Pitta kapha śāmaka, Pittaśāmaka due to its Sītavirya and Tikta Kaşaya rasa. Kaphahara due to Katu vipāka and Tikta Kaṣāya rasa.

Karma (Actions)

Patra (Leaf)

Krmighna, Netrya, Vişaghna, Kuşthagna, Rucikara, Vranaghna, Kasahara and Śwāsahara.

Twak (Bark)

Kuşthaghna, Krimighna, Śramahara, Triṣṇahara. Jwaraghna, Chardighna, Kanḍughna, Pramehahara, Rucikara Sothahara and Rakta śodhaka.

Phala (Fruit)

Kuşthaghna, Arsoghna, Krimighna, Bhedana, Mehahara and Gulmanāśaka.

Puspa (Flower)

Krimighna, Vişaghna

Bija (Seed)

Krimighna and Kuşthaghna

Pharmacological Actions

Leaves- Insect repellent, Blood purifier, Antidiabetic

Seed- Antiviral

Bark- Antiviral and Antibacterial

Flower- Insecticidal

Rogaghnata (Therapeutic indications)

Patra- Kuştha, Krimi, Netra roga, Aruci, Kāsa.

Leaf- Śwasa, Vişaroga and Vrana

Twak (Bark)- Kuştha, Krimi, Kandu, Prameha, Aruci, Raktaduşti, Trisna, Srama, Chardi and Sotha.

Phāla (Fruit)- Kuştha, Arśas, Krimi, Prameha and Gulma.

Bija (Seed)- Krimi and kushta

Puspa (Flower)- Krimi and Vișa roga

Amayika prayoga (Therapeutic administration)

1. Kuştha (Skin disease-Psoriasis)

प्रपतत्सु लसीकाप्रस्रुतेषु गतेषु जन्तुजग्धेषु ।

मूत्रं निम्ब विडङ्गे स्नानं पानं प्रदेहश्च ।।

च.चि. ७/१५७

Affected part of skin of wounded and eaten by maggots, is cleaned and Nimba (Azadirachta indica) and Vidanga (Embelia ribes) powder is mixed with cow's urine and applied. Then the same combination may be used internally also.

2. Twagroga (Skin diseases)

निम्बारग्वधयोः कल्को हित उत्सादने भवेत् ।

अ.सं.उ. ३७/६

Paste prepared from Nimba (Azadirachta indica) and Aragwadha (Cassia fistula) is applied in skin diseases.

3. Arumşika (Head boils)

अरुषिकां हृते रक्ते सेचयेन्निम्ब वारिणा ।

सु.चि. २०/२७

In case of Arumşikā (Head boils), First, blood letting should be done then decoction of Nimba (Azadirachta indica) is sprinkled over the head boils.

Note -Nimba can be considered as Kalpa vruksa as every parts of it is very useful. Caraka opines that one who uses parts of Nimba to take bath, in food and for preparing bed to sleep for a year will never suffer from skin diseases.

IDINJIL

2022-12-25T21:44:00.013+05:30

IDINJIL

Botanical name - Commiphora caudata

Family – Burseraceae

Malayalam name –idinjil

Sanskrit name – ilkkatah, bhandari

English name - Hill mango

Idinjil Bark

Taxonomy

Kingdom- Plantae

Class – Magnoliopsida

Order – Sapindales

Family – Burseraceae

Genus – Commiphora

Species – caudata

Useful part – roots, bark, leaves

Part used - bark

Rasapanchaka

Rasa- kashaya, madhura

Veerya- sheeta

Phytoconstituents

alkaloids, coumarins, tannins, glycosides,phytosterols, flavanoids, phenols and saponins

Actions

vata pitta hara, mootrakruchrapaha, jwarapaha, vrushya, visphota nashini

Therapeutic indications

mootrakruchra, jwara, visphota

KANYASARA

2022-12-22T16:18:00.001+05:30

CHENNINAYAKAM

Kanyasara is the exudate of the drug kumari (Aloevera)

Botanical name - Aloe vera

English name – Indian aloe

Malayalam name – Kattarvazha

Sanskrit name – Kumari

Taxonomy

Kingdom- Plantae

Class – Monocotyledonae

Order – Coronariae

Family – Liliaceae

Genus – Aloe

Species – Vera

Useful part – Leaf gelly

Guna- Snigdha,pichila

Veerya- Katu

Phytoconstituents

Resinoltannols of aleuriticacid,erythrolaccin, lacconic acid.

Anthraquinone glycosides, aloin- barbaloin, isobarbaloin, beta- barbaloin, aloe emodin, resin, aloetic acid, homonataloin, aloesene, chrysophanic acid, chrysamminic acid, galactouronic acid, choline salicylate, mucopolysaccharides, glucosamine, hexuronic acid.

Actions

Bhedana, rasayana, netrya, brmhana, balya, veshya, vishahara, jwarahara, kushtagna, krimigna,sotha. Its pharmacological actions are anti-inflammatory, coolant, laxative, diuretic, aphrodisiac.

TULASI

2022-12-21T11:20:00.007+05:30

TULASĪ

Botanical name: Ocimum sanctum Linn.

Family: Lamiaceae

Classical name : Tulasi

Sanskrit name: Tulasi, Sulabhā, Devadundubhi, Apetarākṣarī, Surasã, Bhūtaghni, Bahumañjarī.

Regional names Tulasi (Hindi, Beng., Guj., Tam., Tel.); Shritulasi (Kann.); Mittavu (Mal.); Sacred Basil, Holy Basil (Eng.).

Description

An erect, herbaceous, much-branched, softly hairy, annual, 30-75 cm. high. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acute or obtuse, entire or serrate, pubescent on both sides, minutely gland-dotted. Flowers purplish or crimson, in racemes, close whorled. Nutlets sub-globose or broadly ellipsoid, slightly compressed, nearly smooth, pale brown or reddish, with small black markings.

Distribution

Plant occurs throughout India, ascending upto 1,800 meters in the Himalayas, and in Andamans and Nicobar Islands. It is commonly cultivated in gardens; it is frequently found as an escape.

It is most commonly planted-pot herb on account of its particularly socio-religious importance as a sacred plant (Hindu religion) as well as environmental (including anti microbial) utility for Indian community as a whole in general.

Plant occurs in paleotropics. It is frequently growing in gardens, lawns, agricultural fields, waste places and or ridges.

Kinds and varieties

Classically, there are mainly two kinds of Tulasi viz Sweta tulasi and krisna tulasi as indicated in Nighantus (Bhavamiśra). Susruta Samhită mentions two varieties as and surasă. Thus, kinds of Tulasi are broadly considered such white (sveta) and black (krsna) Tulasi. Some species of Ocimum henes are referred in context of Tulasi. Ocimum Sims (white flowered, Sveta surasa), O. gratissimum Linn. (Phanijjaka, Rāmatulasi), O.americanum Linn. (a variety of śveta tulasi) and O. kilimandascharicum Guerke (Kapuri tulasi-Karpūra tulasi)

Chemical composition

The leaves on steam-distillation yield a bright yellow volatile oil possessing pleasent odour characteristic of the plant with an appreciable note of cloves. The yield of oil varies with type, season, and the place of origin. Data of analysis various samples (collected from different parts country) are on record, showing the yield of oil (0.1 0.23% and 0.20-0.33% etc.), acid val. (1.1-1.6), phenols (45-70%) and aldehydes (15-25%) and almost similar varying data.

The seeds of plant give a greenish yellow fixed oil (17.8%) with good drying properties, and with analytical characteristics (i.e. sp. gr., acid val., sap. val., iod. val., thio cyanogen val.; hachner val. and unsapon. matter contain sitosterol). The fatty acid composition of the oil is as follows: palmitic 6.9, stearic 2.1, oleic 9.0, linoleic 66.1 and linolenic 15.7 percent.

Pharmacodynamics

Rasa : katu ,tikta

Guna: laghu , ruksha

Virya : Uṣṇa

Vipaka :Katu

Dosakarma : Kaphaghnam

Properties and action

Karma :

kaphaghna Kasahara-śvāsahara-kṣayaghna, kanthya,Hikkänigrahaṇa

Chardinigrahaṇa Krmighna-dipana-pacana-anulomana Jantughna-durgandhanāśana

Vätahara-sothahara Mūtrala (seeds) Hrdya Raktasodhaka Sukrala Tvagdosahara-Kandughna Kuşthghna-svedajanana-tvacya Jvaraghna-sitapraśamana visamajvaraghna-jvarapratiṣedhaka Vishaghna Balya Visankrāmaka.

Roga:

Vātaśleşmika jvara-pratiśyāyan. Käsa-śvāsa-pārsvašūla-yakṣmā Agnimandya-ajirna chardi Udaraśūla-pravähikā Krmiroga Jantu (kītāņu) sankramana bāhyakṛmi Vedana-aksepa-sotha Tvagroga-kacchu-pāmā-kandJirnavrana-sotha-vrana Dagdhavrana Siroroga Karnasula Hrddourbalya-raktavikāra Sukrameha Mūtrakṛcchra-mutradāha bastiśotha-asmari Makkalasula Visa-vrścikadamsa Jvara-jirnajvara Dourbalya Netra roga Bala roga

Parts used : Leaves ,roots,seeds

Groups :

Swasahara ( charaka sambitha)

Surasadi, sirovirechana ( susrutha samhitha)

IMPORTANT BOOKS & AUTHORS OF RASASASTRA

2022-05-24T13:43:00.000+05:30

BOOKS	AUTHORS
Ananda Kanda	Mandhana Bhairava
Ayurveda Prakasha	Madhava Upadhyaya
Ayurvediya Khanija Vijnana	Kaviraj Pratap Singh
Ayurvedia Rasayana	Bhojaraja
Kakshaputa Tantra and Rasendramangalam	Acharya Nagarjuna
Nutana Kalpa	Vaidya Harippanna Sharma
Parade Samhitha	Niranjana Prasad Guptha
Bharatha Bhaishajya ratnakara	Gopinath Guptha
Bharattiya Rasa Sastra (Maratti)	Vaman Ganesh Desai
Bhaishajya Ratnavali	Govinda Das Sen
Yoga Tarangini	Trimallabhatta
Rasa Kamadhenu	Chudamani Misra
Rasa Chandamsu	Sankar
Rasa Chinthamani	Anantha Deva Suri
Rasa Jalanidhi	Bhudeva Mukherji
Rasa Hrudayatantra	Govindha Bhagavatpada
Rasarnava	Bhairava
Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara	Yasodhara Bhatta
Rasa Ratna Samuchaya	Rasa Vagbhata
Rasa Padhathi	Acharya Bindu
Rasendra Chinthamani	Dunduka nath
Vaidhya Jeevana	Lolimbaraja
Rasa Tarangini	Sadanantha Sarma
Rasa Chikitsa	P C Ray
Rasa Sara	Govindhacharya

SLEEP DISORDERS IN THE ELDERLY

2021-03-27T11:34:00.003+05:30

SLEEP DISORDERS IN THE ELDERLY

Sleep disorders in the elderly involve any disrupted sleep pattern, such as problems falling or staying asleep, too much sleep, or abnormal behaviors with sleep.

Three common primary sleep disorders frequently seen in older adults ;

Sleep disordered breathing (SDB)
Restless legs syndrome (RLS/periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS)
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

1.SLEEP-DISORDERED BREATHING (SDB)

spectrum of breathing disorders ranging from benign snoring to obstructive sleep apneas .Patient experiences complete cessation of respiration (apneas) and partial respiration (hypopneas) during sleep.

SBD is diagnosed, when each event exceeds 10 sec and recurs throughout the night. Total number of apnea and hypopneas per hour of sleep is called the apnea-hypopnea index. AHI greater than or equal to 5-10 confirms a diagnosis of SBD.

symptoms of SDB

Snoring

Excess daytime sleepiness

Insomnia

Nocturnal confusion

Difficulty with concentration, attention

Short-term memory loss.

Management

Weight loss

Smoking cessation

Abstinence from alcohol

Avoid long-lasting benzodiazepines

2. RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME (RLS)/ PERIODIC LIMB MOVEMENTS IN SLEEP (PLMS)

Lt is characterized by dysesthesia in the legs usually described as "pin and needles " or "creepy and crawly" sensation in the legs,that is only relieved with movement . This dysesthesia occurs when the patient is in a relaxed or restful state.

Diagnosis more based on history . Prevalent among woman compared to men.

Management

PLMS and RLS are treated with dopamine agonists

3. RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (REM) SLEEPS BEHAVIOR DISORDER

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by complex motoric behaviors that occur during REM sleep.These behaviors/movements can include walking, speaking, eating, and can also be violent and may harm the patient or the patient's bed partner. Oftentimes, patients are unaware of these actions. RBD is most prevalent among older adult males.

Etiology of RBD is unclear

Management

long-acting benzodiazepine ,to reduce or eliminate abnormal motor behavior

Melatonin has also been found to be effective in its treatment.

Sleep hygiene education

Injury-preventing techniques include making the bedroom environment safer by removing potentially dangerous heavy or breakable objects, using heavy curtains on bedroom windows, keeping doors locked at night, and sleeping on a mattress placed on the floor to prevent dangerous falls.

NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY DISORDERS

2021-03-27T11:11:00.001+05:30

Nutritional Deficiency Disorders

Nutritional deficiency diseases result primarily from a diet that does not have enough nutrients, which are essential to health and development

Causes of Nutritional Deficiencies

Poverty

Prolong starvation

A poor diet that lacks essential nutrients, for prolonged period

Insufticient food intake

A number of diseases and chnical condhtions

Endocrine disturbances

Certain drugs or medicine

Elderly age group

Pregnancy can also cause a deficiency if the body diverts iron to the fetus.

Macronutrients

Nutrients	Deficiency
Calories	Starvation , marasmus
Simple carbohydrates	Low energy level
Complex carbohydrates	Micronutrient defitioncy
Protein	Kwashiorkor
Saturated fat	Low testosterone leval , vit. Defitioncy
Unsaturated fat	Fat soluble vit. Defitioncy

Micronutrient

Nutrients	Deficiency
Vitamin A	Xerophthalmia Nightblindness
Vitamin B1	Beri Beri
Vitamin B2	Skin and corneal lesion
Niacin	Pellegra
Vitamin B	Pernisious anemia
Vitamin C	Scurvey
Vitamin D	Rickets
Vitamin E	Neurological disease
Vitamin K	Hemorrhage
Omega -3 fats	Cardiovascular disease

Macrominerals

Minerals	Deficiency
Calcium	Osteoporosis, tetany
Magnesium	Hypertension
Potassium	Hypokalemia, cardiac arrhythmia
Sodium	Hyponatremia

Trace minerals

Minerals	Deficiency
Iron	Anemia
Iodine	Goiter , hypothyroidism

General Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies

Pallor (pale skin)
fatigue
Weakness
trouble breathing
unusual food cravings
hair loss
periods of lightheadedness
Constipation
sleepiness
heart palpitations
feeling faint or fainting
depression
tingling and numbness of the joints
menstrual irregularities.
depression
poor concentration

STARVATION : severe defitioncy in caloric energy nutrient and vitamin intake .

MARASMUS : occur due to defitioncy of protein , carbohydrate and fats . more serious than kwashiorkor .

KWASHIORKER : is due to protien defitioncy . occur after protien rich food are discontinued during weaning and child is given food low in protein and calories.

Diet

An easily digested diet which provides sufficient calories, adequate proteins, of good biological value and sufficient minerals & vitamins, must be given
Skimmed milk
Vegetable proteins made from oilseed cakes, flour madefrom edible pulses and a mixture of one part of casein and 10 parts of groundnut flour.
Banana 400 gms mashed mixed with 200 gms of skimmed milk powder paste reconstituted to make 500 ml volume
Bread and butter offered to child help to bulid up calories

PARKINSON’S DISEASE

2021-02-27T15:00:00.004+05:30

PARKINSONISM

Progressive neurological disorder of muscle movement as a clinical syndrome consist of 4 cardinal features

§ Slowness of movement ( Bradykinesia )

§ Increased tone/ stiffness ( Rigidity )

§ Tremor

§ loss of postural reflexes

Most common parkinsonism is idiopathic (no known cause ) Parkinson's disease

PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Parkinson's disease is a slowly progressive degenerative disease of nervous system associated with destruction of brain cells , which produce dopamine.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PD accounts for more than 80% of all parkinsonism.
The prevalence shows a gradual increase after the age of 50 yrs and a steeper increase after age 60 yrs.
Disease onset before age of 30 suggest a hereditary form of parkinsonism.

PATHO-PHYSIOLOGY

Dopamine and acetylecholine are present in corpus striatum.
Due to some unknown cause,
There will be degeneration of dopaminergic neurons.
Cause imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine.

Cause for dopamine depletion is not found , so idiopathic Parkinson's disease

CAUSES

Parkinson's disease occurs due to lack of dopamine.
Caused by the damage of basal ganglia.
It is mostly due to the destruction of substantia nigra and the nigrostriatal pathway, which has dopaminergic fibers.

Cause of idiopathic parkinsons disease ;

Cigarette smoking
Coffee drinking
MPTP (methylphenyltetrahydropyridine)
Pesticides/herbicides
Heavy metal (iron, manganese)
Hydrocarbon solvents
Diet
Genetic factors

CLASSICAL CLINICAL FEATURES

·         Resting Tremor
·         Cogwheel Rigidity
·         Bradykinesia
·         Postural Instability

Other clinical Features

·         Masked face expression
·         Dysphagia
·         Dysphonia
·         Akinesia
·         Hypokinesia
·         Dementia
·         Urinary retention
·         Constipation

DIAGNOSIS

Parkinson's disease remains a clinical diagnosis.
Routine laboratories are not helpful
CT , MRI

TREATMENT

6 type of medications are available for symptomatic treatment; (help you manage problems with walking, movement and tremor)

Anticholinergics
Amanatide
L-dopa
Monoamineoxidase inhibitors
Catechol-o-methyltransferace inhibitors
Dopamine agonists

OTHER MEDICINES

Dopamine promoter

Stimulates dopamine receptors in the brain.

Antidepressant

Prevents or relieves depression and elevates mood.

Cognition-enhancing medication

Improves mental function, lowers blood pressure and may balance mood.

Anti-Tremor

Helps control tremor, shaking and unsteadiness.

SELF-CARE

Physical exercise

Aerobic activity for 20–30 minutes 5 days a week

SURGICAL TREATMENT

Deep brain stimulation

Deep brain stimulation involves implanting an electrode deep within your brain. The amount of stimulation delivered by the electrode is controlled by a pacemaker-like device placed under the skin in your chest. A wire that travels under your skin connects the device to the electrode.

Implantation of cellular sourses of dopamine
Degenerative process like ; gene therapy as well as cellular transplantation
some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease such as tremor are abolished by surgical destruction of basal ganglia or thalamic nuclei.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Drug induced parkinsonism
Parkinson plus syndrome

INSOMNIA

2021-02-27T13:59:00.004+05:30

Insomnia is inadequate or poor quality of sleep because of difficulty in falling asleep, difficulty in maintaining sleep or waking too early in the morning

It is the most common sleep disorder in elderly.

Chronic Insomnia can lead to severe fatigue, anxiety, depression and lack of concentration.

Insomnia comes under Vata nanatmaja vikara and called as Anidra or Nidranasa in Ayurveda.

Is more common in persons aged more than 65 years and mainly in women than men

TYPES

· Transient insomnia- lasting from a night to a week and is usually caused by traveling or sleeping in an unusual environment.

· Short term Insomnia- lasts about two to three weeks and is usually attributed to emotional factors such as worry or stress.

· Chronic Insomnia- occurs most nights and lasts a month or more

ETIOLOGY

caused by stress Or life style changes
medical or psychological condition
About half of Insomnia cases have no identifiable cause.

Ayurveda believes that usually it is the vitiated vata which disturbs the natural body physiology and results in various types of sleep disturbances. In Ayurveda causes of insomnias are pointed out by Caraka. REFER (Ca.su 21/55-57)

FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP PATTERN

· Smoking,  caffeine, alcohol
· Disruption of circadian rhythms; such as shift work, change in work schedule.
·   Uncomfortable and unusual sleeping environment.
·    Psychiatric and neurological conditions
·     Biological factors- By advancement of aging
·     Sleep disordered breathing-sleep apnea
·   Chronic medical illness

· Excessive computer work or watching T.V.

PATHOGENESIS

Sleep disorders are associated with an impairment of melatonin production. Melatonin produced by the pineal gland at night, plays a role in regulation of sleep-wake cycle and diminished-melatonin Secretion may cause insomnia.

CLINICAL FEATURES

·         Not feeling refreshed
·         Inability to sleep
·         Drowsiness ,iritability
· Difficulty in concentrating
·         Impaired ability to perform normal activities
·         Body-ache and heaviness of the body

INVESTIGATIONS

·         Polysomnography
·   Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT)
·         Thyroid function test
·         EEG

MANAGEMENT

Prevention :

· Daily time table and proper sleeping environment.
·         Application of ointment to the eyes (like ghee)
· Head massage, comfortable bed, home and proper time.
· Decrease use of  coffee and tea, especially in the late evening hours and avoiding alcohol
·         Taking a light and timely dinner, avoiding late night awakening.
·         Following an exercise schedule to reduce stress and help bring sound sleep.

Medical management :

Avoidance of aetiological factors

chronic medical illness should be treated first and smoking, excessive consumption of caffeine, alcohol, excessive computer work or T.V, watching should be avoided.

Pancakama procedures followed by Samana chikitsa

· virecana with Eranda taila

· Abhyanga , Padabhyanga

· Siroabhyanga with medicated oils.

· Sirodhara with medicated liquids (milk/water/oils(Narayana taila)

· Picu with Candanabala taila/ Himasagara taila

· Takradhara

Drug therapy :

· Single drugs : Asvagandha curna, Jatamansi curna, Bramhi , Mandakaparni are effective in the management of insomnia.

· Compound Formulations : Asvagandharista ,Sarasvatarista, Bramhi vați

Yogic Practices :

· Practice of Pranayama and meditation

· Suryanamaskara, Tadasana, Matsyasana, Makrasana, Bhujangasana, Padmasana, Pascimottanasana and Svasana

Counseling : Advice the patient to;

·         Drink Warm milk.before going to bed
·         Do some light physical activities before going to bed
·         Take warm bath before bedtime
·         Sleep on comfortable bed
·         Use the bed and bedroom only for sleep
·         Maintain a regular sleep /wake up schedule
·         Practice yoga and meditation
·         Avoid stressful conditions

OSTEOARTHRITIS

2021-02-22T12:57:00.000+05:30

DEFNITION

OA is a degenerative disease of synovial joints characterised by focal loss of articular hyaline cartilage with proliferation of new bone and remodeling of joint contour

It is (inflammation) is a misnomer and there is no inflammation here and is a degenerative disease

· occurs mainly in weight bearing joints like knee, hip

· occurs mainly in age >65 yrs

· more common in women

· increased risk for those with family history

Main clinical features

Ø pain
Ø morning stiffness <30 mins
Ø restricted functionality

ETIOLOGY

Ø PRIMARY / IDIOPATHIC: When there is no obvious predisposing factor. Common form of OA.
o Cause –Unknown
§ Common-in elders where there is no previous pathology. Its mainly due to wear and tear changes occuring in old ages mainly in weight bearing joints.
Ø SECONDARY: When degenerative joint changes occur in response to a recognizable local or systemic factor.

Secondary OA is due to predisposing cause such as:

1.Injury to the joint

2.Previous infection

3.RA

4.CDH

5.Deformity

6.Obesity

7.hyperthyriodism

Primary OA ; more common than secondary OA

CLINICAL FEATURES OF OSTEOARTHRITIS

OA can occur in any joint. commonly seen in hip and knee joint

one or few joints usually involved

Ø PAIN - increase during movement
Ø STIFFNESS -

Morning stiffness less than 30 minutes
Stiffness also after prolonged period of inactivity

Ø SWELLING - of affected joint
Ø DEFORMITY - genu varum in case of knee OA
Ø CREPITUS - grating sensation on moving a joint
Ø LOSS OF RANGE OF MOTION - due to osteophyte formation ,capsular thickening

RISK FACTORS

Ø Age : Age is the most potent risk factor for OA  OA is rare in under age 40  OA occurs in more than 50% of persons over age 70
Ø Gender : In general, arthritis occurs more frequently in women than in men. Before age 45, OA occurs more frequently in men; after age 45, OA is more common in women. OA of the hand is particularly common among women.
Ø Hereditary Gene defect : A defect in one of the genes responsible for the cartilage component collagen can cause deterioration of cartilage.
Ø Joint’s Abnormalities : People with joints that move or fit together incorrectly, such as bow legs, a dislocated hip, or double- jointedness, are more likely to develop OA in those joints.
Ø Obesity : Being overweight during midlife or the later years is among the strongest risk factors for OA of the knee
Ø Joint overuse or injury : Traumatic injury (ex. Ligament or meniscal tears) to the knee or hip increases your risk for developing OA in these joints. Joints that are used repeatedly in certain jobs may be more likely to develop OA because of injury or overuse

XRAY FINDINGS

Ø JOINT SPACE NARROWING
Ø OSTEOPHYTE FORMATION
Ø SUBCHONDRAL SCLEROSIS
Ø LOOSE BODIES WITHIN JOINTS
Ø CYST FORMATION IN CORTICAL BONE

LAB FINDINGS

Ø ESR, CRP - normal
Ø RA factor, anti CCP – negative

TREATMENT PRINCIPLES

EDUCATION

Ø Nonsystemic nature of disease

Ø Prevent overloading of joint. Obesity!!

Ø Appropriate use of treatment modalities

· Importance of exercise program

· Aids, apliances, braces

· Medial treatments

· Surgical treatment

EXERCISE

Ø Important for cartilage nutrition

Ø Some evidence that lack of exercise leads to progression of OA

Ø Encourage full range low impact movements eg swimming, cycling

Ø Avoid ;

§ Prolonged loading

§ Activities that cause pain

§ Contact sports

§ High impact sports eg running

Quadriceps exercises for knee OA

Quadriceps exercises are of proven value for pain relief and improving function, and everyone with knee OA should be taught the correct techniques and encouraged to make these exercises a lifetime habit.

Use of trans cutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

TENS as an adjunct to other therapy for pain relief at the knee joint .The use of acupuncture, TENS and other local techniques to aid pain relief in difficult cases of OA is often worthwhile.

AIDS AND APPLIANCES

Ø Braces / splints
Ø Special shoes/insoles
Ø Mobility aids
Ø Aids: dressing, reaching, tap openers, kitchen aids
Ø Taping of patella in patello femoral OA

Use of a cane, stick or other walking aid. This patient ,who has hip OA, has found that she can reduce the pain in her damaged left hip by leaning on the stick in the right hand as she walks. The reduction in loading can be huge, and the effect on symptoms and confidence with walking very beneficial.

The use of shoes and insoles to reduce impact loading on lower limb joints. Modern sports shoes (‘trainers’)often have appropriate insoles. Alternatively, special heel or shoe insoles of sorbithane or viscoelastic materials can be used. They may help relieve pain as well as reducing the peak impact load on the joints during walking.

MEDICAL TREATMENT

Ø Simple analgesics: paracetamol , low dose ibuprofen
Ø NSAID’s/Coxibs PRN regular
Ø Intra-articular corticosteroids
Ø Topical treatment eg : NSAID creams, capsaicin
Ø ‘Chondroprotective agents’

SURGICAL TREATMENT : Joint replacement surgery

BAMS SHALYATANTRA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

2021-02-22T11:44:00.001+05:30

BAMS SHALYATANTRA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

PAPER 2 (2012 SCHEME)

10 marks

Explain the nidana, lakshana and chikitsa of anthravridhi (inguinal hernia)

Discuss the aetiopathogenesis, classification, clinical features and management of

carcinoma of brest

Explain fracture management and its complications

Describe clinical features, diagnosis and management of mootravridhi

Explain in detail about classification of Asthi Bhagna and its management.

Discuss the aetiopathogenesis, classification and management of Bhagandara.

Mention the Nidana, Samprapthi, Prakara and Lakshanas of Arsas and describe its

management briefly.

Define hernia and explain its classification, complications and management

Define Bhagandara. Classify it according to ancient and modern view along recent

advances.

Discuss the aetiopathogenesis, classification, clinical features and management of

Antra Vridhi.

Describe Kanda bhagna and management.

Define Hernia. Write its classification, complications and management.

5 marks

Pleehodara

Liver abscess

Mutravrudhi(Hydrocele)

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

Management of peptic ulcer

Murphy’s syndrome and Murphy’s sign

Umbilical hernia

Sandhimoksha types

Pancreatitis

Gudabhramsa

Dislocation of shoulder joint

Describe injury to brain

Fibro adenoma of breast

Lakshana and chikitsa of chidrodara

Liver abscess

Differential diagnosis of bleeding per rectum

Chaturvidha chikitsa of arshas

Treatment of bhagandara

Cholecystitis

Paraphimosis

Describe osteomyelitis.

Describe parinama soola and its management.

Describe the causes and management of esophageal varices.

Explain Jalodra and management.

Mention symptoms and management of Crohn’s disease.

Explain liver abscess and management.

Describe classification of renal calculi.

Describe benign prostate hypertrophy.

Explain ‘pleehodara’.

Describe diagnosis and management of femoral hernia.

Describe fibroadenoma of breast

Hydatid cyst.

Explain Gudabhramsha and its management.

Treatment of Ca of esophagus.

Explain the chikitsa of Parikarthika.

Shoulder joint dislocation and its management.

Explain about Siraja Granthi and its treatment.

Urethral stricture.

Classify cyst and mention its management.

Appendicular abscess and its management

Describe “Guda bhramsha”.

Explain Nidana, Samprapthi, lakshana and Chikitsa of ‘Parinama soola’.

Describe etiopathogenesis of acute pancreatitis along with management.

The clinical features of obstruction of large gut.

Rudhapada Kamala.

What is hydatid cyst and describe its etiopathogenesis.

The etiopathogenesis of urinary calculus from ancient and modern view.

Define femoral hernia and mention its surgical management.

Complications of appendicitis and their management in detail.

Classification of hemorrhoids (Arsha).

Majja paripaka (Osteomyelitis)

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Congenital abnormalities of kidney

Colle’s fracture and its management.

Arsha’s and its various treatment modalities.

Causes of splenomegali

Classified head injuries and describe its complication.

Explain the surgical treatment of hydrocele

Gudaja arbuda

Explain Achalasiacardia and its management

3 marks

Clavicle fracture

Pleural abscess

Congenital pyloric stenosis

Sannirudhaguda

Parivarthika (Paraphimosis)

Ulcerative colitis

Shataponaka bhagandara

Cerebral contusion

Oesophagitis

Renal injury

Explain Pott’s disease

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

Paralytic ileus

Describe fracture of patella

Incisions in appendicectomy

Renal function test

Incisional hernia

Esophageal varices

Tortion of testis

Gulgulu panchapala choornam

Management of hydrocele.

Niruddha Prakasa (phimosis).

Hematuria.

Chronic pancreatitis.

Murivenna

Mooshika thailam

Retention of urine

Urethral stricture.

Gudabhramsa

Umbilical hernia.

Gulgulu panchapala churnam.

Describe ‘Nirudha prakasha’.

Explain Sharkararbuda.

Rupture of spleen and its treatment.

Explain ‘Mootra vridhi’.

Ano - rectal abscess.

Describe Gulma Upadrava.

Explain the indications for colostomy.

Causes for acalculous cholecystitis

The role of PSA in the diagnosis of prostatic pathologies.

Hydrocele

Phimosis

Parikartika

Asthi vidradhi

Fracture of femur neck

Musthadi marma kashayam

Pilonidal sinus

Pourusha grandhi sopham

Murivenna

Vasectomy

Charcoat’s tried

Inter vertebral disc prolapse

Indication of ESWL

Omentocele

Pseudo pancreatic cyst

Circumcision

Mutraghata

Shataponaka bhagandara

Pyloric stenosis

Oesophagial varices.

BAMS SHALYATANTRA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

2021-02-22T11:36:00.000+05:30

BAMS SHALYATANTRA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

PAPER 2 (2010 SCHEME)

10 marks

Explain the samanya lakshana, upadrava and chikitsa bhagna

Explain aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and management of appendicitis

Explain the samanya lakshana, upadrava and chikitsa bhagna

Explain aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and management of appendicitis

Explain the clinical features, complications and management of femur neck fracture

Describe the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of inguinal hernia

Explain the clinical features of Sthana Arbuda (Ca. Breast), method of examination and modalities of treatment.

Define Bhagna. Classify and detail description of its types and discuss the management of shoulder joint dislocation.

5 marks

Cholelithiasis

Colle’s fracture

Management of sthana arbuda

Pleural effusion

Management of peptic ulcer

Chidrodara

Asmari chikitsa

Application of kshara sutra in bhagandara

Yakruthodara

Surgical management of inguinal hernia

Cholelithiasis

Colle’s fracture

Management of sthana arbuda

Pleural effusion

Management of peptic ulcer

Chidrodara

Asmari chikitsa

Application of kshara sutra in bhagandara

Yakruthodara

Surgical management of inguinal hernia

Explain osteomyelitis

Describe skull fractures

TNM staging of breast carcinoma

Explain ulcerative colitis

Esophageal perforation

Liver cirrhosis

Causes of hematuria

Nidana and samprapthi of mootrasmari

Rectal prolapse and its management

Operative procedure of cholecystectomy

What is appendicitis. Mention the causes, signs and symptoms and its differential

diagnosis.

Clinical features of Amashaya vrana (Gastric ulcer).

The causes and clinical features of cholecystitis.

Causes and clinical features of intestinal obstruction.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Osteomyelitis (Majja Paripaka)

Causes of retention of urine and management.

Explain clinical features of ureteric calculi and its management.

Nidana and lakshana of Pleehodara

Cirrhosis of liver and its management.

3 marks

Clinical features of carcinoma of stomach

Mickel’s diverticulitis

Goodsall’s rule

Jalodara

Rectal polyp

Psuedopancreatic cyst

Splenic rupture

Renal calculus

Nirudhaprakasa (phimosis)

Bone cyst

Clinical features of carcinoma of stomach

Mickel’s diverticulitis

Goodsall’s rule

Jalodara

Rectal polyp

Psuedopancreatic cyst

Splenic rupture

Renal calculus

Nirudhaprakasa (phimosis)

Bone cyst

Intervertebral disc prolapse

Dislocation of patella

Types of bhagandara pidaka

Intestinal obstruction

Appendicular abscess

Nirudha prakasa

Acute pancreatitis

Lepana yoga for arsha

Carcinoma of prostate

Types of biopsy

Shataponaka Bhagandara

Fissure-in-Ano.

Arshas and its various treatment modalities

Colle’s fracture

Snayuka

Murphy’s triad

Parisravi Udara.

Congenital anomalies of urinary bladder

Avapatika

Chippam.

BAMS KAYACHIKITSA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

2021-02-20T22:49:00.001+05:30

BAMS KAYACHIKITSA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

PAPER 3 (2010 SCHEME)

10 marks

Enumerate the types of apasmara. Explain in detail about its lakshana and chikitsa .

Explain different types of rasayana, its Importance and discuss about achara rasayana

Describe the principle of treatment and management of ghridhrasi

Describe the principle of treatment and management of unmade

Define Vatavyadhi and describe its samprapti, lakshana and samanya chikitsa

Describe sthana, guna, karma of Manas and discuss chikitsa of Apasmara

Principles of treatment and management in pakshavadha

Discuss features and management of unmada

Describe the principle of treatment and management of pakshaghata

Describe the principle of treatment and management of apasmara

Discuss the etiopathogenesis and symptoms of hypothyroidism with its diagnostic criteria

and ayurvedic line of management.

Describe the acute myocardial infarction and utility of serum enzyme investigation in its

diagnosis. Elaborate the role of Ayurveda in the management of ischaemic heart disease.

5 marks

Lakshanas and chikitsa of manyastambha

Trayopastambha and vajikarana.

Define satwavajaya chikitsa and discuss its importance

Hypopituitarism

Clinical signs and symptoms of pneumonia and mention its management

Protein energy malnutrition- clinical features and management

Treatment principles of urustambha.

Gridhrasi and its chikitsa

Explain types of avarana and its saamanya chikitsa

Etiology, clinical features and management of pancreatitis.

Discuss bahiparimarjana chikitsa in avabahuka

Discuss shamana chikitsa in anxiety disorder

Management of parkinsonism

Myocardial infarction

Method of kutipraveshika rasayana

Definition of rasayana

Treatment of hyperthyroidism

Describe the treatment of urustambha

Brief the methods of amalaki rasayana

Environmental factors in causation of illness and its management

Describe Kutipraveshika Rasayana vidhi

Nidana, lakshana and chikitsa of Ardita

Describe Medhya Rasayana in the management of Manasa Roga

Stree-prasamsa in the light of Vajikarana

What is meant by Atattvabhinivesha. Describe its management

Use of Achara rasayana in present era

Management of status asthmatics

Differential diagnosis and management of Pakshaghata

Describe about diseases due to food poisoning and their management

Symptoms and management of hyperthyroidism

Clinical features and management of hypothyroidism.

Food allergy and its management

Features and management of Alzheimer’s disease.

Diagnosis and management in acute abdomen

Importance of rasayana in vardhakya.

Clinical features of acute respiratory distress syndrome and its management

Define vajikarana tantra and explain various shukra doshas

Etiopathogenesis and management of leptospirosis

Nidana and chikitsa of GB syndrome

Vardhamana pippali rasayana

Discuss ahiparimarjana chikitsa in vishvachi

Discuss shamana chikitsa in mood disorder

Management of gullian barrie syndrome

Describe medhya rasayana

Method of vatatapika rasayana

Classification of vajikarana

Treatment of hypothyroidism

Describe the treatment of udavarta

Brief the methods of shilajatu rasayana

Discuss iatrogenic factors in causation of illness and its management

Describe principles of treatment of sarvangavata.

Explain management of katigraha.

Nidan and chikitsa of urustambha.

Ayurvedic treatment of parkinsonism (Kampavata).

Role of rasayana in latrogenic diseased conditions.

Management of vardhakyajanita vikara.

Vajikarana dravya and aushadhi.

Gridhrasi.

Management of myasthenia gravis.

Role of satwavajaya chikitsa in stress induced disorders.

3 marks

Muscular dystrophy

Daiva vyapashraya chikitsa

Motor neuron disease

Medhya rasayana

Koshtagata vata

Prajnaparadha

Phalavat shukra lakshanas

Upadamsha

Poorvakarma of rasayana vidhi.

Schizophrenia.

Symptoms and treatment of vitamin A deficiency

Diagnosis and management of jara shosha

Treating muscular dystrophy

Management of pitttavrita vata

Symptoms and treatment of raktagata vata

Management of food allergy

Treatment of gastritis

Symptoms of good shukra

Renal colic

khanja

Explain the management of auto immune disorders

Lakshana and chikitsa of Gridhrasi

Agantuja Unmada and its chikitsa

Symptoms and management of leptospirosis

Symptoms and management of anxiety disorders

Explain nidana and theory of ageing

Lakshana and chikitsa of Apatantraka

Adravyabhuoota chikitsa in Manasa Roga

Emergency management of chest pain

Lakshana and chikitsa of Avabahuka

Management of motion sickness

Autoimmune disorders

Water soluble vitamins and its natural sources

Shukra vrudhikara vaajikarana dravyas.

Rasayana prayoga kala.

Management in status asthematicus

Atatwabhinivesha

Management of vatakantaka.

Sthana guna karma of manas.

Snayu-ashti-sandhigata vata chikitsa

Symptoms and treatment of vitamin D deficiency

Etiopathogenesis and management of pneumonia

Myasthenia gravis

Management of kaphavrita vata

Symptoms and treatment of mamsagata vata

Management of drug allergy

Treatment of Pancreatitis

Diseases of adrenal gland

Appendicitis

pangu

Muscular dystrophy.

Management of hypoglycemia.

Explain diagnostic criteria for pancreatitis.

Kutipraveshika rasayana.

Vata kantaka.

Management of motion sickness.

Rules and regulation after rasayana therapy.

Vitamin deficiency diseases and their treatment.

Symptoms of good shukra

Status asthmaticus

BAMS KAYACHIKITSA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

2021-02-20T22:43:00.002+05:30

BAMS KAYACHIKITSA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

PAPER 2 (2010 SCHEME)

10 marks

Explain chikitsa sutra and management in various types of kushta.

Explain chikitsa sutra and management in prameha.

Explain in detail about the chikitsa sutra and management of rajayakshma

Elaborate the management of bronchiectasis

Describing ayurvedic view of jalodara, discuss the transudative and exudative ascites in

light of ascitic fluid examination. Add a note on the chikitsa sutra of jalodara.

Describing samprapti lakshana of grahani roga, discuss the mal absorption syndrome in

detail with ayurvedic line of management of disease with recent advances.

Explain in detail about bheda, lakshana and chikitsa of Shwasa

Mention Samprapti, bheda, lakshana and chikitsa of Vatarakta

Describe in detail about the chikitsa sutra and management of shvasa

What are the principles of management of vishama-jvara. Explain the sodhana and

samana modalities.

5 marks

Clinical features and management of phiranga roga

Conditions of shakaashrita kamala and its management

Chikitsa sutra and management of rakta-pitta

Chikitsa sutra in krimiroga.

Name any five medically manageable kshudra roga and mention its management.

Types of chardi and their chikitsa sutra.

Clinical features and management of COPD

Features of sodium depletion and its management

Clinical features and management of adhoga amlapitta

Types of pandu and their chikitsa sutras.

shodhana chikitsa in hrudroga

shamana chikitsa of plihadosha

Describe the bahiparimarjana chikitsa in amavata

Discuss the management of dyslipidaemia

Discuss the management of electrolyte imbalance

Elaborate the chikitsa sutra of ashmari

Elaborate the chikitsa sutra of arshas

Substantiate the nityavirechana in jalodara

Substantiate the madyapana in madatyaya

Justify the shodhana in ajirna

Ayurvedic management of pandu roga.

Etiopathogensis of amavata.

Kumbha-kamala.

Dyslipidemia as a risk factor for diabetes mellitus.

Osteomyelitis.

Line of treatment of kasa roga

Cirrhosis of liver.

Sheetapitta

Ayurvedic management of raktapitta.

Chikitsa sutra of sthoulya roga

Define Amavata and describe its lakshana and chikitsa

Describe bheda, lakshana and chikitsa of Grahani

Explain the importance of shodhana in Kushtaroga

Discuss lakshana and chikitsa of Kaphaja Prameha

Bheda and chikitsa of Mootraghata

Discuss samanya chikitsa of Sthoulya

Ayurvedic management of acid peptic disorders

The importance of Takra in chikitsa of Arshas

Describe lakshana and chikitsa of Phirangaroga

Lakshana and chikitsa of Rajayakshma

Role of raktamoksha in vatasonitha

The treatment of trishna with suggested medicines

Describe the principles of treatment and management of Karshya

Give the yoga of manibhadra guda

Emphysema and its management

When bahiparimarjana is indicated in kushta. Suggest three yogas.

Explain haleemaka-chikitsa

The management of adhogaraktapitha

Causes, symptoms and management of osteoarthritis

The treatment of hypertension

3 marks

Clinical and diagnostic features of leukaemia

Pleeha doshas

Management of madatyaya.

Management of murcha

Arbuda samprapti.

Features of nephrotic syndrome

Management of pravahika.

Bahir parimarjana chikitsa in uthana vatarakta.

Role of dushyas in visarpa

Cirrhosis of liver

aushadha chikitsa of apachi

Udvartana in sthaulya

Svedana in sandhigata vata

Treatment of puyameha

External medication of gandamala

vilambika

vidagdhajirna

udarda

purishaja krimi

Emphysema

Pleeha dosha

Visarpa.

Apachi.

Ayurvedic management of acid peptic disorders.

Shirah shoola (Tension headache).

Kshudra roga.

Udarda.

Chikitsa sutra of sandhivata.

Vatarakta.

Scope of ayurveda in the treatment of chronic renal failure.

Ayurvedic management of hypertension

Explain the chikitsa of Raktaja gulma

Chikitsa of Raktapitta

Explain Atisara chikitsa

Describe Panduroga chikitsa

Nidana, lakshana and chikitsa of seetapitta

Nidana, lakshana and chikitsa of Vrishana Kacchu

Explain causes and management of osteoporosis

Describe Mootrashmari chikitsa

Explain Krimi Samanya chikitsa

Give the yoga of ksheerabala

Describe the treatment of upadamsha

The management of padadari

Elaborate the treatment of shitapitta

External medication in arshas

The bahiparimarjana chikitsa in shula

Describe the shodhana chikitsa in amlapitta

The chikitsa sutra of visarpa

What are the common anupanas for churnas in gulma-chikitsa

The adravyabhuta chikitsa in hikka

BAMS KAYACHIKITSA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

2021-02-20T22:40:00.008+05:30

BAMS KAYACHIKITSA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

PAPER 1 (2010 SCHEME)

10 marks

Discuss the probable role of ayurveda in the management of AIDS in light of national

health programme,.

Explain the clinical utility of chaya, prakopa and prasham in prevention, progression and

cure of disease.

5 marks

Describe the types of bheshaja.

Vriddhi and kshaya lakshana of doshas.

Define the chikitsa sutra and management of nirama state of doshas.

Anuloma and pratiloma gati of dosha.

Importance of dosha and dushya in the precipitation of disease.

Importance of prakriti in the progression and prognosis of disease.

Elaborate the utility of Ayurveda as a supportive treatment for dengue fever.

Encephalitis.

Plague.

Scope of Ayurveda in the management of malaria.

3 marks

Knowledge of lina dosha and its management.

Management of nanatmaja diseases.

Ashayapakarsha gati.

Ojokshaya and AIDS.

Mumps.

Pneumonia.

Accupressure.

Role of yoga in health promotion.

Principles of physiotherapy

Applied utility of langhana and brihana chikitsa.

BAMS KAYACHIKITSA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

2021-02-20T22:39:00.002+05:30

BAMS KAYACHIKITSA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

PAPER 2 (2012 SCHEME)

10 marks

Explain the clinical features and management of tamaka shwasa in detail

Discuss the chikitsa sutra and management of all types of kamala in detail

Discuss avaranajanya and dhatukshayajanya madhumeha with importance of ten

dushyas in the samprapti of prameha and its principles of treatment.

Describing the samprapti lakshana of alasaka and vilambika, discuss the chikitsa sutra

and management of visuchika.

Describe in detail Paribhasha, Lakshana, Nidana, Chikitsa Sutra and Chikitsa of

Prameha roga

Define Rasayana. Describe Kutipraveshika Rasayana therapy in detail with its mode of administration and Pathya-Apathya.

Discuss in detail about the chikitsa sutra and management of shotha

Discuss in detail about the chikitsa sutra and management of mutrakrichra

Describe nidana panchaka and treatment of Prameha in detail.

Discuss in detail about Nidana, Samprapthi and management of Urusthamba.

Describe Nidana Panchaka, types and management of Grahani.

Discuss the importance of Rasayana therapy in present era and describe AcharaRasayana.

5 marks

Ayurvedic understanding and management of diabetes mellitus.

Clinical features and management of amavata

Chikitsa sutra and shamana chikitsa in kilasa

Different stages of mada and their management.

Clinical conditions of adhoga raktapitta and their management.

Clinical features of hritshoola and immediate measures to save the life of the patient

Name the ama doshas and mention its management.

Features and management of urdhwaga amlapitta

Discuss the treatment principles in jalodara

Chikitsa sutra and management of ardra arshas

Scope of Ayurveda in the management of osteopenia and osteoporosis.

Discuss the ayurvedic management of tamak shwasa.

Ekadash roop of rajayakshma.

Emphysema.

Discuss ayurvedic management of hypertension.

Grahani chikitsa.

Ayurvedic managemet of puyameha (Gonorrhoea).

Nephrotic syndrome.

Discuss the ayurvedic management of pravahika.

Trishna chikitsa.

Ekadasha Roopa of Rajayakshma and Chikitsa

Tamaka Shwasa Chikitsa

Rasa Shesha Ajeerna

Vishuchika upadrava

Nidana and Chikitsa of Urustambha

The Sandigata Vata lakshana and Chikitsa.

Arshoroga Nidana and Chikitsa

Action of Sneha in Madhumeha.

Bhutonmada lakshana and Chikitsa

How do you administer Vardhamana pippali kalpa, explain in detail.

The treatment of vilambika

Describe the principles of treatment and management of arbuda

Elaborate the treatment of shukradosha

Describe the principles of treatment and management of purishaja krimi

Elaborate the treatment of upadamsha

Depression and its management

The management of bronchiectasis

The treatment of muscular dystrophy

Describe benign prostatic hypertrophy and its management

Causes, symptoms and management of hyponatremia hypokalemia

Define Rasayana and Vajeekarana and differentiate between them.

The line of treatment of Ardhita according to Susrutha charya.

Describe sadhyasadhyatva and management of Visuchika.

Differentiate between Phiranga and Upadamsha and write the treatment of Phiranga.

Shilajathu Rasayana.

Explain Raktatisara.

Samanya lakshane and chikitsa of Unmada.

Vathika Kasa and its line of treatment.

The relevance of ‘Thakaprayoga’ in Grahaniroga.

Udavartha and its line of treatment.

Describe treatment of Kasa.

Describe Sadhya-asadhyata of Shwasa.

Difference between Kati Graha and Gridrasi.

Samprapti of Pakshavadh.

How to understand etio-pathology of motor neuron diseases from Ayurveda point of

view.

Explain Chikitsa Sutra of Prameha.

Importance of Upanaha Sweda in Sandigata vata.

Signs and symptoms of IBS.

Explain how Pranjaparadha can be one of the root causes of all diseases.

Importance of Medhya Rasayana in today’s modern time.

3 marks

Modalities of chikitsa in janu sandhigata vata.

Management of puyameha

Importance of kapha dosha in manifestation of mutraashmari

Management of sheetapitta

Aamatisara chikitsa sutra

Takra prayoga in grahani

Ashta doshas in sthoulya

Understanding dyslipidaemia in Ayurveda

Osteoporosis

Mutraashteela

Bronchiectasis.

Ajirna chikitsa.

Mutrakricha.

Jalodara.

Agnimandya chikitsa.

Amlapitta.

Leukemia.

Ayurvedic management of chronic bronchitis.

Shotha chikitsa.

Atopa

Urakshata Nidana

Important drugs used in Amlapitta

Annaja Hikka

Mamsa rasa prayoga in Rajayakshma

Features of dehydration

Yosha Apasmara

Explain Atattvabhinivesha

Give two examples of Adravyabhuta Chikitsa indicated in Unmada

Rasayana in vardhakya

Types of Klaibya

The treatment of vishvachi

Describe the treatment of asthimajja vidradhi

Define krodha and write its management

Elaborate adravyabhuta chikitsa

Vatatapikarasayana

The derivation and definition of vajikarana

Ayurvedic management of osteopenia

Treatment of ulcerative colitis

Describe antioxidants

The treatment of kampavat

Pathya-apathya in Udara.

Lakshana of Vrushyoushadha.

The line of treatment of Thamakaswasa

Differentiate between mutrakrichra and mutraghata

Explain Satwavajayaa chikitsa

Medhya Rasayana.

Raktarsha chikitsa.

List the ingredients of Rasnairandadi kashaya.

Osteoarthritis.

The line of treatment of Vathika Apasmara.

Line of treatment of four Avasthas of Agni.

Types of Shotha.

Line of treatment of Udakavaha Srotas.

Avarana samanya chikitsa.

The Chikitsa of Ardita Vata.

Synonyms of Rasayana.

Chikitsa Sutra of disorders of Mutravaha Srotasa.

Difference between Klaibya and Dhwajabhanga.

Importance of Sattwavajaya Chikitsa in Manasa Roga.

Define Vajikarana and give three name of Vajikarana formulation.

BAMS KAYACHIKITSA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

2021-02-20T22:34:00.003+05:30

BAMS KAYACHIKITSA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

PAPER 1 (2012 SCHEME)

10 marks

Explain Santarpana and Apatarpana chikitsa with examples.

Explain Nidana, Samprapti, lakshana and Chikitsa of Amavata.

Describe about the importance of Kayachikitsa

Discuss Samanya chikitsa sootra of jwara

Define Avarana, classify avarana and explain in brief with Chikitsa

Mention in detail about Nidana, lakshana, sadhyasadhyata and line of treatment of

Rakthapitha

Describe Dvividhopakrama in detail with the examples.

Describe the types of Jvara and describe management of Vishamajvara

5 marks

Describe Indriya pradoshaja- vikara with example.

Define Vyadhi-kshamatva and enumerate its types.

Explain Chikitsa chatushpada with its importance.

Clinical features and management of Alzhimer’s disease.

Management of acute renal failure.

Describe tarpana chikitsa and importance of dugdhapana in Madatyaya.

Describe national health programme and relevant Ayurvedic management of AIDS.

Define Pathya and write pathyapathya of Kamala.

Samprapti and sadya phaladayi chikitsa of Sheetapitta.

Guna and karma of Mana.

Types of Chikitsa

Kriyakala Lakshana and management

Chikitsa siddhantha of madatyaya

Shamana Chikitsa

Rakta Vruddhi Lakshana and Chikitsa

Hypertension

Typhoid fever

Hritshoola

Kumbha Kamala

Leukemia

The general line of treatment of Pitha

Samanya chikitsa sutra of Manasa roga

Importance of Shad Kriyakala in Chikitsa

Name Shadvidhopakrama, discuss any two among them.

Discuss the ‘concept of Ama’ and its management

The line of treatment of Panduroga.

Management of electric shock

Typhoid fever and its Ayurvedic management

Amavata chikitsa sutra

Explain briefly about the role of Panchakarma in the management of Kushtaroga.

Explain the Rogi Roga Pariksha.

Explain practical utility of Sama- Nirama states in the treatment.

The definition, types, prognosis and line of treatment of Avarana.

Explain the common Chikitsa Sidhanta of Manasa Roga.

The Ayurvedic management of Vardhakya Janya Vikara.

Types, dushtikarana and dushtilakshana of srotas.

Differentiate between Mada, Murcha and Sanyasa.

Describe how Yoga is useful in maintenance of health.

Signs and symptoms of Hypoglycaemia

Describe management of acute abdominal pain.

3 marks

Ojovyapat Lakshana.

Enlist Dashavidha-pariksha.

Describe Nidana parivarjana.

Causes, symptoms and treatment of pellagra.

Describe treatment principle of Pandu.

Dosha – dushya sammurchhana in Visarpa.

Enlist Ashtanga-Yoga.

Symptoms of Sama-Pitta.

Importance of Sthana-samshraya avastha.

The yoga of Aparajitha dhoopa.

Importance of Agni

Brimhana Chikitsa

Alzheimer’s disease

Relevance of pathyapathya in the management of a disease

Nutritional deficiency disorders

The Ayurvedic management of cirrhosis of liver

Filariasis

The relevance of physiotherapy in the management of rheumatoid arthritis

The Ayurvedic management of gastritis

Shock

Define Chikitsa

Iatrogenic diseases

Chikitsa Chatushpada

The management of vardhakyajanya kara.

What is the time of administration of medicine in Samana Vata Vaigunya

The occasion of Sarpipana in jwararoga

Udarda and its management

Bala and its role in the management of a disease

Ojakshaya and its management

Tadarthakari chikitsa in Madatyaya.

Stages of Kriya Kaala and describe Bheda stage.

The Guna of Manas.

Describe etiological factors of Alzheimer’s disease.

The synonyms of Kayachikitsa.

Give example of three diseases caused by iatrogenic factors.

Punaravarthaka jwara.

Types of Kamala.

Chikitsa Sutra of Kushta.

Define Vyadhi Kshamatwa.

Line of treatment of Panduroga

BAMS SHALYATANTRA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

2021-02-20T22:30:00.003+05:30

BAMS SHALYATANTRA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

PAPER 1 (2012 SCHEME)

10 marks

Describe the method of preparation of kshara sutra and its application in nadi vrana

Explain the stages of vrana sotha with its management

Discuss the importance of trividha karma in surgical practice

Define shock. Discuss in detail in comparison with marma abhighata

Describe the indications for Astavidha Shastra Karma. Explain Chedana Shastra

Karma in detail.

Describe the importance, indications, contra-indications, preparation and

standardization of Kshara in detail.

Define, enumerate, mention Grahana vidhi of Shastras along with Guna and Dosha of

Shastra

Describe the etiology, clinical features, complications and management of Buerger’s

disease.

Describe the Prakara and Lakshanas of Sadyo Vrana. Explain Bhinna Vrana in detail.

Describe Trividha Karma in detail and discuss its importance in surgical practice.

Write in detail about Trividha karma and its relevance in current surgical practice

Define and classify Kshara and write in detail the method of preparation of Teekshna

Pratisaraneeya Kshara

5 marks

Types of local anesthesia

Surgical importance of marma vijnana

Describe ashta vidha sastra karma

Procedure of operation theatre fumigation

Indications of blood transfusion

Application of tila kalka in vrana

Explain the signal symptoms of aneurysm

Explain nidana and samprapthi of galaganda

Describe dushta vrana samanya lakshana

Define anusastras and explain their indications

Explain yogya vidhi in detail

Methods and types of sterilization

Indications, contraindications and procedure of local anesthesia

Antibiotics, analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs in surgical practice

Vranithagara and raksha karma

Indications, contraindications and complications of blood transfusion

Explain vranasotha in detail

Doshas, gunas and karmas of yantra

Amputation

Importance of agnikarma

Classify Bandha according to different Acharyas.

Asadhyata of Vrana.

Importance of Vranitopasana.

Sapthopakrama and its importance.

Nirvisha Jalouka Prakara and Lakshana.

Anu Shastra and its importance.

Explain Nadee Yantra.

Explain Poorva Karma and its importance in the surgical practice.

Local anesthesia – techniques, indications, contra indications, complications and

management.

Importance of sterilization.

Kshara Sutra – preparation, indications and contra indications and its method of

application.

Mention indications of Seevana karma and Seevana Vidhi

Explain importance of Agnikarma, indications and contraindications

Classify Raktamokshana, describe jalowkavacharna vidhi.

Mention Bandha Prakaras, indication and contraindication, technique of bandaging.

Define and classify Shalya, mention the shalyagati and features of sashalyavrana.

Explain indication and contra-indication, complications of blood transfusion and

management.

Varicose veins - causes, method of examination, complications and management.

Aneurysm - definition, classification and clinical features

Explain etiology, clinical signs and symptoms of galaganda and management.

Define Shalya Tantra and mention about the reasons for its downfall.

Importance of Yogyasootriya Adhyaya.

Pacchyamana Vrana Shopha Lakshana.

Vrana Upadrava in detail.

Anavabaddha Shalya Nirharana

Seevana Shastra Karma in detail.

Describe Swasthika Yantra in detail.

Explain blood transfusion.

Describe Shastra Payana and its importance.

Preparation and indications of Paneeya Kshara.

Sterilization procedures

Hyponatraemia

Vranasrava

Antibiotic use in surgical practice

Visravana karma

Anavabaddha shalyanirharana

Local anaesthesia

Nadiyantra and their utility in surgical practice

Bandhana visesha

Method of blood transfusion and its complications

3 marks

Dahanopakaranas

Ashta parigraha

Rules on bandaging

Diagnostic uses of X ray

Uses of salaka yantra

Raksha karma

Any three drugs used in general anesthesia

Explain kotha (gangrene)

Supraspinatus tendonitis

Varicose vein

Arshoyantra

Seevana karma

Biopsy

Abandhya

Sudhavrana

Kadara

Apachi

Varicose vein

Tendinitis

Vrana vasthu

The Lakshanas of Roodha Vrana.

Blood transfusion – indications, contra indications and complications.

Raktha sthambhanopaya

Nadivrana - sinus.

Vrana Grandhi.

Buerger’s disease.

Describe Pramada Dagdha.

Dahanopakarana.

IV fluids and their indications.

What is CAT scan.

Nadi Yantra and its uses

Autoclave method of sterilization

Drugs used in general anesthesia.

Causes of shock and management.

Prameha Pidaka

Hemangioma

Kadara

Imaging technique

Analgesic drugs

Pakwavrana Shotha lakshana and management.

Thrividha Bandha and its indications.

Marmaghatha - shock.

Discuss Kshara Anarha.

Mention about Yantra Karma.

Roma Sanjanana and its importance.

Jalouka Sangrahana Vidhi.

Twak Dagdha Lakshana.

Raktha Sthambana Upaya.

What is Vrana Granthi

Peripheral nerve block and its indication.

Yantrakarma

Dahanopakarana

Biopsy

Surgical precautions in HIV patients

Venous ulcer

Tubercular lymphadenitis

Sites of Abyantara vidradhi

Tennis elbow

Raynaud’s disease

Septic shock

BAMS SHALYATANTRA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

2021-02-20T22:25:00.000+05:30

BAMS SHALYATANTRA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

PAPER 1 (2010 SCHEME)

10 marks

Describe the methods of sterilization and explain the best method

Explain the nidana, samprapthi and treatment of nadi vrana

Explain the Susrutha’s narration of symptoms and signs of Dushtavrana and justify these by virtue of modern explanations.

Enumerate Ashtavidha Sastrukarma with examples and explain seevana karma

Define Yogya, experimental models described by Sushruta and its relevance in the current day surgical practice.

Define Marma, classify, Marmabhighata (shock) Lakshana and general lines of its treatment.

Discuss the importance of astavidha shastra karma in surgical practice

Discuss the knowledge of shastiupakramas in surgical diseases

5 marks

Explain stages of anesthesia

Explain dagda bheda

Marma vidha samanya lakshana

Complications of blood transfusion

Explain types of seevana

Vaikrithapaka karmas of vrana

Describe Burger’s disease

Nidana and samprapthi of apachi

Explain stages of wound healing

Utility of MRI in salya tantra

Explain Samyak Kshara Dagdha Lakshana and its treatment

Vranitupasanavidhi.

Marmaghatha nidhana and its chikitsa

Rakthadhana and its complications.

Define shalyatantra and commentaries and commentators of sushrutha samhitha

Name the shastras - its gunas and doshas.

Explain Payana

Define naadivrana - its types and chikitsa.

Vidradhi nirukthi, types and chikitsa.

Define Shalya Tantra and its importance.

Shalaka Yantra and its uses with correlation with modern instruments.

Ideal qualities of incision (Chedana), types and Shastras used for Chedana Karma.

The causes of dehydration, clinical features and management.

Indication for Blood transfusion and management of complication.

Classify Vranashotha and mention the procedure of draining the pus.

Define aneurysm, classify aneurysm and general lines of management.

Define gangrene and mention the general principles of amputation.

Clinical features of pashana Gardhaba (parotitis) and management.

Clinical features of tendinitis and management.

Explain the indications, contraindications, procedure of spinal anesthesia

Explain the guna, dosha, prakara, nirmana vidhi of kshara

Explain vidradhi in detail

Dustavrana

Doshas, gunas and karmas of sastra

Gangrene

Lakshana and chikitsa of prameha pidaka

Explain method of application of jaluka

Explain nasa sandhana karma

Importance of pranastshalya

3 marks

Uses of nadi yantra

Classification of sadyo vrana

Indications of lekhana

Indications of paneeya kshara

Tennis elbow and Golfer’s elbow

Kadara and its management

Sastras used in bhedana karma

Sites of anthar vidradhi

Vranithagara

Nirvisha jalooka

Nirjanthukarana

Brief Rakthasthambanopayas

Paashchaath karma

X – Ray.

The different incisions mentioned by Sushruta.

Bandhana types.

Difference between pichu, plotha, vikesika.

Ten golden rules of anesthesia

Explain Jaloukacharana vidhi.

Kshara sutra

Shashtra Guna and Dosha.

Sashalya vrana Lakshana

Sapta Upakrama

Indications and complications of spinal anesthesia.

Paneeya kshaara

Swastika Bandha.

Siravyadha.

Rakshogna karma

Non-invasive imaging techniques.

Kotha - gangrene.

Granthi

Chedya rogas

Rhyamana vrana

Kshara varti

CAT scan

Emergency drugs in surgical practice

Dagdha vrana

Keloid

Aneurysm

Chippa

BAMS Research Methodology and Medical Statistics PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

2021-02-20T12:44:00.000+05:30

BAMS Research Methodology and Medical Statistics PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

2012 SCHEME

10 marks

Illustrate the importance of inference Anumaanam as a research tool

Define the term research. Enumerate various types of research in detail.

Define Anusandan (research). Explain the importance and need of research in Ayurveda

Describe the steps of research process in detail

Observational and interventional researches.

Measures of central tendency and measures of variability

5 marks

Differentiate between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.

What is meant by IMRaD format.

Explain randomized controlled trial (RCT)

What is hypothesis. How to formulate a hypothesis during research process.

Describe histogram

Define medical statistics, its scope and importance.

Describe the need of ethics in research.

Various evidences of researches in the classical text books of Ayurveda.

Define Anusandaan (research) and explain its synonyms.

Explain different steps involved in the research process and explain each step briefly.

Explain measures of central tendency.

Describe pure and applied research.

Historical background of research in Ayurveda.

Explain the utility of Pramana in research.

Describe about formulation of hypothesis and materials and methods.

Scope and importance of medical statistics

Collection of data

Explain the importance of ethics in clinical research

Concept of probability

Parametric and non-parametric tests

Pramanas in research

Importance of ethics in research

Difference between qualitative and quantitative researches

Evidence Based Medicine.

Randomised Controlled Trial.

3 marks

Explain population and sample with suitable examples.

What is a variable. Define discrete variable with a suitable example.

What is median.

Name the commonly used parametric tests

Probability

Define data and variable with suitable examples

Explain histogram

Average and percentile

Differentiate between parametric and nonparametric tests.

Describe test of significance

Define population, sample, variable

Explain different methods for data collection.

Explain standard deviation.

Describe probability.

The measures of location

Observational and interventional researches.

Pure and applied research

Hypothesis

Anumana as research tool

Research data portals for Ayurveda and contemporary medical science.

Tabular presentation of data

Types of variable

Commonly used soft wares for statistical analysis

Scope of research in Ayurveda.

Non parametric tests

BAMS SHALAKYA TANTRA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

2021-02-20T12:04:00.001+05:30

BAMS SHALAKYA TANTRA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

PAPER 2 (2012 SCHEME )

10 marks

Enumerate dantamoolagata rogas and explain in detail about danta nadi

Explain ‘nasa hi shiroso dhwaram” .

Enumerate karna gata rogas and explain in detail about karna sravas.

Explain the kriyakalpa in relation with ENT and shiro diseases

Explain anatomy of “Naasa” in detail.

Discuss Kriyakalpas of ENT.

Discuss the causes of primary headaches, its management and prevention.

Describe the classification of mukha rogas based on sadya sadyatha, chikitsa and

dosha.

Enumerate Naasa rogas and explain Prathishyaya in detail.

Explain clinical features and management of Karna soola and otalgia.

5 marks

Explain karna sravas.

Explain muka rogas .

Explain aroomshika and dadru .

Explain danta nadi .

Explain swara bheda and swaragna .

Explain bhadirya .

Explain cleft palate.

Explain ‘foreign bodies in ear and nose’.

Explain usage of anterior and posterior rhinoscopy.

Explain nasa arshas and nasa arbuda

Explain galaganda.

Explain visista shiro rogas.

Explain kalitya and palithya.

Explain nasagata rakthapitta.

Explain DNS (deviated nasal septum).

Explain muka paka .

Explain hare lip.

Explain seethada and upakusha.

Explain root canal treatment.

Explain tundikeri and rohini

Explain Kapala rogas.

Explain Tundikeri.

Enumerate oshta rogas and explain one in detail.

Explain Naasa sandhana.

Explain Suryavartha.

Differentiate between karna naada and karna kshweda and explain Chikitsa.

Explain in detail “examination of ear”.

Explain generalized etiology of mukharoga.

Explain Danta naadi.

Explain Swara bheda in detail.

The nidana of bhadhirya.

Management of nasagata raktapitta.

Types of galaroga with description.

Indications of pratimarsha nasya.

Lifestyle affecting hearing

Explain dusta pratishyaya in detail.

Karnapurana indicated in karnaroga.

Ardhavabhedhaka chikitsa.

Allergic rhinitis management.

List all kapala and shiroroga as in all sources.

Explain importance of superiority of Shira.

Explain foreign bodies in the ear.

Explain diphtheria.

Explain Sarvagata Mukharoga.

Explain instruments used in the diseases of oral cavity.

Explain Murdhni Thaila.

Explain otitis media.

Explain tooth extraction.

Explain the causes for malignant tumors of tongue.

Explain Galashundika.

3 marks

Deepika taila

Karna poorna

Upa jivhaka

Rohini

Agni karma in shirashoola

Danta poorna

Triple antigen(DPT)

Shankaka

Peenasa

Puti karna

Manyastamba

Karna guttha

Nasa arshas

Jiwa arbuda

Nasya karma

Audiometry test

Swaragna

Hanumoksha

Adhimamsa

Chala danta

Explain Adhijihwa.

Explain dysphagia.

Explain aural syringing.

Explain uvula.

Explain tympanic membrane.

Explain Galougha.

Explain Nasa paaka.

Explain sheetada

Explain dental caries.

Explain deepika thaila.

Kshara thailam – ingredients and indications.

Apathya and Pathya in karna roga.

Explain nidana of krimidantha.

Pharyngitis

Murdhni taila

Samrakshana of shiras.

Structure of tongue.

Karna shola – symptoms and therapy.

Explain “putinasa”

How to check hearing.

Explain tuning fork tests.

Explain Gandusha.

Vyoshadi vatakam.

Explain Ananta vata.

Explain Danta sarkana.

Explain tinnitus

Explain Deepthi Nasa roga.

Explain Arimedhadhi Thailam.

Explain Little’s area.

Explain Eustachian tube

BAMS SHALAKYA TANTRA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

2021-02-20T11:53:00.001+05:30

BAMS SHALAKYA TANTRA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

PAPER 2 (2010 SCHEME )

10 marks

Enumerate Mukhagatha Rogas and explain Khandoushta with shasthra chikithsa.

Explain in detail about Prathishyaya.

Enumerate various treatment modalities of shiroroga and explain one in detail.

Explain “SHIRASOTHAMAANGATHWAM”

Describe the karnapaligata rogas.

Examination of nose and paranasal sinuses.

5 marks

Explain nasa rachana shareera in brief.

Explain Galashundika.

Explain Khalithya with chikithsa

Explain Ardhavabhedaka.

Explain Taluvidradhi with chikithsa

Explain measures for Mukha and Dantha swasthya.

Explain Karna roga nidana

Explain Danthapupputa

Explain utility of Nasapana

Explain Bhadirya chikithsa

Explain Nasanaha

Explain Puthikarna.

Explain Sheethada

Explain karna roga nidana.

Explain the difference between karnanada and karnakshweda

Ashwthapathra khalla thaila.

Explain sooryavartha

Dantha sampath

Tundikeri shasthra chikithsa

Explain the difference between galouga and gilayau

Describe the lakshana and chikitsa of sheetada.

Differentiate ekavrinda and vrinda.

Name the asadya mukha rogas.

Dhoomapana vidhi.

Darunaka

Lakshana and chikitsa of vataja shirashoola

Otoscopic examination

Pratisyaya nidana

Middle ear cavity

Krimija shiro roga.

3 marks

Kshara thaila

Krimikarna

Nasa Arshas

Mathsya basthinibhavath shotha is found in which disease.

Vathaja shirashoola laxana

Dental formula

Pithaja karnashoola Chikithsa

Anuthaila

Khamala

Thalushosha

Karnapippali

Kavala

Jalarbudha

Deepthi

Darunaka

Irimedhadhi Thaila

Danthya Dravya

Tympanic membrane

Pathyadi Kaada

Karnagootha

Swaragna

Talupaka

Karnagoothaka

Define deafness

Rhinitis sicca

Name the muscles of the tongue

Danta nadi

Apathya in karnaroga

Avapeedana Nasya

Saushira

BAMS SHALAKYA TANTRA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

2021-02-20T11:47:00.001+05:30

BAMS SHALAKYA TANTRA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

PAPER 1 (2012 SCHEME )

10 marks

Enumerate shukla mandala gata rogas. Explain in detail about arma.

Explain the samanya chikitsa of netra roga.

Explain the panchabhoutikatva of netra. Draw a diagram to show the patalas and

sandhis. Describe drusti as per Sushruta.

Discuss the samanya and vishesha nidana of netra roga. Mention the causes of

Blindness

Explain Nethra raksha in detail.

Explain the anatomy of retina in detail

Explain samanya lakshanam of Timiram, Kacham and Linganasham.

Anatomy of eyelid and extra ocular muscles – explain.

Explain Netra Rachana Shareera.

Explain in detail about Timira, Kacha, Linganasha.

Discuss in detail about the preventive ophthalmology in ayurveda and explain at what

extent it can prevent the blindness.

Discuss the classification of eye diseases based on all factors as per all sources.

5 marks

Explain puyalasa and puya srava.

Explain anjanamika and utsangini .

Explain vatahata varthma .

Explain hatadimantha .

Explain ajakajatha .

Explain timira-kacha

Explain hrusvajadya .

Explain nakulandhya - nakthandhya.

Explain sanimitta- animitta linganasha .

Explain rakthamokshana in netra rogas

Asadhya netra rogas

Pothaki lakshana and trachoma

Lakshana and chikitsa of anjana namika

Lakshana and treatment of shleshma vidagda dristi

Difference between alaji and parvani

Difference between aschotana and seka

Kukunaka

Various types of anjana

Shuklagata rogas and chikitsa of pistaka

Lakshana and chikitsa of pittaja abhishyanda

Krichronmeelam – lakshanam and chikithsa

Anjana namika lakshanam

Pakshma satham.

Explain dacryocystitis.

Arma lakshanam.

Kaphaja Linganasa lakshanam.

Padolathi ghrutham.

Vathaja Abhishyantha lakshanam.

Akshi pakathyaya lakshanam.

Enumerate the Bhedya rogas and explain Bhedanavidhi.

Pakshmavarodham - lakshanam and chikitsa

Kukoonaka chikitsa.

Lakshanam and chikithsa of Laganam.

Explain ptosis.

Explain Netranadi rogas.

Nakulandhya lakshanam.

Kaphaja Abhishyantha lakshanam.

Sasopha akshipaka lakshanam.

The yoga of Jeevanthyadi ghrutham.

Differentiate between Sekham and Achyothanam.

Explain refractive errors.

Explain preventive ophthalmology.

Explain ocular trachoma.

Enumerate the Vatmagatha rogas and explain its prognosis.

Explain vatahata vartma.

Explain lekhanavidhi.

Enumerate the Suklagatha rogas and explain the prognosis of Arma.

Explain Tarpana.

Differentiate between Abhishyantha and Adimantha and mention Lakshana of

Raktabhishyantha.

Explain Pilla rogas.

Panchabhootatwa of netra.

Management of pooyalasaka.

Types of arma with description.

Indications of netra tarpana.

Explain Vatika thimira Lakshana and Chikitsa.

Explain shuktika in detail.

Panchakarmas indicated in netra roga chikitsa.

Arma chedhana chikitsa.

Describe lakshana and chikitsa of Sashopha and Ashopha akshipaka.

Explain Ajakajata

3 marks

Pindi

Seka

Lagana

Myopia

Mydriatic drops

Refractometer

Keratoplasty

Nimesha

Nimi tantra

Diplopia

Utsangi lakshana

Nagarjuna varti

Ajuna lakshana

Stages of vitamin A deficiency

Shoolahara bidalaka

Netra roga poorvaroopa

Glands of the eyelids

Ten layers of retina

Dua’s layer

Pterygium

Arjunam - lakshanam and chikithsa.

Pooyalasam - lakshanam and chikithsa.

Upanaham - lakshanam and chikithsa.

Sudha sukla chikitsa.

Dantha varthi.

Explain optic disc.

Ushna vidagtha lakshanam.

Suktika lakshanam.

Optic atrophy – explain.

Define Bidalakam, explain Saindhavadi bidalakam.

Sirolpatha lakshanam.

Krimigranthi lakshanam.

Vimala varthi

Kshatha sukla lakshanam

Explain Netra Patalas.

Explain corneal opacity.

Doomadarshi – lakshanam and chikithsa.

Prapoundarikathi varthi.

Angle closure glaucoma.

Ajakajatha chikitsa.

Explain layers of retina.

Explain pupil

Explain Pindi.

Explain Pasupatha varthi.

Explain Anjananamika.

Explain sub conjunctival hemorrhage

Explain corneal opacity.

Explain Asadhya Nethrarogas.

Differentiate between Abyathovatha and Vathaparyaya.

Explain Parvani.

Explain Uveitis

Intraocular pressure.

Hordeolum internum

Naga shalaka

Pilla roga

Describe Hriswajadya

Layers of retina

Vitamin A deficiency symptoms.

Explain “drishti”.

Trachoma.

BAMS SHALAKYA TANTRA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

2021-02-20T11:34:00.002+05:30

BAMS SHALAKYA TANTRA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER

PAPER 1 (2010 scheme)

10 marks

Enumerate the types of abhishyandha, lakshana and chikitsa of pittaja abhishyanandha

Enumerate all shuklagata rogas and arma chedhana chikitsa

Enumerate drist mandala gata rogas. Explain in detail about kacha.

Explain the samanya nidana of netra roga .

Explain “Sarvendriyanam Nayanam Pradhanam”

Enumerate Shuklagatha roga and explain Arma with Shasthra Chikithsa.

Classify adhimantha. Explain briefly about vataja adhimantha and its chikitsa.

What are the netra kriya kalpas told by Charaka. Describe them in detail.

Enumerate the types of Kriyakalpas and explain Tarpana in detail

Explain in detail about Nethra roga nidana.

5 marks

Pathya in netra roga

Nidanarthakar netra roga

Lekshana putapaka

Classification of vartma roga

Krimigranthi lakshana and chikitsa

Various types of bidalaka

Narikelanjana

Tarpana-indications, contra indications

Layers of cornea

Vyadhana sadya netra roga

Explain alaji and parvani.

Explain lagana and kumbika

Explain aklinna and klinna varthama

Explain abhisyandha

Explain savrana and avrana sukra.

Explain linganasha .

Explain gambeerika.

Explain pistaka and suktika.

Explain national programme for control of blindness(NPCB) .

Explain siro-vedhya in netra rogas

Why nethra srava is asadhya

Explain Anjana chikthsa

Tarpana Mathrakala

Upapakshmamala

Amladyushitha

Explain Ajakajatha

Explain Krimigranthi

Tejojalashritha Patala

Shleshma Vidagdha Drishti

Kaphaja Linganaasha

Describe the types of astigmatism.

Differentiate between sirajala and sirapidika.

Lakshana and chikitsa of balasagrathita.

Putapaka vidhi

Kaphaja linganasha shastra chikitsa

Anila paryaya

Pathology of corneal ulcer

Varthmarbuda

Krimigranthi

Describe glands of the eye lids

Chedana sadya nethra roga

Explain Adhimantha

Classification of Drishtigatha rogas as per Sushrutha and Vagbhata

Explain Arma

Jaloukavacharana in Nethra roga

Nethra patala

Explain Anjananamika with chikithsa

Colour vision

Varthma Sharkara

Saadhyasadyatha of Savrana Shukra

3 marks

Puyalasaka

Tripahala grta

Nystagmus

Photophobia

Sringataka marma

Avapidana nasya

Eye donation

Snellen’s chart

Ishihara chart

IOP

Bidalaka

Pariseka

Vatahata varthama

Hypermetopia

Miotic drops

Lensometer

Dacryocystectomy

Mandalas

Pothaki

Arma

Sapthamritha Loha

Nethrahatha pithaja kriyashareera

Nethrarogakaraka Apathya Vihaara

Sanimitha Linganasha

Pindi

Rods and cones

Nethra roga samprapthi

Meibomian gland

Ophthalmoscopy

Why mukha lepa is chakshushya

Kukkunka

Layers of cornea

Parvani

Ajaka

Shushkakshipaka

Bahya linganasha

Extra ocular muscles

Viral conjunctivitis

Kavalika

Mahatriphala gritha

Utility of Padabhyanga in Nethra

Chandrodaya varthi

Nethra roga poorvaroopa

Nethra sandhi

Nethra srava

Prathimarsha nasya

Achakshushya Aahara

Visual axis

Lacrimal gland

Drishti

HEPATITIS

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Hepatitis

The inflammation of liver caused by viral or bacterial infection or continuous exposure to alcohol drugs or toxic chemicals

Types : 3 types (Toxic , Alcoholic , Viral)

Toxic :due to drug , intestine toxin

Alcoholic : its reversible

Seen in patient consuming alcohol for long time

Viral hepatitis

Eg hepatitis A B C D E G

Hepatitis A

Caused by hepatitis A virus

Transmission : feco oral route , contaminated food and water

Incubation period : 15-50days

Oncet : abrupt

Symptoms : fatigue , fever , abdominal pain , nausea , diarrhoea , lethargy , weight loss , pain on right upper quadrant

Rx : no specific treatment , take rest , avoid fatty food and alcohol , stay hydrated

Investigation : Ig M , Ig G , SGOT , SGPT

Hepatitis B

Caused by hepatitis B virus

Transmission : body fluid serum , blood , lymph , saliva

Seen in young adult

It may be ACUTE Or CHRONIC

Diagnosis :SGOT , SGPT , bilirubin increased , albumin increased

Markers

Hepatitis B surface antigen
Hepatitis B antibody

Rx : anti viral drugs

Hepatitis C

Non hepatitis A and non hepatitis B type

Seen in intra venous drug users

Blood borne disease

Asymptomatic

Diagnosis : LFT , HCV-RNA test

Rx : anti viral drug

Hepatitis D

Seen along with hepatitis B virus , in young adults

Caused by : hepatitis D virus

Onset : unknown

Incubation : unknown transmission same as hepatitis B

Rx or precaution : hepatitis B vaccine

Hepatitis E

Caused by : hepatitis E virus

Onset : abrupt

Incubation : 2-8 weeks

Transmission : feco oral route

Hepatitis G

Caused by : hepatitis G virus

Seen with either B/C/HIV

Hepatitis has four phases

Viral replication phase

Asymptomatic , patient as a carrier

Prodromal phase

Nausea , jaundice , fever , diarrhoea

Icteric phase

Dark urine , clay stool , tenderness on abdomen , weight loss

Convulsant phase

Symptoms resolve without medicine