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C++ Tutorial 05 - Switch Case

2021-12-26T04:32:00.001-08:00

Selection methods –

If/else/else –if
Switch

A switch statement allows a variable to be compared against a list of values for equality. Each value is referred to as a case, and each switch case is compared to the variable that is being true.

           switch(expression) {
             case 01:
               // code block
               break;
             case 02:
               // code block
               break;
             default:
               // code block
             }

Rules for use Switch Case

Switch expression is integer or character (byte, short, int, char……. etc.)
Use any number of case statements within a switch.
Data type must match between switch and cases.
When the variable matches, expressions are executed until a “break” is meet. (explain by follow test code.)
A switch statement can have an optional default case, which must appear at the end of the switch.

Flow Diagram

Flow chart of Switch case of c++

Code 01:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main () {

char department;

cin >> department;

switch(department) {

case 'A' :

cout << "department A" << endl;

break;

case 'B' :

cout << "department B" << endl;

break;

case 'C' :

cout << "department C" << endl;

break;

case 'D' :

cout << "department D" << endl;

break;

default :

cout << "Sorry...you entered Invalid department" << endl;

}

cout << "Your department: " << department << endl;

return 0;

}

Code 02: Study output results without break.

Note :

Use toupper(_) to convert lowercase to uppercase.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main () {

// local variable declaration

char department1;

cin >> department1;

// Use toupper

char department = toupper(department1);

switch(department) {

case 'A' :

cout << "department A" << endl;

case 'B' :

cout << "department B" << endl;

case 'C' :

cout << "department C" << endl;

case 'D' :

cout << "department D" << endl;

default :

cout << "Sorry...you entered Invalid department" << endl;

}

cout << "Your department: " << department << endl;

return 0;

}

C++ Tutorial 04 - For loop

2021-12-24T04:13:00.005-08:00

The for Loop, loop in which the program instructs the compiler to execute a certain code FOR a set number of times.

for ( <expression_1> ; <expression_2> ; <expression_3> )

· expression_1: Initial, the initialization phase is run first and only once. Any loop control variables can be declared and initialized at this phase. You don't have to use a statement here as long as you use a semicolon.

· expression_2: Condition, each time the loop is repeated, the condition is evaluated. The loop continues to execute as long as the condition is true. When the loop is successfully repeated, increment is an expression that defines how the loop control variable is incremented (that is, each time condition is evaluated to be true).

· expression_3: modifier, allows you to update any loop control variables. (Increment / decrement)

· statement: use, {_} for many statements.

for ( <expression_1> ; <expression_2> ; <expression_3> )

{

}

Flow Diagram

Code 01:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)

cout << i << "\n";

return 0;

}

Output of the code

Code 02: This code also gives the same result.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

//i variable can be declare as a constant variable.

int i =0;

for ( ; i < 6; )

{

cout << i << endl;

//modifier can be put like that

i++;

}

return 0;

}

Output of the code

Brief - Modulation and Demodulation in Digital Communications

2021-12-18T22:37:00.009-08:00

The act of sending information from one place, person, or organization to another is known as communication. A sender, a message, and a recipient are all part of every communication. This may sound simple, but communication is actually a very complex subject. The transmission of the message from sender to recipient can be affected by a huge range of things. These factors include our emotions, cultural context, communication medium, and even geographic location. The complexity is why good communication skills are considered so desirable by employers around the world: accurate, effective and unambiguous communication is actually extremely hard. Modulation is the addition of information to an electrical or optical carrier signal in order to turn data into radio waves. A carrier signal has a waveform that is consistent in height (amplitude) and frequency. Information can be added to the carrier by varying its amplitude, frequency, phase.

Types of modulation

Amplitude modulation (AM) - The height(the power or intensity) of the signal carrier is altered to reflect the data being added to the signal.
Frequency modulation (FM) - in which the frequency of the carrier waveform is varied to reflect the frequency of the data.
Phase modulation (PM) - in which the phase of the carrier waveform is varied to reflect changes in the frequency of the data. In PM, the frequency is unchanged while the phase is changed relative to the base carrier frequency. It is similar to FM.
Polarization modulation is a technique for reflecting data by changing the angle of rotation of an optical carrier signal.
Pulse-code modulation - An analog signal is sampled to generate a data stream that is used to modulate a digital carrier signal.

Modulation Types

Why modulation

The sender's baseband signals aren't capable of being transferred directly. The message signal's power should be raised to allow it to reach longer distances. The most important requirement of modulation is to increase the signal's strength without changing the carrier signal's properties.
In communication systems, modulation has eliminated the need for wires. It's because modulation is extensively utilized to send signals at a higher rate from one site to another. As a result, the modulation method has aided in the advancement of wireless communication systems.
Modulation and its various variants prevent extraneous signals from interfering with the message signal. It's because a person delivering a message signal over the phone won't be able to distinguish between them. As a result, they'll get in each other's way. The mixing of the signals can be avoided by utilizing carrier signals with a high frequency. As a result, modulation guarantees that the signals received by the receiver are flawless.
Signals with a frequency range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz can only travel a short distance. The length of the antenna used to convey the message signal should be a quarter wavelength of the employed frequency. As a result, modulation is required to boost the communication signal's frequency and strength so that it can reach the receiver.

The process of encoding information in a transmitted signal is known as modulation, whereas the process of retrieving information from the signal is known as demodulation. Multiplexing, also known as time-division multiplexing, merges the streams into a single carrier, for example, by encoding a fixed-duration segment of one, then of the next, cycling through all the channels before returning to the first (TDM). Many factors influence how faithfully the extracted information replicates the original input information. Electromagnetic interference can degrade signals and make the original signal impossible to extract. Demodulators typically include multiple stages of amplification and filtering in order to eliminate interference. Sometimes a carrier signal can carry more than one modulating information stream.

Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) is another type of multiplexing in which several carriers of various frequencies are utilized on the same media.

C++ Tutorial 03 - if /else if /nested if

2021-12-18T11:48:00.006-08:00

Relational and logical operators in C++ compare two or more operands and return true or false values based on their results.

Comparison/Relational Operators:

Comparison operators are binary operators that evaluate a condition and return 1 if it is logically true and 0 if it is logically false.

Equal	a == b
Not Equal	a != b
Greater than or Equal	a >= b
Less than or Equal	a <= b
Less than	a < b
Greater than	b > a

Logical Operators:

To determine whether an expression is true or false, we employ logical operators. If the expression is true, it will return 1, but if it is false, it will return 0.

All expressions must be true.	(a==b) && (c>d)
Any expression should be true.	(a==b) \|\| (c>d)
Not true	!a

These operators are used in decision-making.

Code 1 – if

If you are absent for more than three days, can’t sit the final exam.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

//declare variables

int intNoDaysAbsent;

//ask for attendance

cout<<"How many days candidate was absent? ";

//user enters no. of days absent

cin>>intNoDaysAbsent;

if (intNoDaysAbsent>3)

{

cout<<"Candidate has not attend 80% of the lectures."<<endl;

cout <<"Sorry, candidate is not eligible to sit the ESE."<<endl;

return 0;

}

cout<<"Candidate is eligible to sit the ESE.";

return 0;

}

Code 2 – nested if

If you are absent more than three days and CA Marks less than 50, can’t sit the final exam.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

const float fltCARatio = 0.3;

//declare variables

int intCAMarks = 0;//store Continuous Assessment marks (out of 100)

int intNoDaysAbsent;

//ask for attendance

cout<<"How many days candidate was absent? ";

//user enters no. of days absent

cin>>intNoDaysAbsent;

if (intNoDaysAbsent<=3)

{

cout<<"Enter candidate's CA marks (out of 100) :";

cin>>intCAMarks;

if (intCAMarks<0 || intCAMarks>100)

{

cout<<"Error: CA marks should be between 0 - 100."<<endl;

return 0;

}

else

if(intCAMarks<50)

{

cout<<"Candidate has not got 50% of the CA marks"<<endl;

cout<<"Sorry, candidate is not eligible to sit theESE."<<endl;

return 0;

}

else

cout<<"Candidate is eligible to sit the ESE."<<endl;

}

else{

cout<<"Candidate has not attend 80% of the lectures."<<endl;

cout <<"Sorry, candidate is not eligible to sit the ESE."<<endl;

return 0;

}

return 0;

}

Code 3 – else if

Finally, calculate the final grade of the subject.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

//declare constants

const float fltCARatio = 0.3;

//declare variables

int intCAMarks = 0;//store Continuous Assessment marks (out of 100)

int intESEMarks = 0;

int intNoDaysAbsent;

float finalMark;

//ask for attendance

cout<<"How many days candidate was absent? ";

//user enters no. of days absent

cin>>intNoDaysAbsent;

if (intNoDaysAbsent<=3)

{

cout<<"Enter candidate's CA marks (out of 100) :";

cin>>intCAMarks;

if (intCAMarks<0 || intCAMarks>100)

{

cout<<"Error: CA marks should be between 0 - 100."<<endl;

return 0;

}

else

if(intCAMarks<50)

{

cout<<"Candidate has not got 50% of the CA marks"<<endl;

cout<<"Sorry, candidate is not eligible to sit theESE."<<endl;

return 0;

}

else

cout<<"Candidate is eligible to sit the ESE."<<endl;

}

else{

cout<<"Candidate has not attend 80% of the lectures."<<endl;

cout <<"Sorry, candidate is not eligible to sit the ESE."<<endl;

return 0;

}

cout<<"Enter candidate's ESE marks (out of 100): ";

cin>>intESEMarks;

finalMark = (intESEMarks*(1-fltCARatio) + intCAMarks*fltCARatio) ;

if (finalMark>75)

cout<<"Your Grade is : A"<<endl;

else if (finalMark>65)

cout<<"Your Grade is :B"<<endl;

else if (finalMark>55)

cout<<"Your Grade is : C"<<endl;

else if (finalMark>35)

cout<<"Your Grade is : S"<<endl;

else

cout<<"Your Grade is : F"<<endl;

return 0;

}

Psychologically Support to Gain a Good Human Lifestyle under the COVID-19.

2021-12-17T04:59:00.006-08:00

The COVID-19 pandemic has claimed many lives around the world, and it poses an unprecedented threat to public health, food systems, and workplace safety. The pandemic has wreaked havoc on the economy and society. The belief that the mental and physical – or mind and body or mind and brain – are in some ways profoundly distinct kinds of things is known as dualism in the philosophy of mind. The Covid-19 pandemic put people under a lot of stress for a long time. So an increased interest in measuring social and community uneasiness in order to psychologically support the population. Identification of new intervention perspectives based on digital devices and in accordance with social security and mental health promotion measures. Indeed, more awareness of the potentials of online services is required, as is an examination of the key differences between the devices (chat, video-audio consultation, etc.) in order to apply them to the professional's specific goals. Studying the pandemic's impact on an at-risk group in order to alleviate stress symptoms and provide tailored online psychological counseling based on the target.

Social distance is required and it is necessary to keep the interaction with each other because people are used to be with friends and relatives other than the family members. Media is the most powerful tool that can disseminate such campaigns to provide some relief from panic and boost the morale of the general public. Social media and other interacting apps are some alternatives available that can be used for communication with each other instead of physical gathering. Humans are sociable creatures by nature. We need the company of others to succeed in life, and the strength of our bonds has a big impact on our mental health and happiness. Being socially linked to people can help you cope with stress, worry, and depression, increase self-esteem, bring comfort and joy, prevent loneliness. While virtual interaction on social media doesn’t have the same psychological benefits as face-to-face contact, but this pandemic period it will helps to gain the life style.

The global epidemic has compelled everyone to adopt virtual learning in some way. While online and remote learning have been employed in the past to ensure educational continuity shifted to the online platform to continue forward. It was a good and necessary step to continue learning without breaking but when considering mental health, it is not much effective with small school children. In future, believe that the unplanned and rapid move to online learning. that a new hybrid educational model will develop, with major advantages. The integration of information technology into education will continue to grow, and online education will eventually become a standard part of schooling. Everyone, from young children to young people, instructors, and professors, is affected by online learning. Virtual classrooms may exacerbate existing mental health issues for many students. As a result of the epidemic and online learning, others may face new changes in mental health and mood. In traditional education, there should be a way to remove the stress as they are isolated without physical activities like sports, concerts which are helpful to maintain mental health along with the subject matter.

To create some entertainment activities base on online education it will helps for good mental health (mainly teen). Put students into a chat room based team works, entertainment programs organized by societies (musical programs like wise). By active participation in those events, they can have a relationship with each other at least in a virtual manner.

Better Work-Life Balance, many remote jobs also come with flexible hours, allowing employees to start and stop their days whenever they like, as long as their work is completed and produces positive results. This kind of control over work schedule might be beneficial. Furthermore, remote employment is an excellent option to escape high-rent and high-mortgage places, particularly for occupations (such as technology) that formerly required residence in a high-cost-of-living city. You no longer need to reside near a major urban region to work in a field you enjoy. Money Savings-Gas, car maintenance, transportation, parking fees, a professional outfit, out-of-pocket lunches, and other expenses can all be cut back or eliminated totally. These small sums add up to more money in pocket. As wells as Being able to create a comfortable home office is an excellent benefit of remote work. This will help to assure future benefits since when they understand one other and work together as a team, they are both mentally satisfied.

Exercise improves mental health by reducing anxiety, depression, and low mood while also improving self-esteem and cognitive performance. Exercise has also been shown to help with low self-esteem and social disengagement. For thousands of years, meditation has been practiced as part of a spiritual practice. However, mindfulness—along with yoga—has been popular in recent years as a tool to help individuals manage stress and enhance their general well-being. Mindfulness meditation is a type of meditation that teaches people to pay attention to the present moment, generally by focusing on their breathing to help them regulate their emotions. Both the body and the intellect gain from regular physical activity. It can help control weight, lower blood pressure, and lower the risk of heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and many malignancies, all of which can make you more susceptible to COVID-19.

2nd Generation Mobile Communication Network (2G)

2021-12-17T02:34:00.008-08:00

GSM has enabled users to send short messaging services (SMS) to any mobile network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy way to send a message to anyone, as opposed to a voice call or conference. This technology benefits both network operators and end customers.2G technology is more efficient, 2G network holds sufficient security for both the sender & the receiver, All text messages are digitally encrypted, This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended receiver can receive & read it, These digital signals consume less battery power, so, it helps in saving the battery of mobiles.

Network Standards

The second generation of wireless networks, which replace analog circuit-switched solutions with digital circuit-switched solutions. Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), which is based on European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standards, time division multiple access (TDMA) IS-136, and code division multiple access (CDMA) IS-136 are the three main 2G technological standards (CDMA). IS-136 was identical to the Japanese personal digital cellular (PDC) standard. GSM and IS-136 are TDMA technologies. In certain IS-95B deployments, 2G services typically enable data rates of 9.6 Kbps, 14.4 Kbps, and up to 64 Kbps.

GSM

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) is a digital mobile network widely utilized in Europe and other areas of the world by mobile phone users. The most frequently used of the three digital wireless telephony technologies: TDMA, GSM, and code-division multiple access (CDMA), GSM employs a version of time division multiple access (TDMA) (CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data before sending it along a channel with two other user data streams, each with its own time slot. It uses the 900 megahertz (MHz) or 1,800 megahertz (MHz) frequency bands.

This standard aided to the goal of 2G which was to remove any incompatibility among systems and facilitating more development towards global roaming. Telephone services such as emergency calling and facsimile that supported videotext and teletext, increased data rates from 300bps to 9.6kbps, call diversion, caller identification and closed user group like supplementary ISDN services were some of the key services introduced in GSM. The early GSM systems used a 25MHz frequency spectrum in a 900MHz band which was subdivided into 124 carrier frequencies of 200 KHz each. And a single 200 KHz channel was shared among eight users by TDMA which allocates a unique time slot to each one of users.

GMS uses a variety of cryptographic security algorithms, including stream ciphers for encrypting plaintext numbers. Three stream ciphers, A5/1, A5/2, and A5/3, ensure that a user's conversation remains secret. However, both A5/1 and A5/2 algorithms have been broken and disclosed, making them vulnerable to plaintext assaults.

• Interference with electronic devices - Because GSM uses a pulse-transmission technique, it is known to cause problems with electronic devices such as hearing aids. Because of this electromagnetic interference, mobile phones must be turned off in particular locations such as airports, gas stations, and hospitals.

• Bandwidth lag - Multiple users share the same bandwidth when using GSM technologies, resulting in significant latency as additional users join the network.

• Data transfer rate is limited - GSM has a data transfer rate that is slightly limited. To achieve faster data rates, a user needs upgrade to a handset that supports more modern GSM technologies.

• Repeaters - To expand coverage, GSM technologies require carriers to construct repeaters.

Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System

The Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (D-AMPS) is a digital variant of the original analog cellular phone standard, Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS). Since the first commercial cellular network was built in 1993, D-AMPS has been widely used in the United States and Canada. D-AMPS employs both time division multiple access (TDMA) and frequency division multiple access (FDMA) techniques (FDMA). It uses TDMA to get three channels per AMPS channel, allowing for a threefold increase in the number of calls per channel. D-AMPS, like AMPS, employs frequencies between 800 and 900 MHz for transmission. The first half of the spectrum is used to send signals, while the second half is utilized to receive them. The frequency band is divided into 30KHz sub-bands, termed channels, by FDMA

Technical specifications:

48.6 kbit/s channel bit rate
1.62 bit/s/Hz
40 ms frame duration which is divided into 6.67 ms slots
Each 6.67 ms slot contains 324bits and 260 user data

Personal Digital Cellular

A 2G standard which is specifically used in Japan and operated between 800 MHz and 1500 MHz frequencies. The services of this standard include voice (full and half-rate), and supplementary services such as call waiting, voice mail, three-way calling, call forwarding, and etc. PDC offered a data rate up to 9.6 kbit/s for CSD, and 28.8 kbit/s for packet-switched wireless data (PDC-P). PDC's lower broadcast strength, compared to GSM, allows compact, portable phones with light batteries at the tradeoff of poor voice quality and connection problems, especially in confined environments like elevators.

Access Technology

Multiple access techniques assign dedicated channels to multiple users through bandwidth division. Methods to divide the spectrum include frequency-division (FDMA), time-division (TDMA), code-division (CDMA), and combinations of these methods. In TDMA time is divided into nonoverlapping time slots that are allocated to different users. Different users share time and bandwidth in CDMA, which is modulated by orthogonal or semi-orthogonal spreading codes. The receiver can segregate the signal of interest from the other CDMA users using orthogonal spreading codes, resulting in no residual interference between users. For every given signal bandwidth, however, there are only a finite number of orthogonal spreading codes.

In these multiple access methods is hard versus soft system capacity. TDMA and FDMA place a hard limit on the number of users sharing a given bandwidth, since the channel is divided into orthogonal time or frequency slots, each of which can only support one user. Orthogonal CDMA also has this hard limit. Semi-orthogonal CDMA, on the other hand, provides the benefit of soft capacity: there is no absolute restriction on the number of users.

GSM is based on a hybrid Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)/Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) method.

Figure 01:GSM Architecture

Figure 02:GSM - TDMA and FDMA system

Figure 03:GSM Frequencies

BSS – The base station subsystem element of the GSM network utilized the radio access technology to enable a number of users to access the system concurrently. One channel could handle up to eight users, and by allowing a base station to have many channels, each base station could support a huge number of subscribers. Base stations are carefully located by the network provider to enable complete coverage of an area. A cell is a term used to describe the region covered by a base station.

NSS – is a GSM system component that handles call out and mobility management for mobile phones roaming on the network of base stations. Mobile phone companies own and implement it, and it allows mobile devices to connect with one other and with telephones on the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Because the phones are not fixed in one area, the architecture includes particular characteristics and functions.

• Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC) - The MSC is the Network Subsystem's most important component. The MSC manages mobile services such as registration, authentication, location updates, handovers, and call routing to a roaming subscriber, as well as switching calls between mobile and other fixed or mobile network users. It also handles toll ticketing, network interfacing, and common channel signaling, among other things. A unique ID is assigned to each MSC.

• Home Location Register (HLR) – The HLR is a database used for storage and management of subscriptions. The HLR is the most significant database since it contains permanent information about users, such as their service profile, location, and activity status. When a person purchases a SIM subscription, all of the information about that subscription is stored in the HLR of that operator.

• Visitor Location Register (VLR) – The VLR is a database that the MSC uses to store temporary information on subscribers in order to provide service to visiting subscribers. The MSC and the VLR are always linked. When a mobile station roams into a new MSC area, the VLR associated with that MSC will ask the HLR for information about the mobile station. If the mobile station makes a call later, the VLR will have the information it needs to set up the call without having to query the HLR every time.

Types of handover within the GSM network

• Intra-BTS handover: This form of GSM handover occurs if it is required to change the frequency or slot being used by mobile because of interference, or other reasons. The mobile phone remains connected to the same base station transceiver, but the channel or slot is switched.

• Inter-BTS Intra BSC handover: This form of GSM handover or GSM handoff occurs when the mobile moves out of the coverage area of one BTS but into another controlled by the same BSC. The BSC is able to complete the handover in this case, and it assigns a new channel and slot to the mobile before freeing the old BTS from talking with the mobile.

• Inter-BSC handover: When the mobile moves out of the range of cells controlled by one BSC, a more involved form of handover has to be performed, Not only from one BTS to another, but also from one BSC to another. The MSC is in charge of the handover in this case.

• Inter-MSC handover: This form of handover occurs when changing between networks. The two MSCs involved negotiate to control the handover.

Limitations

• If there is no network coverage in a certain place, the digital signals may be faint. In less populated places, the weaker digital signal transmitted by the cellular phone may not be adequate to reach the cell tower.

• Provides lower data rates ranging from 9.6 Kbps to 28.8 Kbps

• The weaker digital signal transmitted by the cellular phone can not be sufficient to reach the cell tower in less populous areas

C++ tutorial 02 - cin

2021-12-14T06:51:00.004-08:00

In C++, the cin object belongs to the iostream class. It accepts input from a normal input device. It's linked to stdin, the standard C input stream. For reading inputs, the extraction operator(>>) is combined with the object cin.

Code01 :

//Header files

#include <iostream>

//Declare namespace

using namespace std;

//main function

int main() {

string item;

int count;

//enter input using cin

cin >> item>> count;

//output to the console window

cout << "Item : " << item <<endl;

cout << "Count : " << count <<endl;

//end of the program

return 0;

}

Input

Output

The get() method is used to obtain a character array. It has white space characters in it. When whitespace is discovered, cin with an extraction operator (>>) usually terminates.

cin.get(string_name, size);

Code02 :

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

char item[100];

int count;

//get function

cin.get(item, 5);

cin>>count;

cout << item <<" count is : " << count <<endl;

return 0;

}

Input

Output

Other cin member functions :

cin.getline()
cin.read()
cin.ignore(int n)
cin.eof()

C++ tutorial 01 - cout

2021-12-13T10:05:00.023-08:00

In C++, the cout object belongs to the ostream class. The iostream header file defines it. It's used to send the output to a standard output device for display. Using the insertion operator (<<), the data to be displayed on the screen is inserted into the standard output stream (cout).

Without new line -:

Ex 01:

//Header files

#include <iostream>

//Declare namespace
using namespace std;

//main function
int main() {

//output to the console window
cout << "Hello World!";
cout << "This is iedumax C++ tutorial time.";

//end of the program
return 0;
}

With new line -:

The lines that are supposed to be output in multiple lines occur in a continuous line. The programmer needs to provide additional data to the compiler about the new lines. There are two ways to provide the line information to the compiler.

Use endl manipulator at the end of the statement.
Place \n at the beginning, at the middle, or at the end of the output text.

Ex 02:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello World!" << endl;
cout << "This is iedumax C++ tutorial time.";
return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello World! \n\n";
cout << "This is iedumax C++ tutorial time.";
return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello World!";
cout << "\nThis is iedumax C++ tutorial time.\n\nThank you.";
return 0;
}

5G-Based Healthcare System - Sri Lanka

2021-12-12T18:00:00.007-08:00

Summary

Health is an essential service to humans. So we are in the 5th generation. We will first use technology to improve the health sector. With the introduction of the smart healthcare system, we can easily access health care. Sri Lanka is a developing country in the third world. Weaknesses in the system cause a lot of problems. Especially wasting time and wasting money is a normal lifestyle. Therefore, with the introduction of the new system, we can improve the health service very efficiently and it is possible to get an accurate service to the people. Communication systems need to be upgraded for this new system. This will create new businesses out of the traditional businesses in the country. Other businesses that go with this. Therefore, all business and service activities develop very fast. It can be used for the protection of doctors as well as patients during times like epidemics. Here we have discussed the technology and the issues that may arise. This makes life a lot easier.

Introduction

The healthcare IT market is continuously searching for new ways advanced technology can play a more impactful role in transforming healthcare delivery. 5G is the fifth generation of cellular wireless technology, which can offer massive connection power and fast internet speed for data transfer. Implementation of 5G technology accelerated the demand for various healthcare technologies such as the Internet of Medical Things, AR/VR, artificial intelligence (AI), remote medical learning, and remote patient monitoring to name a few. Integration of 5G network in existing infrastructure provides real-time data transfer of images, documents, and real-time videos for video-based medical consultations, to improve the quality of care. 5G opens entirely new horizons for telehealth, the technology that allows patients to connect virtually with doctors and other healthcare providers, communicating via real-time video or live chat. The use of telemedicine in the healthcare industry has been around for over a century. Since the introduction of long-distance communication methods such as the radio and the telephone, telemedicine has been used by doctors to assist patients in regions where medical personnel are scarce. As communication technology improved, so did telemedicine. The introduction of the Internet has drastically improved a person’s ability to receive medical treatment without visiting a healthcare facility.

Description

The service to be provided

Telemedicine in a global during COVID-19 season, Clinical encounters are being increasingly transitioned to telemedicine appointments to reduce PPE usage, improve access to care, reduce the burden on health care systems, and minimize the risk of direct person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 between patients as well as to providers.

We mainly focus on not emergency patients in Sri Lanka. Like Corona pandemic seasons, other patients have problems getting medical treatment in hospitals. This method enhanced the Safety of both healthcare parties and patients. In Sri Lanka, the percentage of older and child clinics are a very high percentage. Those age groups are always more prone to disease. Hence the risk of disease from this new system can prevent the risk of disease.

Advantages of this system

No transportation time or costs.
No need to take time off of work.
Eliminate child or elder care issues.
On-demand options.
Access to Specialists.
Less Chance of Catching a New Illness.
Less Time in the Waiting Room.
Better Health.

Why 5G is necessary to provide

Telehealth allows chronically ill patients to obtain critical healthcare when they might otherwise have difficulty leaving their homes to travel their doctors to receive care. As 5G promises to bring ultra-fast speeds with low latency, telehealth applications will improve dramatically. In the aftermath of the coronavirus pandemic, 5G eMBB technology will enable remote support of quality healthcare while reducing patient exposure to contagion by minimizing in-person visits to the doctor or healthcare facilities. For patients who can’t easily travel to their healthcare providers, 5G will allow the provider to visit them via natural-feeling telepresence systems. High-speed Internet access is vital for ensuring mobile health applications are utilized across the medical care spectrum. We use health-related equipment and its applications (real-time-based application). So we need continuous data transfer between service others. So we need a non-buffer very fast internet connection. Therefore, using 5G technology.

What 5G technologies will be essential in providing the particular service

The 5G network will have digital hubs designed to handle traffic flow. Sophisticated equipment will gauge alternative routes for data and decide which one is the most efficient given the time of day, information being delivered, and type of infrastructure that is needed. Most of these functions will be performed in the background and therefore will be invisible to the individual user. People will be free to focus on the usage, not the digital engine that powers the ecosystem.

Intelligent networks are a key aspect of defining 5G and will direct traffic and configure systems in ways that facilitate efficient navigation and decision-making. But 5G also will infuse intelligence throughout the network and the application of data analytics will be an explicit part of the services delivered. 5G will enable real-time aggregation and analysis, therefore allowing users to make sense of data in order to optimize and customize the capability of each application.

AI to predict diagonals

Machine learning is a valuable part of the emerging landscape. Artificial intelligence helps doctors make sense of complex databases. Increasingly, medical records combine structured data such as heart rates, blood pressure readings, and vital signs with unstructured text that needs to be analyzed through natural language processing. The latter can include text summaries of symptoms or imaging pictures from X-rays or CT scans. Machine learning can analyze unstructured data and keep the context” and provide “far-reaching implications for health care.

Data analytics and treatment

Trusted data analytics offer concrete advantages in digital medicine. The opportunity to mine health data will grow as digital infrastructure becomes more powerful and will help providers and patients get the information needed to make informed decisions. Indeed, having the ability to assess data in real time will enable rapid learning on treatment effects.

Wearable devices are helpful in treatment because they can send out medical alerts if the individual suffers an acute crisis or health emergency. A patient who falls and can’t get up can use such a device to summon help. Heart attack victims or those who are incapacitated by a stroke receive assistance from others with smartphones or wearable devices.

VR technology

VR is a technology that immerses a user in a computer-generated environment through a visual display and headphones which block out the real world. The visual display has position tracking so that when you move or turn your head, the computer-generated environment moves as if you were physically present within it. Virtual reality has been used for entertainment, education, and simulation, but there are new uses for this technology appearing as it matures. Currently, VR is being explored as a way to help people relieve stress, combat anxiety, and achieve a more peaceful or relaxed mental state. In a method known as therapeutic VR, users wear a VR headset and experience a simulation designed to calm their minds.

The idea of having surgery and spending time in the hospital can cause high levels of anxiety that can be dangerous. Decreased range of motion or functional recovery after orthopedic surgery, increased wound infections. The significant levels of pre-operative anxiety independently predicted a greater risk of death. Especially among heart patients. But now, leading unique research. project to reduce preoperative anxiety using virtual reality, With the use of 360-degree cameras, walking patients through all the steps they will experience before being anesthetized.

Patients in the study view it on this special headset and their anxiety levels are measured on a rating scale before and after surgery and actually to be able to see everything in 3D.

VR as an empathy tool for doctors - Some hospital systems are using VR simulations as a way to help doctors better empathize with their patients. During these VR simulations, doctors experience having specific health conditions or being in certain real-life situations, such as being the target of verbal abuse in a domestic violence scenario.

Relaxing patients with Medical VR - Have you, as a patient, ever had the feeling that time just stops in the hospital, there is nothing to do, you miss your family and friends and you are constantly worried about your condition? Anxiety while in hospital, the constant worry about an upcoming procedure, and the actual pain that one can suffer during or after a procedure are understandably taxing on anyone. VR is presenting itself as an enticing solution to help patients relax and suffer to a lesser extent in such situations.

Real conferences with virtual reality for enhanced productivity of service.

Availability - The need for network availability differs significantly among consumer health applications. The Internet is already sufficiently available for the distribution of health information to consumers and for exchanges of e-mail between patients and providers. Somewhat greater availability would be needed for remote monitoring and remote control operations, although most home monitoring devices and medical equipment could be designed to buffer enough data to overcome short lapses of connectivity.

IoT and Big data technology

Evidence-based care - The exponential increase in the volume of healthcare data generated by IoT devices makes data processing very challenging. Big data can provide evidence-based care by aggregating data sets from diverse sources. Analysis of data can provide useful insights into detecting anomalies and providing appropriate treatments to patients.

Availability - The need for network availability differs significantly among consumer health applications. The Internet is already sufficiently available for the distribution of health information to consumers and for exchanges of e-mail between patients and providers. Somewhat greater availability would be needed for remote monitoring and remote control operations, although most home monitoring devices and medical equipment could be designed to buffer enough data to overcome short lapses of connectivity.

Self-learning and self-improvement - IoT sensors enable data collection, but IoT alone cannot provide rehabilitation treatments. Accurate and timely treatments can be made based on fast patient evaluation, and the development of rehabilitation procedures corresponding to the medical investigation. Many factors need to be considered to provide a precise treatment. Computer tools merely rely on the data collected by the sensors and past case studies, while self-learning techniques can adaptively analyze and recommend new treatment options. A few self-learning algorithms are suitable for data analysis and mining.

Standardization - Various organizations (such as IEEE, IETF, ITU-T) have contributed to the deployment and standardization of IoT technologies. All new and emerging ideas should be integrated to form a global solution that helps build standardizations for the future Internet. future Internet is an extension of the existing one by integrating general things into wider networks. The standardization will enable the development of IoT-based healthcare systems.

Privacy and security - IoT-based systems are useful as long as their users remain safe. In IoT systems, all types of data collection and mining are performed over the Internet. Thus, personal data can be accessed at various stages (during collection, transmission, and so on). Patients’ safety should be taken into consideration by preventing any form of tracking or illegal identification.

Interactive reporting and visualization

What are the challenges in providing the service?

Data speed

A 5G network means that these large files can be transmitted quickly between doctors and hospitals, reducing the time that would otherwise be needed to move them across often under-powered legacy wired networks prone to cuts and other service interruption issues. The reduction in time that 5G brings means more timely diagnostics, second opinions, treatment starts, and adjustments since the medical data can be transmitted and consumed by doctors faster than ever before, whether at home or in the office. The switch to 5G also represents a long-term solution to the ever-rising need for bandwidth since planned 5G data speed increases are more clearly keeping pace with improvements in diagnostic and medical imaging systems requirements than wired networks other than fiber-based can.

Large data file in one patient

The healthcare industry produces massive amounts of data. A single patient can generate hundreds of gigabytes of data each day, from patient medical records to the large image files created by MRI, CAT, or PET scans.

Adding a high-speed 5G network to existing architectures can help quickly and reliably transport huge data files of medical imagery, which can improve both access to care and the quality of care.

Security and privacy

IoT devices can pose a threat to users’ security and privacy. Unauthorized access to IoT devices could create a serious risk to patients' health as well as to their private information. Connected gadgets including medical and mobile devices capture, aggregate, process, and transfer medical information to the cloud. The device layer is vulnerable to tag cloning, spoofing, RF jamming, and cloud polling. In cloud polling, traffic is redirected to allow command injections directly into a device through a man-in-the-middle attack. A direct connection attack involves the use of a service discovery protocol such as universal plug and play, or properties of Bluetooth low energy (BLE), to locate and target IoT devices.

Device communication

One of the major challenges to implementing smart or connected health is communication. Many devices now have sensors to collect data and they often communicate with the server in their own language. Each manufacturer has its own proprietary protocol, which means sensors made by different manufacturers cannot necessarily communicate with each other.

Collection and management of data

Digital health care that leverages IoT sensor devices faces several data management challenges. The data originates from medical sensors, which are worn or implanted inside the human body. Because the state of the human body is constantly changing, there is a continuous influx of data that is being produced. Furthermore, the captured data are consisting of various data formats.

Design and implementation based on multi-disciplinary knowledge

Digital health (including connected and smart health) is developed using expertise in many fields including embedded systems, network design, data analytics, and bioengineering. The PRR 4,2 102 design and implementation of such a heterogeneous system requires extensive knowledge in multi-disciplinary areas. The system also needs to evolve continuously to address constantly changing needs. Increasing adoption of advanced communication solutions in the healthcare industry, majorly in developing countries where health care systems are often unprepared to tackle the challenges of a growing elderly population, has raised the need for high-speed internet services in the healthcare sector. Hence, this augments the adoption rate of 5G services in the healthcare industry.

Ways of making the project a profitable business.

Smart pharmacy services and its transform methods

The pharmaceutical industry is also among those businesses that have taken a leap from the traditional way of attending to their customers’ needs and have adopted ways to fulfill their requirements through online order placement and home delivery of pharmaceutical products such as medicines, medical devices, personal care products, and supplements. Along with providing a wide range of products that can be easily purchased online and delivered within hours of order confirmation, this advancement comes with numerous other benefits as well.

Ease Of Availability
Online Pharmacy Delivery Service is the New Must
Monthly Scheduled Deliveries And Refills
Accessibility
Expert Assistance

Healthcare equipment/smart home equipment companies-sensors innovation

By 2020, the 5G network is expected to support 50 billion connected devices and 212 billion connected sensors as well as enable access to 44 zettabytes (ZB) of data. This will range from smartphones and tablets to smartwatches, cars, machinery, appliances, and remote monitoring devices. Innovations in medical device technology will provide more medical gadgets to patients who can reliably measure and monitor their health from home. The entry included a sensor that fits into the palm of your hand and is as user-friendly as your smartphone, enabling patients to easily measure their health at home. This was a major advancement, but one sensor alone really isn’t enough. The combination of numerous patient Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) devices and sensors help doctors provide a complete health picture for their patients, leading to a personalized health treatment program.

Smart healthcare centers

Smart hospitals are those that optimize, redesign or build new clinical processes, management systems and potentially even infrastructure, enabled by underlying digitized networking infrastructure of interconnected assets, to provide a valuable service or insight that was not possible or available earlier, to achieve better patient care, experience, and operational efficiency.”

The smart hospital framework involves three essential layers – data, insight, and access. Data is being collected even today, although not necessarily from all systems in a hospital, but is not integrated together to derive ‘smart’ insight, which can be done by feeding it into analytics or machine learning software. This insight must be accessible to the user – a doctor, a nurse, facilities personnel, or any other stakeholder, through an interface including a desktop or a smartphone or similar handheld device, to empower them to make critical decisions faster, improving their efficiency

Data Analyzing software base companies

Telemedicine is increasingly being accepted and insurance companies and government-regulated health care programs are increasingly covering telemedicine services in their plans. As the healthcare industry experiences adequate growth, managing data across the industry like stand-alone EHRs is becoming increasingly complex. Managing data in the healthcare industry becomes a huge challenge for organizations and they require the healthcare IT Companies to manage this complexity. The presence of complex legacy systems means they are especially fragmented, hard to monitor, and harder to support and drive value. You need to be able to efficiently manage the growing risk while ensuring HIPAA compliance at all times. Custom Telemedicine Software Development Services

Online consultation
Appointment management
Video conferencing
Remote care for patients
Doctor on demand

Digital Scanning Centers

MRI, CAT, PET, etc., scan directly uploaded to doctors or medical centers. These scanning centers have performed special AI algorithms to detect diagonals. So quickly detect they have some kind of differences.

Medical student educations systems using VR

VR now allows more than just passively seeing an operation from the point of view of the surgeon. The technology is now being used to actually train aspiring surgeons and for surgeons to practice operations. Virtual reality could elevate the teaching and learning experience in medicine to a whole new level. Today, only a few students can peek over the shoulder of the surgeon during an operation

and it is challenging to learn the tricks of the trade via this method. With a virtual reality camera, surgeons can stream operations globally and allow medical students to actually be there in the OR using their VR goggles. Medical students at Case Western University are already being taught with the help of such devices as the HoloLens about the human anatomy, cadaver-free (albeit using the slightly different Mixed Reality technology).

References

Taylor & Francis. 2020. Benefits And Shortcomings Of Utilizing Telemedicine During The COVID-19 Pandemic. [online] Available at: <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08998280.2020.1792728#:~:text=Clinical%20encounters%20are%20being%20increasingly,as%20well%20as%20to%20providers.>
Strategies, N., 2020. Health Applications Of The Internet. [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44714/>
Digital Health Institute for Transformation. 2020. 5 Ways Medical Virtual Reality Is Already Changing Healthcare » Digital Health Institute For Transformation. [online] Available at: <https://www.dhitglobal.org/5-ways-medical-virtual-reality-is-already-changing-healthcare/>
AT&T Business. 2020. 5 Ways 5G Will Transform Healthcare | AT&T Business. [online] Available at: <https://www.business.att.com/learn/updates/how-5g-will-transform-the-healthcare-industry.html#:~:text=With%205G%2C%20healthcare%20systems%20can,to%20specialists%20otherwise%20not%20available.>

Integration of Renewable Energy in Smart Grids for Tropical Environments

2021-12-12T10:50:00.008-08:00

This article consists of technologies to integrate renewable energy for future smart grids in tropical environments. Here we have mentioned the smart grid, features, technology, and how it is managed. Some manufacturing problems caused by nanoscale when making flexible solar cells using nanowires. Low cast mini-hydro plant constructed by whirlpool motion of the water in low water head condition. To create electricity, Tidal range generated by the tidal barrage and tidal lagoon, developed countries such as France, Britain, and Canada use tidal technology to generate electricity. The main methods of generating electricity from wave energy and the main equipment used for services are mentioned in the problems that arise there. Wind-hydro and wind-solar optimization scheduling system simulation using PSO algorithm.

Introduction

Electricity, powers our TVs, computers, air conditioners, cell phones, and washing machines, etc. we have a bent to additionally use energy to run cars, planes, trains...etc. Global energy demand is growing exponentially day by day. Today, fossil, nuclear power, gas, conventional energy has made a significant contribution to the power generation of the world. However, they must also lead to an increase in emissions, a contribution to global warming and human health degradation. The newly published reference case for the International Energy Outlook 2019 (IEO2019), the U.S. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that world energy demand between 2018 and 2050 will rise by almost 50 percent [1].

A smart grid is an electric grid that integrates several measures of operation and electricity, including,

· Smart meters

· Smart appliances

· Renewable energy resources

· Energy-efficient resources

The important aspects of the smart grid are the primary purpose of the Smart Network Adding electrical energy on different scales and It is properly regulated and distributed according to need.

· Reliability

· Flexibility in network topology

· Smart Grid technologies and interactions

· Efficiency

The fundamental technologies driving the Smart Grid to relate,

· Renewable energy

· IoT-type data-gathering

· Communication

· Analytics

· Control

Figure 1: Smart grid architecture

Renewable energy sources are mainly wind turbines and photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. Communicated to a centralized management purpose which will perform analysis and management functions. This permits balancing of power loads, troubleshooting of outages, and management of distribution. The grid develops self-healing properties, as control systems will notice easy issues and impact repairs while not intervention. Lots of significant infrastructure injuries are going to be reported back to technicians within the management center, granting a timely repair response. To improve dependableness and period, the grid will become reconciling, with power being rerouted to travel around any drawback areas [2]. While IoT-type intelligence can permit operators to visualize and manage their sensible grids reliably and efficiently, it'll conjointly provide energy users bigger management.

Solar cells and Nanowire technology

We focus on the production of flexible solar cells to minimize load and value, to increase shock resistance, and to promote transportation, storage, and installation. Although several studies have documented flexible devices using thin films of organic, amorphous, and polycrystalline Si and other inorganic semiconductors, one dimensional (1D) nano/microstructure systems of high crystallinity inorganic semiconductors provide a major improvement in the efficiency of energy conversion [3]. Photoelectrochemical cells (PEC) uses proto anode material for flexible solar panels are TiO2, ZnO, and Si nanotubes/nanowires, either grown on or transferred to flexible substrates [4]. In a tropical environment, sunlight reaches a large extent, so it can be used as the main energy generator. It gives the future world a great advantage over a country. High-quality solar panels and flexible devices of various sizes that can store a large amount of energy are highly productive and can be used extensively.

Challenges in Making Nanowires Solar Cells

The 1dimensional nanoscale structure makes it impossible to use traditional methods of measurement to calculate the electrical properties of nanowires. It Is more suitable for a planner layer to use conventional methods compared to the nanowires. The quasi-one-dimensional geometry of the Nanowires precludes traditional measurements of the Hall Effect unless highly

sophisticated methods are used to shape electrical contacts with the Nanowires [5].

Measurements of the field-effect are frequently used on NWs, but their interpretation is highly affected by modeling assumptions and thus, the uncertainty within the approximate capacitance term of the gate, systematically distorting the apparent relationship between diameter and also the determined mobility, Difficulties in obtaining ohmic contacts, particularly to p-type materials [6].

NWs have an outsized surface-to-volume ratio because of the nanoscale 1-D cylindrical structure and the scale is frequently over 100 times larger relative to thin-film structures. the surface breaks the periodicity of the 3-dimensional bulk and there is a related transition within the electronic structure [7].

Cost-efficient Mini hydro plant using low whirlpool

In this process use, the whirlpool motion of water across the turbine method. There is a small size area compared to the other plants so can increase the generation units to requirements of power, can get profit in a short period, and less maintenance, construction cost. Use low water highs because it is activated by water whirlpool Based. In this scenario can’t be the exact measurement of water pressure and height because water flow always changes [8]. The turbine is mounted in the round basin and water enters it from above and Leaves the lower part of the basin. This basin inlet connects to the river. Basin can be manufacture in PVC [8].

Figure 2: Whirlpool basin model

Rivers of various sizes thrive in all tropical environments. This is of much greater value for the smart grid concept than for the typical large-reservoir electrical plant. Because they are portable, these devices can be used for energy peak time by creating a system that can be put into the water and retrieved according to power demand. Because they are portable, these devices can be used for energetic times by creating a system that can be put in and retrieved according to power demand.

Wave energy

The water of the oceans of the world is almost always in motion hardly because interrupted waves break at the coastlines. Sometimes strong, sometimes weaker. There is enormous energy.

Hydro wave chin is developing technologies to convert this inexhaustible energy into electric power without the emission of harmful greenhouse gases.

Wave energy devices are subdivided into six main sections. These devices transform the energy of the stored ocean directly into electricity [9].

· The prime mover

· Foundations

· Moorings

· Power take-off

· Control Systems

· Connection

As well, there are divided mainly 3 types of devices used to wave energy generation,

Shoreline devices – Attach to the natural rock face. It's near to the power sub-grid. Easy to maintain and some energy loss. Used Oscillating water column or Overtopping devices wave energy convertor [9].

Near–shore Devices- Position in shallow water. It has some disadvantages compared with Shoreline devices. used Oscillating wave surge converters, point absorber, and submerged pressure wave energy convertor [9].

Offshore Devices- Position deep into the water. In device held to the seabed using mooring devices. Cost is high compared to the other methods. Used Attenuator or Bulge wave devices and Rotating mass converters wave energy convertor [9].

This is how easily energy can be generated with a wave power station day and night all year round as long as there are waves. Normally in tropical climates, the wave energy produces up to twenty kilowatt per meter near the coast and twenty to thirty kilowatt per meter in the deep and intermediate waters. The cost of construction and maintenance is very high value.

Figure 3:Worldwide wave power distribution

Challenges of Wave Energy Systems

Wave energy converters are facing a lot of challenges. There are environmental, design, installation, and operation challenges. Wave power mainly depends on wave height and time. Those factors exactly can’t predict the expected power production. There is some resistance to installing large scale shoreline devices in local coastal areas [10]. Seawater is highly corrosive and withstands the operational load, hurricanes, and storms. So the cost effect is high. Wave energy is in the beginner stages compared to the other renewable energy technologies, so this technology progress in theoretical, experimental, and model testing using static models in the laboratory [10], not the large scale commercial stages.

Tidal power

It is a method of converting the energy of a naturally occurring tidal phenomenon into electrical energy. This phenomenon is caused by the force exerted on the earth by the rotation of the sun and moon. Tidal power stations are constructed only along the coastline.

Both wind power and ocean converters have the same capacities in terms of rated power. Tidal current converters can produce 4 times more energy in a year.

The average distance between water levels is 5 or more than 5 meters high to produce tidal electricity can be created from several technologies.

Following 6 different types of tidal stream devices [9].

· Horizontal axis turbine

· Vertical axis turbine

· Oscillating device or oscillating hydrofoil

· Ducted turbines or enclosed tips

· Archimedes Screw

· Tidal Kite

In this research they experienced, Tidal stream electricity generation technology is better than wave energy [9]. Commonly tidal converts can be operating at higher fluid density with different environmental conditions. Here the reason for the increase in efficiency of the turbine is that the ocean water is denser than normal water. So there is more power on the turbine. The density is 832 times larger than normal air. Hydropower and tidal range generation have a lot of similarities. Because both of them operate using some height difference. It is doing by a tidal barrage or tidal lagoon using low head turbines to generate electricity. A tidal barrage is a dam. It is a method of generating electricity based on the difference between high and low tide potentials. Tidal lagoons build like independent enclosures in the estuarine area. It creates some flexibility and less expensive [9].

In both cases, the mechanical energy of the tidal is converted into electrical energy using Only underwater turbines. To get the continuous constant power flow using multi basin schemes. Currently, developed countries such as France, Britain, and Canada use tidal technology to generate electricity. The tidal wave level near the equator is normal. These are easy principles and power is very effective but the cost of the material/construction is very high. This may not provide a long-term energy solution to a very large area, but through the smart grid concept, it will be possible to provide a very effective and cost-effective service to the surrounding area in the future.

Figure 4:Tidal range generation in the world

Can well understand the oceans tidal patterns, this energy can be used to generate electricity very well at a certain period of the year. So predictable a power plant system can be very well managed with an electrical grid. Easy to construct, no greenhouse gas emission directly, and renewable energy source. Nowadays, the use of tidal technology has slowed down and the electricity generated is relatively small. These are not suitable for daily use on a large scale and they are extra plants for generating electricity.

Optimal scheduling system

The wind-hydropower plant coordinate

When integrating the wind power installation, some wind power fluctuations happen. So we want to do some limits and optimize it. In this case, the following methods are used to determine the uncertainty of wind power [11].

· The stochastic programming theory

· the effects of previously noted wind data records

· power forecast confidence levels

· past penalty parameters settings on optimal dispatching

To get an optimal solution use the particle swarm optimization method [11]. This system aims to reduce the curtailment, fluctuation, and uncertainty of wind power. The main processing part of this project is irrigation scheduling information and wind farm prediction system. This system has 4-layer architecture [11].

1. Physical layer

2. Information layer - scheduling, wind power prediction, indeterminate hydropower are affecting to impact of peak and valley electricity measuring data

3. Computing layer - Computing layers about wind power fluctuation characteristics (The algorithm is used to increase the speed and efficiency of the processes that take place here)

4. Service layer- Service layer real-time watching model, intelligent dispatching.

Figure 5: 4-Layer Architecture

This was done by China and is almost completely unusable happen in a tropical environment with some variations but this architecture can be used to update those changing factors.

Wind-solar power plant coordinate

Used piecewise linear mixed-integer optimization formula to get the uncertainty and solve by using CPLEX v12.0 in GAMS [12]. Finally, they observed, the use of renewable generators can bring profits back to the power system and increase overall profitability and a highly secure supply system can be guaranteed. In this case, they applied their simulations to solve genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization(PSO), mixed-integer linear and nonlinear optimization programming [12]. This was done by the UK in a tropical environment where these simulation data get different values.

In this part, optimize the design of the photovoltaic grid using these methods. Kornelakis and Koutroulis applied a 2 step optimization, first the number of photovoltaic modules and their specifications were selected to meet the dimensional constraints. Next, find the optimal configuration to maximize the net profit using genetic algorithms. Kornelakis applied

connected systems [12].

It is essential that the various sources of energy used in the management of the energy system be properly regulated taking into account the various factors present in them. This optimum scheduling system is very important for that. All these optima scheduling system simulations are not yet practically used commercially. Because the results obtained in these experiments were not applied to the left in practice, the success of these algorithms may not be accurate.

Conclusion

This article purpose Solar cell technology, mini-hydro plant methodology, wave energy, tidal power, and optimum scheduling system technology combines with smart grid systems in a tropical environment. In the future, the use of electrical energy will be very high so a smart grid has the potential to do better energy management than the macro grid. Solar cell technology, Mini hydro plant methodology is ideal for the tropics. Solar panels can be made efficient using nanotechnology and can interact with smart grids in a variety of sizes. the mini-hydro plant is a very cost-effective and efficient generator in rural areas. Wave energy and tidal power are largely cost-effective new energy generators. Tidal power, the energy system is of great importance to tropical countries with oceans for future use as a good additional power plant. By activating the optimal scheduling system, these energies can be added to the electrical system in a very high-quality manner. In this case, the data records of the optimal scheduling system are obtained by running the computer simulation. These mentioned technicalities are suitable for analysis and application in a tropical environment.

References

[1]		"TODAY IN ENERGY," [Online]. Available: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=41433.
[2]		"POWER & BEYOND," [Online]. Available: https://www.power-and-beyond.com/the-smart-grid-what-it-is-and-why-we-need-it-a-950649/?cmp=go-ta-art-trf-PuB_DSA-20200714&gclid=CjwKCAiA4o79BRBvEiwAjteoYIiK3gy2EgVBwwB9hsvvst15BsTwgYNqymhVlT-z4q9apZDlnIFhkxoCLr0QAvD_BwE.
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[5]		O. Wunnicke, "Applied Physics Letters," in Gate capacitance of back-gated nanowire field-effect transistors, 2006.
[6]		M. T. S. S. G. Z. a. H. S. Masaya Notomi, "Nanowire photonics toward wide wavelength range and subwavelength confinement," in Optical Materials Express, 2020.
[7]		D. C. R. C. A. S. a. A. V. Gonen Ashkenasy, "Account of chemical research," in Molecular Engineering of Semiconductor Surfaces and Devices, 2002.
[8]		A. M. A. U. Saran Zeb, "Cost efficient Mini hydro plant with low water head whirlpool design methodology for rural areas (Micro Hydro Whirlpool power plant)," International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineering Technologies.
[9]		Z. E. H. A. D. J. T. B. S. A. Tabbi Wilberforce, "Overview of ocean power technology," Energy (2019).
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[11]		e. f. f. a. l.-t. d. h. demand, "Optimal scheduling system for wind farm and hydro power plant," energy Procedia
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