ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

Ballast for energy-saving lamps

noreply@blogger.com (Go2Media) — Mon, 13 Jul 2009 05:16:00 +0000

This compact ballast is intended for driving a 20-watt ‘bare’ Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) tube or bulb, that is, one without a driver circuit built into its socket that makes it ready to screw into an existing lamp socket. Pin-base CFLs are designed to be used with a separate ballast. As with a linear fluorescent system, the lamp and ballast must be compatible. Pin-base CFLs are available in low-power versions to replace incandescent light bulbs and in medium- and high-power versions to take over from linear fluorescent lamps or even high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps.

Making a pin-base CFL light

The circuit shown in Inductor picture uses a dedicated integrated circuit type FAN7710 from our friends at Fairchild. As illustrated in Figure 4, this device combines one high-side 625-V gate driver circuit, two 550-V MOSFETs, afrequency control circuit and a shunt regulator –– plus active ZVS control and an open lamp detection function, all crammed into one ultra-compact 8-way DIP package. Its high functionality and built-in protection features save board space, reduce power dissipation and guarantee enhanced reliability in end systems. Good!

The AC line input voltage (here, 230 VAC 50 Hz) is rectified to provide a bus voltage of approximately 320 volts DC. Startup resistor R1 supplies initial (micro-) power to the FAN7710 IC. The IC begins to oscillate and the charge pump circuit consisting of C2, D2 and D7 supplies the current to the VDD pin, which gets regulated through the internal 15-V shunt regulator.

The FAN7710’s oscillator circuitry employs three discrete frequencies: one to pre-heat the CFL gas; one to ignite it and one for the on state — see the inset for the associated (simple) maths. In addition to this, it protects the ballast circuitry from low AC as well as lamp removal conditions.

Making the inductor
The bare PCB, FAN7710N IC and the 2.5-millihenry inductor used in the circuit come as a set from the Elektor Shop. However we would not discourage anyone from purchasing the inductor parts and making it yourself.

Let’s first carefully write down the specifications:

Inductance: 2.5 mH
Core material: Epcos N19 or equivalent
Core size: 20 / 10 / 6
Bobbin: E19
Gap: 1.5 mm
Wire gauge: 0.2 mm (SWG #32)
Number of turns: 280

Now look at the construction details.
First, wind the 280 turns of enamelled copper wire (ECW) on the E19 bobbin. Bare the wire ends for about 5 mm by scratching with a scalpel, then pre-tin. Check continuity of the coil. Put the Ecore halves over the bobbin as shown, then insert and adjust the spacers to get the required air gap of 1.5 mm which is essential to achieve the required inductance. The final step is to wrap electrical isolation tape around the core frame.

Ballast for Energy-Saving Lamps Printed Circuit Board )PCB)

Elektor labs have designed a circut board for the project; the component mounting plan is shown in PCB. The copper track layout is available as a free .pdf file from our website at Elektor for those wishing to etch their own circuit board. Reflected and non-reflected artwork is included in the .pdf file for your convenience. Component stuffing is a breeze as only normal size leaded components are used on a spacious board. The wiring to the mains and the lamp, and all connections and connectors in between, should comply with electrical safety guidelines. (Author: T. A. Babu, Elektor Magazine, 2008)

Caution!

The circuit is connected directly to the mains and presents lethal voltages. Relevant electrical safety precautions must be observed to prevent any component being touched while thecircuit is in operation.

Radio Wave Alarm 4093 CMOS IC

noreply@blogger.com (Go2Media) — Fri, 31 Oct 2008 05:22:00 +0000

This very simple alarm circuit is sure to have the police beating a path to your door - however, it has the added advantage of alerting you to their presence even before their footsteps fall on the doormat.

The alarm circuit transmits on MW (Medium Wave) (this is the small problem with the police). IC1a, together with a sensor (try a 20cm x 20cm sheet of tin foil) oscillates at just over 1MHz. This is modulated by an audio frequency (a continuous beep) produced by 4093 CMOS IC1b. When a hand or a foot approaches the sensor, the frequency of the transmitter (CMOS IC1a) drops appreciably.

Suppose now that the alarm circuit transmits at 1MHz. Suppose also that your radio is tuned to a frequency just below this. The 1MHz transmission will therefore not be heard by the radio. But bring a hand or a foot near to the sensor, and the transmitter's frequency will drop, and a beep will be heard from the radio.

More for RF Alarm

Oxygen Sensor Simulator

noreply@blogger.com (Go2Media) — Sun, 13 Jul 2008 23:17:00 +0000

This oxygen Sensor simulator is built from a 555 and few other common parts. Just when I thought I'd seen all the uses for the 555. The oxygen sensor on a cars exhaust is used to determine how efficiently the fuel mixture is to an engine.

The oxygen sensor simulator as built on a protoboard. Note the cigarette lighter plug used for power source. The adjustment knob is at the left, and the switch is on the right. The red indicator LED is in the middle. Only use red, because the voltage drop of the LED is part of the circuit!

Source

Car Parking Sensor

noreply@blogger.com (Go2Media) — Sat, 12 Jul 2008 10:44:00 +0000

This circuit was designed as an aid in parking the car near the garage wall when backing up. LED D7 illuminates when bumper-wall distance is about 20 cm., D7+D6 illuminate at about 10 cm. and D7+D6+D5 at about 6 cm. In this manner you are alerted when approaching too close to the wall.

All distances mentioned before can vary, depending on infra-red transmitting and receiving LEDs used and are mostly affected by the color of the reflecting surface. Black surfaces lower greatly the device sensitivity. Obviously, you can use this circuit in other applications like liquids level detection, proximity devices etc.

Circuit operation:
IC1 forms an oscillator driving the infra-red LED by means of 0.8mSec. pulses at 120Hz frequency and about 300mA peak current. D1 & D2 are placed facing the car on the same line, a couple of centimeters apart, on a short breadboard strip fastened to the wall. D2 picks-up the infra-red beam generated by D1 and reflected by the surface placed in front of it.

The signal is amplified by IC2A and peak detected by D4 & C4. Diode D3, with R5 & R6, compensates for the forward diode drop of D4. A DC voltage proportional to the distance of the reflecting object and D1 & D2 feeds the inverting inputs of three voltage comparators. These comparators switch on and off the LEDs, referring to voltages at their non-inverting inputs set by the voltage divider resistor chain R7-R10.

Parts List:
R1 - 10K 1/4W Resistor
R2,R5,R6,R9 - 1K 1/4W Resistors
R3 - 33R 1/4W Resistor
R4,R11 - 1M 1/4W Resistors
R7 - 4K7 1/4W Resistor
R8 - 1K5 1/4W Resistor
R10,R12-R14 - 1K 1/4W Resistors
C1,C4 - 1µF 63V Electrolytic or Polyester Capacitors
C2 - 47pF 63V Ceramic Capacitor
C3,C5 - 100µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors
D1 - Infra-red LED
D2 - Infra-red Photo Diode (see Notes)
D3,D4 - 1N4148 75V 150mA Diodes
D5-7 - LEDs (Any color and size)
IC1 - 555 Timer IC
IC2 - LM324 Low Power Quad Op-amp
IC3 - 7812 12V 1A Positive voltage regulator IC

Notes:

Power supply must be regulated (hence the use of IC3) for precise reference voltages. The circuit can be fed by a commercial wall plug-in adapter, having a DC output voltage in the range 12-24V.
Current drawing: LEDs off 40mA; all LEDs on 60mA @ 12V DC supply.
The infra-red Photo Diode D2, should be of the type incorporating an optical sunlight filter: these components appear in black plastic cases. Some of them resemble TO92 transistors: in this case, please note that the sensitive surface is the curved, not the flat one.
Avoid sun or artificial light hitting directly D1 & D2.
If your car has black bumpers, you can line-up the infra-red diodes with the (mostly white) license or number plate.
It is wiser to place all the circuitry near the infra-red LEDs in a small box. The 3 signaling LEDs can be placed far from the main box at an height making them well visible by the car driver.
The best setup is obtained bringing D2 nearer to D1 (without a reflecting object) until D5 illuminates; then moving it a bit until D5 is clearly off. Usually D1-D2 optimum distance lies in the range 1.5-3 cm.
If you are needing a simpler circuit of this kind driving a LED or a relay

Source

20 Watt Automotive Power Amplifier - LM2005

noreply@blogger.com (Go2Media) — Sat, 12 Jul 2008 10:00:00 +0000

The high current capability of the LM2005 allows it to continuously endure either AC or DC short circuit of the output with a maximum supply voltage of 16V. This will protect the loudspeaker in a bridge mode, when a DC short of the output occurs on one side of the speaker.

The device will prevent the speaker from destruction by reducing the DC across the load (bridge mode) to typically less than 2 VDC(VSe14.4V, RLe4X), by an internal current pullback method.

The LM2005 can withstand a constant 28 VDC on the supply with no damage (maximum operating voltage is 18V). The device is also protected from load dump or dangerous transients up to 40V for 50 ms (every 1000 ms) on the supply with no damage.

The LM2005 is a dual high power amplifier, designed to deliver optimum performance and reliability for automotive applications. High current capability (3.5A) enables the device to deliver 10W/channel into 2X (LM2005T-S), or 20W bridged monaural (LM2005T-M) into 4X, with low distortion.

Features

Wide supply range (8V±18V)
Externally programmable gain
With or without bootstrap
Low distortion
Low noise
High peak current capability
PO=20W bridge
High voltage protection
AC and DC output short circuit protection to ground oracross load
Thermal protection
Inductive load protection
Accidental open ground protection
Immunity to 40V power supply transients
Pin for pin compatible with TDA2005 (Datasheet)

Water Level Indicator

noreply@blogger.com (Go2Media) — Sat, 12 Jul 2008 09:27:00 +0000

This electronic circuit is a water level Indicator. It is simple and practical measure and know the level of reservoir. The component IC CMOS 4066 used as switcher on any level detector/sensor that connect the negative polarity pin of each LED to ground. Buzzer will be sounded if full level sensor achieved. It's a cool electronic circuit.

Features:

Power Supply 6 - 15 volts
Measuring four different levels
To give voice warning about filling or emptying the reservoir, "exactly according to the delicate"
Very small and components are cheap and available

Parts Lits:

- IC CMOS CD4066
- Transistor BC148
- Resistance 330 Ohm 4x
- Resistance to 180 KOhm 4x
- Four pairs optical multi-color LED
- Small buzzer/bell 6-15 volt

Water Level Indicator in Detail

AC Ohmmeter - ESR Meter

noreply@blogger.com (Go2Media) — Thu, 10 Jul 2008 16:41:00 +0000

The ESR Meter is basically an AC Ohmmeter with special scales and protective circuitry. It provides a continuous reading of series resistance in electrolytic capacitors. It operates at 100 kHz to keep the capacitive reactance factor near zero. The remaining series resistance is due to the electrolyte between the capacitor plates and indicates the state of dryness. Capacitor termination problems also show up plainly due to the continuous ohmic reading.

The ESR meter uses 8 operational ainplifiers. An op-amp is an idealized basic amplifier with two inputs. The non-inverting input (+) has an in-phase relationship with the op-amp output, and the inverting input (-) an out-of-phase relationship. Op-amps are usually used with negative feedback and reach a stable operating condition when their two inputs are equal in voltage.

Op-amps IA & 1B form a regenerative 100 kHz oscillatnr circuit. Capacitor C1 is the basic tiining capacitor and RI is selected to set frequency. Diodes D2 & D3 clip the bottom and top of the output waveform so that the output level and frequency are resistant to battery voltage changes.

The oscillator output of op-amp 1B drives 10-ohm source resistor R8F. The test-capacitor, thru the test leads, couples this 100 kllz signal to 10-ohm load resistor R9F. The amount of voltage developed here is indicative of the capacitors ESR value. (The 10-ohm resistors determine the basic iieter scaling.)

Capacitor C3 blocks any DC voltage present on the test-capacitor. Diodes D4 & D5 protect the ESR Meter from any initial charging current to C3. Resistor R7 discharges C3 after test.

A DC operating bias of 0.55 V is established by diode D1 for the oscillator stage and for all subsequent stages, which are DCcoupled and operated class A. DC bias from D1 and ESR signal from R9F are combined at the input of op-amp 1D. Both voltages are amplified by 1D, 1C, & 2A. Each of these three stages has an amplification factor of about 2.8 due to the ratio of output-voltage to feedback~voltage at the (-) input, which is determined -by feedback resistors R13F & R14F, etc.

Op-amp 2D is configured as a peak-to-peak detector. when the in-corning AC signal goes more positive than the normal bias level of about 0.77 Volt, the output of 2D also goes positive. But it must go positive enough to overcome the voltage drop across diode D6 before a fully equalizing positive voltage can be fed back to the -(-) input thru R20 to stabilize the op-amp.

-Capacitor C4 is charged to the peak value of the AC signal and accurately represents the peak of the incoming AC signal. The voltage drop across the diode becomes almost inconsequential due to the feedback process, and the circuit works down to a few mV.

A similar action occurs during the negative peak, using D7 & C5.

Resistor R21 provides a constant minimum amount of negative feed--back around op-amp 2D. The negative feedback increases the op-amp bandwidth which, most importantly, keeps the amplifier input-to-output phase-shift low enough for proper circuit operation.

The two outputs from the peak-to-peak detector are connected to two high-input-impedance unity-gain DC amplifiers, which drive the 1 mA meter movement differentially.

Source

A Tiny pH-Meter

noreply@blogger.com (Go2Media) — Sun, 06 Jul 2008 01:28:00 +0000

This electronic circuit is a tiny pH-meter. It is very tiny: 11cm2 including the PSU circuit! The schematic is shown below. It is basically a simple gain/offset circuit with a high impedance input (several giga-Ohm) and frankly the explanation could stop here: anyone with an background in electronics can understand this. But I started to write a webpage about this, so let's try to do it right and describe the schematic.

Juste because it's damn small does not mean that you have to settle down for second best when it comes to performance. The repeatability is around 0.01 pH and the accuracy, while depending on how well you will calibrate it, is around 0.02 pH. The main characteristics are:

very small footprint (11cm2)

very lightweight

pluggable module for easy replacement

requires only an external transformer and a display unit to work

slope/offset settings

repeatability 0.01 pH

accuracy 0.02 pH

low power

low-cost single-sided PCB

total unit price (including case and display unit): less than 100 euros.

The circuit input is pin 15 of K1. The probe signal enters IC1 via an RC circuit designed to allow only relatively slow signal variations (and avoid getting parasite HF signals). IC1 is a CMOS op-amp and thus has a very high impedance. The gain of IC1 is adjusted with the potentiometer R14. C2 is there for the amplifier stability. The R5/R11 circuit is the adjustment of the amplifier offset which is necessary for a high-precision application like this (see calibration below).

Once the signal has been amplified it enters an offset circuit built around IC2. IC2 is a more classic TL081 op-amp commonly found in audio devices, among others. The offset is defined by two potentiometers R12 and R13. The first one is on the PCB and the second one on the front panel. This improvement on the original design (single pot) allows the range swept by R13 to be symmetric, albeit smaller than without R12. It can be skipped if you wish (those small SMD trimmers can be damn expensive...). The circuit is designed to provide an average offset of 2V.

After the offset circuit the signal passes through a voltage divider before reaching the display unit. The divider roughly changes the signal range to something that is acceptable for the display. The real setting will be done on the display itself which contains a multiturn trimmer to precisely adjust its input gain.

The voltages for the signal evolve in the circuit as follows:

Before IC1: -0.414/+0.414V (this might depend on the electrode used and its age, hence the gain/offset control)

After IC1: -2/+2V

After IC2: 0-4V

After the voltage divider: 0-140mV (roughly)

After the on-display trimmer: 0-140mV

On the display: 0.00 - 14.00 pH (the display measures mV but the decimal point is placed accordingly to show a 0-14pH range)

As you can see the electrode voltage is symmetric and must undergo a linear transformation to fit the 0-14 pH range. This is all very classic stuff... Note that even if the supply rails are at +/-5V the circuit can cope with a 0-4V signal because the output swing is almost equal to the rails (no 0.7V drop, more around 0.3V IIRC).

A little remark concerning the integrated power supply circuit: it is a very small circuit that supplies a maximum of 50mA. Be careful of you want to add a power LED or something like that as it might be too much for the circuit. Check the total power used by the circuit before adding extras.

PCB

The PCB is very small and you are advised to build it with through-hole mounting components if you're not familiar with SMDs. That means start the PCB design from scratch. I personally think that it looks much cooler with a small footprint... No other special remarks concerning the PCB, except that the PCBs that were manufactured were slightly different (see the photos below). This is actually also true for the schematic. No functional difference, but I changed from Protel to Eagle for designing the circuit so I had to reenter the schematic and PCB manually. Hence some differences in layout but this is not a big deal.

Component list

This is the list of components used in this circuit. I only mention the display and probe at this time as the other components are generic. Maybe more info will follow in the future.

A little link to the display unit used in this project. I chose this one because it has a nice 'pH' unit that can be activated on the display.

Another link to the probe used with this circuit (IIRC). Most probes should work but I only tested the circuit with this one.

Construction

Random remarks: start with the smallest components, go slow, don't forget to set all the solder bridges correctly on the display unit (what you want is a 0-200mV range, an appropriately set dot and 'pH' shown as the unit). Check your cables,... before powering up.

The cabling diagram of K1 is:

* 1: AC 1

* 2: GND

* 3: +5v OUT (to display)

* 4: SIGNAL OUT (to display)

* 5: R13 / 2

* 6: R14 / 1

* 7: -5V OUT

* 8: R14 / 3

* 9: AC 2

* 10: GND (from transformer)

* 11: GND (to display)

* 12: GND (to BNC input)

* 13: R13 / 1

* 14: R14 / 2

* 15: INPUT

Source: ©Damien Douxchamps

Net-Enabled Alarm Clock

noreply@blogger.com (Go2Media) — Thu, 03 Jul 2008 16:52:00 +0000

Unlike old-school mechanical alarm clocks that you have to set manually, DJ’s Internet-connected alarm clock provides three primary features: automatic time setting on power-up, streaming MP3 music, and remote management. The PIC24FJ64-based clock is connected to an ENC28J60 Ethernet chip, an MP3 decoder chip, an organic LED graphical display, and a 24LC512 EEPROM for storage.

Most alarm clocks use a radio, beeper, or CD player to wake you up. My clock accesses my MP3 collection on the server in my home office via an Ethernet port. The network connection enables me to remotely manage the clock as well. I can easily set alarms and choose music from my office without waking up my wife. The clock also has a built-in GUI so I can manage it locally. Its OLED display and photocell enable it to adapt to different lighting conditions (from bright sun to pitch black).

Now you too can build a customized alarm clock. In this article, I’ll describe the design process from start to finish.

Source: Copyright DJ Delorie

USB Audio D/A Converter

noreply@blogger.com (Go2Media) — Tue, 01 Jul 2008 10:03:00 +0000

This electronic circuit is an high quality preamplifier with built-in DAC from SPDIF or USB for my power amplifier Leachamp. I had available circuit PCM2902. I tried to design DAC from USB with this circuit on one-sided PCB and I was succesful.

Schematics is from datasheet of PCM2902. Circuit includes DAC and ADC, SPDIF output and input and HID part with 3 buttons for MUTE, VOL+ and VOL-. I used only DAC part. Other parts are not used. For high quality playback is needed to use external low-drop voltage stabiliser for DAC part. I used LP2951CM which was available at local store. Output voltage is set to about 3.7V with two resistors. Circuit board is designed regarding to good ground placement and separating of analog and digital ground. These ground are connected in one point at USB connector.

Source: http://www.pavouk.org/hw/usbdac/en_index.html

3 Digit Frequency Meter for SwissFlow Flowsensor

noreply@blogger.com (Go2Media) — Tue, 01 Jul 2008 09:46:00 +0000

This electronic circuit is ment to digitally display the output of my electronic Swissflow SF800 flow sensor. This sensor puts out an open collector square wave signal (like a fan RPM monitoring signal) between 50Hz (=0.5 liter/minute) and 2000Hz (=20 liter/minute). By dividing the measured frequency by 10 and putting the decimal point at the right place you get directly a display in liter/minute. I don't use the first digit output (output D) from the 74C925 to obtain a display of 10 to 9990Hz or xx.x liter/minute. Resistor R1 (2k2) is there for accomodating the open collector output of the SF800 to a 5V TTL signal, available at connector J1.

The schematic designed is based on a old well known Fairchild Semiconductor counter IC, the MM74C925. It's basically a 4-digit counter with seven segment-decoder & multiplexer and counter & latch registers.

Source: http://www.turbokeu.com/myprojects/flowmeter.htm

PIC Countdown Timer

noreply@blogger.com (Go2Media) — Tue, 01 Jul 2008 09:43:00 +0000

The purpose of this timer is to provide a countdown time from 1 second to 99 minutes & 59 seconds. I use it to control the lighting for the Ultra-Violet exposure of photosensitive PCB material. The project provides also an audible alarm at the end of the countdown time and switches the UV lights by means of a relay. It is based on a Microchip microcontroller, the 18 pin PIC16F84(A). This microcontroller contains 1Kbyte of flash memory for program code, 64bytes of static RAM memory, and 64bytes of EEPROM memory which are used here to store up to 15 different (user-programmable) countdown times.

Source: http://www.turbokeu.com/myprojects/countdown3.htm

Ultrasonic Parking Sonar

noreply@blogger.com (Go2Media) — Tue, 01 Jul 2008 09:39:00 +0000

This circuit electronic is an ultrasonic parking sonar. Based on an ultrasonic amplifier from an article seen on a 1982 magazine, it was once installed on the rear bumper of my Volvo Station Wagon. It served very well for many years. Connecting it to the reverse gear lights, it switches on automatically and shows you the distance to the nearest obstacle (according to his beam) on a led scale. When the last led lights, a buzzer is also activated telling you to stop

Feautures:

automatic switch on on rear gear

led-bargraph display

audible bleep on last led

"good old" design style, no microcontrollers!

It works on the sonar principle, sending an ultrasound burst and listening for first echo. The burst generated by the oscillator built around U4D (you must set the frequency using TR2 to have 40 kHz or the maximum sensitivity), U4E buffers the output and U4F boost the signal doubling the voltage span across the TX piezo transducer .

Souce: http://www.uashem.com/pageid-419.html

100W Transistor Based Audio Amplifier

noreply@blogger.com (Go2Media) — Tue, 01 Jul 2008 09:33:00 +0000

This electronic circuit is an exceptionally well designed amplifier, with a lot of power reserve, high fidelity, low distortion, good S/N ratio, high sensitivity, low consumption and full protection. Having all these almost ideal characteristics this amplifier is likely to become the basic building block of your future high fidelity system, or it can also become the element that will upgrade your existing system.

Sorce : http://www.uashem.com/pageid-15.html

32 Outputs MIDI Decoder

noreply@blogger.com (Go2Media) — Tue, 01 Jul 2008 09:24:00 +0000

This electroni circuit is the description a 32 outputs MIDI able to switch relays, electromagnetics devices in order to automate a mechanical musical instrument, or command lights. MIDI datas from a musical instrument equipped with an MIDI output or from a sound card of a computer are analyzed by the software present on the PIV 16F84.

Source: http://www.victorseraphine.com/decomidi_english.htm

ARM7 Oled Clock AT91SAM7S64

noreply@blogger.com (Go2Media) — Tue, 01 Jul 2008 09:14:00 +0000

This project report describes the motivation and decisions behind the design and implementation of a clock, as well as the results. It is a clock based on an ARM7 microcontroller (Atmel AT91SAM7S64) using a 128x128 pixel full-color organic

LED display (Univision UG-2828GFEFF01) as the output. The clock face is a raster image of an analog clock face and time is kept by a dedicated real-time clock IC (a Dallas DS3234S).

Source: http://code.google.com/p/arm7-oled-clock

Electronic Circuit Links

noreply@blogger.com (Go2Media) — Tue, 10 Jun 2008 15:50:00 +0000

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noreply@blogger.com (Go2Media) — Mon, 09 Jun 2008 17:11:00 +0000

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