Its time to wind up preparations for IIT JEE 2010 as only 9 days are left . I will suggest following steps to take during this period:

1. Start revising what you have done all through out your preparation time . Do not give any tests now as it will only add tension. start Revising first mathematics & Chemistry then physics . As there are tricks & things to remember in the two subejcts . Do not try to attempt any new questions .You have done lots of practice ..

2. I am against any Crash Course . These are just Coaching Institute marketing ideas . No body will help you clear JEE if you have not studied for it before . And if you have prepared , try to revise the things on your own .

3. Start caring for your body and because your health matters most . Do not go for food outside ( I remember my JEE Days ..hospitalized for 17 consecutive days and get out of hospital jsut one day before JEE ..thanks to God for his immense help … i cleared JEE.

4.  If you want to try your hands on problems ..try to solve previous year questions asked in JEE but fo if for year after 2005 ..Do not try to touch papers before 2002 . JEE was much tougher those days .

5. Do not listen to others . Many would try to divert your attention & focus by boasting of their preparation .

6. Do not fear by the growing tension .Treat it to be normal .There is no exam without tension . And if you are prepared well , you will feel more tensed . Because you are prepared ..thats why there is tension .Take it to be natural process.

7. Finally GO and have a Kill at JEE 2010 on 11 th April , 2010 .

IITBANDA will publish the solutions to JEE 2010 on the same day  The most authentic one ..

2010-02-16 19:10:00

The joint entrance examination (JEE) for admission to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) is likely to become history from 2013 as the central government Tuesday decided to work on a common entrance test for all government engineering colleges.

By 2013, we should have in place a common system for common admission into professional institutions in the country,’ Human Resource Development Minister Kapil Sibal said Tuesday after meeting at least 20 school education boards from across the country.

Explaining the situation, HRD ministry joint secretary S.C. Khuntia said: ‘We will work for a common entrance test for every stream. One examination for all engineering institutions, which means IITs will also follow it.’

‘In that parameter, there should not be any separate IIT entrance,’ Khuntia told IANS. ‘Let’s see, we have to work in that direction.’

‘As per the score of the entrance, selection will be made. Let’s say, the top rankers may go to IITs, the second bests will go to institutions which are a step below the IITs…so on,’ Khuntia elaborated. ‘The system will benefit the students most.’

After the meeting with school boards, Sibal said: ‘We will be working towards a single entrance examination in 2013. We are setting up a task force for that.’

Explaining the situation, the minister said there will be single entrance for each stream. For example, admission to all medical courses may take place through one entrance examination and all engineering admissions through another common entrance.

Sibal said the task force would decide how to go about it and look into issues like the weightage the Class 12 board examination result will have in the admission procedure.

I have been thinking to write an article on IIT JEE for past several months , finally i conceded to the demands of the Great IITBANDA  Editorial Team .

In this article i will be focussing on certain areas related to IIT JEE :

• What is big about IIT JEE ?
• Preparation Plan for IIT JEE
• Resources for Preparation
• Who are real IITians ?
• What Next if not IIT ?

What is big  about IIT JEE ?

IIT JEE is a Entrance Examination jointly conducted by all the IITs(Indian Institution of Technologies) for various courses like Btech , Integrated Mtech , Integrated Msc , dual degree , etc . For more information on IIT JEE and its Syllabus check this blog post aboutIIT JEE . In this article we will discuss how IIT JEE is different and why students all over India are crazy about this .There are many reasons why IIT JEE is highly rated and touted to be the most toughest examinations in the world at 12 th level.

Why IIT JEE has become so popular ? : IITs are the one of the coolest place not only to study but also to hoan your skills in many other facets of life . The Environment at IITs  will make you shock proof , mentally strong and will foster confidence  which often differentiate a normal graduate and a IITians Graduate . The facilities at IITs are awesome not only in terms of Infrastructure but also in terms of Placements and  endless opportunities .

Due to these facilities , Media have spread the Brand IITians ..and it feels like a great warrior once you clear IIT JEE .  In the answer to my 5 th Question , i will show the other facets also.Moreover India being a highly populous country makes the competition even more tough . There are also some other perceptions on why parents force their wards to clear IIT JEE . Some of the experiences of my talk with many parents are :

(a) clearing IIT JEE is to gain recognition in the society .If you belong to lowe middle class , then it is often thought that clearing IITs /IAS is the only way to rise from here .

(b) High Salary : Usually Students from IITs get hefty Salary package and it makes the IIT JEE all more attractive .

So  lets now get into how to prepare for IIT JEE .

Preparation Plan for IIT JEE ?

Well i will discuss Preparation plan for IIT JEE for two categories of students :

(a) For students in Class XI

(b) For pass out Students

Lets first chalk out a strategy for students who will enter into class XI .See  two years is enough for JEE Preparation , even if you do not join any coaching Institutes . Students who give IIT JEE in Current attempt have more chance to clear IIT JEE .This is because of two facts :

1. Current attempt students are in tune of their preparation , they are without tensions

2. Syllabus of IIT JEE is now similar to CBSE Boards ..

But current attempt students have an arduous task of maintaining their academic with JEE Preparation .. ..Buts lets see to overcome this. We will first start with Physics

CBSE Syllabus of Physics

Out of the above CBSE Syllabus ,Communication Systems is not included in the IIT JEE Syllabus . So we will chalk out a plan which will not only help to clear IIT JEE but also score well in your class XI.Before that we will compare the other two subjects syllabus.

CBSE Syllabus of Chemistry

Almost everything matches between JEE & CBSE . So you do not have to worry about board ..if you are ready with JEE , you are certain to score more than 90 % in JEE .

CBSE Syllabus of Maths

When you look into the syllabus  of JEE topics which are outside JEE range are :

(a) Mathematical Reasoning  (b) Linear Programming

Now Here is the winning Plan for Current attempt Students  Who do not want to take coaching :

The things mentioned above has to be done from JEE point of view . Certain things has to be cleared for class XI Board which you have to adjust in between this . This is tough but you have to think that you are not alone in this race .But guys who maintain character and determination are eventually true IITians ..

Resources for Preparations( Do not read any other books or any other materials if you are preparing yourself ..Do not get bogged down by so many books available in the market )

(a) Physics :

1. Mechanics : For mechanics read theory from Theory of Mechanics , I.E. Irodov ( No other book is required ) and solve problems from H.C. Verma . No need to look in Problems in Mechanics by I.E. Irodov ..Examples in the theory book is enough for JEE

2. Electro stats : Read theory from Theory of Electromagnetism by I.E. Irodov and solve problems from H.C. Verma . I mean each & every questions . No need to look into any other books

3. Wave & Optics : Read theory from Resnick Halliday books and solve problems from H.C.Verma . No need to look into any other notes & books . You can look into the IITBANDA Posts.

4. Modern Physics : Read theory and solve problems from  H.C. Verma Part 2 . Do not touch any other books

5. General part : look into the lab manual and read each experiment and understand everything from there . for solving problems on this you can look into the IITBanda Post ..we will be shortly publishing an article on this covering each & everything.

(b) Maths :

1.  Algebra : Till now in the market Arihant leads ..Read theory & practice from Arihant Algebra ..No need to browse any stuffs ..If want to see some innovations that has been done with Algebra ..you can browse the notes of ABC CLASSES ..i have seen they have really done innovation with algebra ..

2. Co-ordinate Geometry :  Just buy S.L. Loney  Co-ordinate book and buy its solutions from the market ..try to solve the problems on yours ..if you do not get it ..see the solutions . JEE Questions cannot be out of range of S.L. Loney CO-ordinate Books. I bet on this

3. Calculus : Buy Arihant book solve each & evry questions .Maths is all about tricks ..

4. Vector , 3-D  : Same Arihant books

(c ) Chemistry :

1. chemical Equilibrium +   Ionic Equilibrium + Solutions + Chemical Kinetics  : Read theory from University Chemistry from Bruce .H. mahan ..Plz do not read theory from any other books .It will be waste of time . And for numericals solve it from Arihant Physical Chemistry but try to apply the concepts read from Bruce.H.Mahan into the numericals because solutions in the Arihant books is not standard.

2. Gas + Chemical Bonding  : Read it from Physical Chemistry book of Arun Bahl & G.D. Tuli ..For numericals you can again refer Arihant

3. Co-ordination Compounds + Solid state  : J.D. Lee Inorganic Chemistry is unparalleled

4. Organic Chemistry : Just buy book of Solomons & its Solutions manual .You need require any other books or practice books .Arihant books sucks in organics ..many mistakes in the approach ..

Now Answer to 3 rd Questions : Who are real IITians  ?

Real IITians are those who have got concepts and can solve a mechanics problem even after their Btech ..yes physics is all about concepts and these should be in mind for ever atleast Mechanics ..and i will bet 50 % of 4 th year Btech IITs can’t solve  a basic Mechanics problem .they have forgotten the very basics ..But Those 50 % who have focussed on concepts are brewing with confidence .So do not study with just mission of Cracking JEE ,study with passion of learning concepts .According to me , students who have not cleared JEE but have got solid concepts ,they leave many IITians behind in the career .

What Next if not IIT JEE ?

One thing is very clear competitions in JEE is very tough many students get same marks .So students  who narrowly miss JEE should not get disheartened . Life is a war and there are many battles in this war.What if you have got one setback ..and Clearing JEE should not be the goals it should just an aim .You can clear AIEEE , BITSAT all of them are equivalent .What matters is your Concepts .

P.S. : Even though i am a faculty member of ABC CLASSES . i have written this article from a transparent positions . ABC Classes is different than other as we advocate the mission of our company TRAJECTORY EDUCATION to FOSTER CONCEPTS

In Electrolysis , electrical energy get converted into chemical energy. Here a flow of electricity through a substance may produce a chemical reaction. This process can be shown with the help of following figure. (Here electrolysis of molten NaCl occurs, When Platinum electrodes are dipped into it.)

Here, at anode (+) oxidation occurs, while at cathode (–) reduction occurs.

Faraday’s Laws

The quantitative relationship between the amount of electricity passed through a cell and the amount of substances discharged at the electrodes was systematized by Michael Faraday in the form of the following laws:

First law

The amount of substance discharged at an electrode is proportional to the quantity of electricity passing through the electrolyte.

e.g.

or     … (1)

Z = electrochemical equivalent

It is the number of grams of the substance deposited or dissolved by one coulomb of electricity.

Second Law

When the same quantity of electricity is passed through different solutions, the amounts of different substances deposited or dissolved at the electrodes in different electrolytic cells are proportional to their equivalent weights and in an electrolytic cell, chemically equivalent amount of substances are discharged at both the electrodes.

Charge of 1 mole of electrons = (charge of an electron) × (Avogadro Constant)

= coulombs

= 96500 coulombs

= 26.8 ampere-hour per equivalent

= 1 Faraday

Essential contents of Faraday’s second law is that 1F, which corresponds to 1 mole of electrons, liberates equivalent of matter.

Electrochemical Equivalent and Equivalent weight

The weight in grams of a substance liberated by 1 coulomb of electricity is called electrochemical equivalent (Z)

While the weights in grams liberated by 1F is called gram equivalent weight of the substance.

If and are the equivalent weights of two substances whose electrochemical equivalents are Z₁ and Z₂ respectively, then

… (i)

Now, if the same amount of current is passed for the same interval of time through two different electrolytes then from the first law, i.e.

, we get

Where, and are the weights of the substances deposited from the two electrolytes, the electrochemical equivalents of which are respectively Z₁ and Z₂.

Further

Electrolytic Conductance and Transference

Electrolytic Conductance

As we know that the flow of electricity through solutions of electrolytes is due to the migration of ions when potential difference is applied between two electrodes.

Cations move towards negatively charged electrode , while anions move towards positively charge electrode .

The ease with which electricity flows through a solution is called the conductance (G) of the solution.

Unit Siemen (s) in SI system

Specific Conductance (K)

As we known, Resistance (R) =

Here,

It depends upon the nature of the material

It is the resistance of a specimen 1 cm in length and
1 cm² cross-section.

It is the resistance of 1 cm3 of the material

reciprocal of specific resistance , is called specific conductance (K)

Conductance of 1 cm³ cube of a material

Thus,

unit of

Equivalent conductance ()

Specific conductance, although a suitable property for characterizing metallic conductance, is not so for characterizing electrolytic conductance where the value, amongst other things, depend upon the concentration of the solution of the electrolyte as well

While measuring conductances of electrolytes in solutions, equivalent conductance, is frequently used.

Equivalent conductance is the conducting power of all the ions produced by 1 gm–equivalent of an electrolyte in a given solution.

Relation between Specific Conductance and Equivalent conductance

Suppose we take 1 c.c of solution of an electrolyte placed between two large electrodes 1 cm apart. The cross sectional area of the solution will be 1 cm². The conductance of the solution will evidently be its specific conductance because we are having one cubic centimeter of the solution.

Further, suppose that 1 c.c. of solution contains 1 gm equivalent of the electrolyte dissolve in it

Then, according to the definition given above, the conductance of the solution will be equal to the equivalent conductance.

Hence, conductance = specific conductance (K)

= Equivalent conductance

Suppose the solution is now diluted to 1000 c.c. we will be having now 1000 c.c. of the solution. The conductance of the resulting solution, therefore will be 1000 times its specific conductance. But even now as the solution contains only 1 gm-equivalent of the electrolyte between the electrodes, the conductance measured will be equivalent conductance. Thus

If the solution is further diluted to say, 5000 C.C. there will be 5000 c.c. of the solution and hence,

In general,

Here, is the volume of the solution in cm³ containing 1 gm-equiv. of the electrolyte.

Unit of :

Molar Conductance : 

It is the conducting power of all the ions produced by one mole of the electrolyte in a given solution.

Unit

Cell constant (K_cell)

Unit (m^–1)

Variation of molar conductance
with dilution

Molar conductance of an electrolyte increases with increase in dilution due to increase in degree of dissociation of electrolyte.

Increase in the number of ions on dilution is much lesser than increase in the volume of the solution. Hence no of ions per unit volume actually decreases. Hence, specific conductance decreases, although molar conductance increases on progressive dilution

• The variation of molar conductance with dilution in some common electrolytes is shown below in fig. As can be seen, in strong electrolytes there is a tendency for molar conductance to approach a certain limiting value when the concentration approaches zero.
  

The molar conductance at this point is known as molar conductance at zero concentration or at infite dilution. It is denoted by

Infinite dilution is meant a solution so dilute that it has maximum or limiting molar conductance which does not increase on further dilution.

This value, in the case of strong electrolytes, is obtained by extrapolating the molar conductance graph to zero concentration.

In the case of weak electrolytes, however, there is no indication that a limiting value can be attained even when the concentration approaches zero. Hence, it is not useful to obtain the limiting value by extrapolating in the case of weak electrolytes.

There is an indirect method for obtaining molar conductance at infinite dilution for weak electrolytes which is based on Kohlrausch’s law.

Assuming that increase in molar conductance on dilution is due only to increase in the degree of dissociation of the electrolyte, which is evident when limiting value of molar conductance is approach the dgree of dissociation is unity. Hence at any other concentration, when the molar conductance is say, ^_m, the degree of dissociation will be given by

Ionic Mobility

We have seen that, at infinite dilution, all electrolytes are completely dissociated, their molar conductances differ vastly from one another.

This is due to differences in speeds of ions e.g. the molar conductance at infinite dilution of HCl acid is more than three times as high as that of NaCl. Since, ion is common, it follows that the speed of ion is more than three time the speed of ion.

• Since, the speed of an ion varies with the potential applied, so we use the term ionic mobility.
  

  
  

  It is the distance travelled by an ion per second under a potential gradient of 1 volt/meter.
  

  Transport Number
  

  Experimentally it has been seen that, the number of ions discharged at each electrode depends upon the sum of the speed or mobilities of two ions.
  

  
  

  Since according to Faraday’s first law of electrolysis, the number of ions discharged at an electrode is proportional to the total quantity of electricity passed through the solution. Hence.
  

  
  

  
  

  • The fraction of the total current carried by each ion is called its transport number. Thus, if u₊ is the mobility of cation and u_– that of anion, then
    

  
  

  Transport number of cation (t₊) =
  

  Similarly,
  

  Again.

Primitive or Anti-derivative.

The integral or primitive or anti-derivative of a function f (x) w.r.t. x is the function whose derivative w.r.t. x is f(x) and we write it as .

The process of finding the function is called “integration”

Indefinite Integral.

Let f(x) be a function. Then the collection of all its primitives is called the indefinite integral of f(x) and is denoted by Thus,

Where is primitive of and C is an arbitrary constant known as the constant of integration.

Here is the integral sign, f(x) is the integrand, x is the variable of integration and dx is the element of integration or differential of x. The process of finding an indefinite integral of a given function is called integration of the function.

It follows from the above discussion that integration of a function f(x) means finding a function such that

Basic theorems on Integration.

If f(x) and g(x) are function of x and a is a constant, then

(1)     (2)

(3) (4)

where C is an arbitrary constant known as the constant of integration.

Fundamental Integration Formulae.

Since therefore based upon this definition and various standard differentiation formulae, we obtain the following integration formulae.

(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)

By applying this procedure we can find out following integration

(5) (6)

(7) (8)

(9) (10)

(11) (12)

(13) (14)

(15) (16)

(17) (18)

(19) (20)

(21) (22)

(23) (24)

Methods of integration.

(1) Integration by substitution             (2) Integration by parts

(3) Integration of rational algebraic functions by using partial fractions.

(1) Integration by substitution : Generally we apply this method in the following cases

(i) When integrand is a function of function : . Here we put . So that and in that case the integral is reduced to

(ii) When integrand is product : of two factors such that one is the derivatives of other

In this case we put =t and convert it to standard integral.

Now ; \

(iii) Integral of a function of the form : We put ax + b = t and convert it into standard integral.

Now .

(iv) Standard form of integrals :

(a)     put (b) , , put

(c)    , put

(v) Standard substitution:

(2) Integration by parts : If u and v are two functions of then i.e., the integral of the product of two function = (first function) × (integral of second function) –integral of {(differentiation of first function) × (integral of second function)}

Note : q Integration with the help of the above rule is called the integration by parts. In the above rule there are two terms on RHS and in both the terms the integral of the second function is involved. Therefore in the product of two function if one of the two functions is not directly integral etc.) we take it as the first function and the remaining function is taken as the second function. If in the integral both the functions are easily integrable then the first function is chosen in such a way that the derivative of the function is a simple function and the function thus obtained under the integrable sign is easily integrable than the original function. Hence, choice of first and second function should be proper.

Note : q We can also choose the first function as the function which comes first in the word ILATE, where

I Stands for the inverse trigonometric function etc.

L Stands for the logarithmic function.

A Stands for the algebraic functions.

T Stands for the trigonometric functions.

E Stands for the exponential functions.

(3) Integration by partial fraction
: If and are two polynomials, then defines a rational algebraic function or a rational function of x.

If degree of degree of then is called a proper rational function.

If degree of degree of , then is called an improper rational function.

If is an improper rational function, we divide by so that the rational function is expressed in the form where and are polynomials such that the degree of is less than that of Thus, is expressible as the sum of a polynomial and a proper rational function.

Any proper rational function can be expressed as the sum of rational functions, each having a simple factor of Each such fraction is called a partial fraction and the process of obtaining them a called the resolution or decomposition of into partial fractions. The resolution of into partial fractions depends mainly upon the nature of the factors of as discussed below.

To Express into partial fraction

Example : . To
find out value of A, we put in left hand side except and obtain value will be value of A in same way, except and except we get the value of B and C respectively.

Evaluations of integration when.

(1) Integrals of the form : To evaluate this type of integrals we express as the sum or difference of two squares by using the following steps.

Step I : Make the coefficient of x² unity by taking it common.

Step II : Add and subtract the square of half of the coefficient of x.

Step III : Apply one of the formulae

(2) Integrals of the form
: To evaluate this type of integrals, we express as the sum or difference of two squares by using the following steps.

Step I : Make the coefficient of unity by taking it common.

Step II : Add and subtract
square of half of the coefficient of x.

Step III : Apply formulae ,

(3) Integrals of the form dx : To evaluated this type of integrals we express the numerator as follows:

(Diff. of denominator) , where and are constants to be determined by equating the coefficients of similar terms on both sides. So we have

(4) Integrals of the form
: To evaluate this type of integrals we express the numerator as follows: (Diff. of denominator) +

Where and are constants to be determined by equating the coefficients of similar terms on both sides. So     we have,

(5)Integrals of the form : :

To evaluate this type of integrals we proceed as follows

Step I : Divide numerator and denominator both by

Step II : Replace

if any in denominator by

Step III : Put

so that

After applying these three steps the integral will reduce to the form
dt which can be evaluated by the method discussed earlier.

(6) Integrals of the form
: To evaluate this type of integrals we proceed as follows

Step I : Put

Step II : Replace in the numerator by sec²
.

Step III : Put so that

After performing these three steps the integral reduces to the form which can be evaluated by the method discussed earlier.

(7) Integrals of the form
: To evaluate this type of integrals we express the numerator as follows: Numerator =(Diff. of denominator) (denominator)

i.e., =

Where and are constants to be determined by comparing the coefficients of and on both sides.

== =

(8) Integrals of the form
: To evaluate integrals of the type we express the linear factor as follows:

Where and are constants to be determined by equating the coefficients of similar terms on both sides. So we have

The first integral on RHS is evaluated by putting and the second integral is evaluated by using .

(9) Integrals of the from , , where is a constant : To evaluate this type of integrals, divide the numerator and denominator by x² and putor whichever on differentiation gives the numerator of the resulting integrand.

(10) Integral of the form
– : Where P and Q linear or quadratic in x, by following substitution, we can change this integral into simple form:

(i) When P and Q both are linear, put Q = t² (ii)
When P is linear and Q is quadratic

(iii) Both P and Q are quadratic put (iv)
When P is quadratic and Q is linear put

(11) Integrals of the form
Where
m, n
are positive integers : In the integrals of the form the following substitutions are useful

(i) If m is odd i.e., power of is odd, put

(ii) If n is odd i.e., power of is odd, put

(iii) If both m and n are even, then we use De–Moivre’s theorem

Some important integrals.

(1) (2)

(3) (4)

(5) (6)

(7) (8)

Reduction formulae for some special cases .

(1) (2)

(3) (4)

(5) (6)

• Get yourself a good corner for study. And no, you need not force your parents to renovate the house and no need to force your younger siblings out. You make a small corner cosy and nice for your studies. Stick timetables, study cards, formulae around. Some motivating quotes etc. just make sure its clean, ventilated and lighted. You don’t want to study in some dark corner. And not to worry, there are umpteen number of places that you can use apart from your home, like, the school campus libraries, centre, etc.)Make sure that your place is specific to studying. You are trying to build a habit of studying when you are in this place. So, don’t use your study space for social conversations, writing letters, daydreaming, etc.
  
• Now that you have set yourself a good place to study, next item on the agenda should be to make yourself a schedule. A good schedule can be a lifesaver. Especially when we are talking about IIT JEE aspirants. I need not delve on the course load, you know that already. Make each second count. But with due time for rest and play. Remember all study and no play made Johnny a dull boy. We don’t want to do that now. So the smart thing would be to allocate your precious time wisely. And the most important job is to FOLLOW IT!
  
• Divide your work into small, short-range goals. Take the time table that you have scheduled for study and set a reachable study goal. (for example: finish reading 3 sections of chapter seven in my Physics text book, or complete one maths problem, or solve MCQ’S, etc.) Set your goal when you sit down to study but before you begin to work. Set a goal that you can reach. You may, in fact, do more than your goal but set a reasonable goal even if it seems too easy. Setting too high a goal may eventually lessen your confidence (if you don’t achieve it). Don’t be afraid to revise your schedule. Schedules are really plans for how you intend to use your time. If your schedule doesn’t work, revise it. You must understand that your schedule is to help you develop good study habits. Once you have developed them, schedule building becomes easier.
  

  The problem of when to study is critical. A good rule of thumb is that studying should be carried out only when you are rested, alert, and have planned for it. Last minute studying just before a class or an exam is usually a waste of time.

• One of the most important and generally overlooked part is about reaching the right frame of mind. You are your own best friend, and you have to take care of your own self. But what exactly is a right frame of mind? Few pointers:
  
  • Be an optimist
    
  • Confidence
    
  • Relaxed
    
  • Ambitious
    
  • Positive
    
  • Inquisitive
    
  • Clear vision- you know what you want and you ready to work hard for it.
    

You have to understand that more than 70% students don’t have this frame of mind when they sit to study. And well, this makes all the difference in the world. But don’t worry. If you don’t have this kind of frame of mind, you can achieve it. Help yourself to piece together whats missing.

• Gather information about your interests, abilities, values, and needs.
  
• The following may be useful in this process;
  
  • Counselor
    
  • Parents(who else knows us better)
    
  • Gather information about medical field.
    
  • Get first-hand information from doctors working in field.
    
  • Gather information about medical colleges.
    
  • Get first-hand information form medical college professors or those in the field.
    

On the basis of the information, start making decisions which lead you in directions you want to go.

• Self-help materials.
  
• Attack the problem yourself.
  
• Self-evaluation- try evaluating your strengths and weaknesses.
  

We have a very interesting analysis called the SWOT analysis. It is:

This just might be the kind of analysis you needed most. Just take a piece of paper and

• Motivation Checklist: ever seen the difference between a job you really wanted to do and a job you just had to do? HUGE? Isn’t it? The answer my friend is that you have to have the motivation to do the job. And the constant source of motivation is yourself, and when sometimes that’s not working, you can take heed from some good quotes and lives. ( that is why I am planning to introduce a section on some people who made it big) The following checklist may prove helpful in getting at the sources of poor motivation. If you want to improve your motivation you may want to choose a self-directed improvement program or use the information as a focus for counselling.
  
• To make a career
  
• To get away from home
  
• To prove self-worth
  
• Lack of confidence
  
• Undefined resistance to attending school/coaching or lack of interest.
  
• Fear of evaluation
  
• Difficulty in making decisions
  
• Lack of financial resources
  
• Phobias and other anxieties
  
• Insecurity
  
• Undefined vocational goals
  
• Undefined educational goals
  
• Excessive dependence on parents or others
  
• Fear as a motivator
  
• Parents as motivators
  
• Grades or academic achievement as motivator
  

• STUDY/MEMORIZING TIPS: there are various methods and techniques to make studying actually fun. There will be more articles coming your way in this thread which will delve deeper in this topic. Techniques that I am talking about include:
  
  • Study cards
    
  • Mnemonics
    
  • Link Method and Story Method
    
  • Chunking
    
  • Rhyming
    
  • Mediation/Bridging
    
  • Bed-time Recital
    
• One of my personal problems has been my habit of PROCRASTINATION. And trust me its something that studies show more than 85% students do all the time. But before we go any further, let me give you a little idea about Procrastination. It is the avoidance of doing a task that needs to be accomplished. This can lead to feelings of guilt, inadequacy, depression and self-doubt among students. It interferes with the academic and personal success of student. To beat it, you 1^st have to know why you procrastinating at all?
  
  • Poor Time Management Procrastination means not managing time wisely. You may be uncertain of your priorities, goals and objectives. You may also be overwhelmed with the task. As a result, you keep putting off your academic assignments for a later date, or spending a great deal of time with your friends and social activities, or worrying about your upcoming examination, class project and papers rather than completing them.
    
  • Difficulty Concentrating: When you sit at you desk you find yourself daydreaming, staring into space, etc., instead of doing the task. Your environment is distracting and noisy. You keep running back and forth for equipment such as pencils, erasers, dictionary etc., and wow, your desk is all cluttered and unorganized and sometimes you sit/lie on your bed to study or do your assignments. You probably have noticed that all the examples that you have just read promote time wasting and frustration.
    
  • Fear and Anxiety: You may be overwhelmed with the task and afraid of failing. As a result, you spend a great deal of time worrying about your upcoming exams, papers and projects, rather that completing them. (Honestly what use?)
    
    • Negative Beliefs: Being pessimist may make you to stop yourself from getting work done.
      
    • Personal problems: For example, financial difficulties, low self esteem, etc.
      
    • Finding the task boring
      

You may believe that you MUST read everything ever written on a subject before you can begin to write your homework assignment. You may think that you haven’t done the best you possibly could do, so it’s not good enough.

• Fear of failure: You may think that if you don’t get the top marks, you are a failure. Or that if you fail an exam, you as a person, are a failure. Rather, believe that you are a perfectly OK person who has failed an exam. Ask around. I am sure most people around you (your parents/profs etc) must have failed at least once in their lifetime. So chill, its perfectly all right. Just don’t make it a habit!
  

Okay. Now that you know why u procrastinate, what next? Simple. How to Overcome Procrastination

• Identify your own goals, strengths and weaknesses, values and priorities.
  
• Compare your actions with the values you feel you have. Are your values consistent with your actions?
  
• Discipline yourself to use your time wisely: SET PRIORITIES
  
• Study in small blocks of time instead of long ones. Motivate yourself to study and set realistic goals.
  

• ACADEMIC NOTE-TAKING: learn how to make good notes. You don’t have to copy each word that you hear in your lectures. But you should put in writing all the important points. This helps you heaps when you want to revise. And even during the last minute revision before your exams. Some tips to make them better:
  
  • Color code your notes.
    
  • Keep them short and to-the-point : a co-student I knew use to start from the “preface” while making the notes! Allright, pretty neat. But hey, you don’t really need to revise the preface to your biology textbooks!
    
  • Take notes during class.
    
  • Try to read and write shorthand. You don’t want to miss the next line as you are busy jotting down the previous one.
    
  • Listen actively – if possible think before you write – but don’t get behind. Also read up the topic before the class.
    
  • Be open minded about points you disagree on. Don’t let arguing interfere with your note-taking. Write down the point even if you disagree. This will give you a chance to reflect.
    
  • Raise questions if you don’t understand something. If your teacher is good, he/she wont have a problem you asking questions. But if the teacher is not clear on the subject, you have even more right to raise a doubt!
    
  • Develop and use a standard method of note-taking including punctuation, abbreviations, margins, etc.
    
  • Leave a few spaces blank as you move from one point to the next so that you can fill in additional points later if necessary. Your objective is to take helpful notes, not to save paper.
    
  • Many teachers attempt to present a few major points and several minor points in a lecture. The rest is explanatory material and samples. Try to see the main points and do not get lost in a barrage of minor points which do not seem related to each other. The relationship is there if you will listen to it. Be alert to cues about what the professor thinks is important.
    
  • Copy down everything on the board, regardless. Did you ever stop to think that every blackboard scribble may be a clue to an exam item? You may not be able to integrate what is on the board into your lecture notes, but if you copy it, it may serve as a useful clue for you later.
    
  • Sit as close to the front of the class, there are fewer distractions and it is easier to hear, see and attend to important material.
    

Now a very important component of IIT JEE preparations is “remembering”. You read, studied and understood everything. But it wont help you in your IIT JEE & AIEEE examination (in any examination actually) if you don’t remember the facts that you have studied. And to be honest after 2 year of hard preparation there will be so much to memorize that you definitely need more than 2GB memory to do that.! But don’t worry, help is on the way. There are well used and proven methods to assist you in remembering the fact right.

But 1^st you should know the kind of memory you calling for. You are confronted with two kinds or types of memory work. The first and more common is general remembering or remembering the idea without using the exact words of the book or teacher. General memory is called for in all subjects. The other type of memory work is the verbatim memorizing or remembering the identical words by which something is expressed. This type of memorizing may be called for in all subjects but especially in science, engineering and mathematics, where the exact wording of formulas, rules, norms, law, or vocabulary must be remembered.

1. Understand thoroughly what is to be remembered and memorized. When something is understood, be it a name or a chemical chain it is almost completely learned, for anything thoroughly understood is well on the way toward being memorized. In the very process of trying to understand, to get clearly in mind a complex series of events, or chain of reasoning, the best possible process of trying to fix in mind for later use is being followed.
   
2. Spot what is to be memorized verbatim. It is a good plan to use a special marking symbol in text and notebook to indicate parts and passages, rules, data, and all other elements which need to memorized.
   
3. If verbatim memory is required, go over the material or try to repeat at odd times, as, for example, while going back and forth to school. ( I suggest using study cards for this)
   
4. Think about what you are trying to learn. Find an interest in the material if you wish to memorize it with ease.
   
5. Analyze material and strive to intensify the impressions the material makes.
   
6. Close your eyes and get a picture of the explanation and summary answer. Try to see it on the page. Underline the key words.
   
7. Make you own diagrams, applications, flowcharts, examples, illustrations.
   
8. Reduce the material to be remembered to your own self-made system or series of numbered steps.
   
9. Represent the idea graphically by use of pictorial or diagrammatic forms.
   
10. Form a variety of associations among the points you wish to remember. The richer the associations, the better memory.
    
11. Discuss the topic with a friend or even in front of the mirror (pseudo friend). Talking certainly helps.
    
12. Follow all this with suggestions for reviewing. This is an important part of remembering
    

• Another very important point is about the TIME MANAGEMENT. Time is the most valuable resource a student has. It is also one of the most wasted of resources. Just remember, every second counts. You don’t want to regret the time wasted!
  

or inefficiently. The way we use time (or waste it) is largely a matter of habit patterns. One of the best techniques for developing more efficient habits of time use is to prepare a time schedule. Research psychologist and efficiency experts can produce impressive statistics demonstrating the efficiency of a well-organized time schedule. The work habits of students who have achieved outstanding success at national/state level invariably show a well-designed pattern or schedule (for this you can also take help from your teachers or seniors). When a person has several duties confronting him simultaneously he often will fail to do any of them. The purpose of scheduling is not to make a slave of the student, but to free him from the scholastic inefficiency and anxiety that is, at least partially, a function of wasted time, inadequate planning, hasty, last minute study, etc.

• The most successful system for most students is to combine long-range and short-range planning. Thus, a student can make a general schedule for an entire quarter and then prepare a more specific plan for two or three days a week at a time.
  

Some suggestions for developing a long-range strategy – i.e., a quarter schedule.

1. PLAN ENOUGH TIME FOR STUDY.
   

Serious preparation for IIT JEE & AIEEE ‘s requires a student to average about six hours in studying excluding time spent in the classroom. This is an appropriate and realistic guideline. A genuinely high ability student may get by adequately with less. However, many students would do well to plan for an average output of 6 hours of sincere, serious studies.

1. STUDY AT THE SAME TIME EVERY DAY.
   

In so far as possible, a student should schedule certain hours which are used for studying almost every day in a habitual, systematic way. Having regular hours at least five days a week will make it easier to habitually follow the schedule and to maintain an active approach to study.

1. MAKE USE OF THE FREE HOURS DURING THE SCHOOL DAY.
   

The hours between classes are perhaps a student’s most valuable study time yet, ironically, the most frequently misused. A student may effectively utilize these hours reviewing the material and editing the notes of the preceding class and/or studying the material to be discussed in the following class.

1. PLAN STUDY PERIODS TO FOLLOW CLASS PERIODS.
   

This should be done whenever possible. The next best procedure is to schedule the period for study immediately preceding the class. A student should specify the particular course he will study rather than just marking “study” on his schedule.

1. SPACE STUDY PERIODS.
   

Fifty to ninety minutes of study at a time for each subject works best. Relaxation periods of ten or fifteen minutes should be scheduled between study periods. It is more efficient to study hard for a definite period of time, and then stop for a few minutes, than attempt to study on indefinitely.

1. PLAN FOR WEEKLY REVIEWS.
   

At least one hour each week for each class (distinct from study time) should be scheduled. The weekend is a good time for review.

1. LEAVE SOME UNSCHEDULED TIME FOR FLEXIBILITY.
   

This is important! Lack of flexibility is the major reason why schedules fail. Students tend to over-schedule themselves.

1. ALLOT TIME FOR PLANNED RECREATION, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES, etc.
   

When a student plans his schedule, he should begin by listing the activities that come at fixed hours and cannot be changed. Classes and laboratories, eating, sleeping, etc. are examples of time uses which the student typically cannot alter. Next, he can schedule his flexible time commitments. These hours can be interchanged with other hours if he finds that his schedule must be changed during the week. Recreational activities are planned last.

When forced to deviate from his planned schedule (and that will invariably occur), the student should trade time rather than steal it from his planned schedule. Thus, if he has an unexpected visitor at a time he has reserved for study, he can substitute an equal amount of study time for the period he had set aside for recreation.

• If you have come this far, I am sure, you will be needing some RELAXATION TECHNIQUES. But don’t overlook relaxation. You need to indulge yourself. A relaxed brain will be a sharper one. There are many approaches to relaxation, and if you find anxiety difficult to control or a hindrance to your everyday life, then you may want to consider seeing your school counsellor. However for most people, these relaxation ideas may help, and can probably be used in a lecture or exam, as well as in private.
  
  • Choose an area of your body, such as your hands or shoulders and tense the muscles as much as you can (just let all your troubles flow in) for a few seconds. Release back into the most relaxed position, just letting your hands fall, or your shoulders drop, and move on to the next body part. Your body will feel the difference, and the automatic nervous system will adjust your heart rate and other symptoms accordingly.
    
  • Breathing becomes more shallow and rapid when we are anxious. Some people find actively thinking about their breathing is counterproductive, and they do better to ignore it focusing on another body part and allowing the breathing to slow naturally. Others find it very helpful to concentrate on breathing not from the upper chest, but diaphragmatically, in the abdomen. Don’t hold your breath, but do try to settle into a steady rhythm. (This is impossible to do properly if you are holding your stomach in!)
    
  • Close your eyes and pretend you are staring straight ahead into space, and try to ignore all the noise around you. Keep ‘looking’ at this point, and begin to focus on your breathing and gently slowing it down, without allowing yourself to open your eyes or starts listening to the outside noises.
    
  • Give your eyes and muscles a few seconds to relax in every five or ten minutes of work. Look away from the page and allow your eyes to relax. Stand up, and then sit back down, thinking carefully about your posture as you do so.
    
  • This piece of advice is coming straight from my family physiotherapist. A good and correct posture can do wonders to your efficiency and also help you relax! So the million dollar question- how do you get good posture? The answer is by not trying! Okay, this does sound a little odd but it is perfectly true. Get yourself a straight flat chair to work on. The hand rest should neither be too high nor too low. Adjust your chair height and study table so you can sit up close to your work and tilt it up at you. Rest your elbows and arms on your chair or desk, keeping your shoulders relaxed.
    
  • Don’t work in or on your bed. Keep your bed for relaxation and sleep. And this will also help you in sleeping better. Keep those working and sleeping zones separate!
    
• Switch off your study system before going to bed: stop working at least an hour before you intend on going to sleep and spend time doing something more relaxing e.g. listening to music, talking to friend, doing some sport, etc. in short, just relax.
  
• Do not ‘catastrophise’ about not being able to sleep well i.e. stop telling yourself that you will not be able to do anything the next day if you cannot get good long sleep. Even when you are not sleeping much you will still be able to function well, thinking logically and working. It is mundane, vigilance-type tasks and mood (e.g. irritability) that are affected by lack of sleep.
  

If you have come this far without losing focus; I must congratulate you on your persistence. It will take you far. And here wishing you all the very best to get yourself well prepared to face the IIT JEE and other engineering Entrance Examinations in life.

What is physics all about ? Physics is study of different facets of systems which nature has created.

System can be of two kinds : – Living & Non Living

Till now, we have been applying physics to the system of non-living things.

The system can be

• Mechanical System
  
• Electromagnetic system
  
• Thermodynamic system
  
• Quantum system
  
• Optical system
  
• Electronic system
  

In this article we will confine ourselves to mechanical system. we will discuss what mechanics is all about? What do we read in mechanics?

Mechanics is all about studying statics and dynamics of a system.

In statics we determine the true state of the system. For a mechanical system, determining true state or statics of a system means obtaining position and velocities of all constituents of the mechanical system at a particular time t .

In Dynamics, we study how the state of system changes when a system is subjected to an external disturbances.

For example if we take a system of one mass kept on a horizontal floor

Figure :

Statics of system means knowing exactly the position and velocity of block at any particular time t.

Suppose the mechanical system of single block is subjected to an external disturbance in the form of force F. The block will respond to this cause (Force F) by getting accelerated. The acceleration is an effect produced by the cause (Force F). It characterizes the rate with which the state of the system changes.

This is true for any physical system which nature has created.

If any natural system is subjected to any external disturbance or cause, then as an effect, the state of the system changes. Also there is inherent tendency in the system to oppose any change in the state of system. The measure of strength of this tendency is called inertia of the system. Inertia of the system determines the rate at which the state of the system changes with time as an effect of the case.

If effect produced depends linearly on the cause then the system is said to be linear. Almost all the system created by God is linear.

The cause & effect produced are related by equation

… (1)

So, if inertia of the system is high, then effect produced will be small and vice-versa.

For mechanical system

Force = mass × acceleration

Here force is cause, acceleration is an effect and mass measures the translational inertia.

Mass is the measure of tendency in the mechanical system to oppose any change in the translational state of the system brought upon the application of force.

Similarly, Torque = Moment of Inertia × angular acceleration.

Here, Torque is the cause, angular acceleration is the effect and moment of inertia is the measure of rotational inertia. Moment of inertia measures the tendency of any mechanical system to oppose any change in rotational state of the system produced as a result of application of torque.

Similarly, for an electrostatic system

This is not an algebraic equation of the form (1)

But, still it is a linear differential equation of first order. Hence, electrostatic system is a linear system where an electrostatic system is a effect and change density is a cause.

For electrodynamics system

Potential difference = Resistance × current

Here, Potential difference is a cause and current is an effect and resistance is the measure of inertia

For magnetic system

MMF = Reluctance × Flux.

Here, Magneto motive force is the cause and flux produced is the effect and Reluctance measures the inertia.

For Thermal System

Temperature difference = Thermal resistance × rate of flow of heat

Here, Temperature difference is the cause and is the effect.

For wind system, pressure difference is the cause and wind the effect.

Similarly, this philosophy of cause and effect applies well to all the system living or non-living created by nature. The system may be linear or non-linear which will determine the effect produced.

The philosophy applies to the living system as well. When any living system is subjected to any external disturbance (cause) then also an effect is produced and magnitude of the effect produced depends on inertia of the system.

For example, if you talk to a young student he will immediately get influenced. The effect produced is high because the inertia is low.

On the other hand if you talk to an adult person. The effect produced is low, because with the age he/she has accumulated lot of inertia. If you talk to an old people, there is almost no effect or little effect because their inertia is too high!

The equation which enable us to determine the effect produced by the cause is called dynamical equation of system. Dynamical equation tells you about how the state of the system will change with time and hence, we can know about future state of the system.

So, the basic objective of mechanics is given as

The most important aspect of mechanics is to know how the state of the system changes when system is subjected to an external disturbance(cause)

For a mechanical System , the state of the system is defined by two variables i.e. position & Velocity of constituent bodies . Based on methods to determine the position & velocity of Constituents bodies of mechanical System , we have different formulations of Mechanics :

1. Newtonian Formulation of mechanics
   
2. Lagrangian Formulation of Mechanics
   
3. Hamiltonian Formulation of Mechanics
   

We will confine ourselves to the Newtonian Formulation of Mechanics .

In Newtonian formulation of mechanics , WE make of Newton Dynamical Equation

————————(2)

—————————(3)

Equation(2) correlates the force with acceleration produced & equation(3) correlates torque with angular acceleration produced . So , algorithm for solving a dynamical problem of classical mechanics using Newtonian formulation is

1. Show all the forces acting on the body by drawing a free body Diagram
   
2. Choose a co-ordinate System
   

   The Considerations while choosing a co-ordinate system are :
   

   1. Maximum number of forces should lie along axes.
      
   2. Acceleration should always lie along axes if there is any contradiction in these two, then second should be given the preference.
      
   3. Apply Newton laws of Motion and obtain the equation.
      
   4. Solve the Equation of motion and calculate the acceleration.
      

      Before winding up this article, let us discuss about Newton First & third law .
      

      All the Newton Laws are very basic laws of Nature. We have been discussing that force produces a change in velocity i.e. the state of the system. So , thinking on this line , we can also say that if the net force acting on the system is Zero , then the state of the system should remain same . This means if body is in rest or moving with a constant velocity then it will continue to be in rest or moving with constant velocity unless an unbalanced external force is applied on it.
      

      In other Words , system will remain in the state of equilibrium unless an unbalanced external force is applied on it .
      

      This is called Newton First Law of Motion .
      

      Newton Third law deals with action and reaction . It states that every action has equal and opposite reaction such that action and reaction act on different bodies .
      

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