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	<title>Quantitative thoughts</title>
	
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		<title>Intraday volatility of OMX Baltic stocks</title>
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		<comments>http://www.investuotojas.eu/?p=391#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 16 Aug 2010 18:48:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>kafka</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[EN]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[quant]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[stocks]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Usually, intraday volatility exhibits a &#8220;smile&#8221; &#8211; it is high at open and close and it is lower during the trading day.﻿
DJI index, 5 min. intervals, CET time:

MOS stock, 5 s. intervals, CET time:

Because many readers of this blog are trading Nasdaq OMX Baltic stocks, it is worth to share my findings about volatility in [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Usually, intraday volatility exhibits a &#8220;smile&#8221; &#8211; it is high at open and close and it is lower during the trading day.﻿</p>
<p>DJI index, 5 min. intervals, <a href="http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/central-european-summer-time.htm" target="_blank">CET</a> time:</p>
<p><a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=dji5min.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/dji5min.png" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p>MOS stock, 5 s. intervals, CET time:</p>
<p><a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=mos5s.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/mos5s.png" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p>Because many readers of this blog are trading <a href="www.nasdaqomxbaltic.com" target="_blank">Nasdaq OMX Baltic stocks</a>, it is worth to share my findings about volatility in these markets. It was surprising for me, that none of the stocks in OMX Baltic markets follow &#8220;smile&#8221; pattern as it was show above.</p>
<p><strong>APG1L</strong>, 30 min. intervals, CET time:</p>
<p><a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=APG1L.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/APG1L.png" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p><strong>CTS1L</strong>, 30 min. intervals, CET time:</p>
<p><a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=CTS1L.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/CTS1L.png" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p><strong>TEO1L</strong>, 30 min. intervals, CET time:</p>
<p><a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=TEO1L.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/TEO1L.png" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p><strong>SRS1L</strong>, 30 min. intervals, CET time:</p>
<p><a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=SRS1L.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/SRS1L.png" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p><strong>MRK1T</strong>, 30 min. intervals, CET time:</p>
<p><a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=MRK1T.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/MRK1T.png" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p><strong>OEG1T</strong>, 30 min. intervals, CET time:</p>
<p><a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=OEG1T.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/OEG1T.png" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p><strong>TAL1T</strong>, 30 min. intervals, CET time:</p>
<p><a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=TAL1T.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/TAL1T.png" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p><strong>UKB1L</strong>, 30 min. intervals, CET time:</p>
<p><a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=UKB1L.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/UKB1L.png" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p><strong>TVEAT</strong>, 30 min. intervals, CET time:</p>
<p><a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=TVEAT.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/TVEAT.png" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p><strong>TKM1T</strong>, 30 min. intervals, CET time:</p>
<p><a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=TKM1T.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/TKM1T.png" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p>I can find only one reason, why these stocks do not follow the &#8220;smile&#8221; pattern &#8211; liquidity. During the summer these markets are very dry and the quotes are 1.5 months long. Let me know, if you are interested in this report with longer period, then I will repeat it later.</p>

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		<title>Prezentacijos nuotraukos</title>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 07 Aug 2010 11:30:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>kafka</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[LT]]></category>

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		<item>
		<title>Prezentacija</title>
		<link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/investuotojas/~3/oWFoATY9hMM/</link>
		<comments>http://www.investuotojas.eu/?p=381#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Aug 2010 18:41:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>kafka</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[LT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[quant]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.investuotojas.eu/?p=381</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Ačiū visiems dalyvavusiems pristatyme!
Prezentacija galima rasti čia.
Gal bus nuotraukų.
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ačiū visiems dalyvavusiems <a href="http://www.investuotojas.eu/?p=376" target="_blank">pristatyme</a>!</p>
<p>Prezentacija galima rasti <a href="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/6360678/ivadas_finansai-1.pdf" target="_blank">čia</a>.</p>
<p>Gal bus nuotraukų.</p>

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		<title>Kai būsiu Vilniuje…</title>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 14 Jul 2010 21:21:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>kafka</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[LT]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.investuotojas.eu/?p=376</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Rugpjūčio 5 d. būsiu Vilniuje ir kartu su Investuotojų asociacija planuoju pristatymą apie kiekybinius finansus (quantitative finance). Jei norite sudalyvauti, galite parašyti man arba kreiptis tiesiai į Investuotojų asociaciją.
Trumpas pristatymas.
Bandant nustatyti arba  prognozuoti turto vertę dažniausiai remiamasi viena iš trijų analizės  rūšių: fundamentine, technine arba kiekybine analize. Lietuvoje  instituciniai investuotojai dažniausiai remiasi [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p id="internal-source-marker_0.9787842915881052">Rugpjūčio 5 d. būsiu Vilniuje ir kartu su <a href="http://www.investuotoju.lt" target="_blank">Investuotojų asociacija</a> planuoju pristatymą apie kiekybinius finansus (quantitative finance). Jei norite sudalyvauti, galite <a href="http://www.investuotojas.eu/?page_id=240" target="_blank">parašyti man</a> arba kreiptis tiesiai į Investuotojų asociaciją.</p>
<p>Trumpas pristatymas.</p>
<p>Bandant nustatyti arba  prognozuoti turto vertę dažniausiai remiamasi viena iš trijų analizės  rūšių: fundamentine, technine arba kiekybine analize. Lietuvoje  instituciniai investuotojai dažniausiai remiasi fundamentine analize, o  privatūs investuotojai naudoja tiek fundamentinę, tiek techninę analizę.   Nepaisant to, kad trečiąja analize paremtas investavimas yra labai  populiarus pasauliniu mastu, Lietuvoje tokių investuotojų tėra vienetai.</p>
<p>Tik  neseniai investiciniams investuotojams sukurta teisinė bazė pagaliau  suteikia galimybę steigti rizikos fondus ir investuoti remiantis  kiekybine analize. Bet dėl žmogiškųjų resursų stokos, IT  infrastruktūros, patirties stokos, didelio institucinių investuotojų  susidomėjimo rizikos fondais nereiktų tikėtis.</p>
<p>Nors  privatūs investuotojai naudoja platesnį analizės rūšių spektrą,  kiekybinė analizė nepopuliari dėl kitų priežasčių. Pasaulyje, ir ypač  Lietuvoje labai įsigalėjęs pseudo-mokslas &#8211; faktais ar bandymais  nepagrįsti investavimo metodai. Galima suprasti privačius investuotojus &#8211;  įvairūs “guru” siūlo pasakiškus pelnus, jei tik investuotojas laikysis  abstrakčių taisyklių arba seks kiekvieną “guru” žingsnį (žinoma, už  mokestį). Norint išbandyti tam tikrą strategiją reikia laiko, žinių ir  noro tobulėti. Ar kiekvienas gali paaukoti savo savaitgalį bandydamas  suprasti Black–Scholes modelį, kuris tiesiogiai investavimo rezultatų  nepagerins?</p>
<p>Per  susitikimą sieksiu parodyti, kad kiekybinės analizės pradmenys nėra  sudėtingi, o įgytos žinios padės kitus investavimo būdus naudojantiems  investuotojams. Manau, kad kiekvienam investuotojui būtina žinoti, kas  yra turto grąža, rizika ar grąžos skirsnis (tai pamatyti bent vieną  kartą yra būtina). Taip pat pateiksiu kelis statistinius faktus, kurie  plačiai žinomi akademiniame ir institucinių investuotojų pasaulyje, bet  retai minimi privačių investuotojų. Pristatysiu kelias technine analize  ir portfelio diversifikavimu paremtas investavimo strategijas, kurių  veiksmingumas patikrintas statistine analize. Pabaigoje pakalbėsiu apie  strategijų kūrimą, vystymą, testavimą ir kokią programinę įrangą naudoti  tokiems tikslams.</p>
<p>Pirmosios mano investicijos buvo pasyvios &#8211;  beveik visos įmonės Lietuvoje augo ir grąža iš investicijų tik didėjo.  Po kelerių metų pradėjau domėtis technine ir fundamentine analize.  Techninė analizė atrodė daug žadanti &#8211; didžioji dalis mokslinės  literatūros apie techninę analizę parašyta taikant tą patį šabloną &#8211;  aprašyti neva veikiantys šablonai, pateikti grafiniai pavyzdžiai ir  “gudrūs” samprotavimai, kodėl tai turi veikti. Turimas bakalauro  diplomas informacinių technologijų srityje ir 10 metų patirtis šioje  srityje padėjo automatizuoti ir patikrinti nemažą dalį technine analize  paremtų strategijų. Tai darydamas priėjau prie svarbios išvados:  didžioji dalis technine analize paremtų strategijų statistiškai  nereikšmingos. Tai pastūmėjo daugiau laiko skirti statistikai, duomenų  analizei  (data mining)  ir kiekybinei analizei (quantitative analysis).</p>
<p>Mokslinių žinių bagažą  finansų srityje įgijau ir gilinau studijuodamas Liuksemburgo ir  Niujorko (NYU) universitetuose, kur man buvo suteiktas Finansų ir  Bankininkystės magistro laipsnis.</p>

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		<title>R package Blotter</title>
		<link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/investuotojas/~3/mV3-vl_vLIc/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 06 Apr 2010 21:29:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>kafka</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[EN]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[R-language]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strategy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[quant]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.investuotojas.eu/?p=365</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[How many times have you been disappointed by nice trading system, because neither trading cost or slippage or bid/ask spread were included into back-test results? Did you find difficult to back-test a portfolio in R or many portfolios with different stocks? Blotter package is supposed to solve these problems.
In really &#8211; it is complicated. I [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>How many times have you been disappointed by nice trading system, because neither trading cost or slippage or bid/ask spread were included into back-test results? Did you find difficult to back-test a portfolio in R or many portfolios with different stocks? Blotter package is supposed to solve these problems.</p>
<p>In really &#8211; it is complicated. I spent a couple of days to start using it. There was one bug in the demo example, but the rest was in my code. You should remember:<br />
1. Time zone must be specified:</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="rsplus" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">Sys.<span style="">setenv</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>TZ<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;GMT&quot;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span></pre></div></div>

<p>2. xts object must be created with explicit index class:</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="rsplus" style="font-family:monospace;">getSymbols<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'^GSPC'</span>,from<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'2000-01-01'</span>,<span style="color: #080;">&lt;</span>strong<span style="color: #080;">&gt;</span>index.<span style="">class</span><span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">c</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;POSIXt&quot;</span>,<span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;POSIXct&quot;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&lt;/</span>strong<span style="color: #080;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span></pre></div></div>

<p>3. When the test is conducted all blotter related values are written into .blotter environment. If you want repeat the same test, then you need to get rid of all .blotter values. So, you have to run something like this:</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="rsplus" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">rm</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">list</span><span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">ls</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>envir<span style="color: #080;">=</span>.<span style="">blotter</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,envir<span style="color: #080;">=</span>.<span style="">blotter</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span></pre></div></div>

<p>You can find the author&#8217;s comment about this issue here:<a href="http://n4.nabble.com/Blotter-package-problem-with-example-tp1018634p1572911.html" target="_blank"> http://n4.nabble.com/Blotter-package-problem-with-example-tp1018634p1572911.html</a><br />
4. It is slow. If you want to find the fittest rule from a bunch of them &#8211; try avoid using blotter, instead, use pure cumulative return and later on, include blotter.</p>
<p>Let&#8217;s test this rule with blotter as an example:<br />
short SPY if today&#8217;s low is higher than yesterday&#8217;s close and close next day.</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="rsplus" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">require</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>xts<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">require</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>quantmod<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">Sys.<span style="">setenv</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>TZ<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;GMT&quot;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
initDate<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'2000-01-01'</span>
getSymbols<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'SPY'</span>,from<span style="color: #080;">=</span>initDate,index.<span style="">class</span><span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">c</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;POSIXt&quot;</span>,<span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;POSIXct&quot;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
SPY<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span>adjustOHLC<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>SPY,use.<span style="">Adjusted</span><span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">T</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
&nbsp;
<span style="color: #228B22;">#yesterday's price</span>
tmp<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">lag</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>SPY,<span style="color: #ff0000;">1</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
&nbsp;
<span style="color: #228B22;"># if today's low is higher than yesterday's close 1, else 0</span>
signal<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">ifelse</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>Lo<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>SPY<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&gt;</span>Cl<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>tmp<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,<span style="color: #ff0000;">1</span>,<span style="color: #ff0000;">0</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
signal<span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">1</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">0</span>
&nbsp;
<span style="color: #228B22;">#let's plot cumulitative return to make sure, that we are on the right path</span>
tmp<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">lag</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>Delt<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>Cl<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>SPY<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,<span style="color: #080;">-</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">1</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
tmp<span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">length</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>tmp<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">0</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">plot</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">cumprod</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>signal<span style="color: #080;">*</span>tmp<span style="color: #080;">+</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">1</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
&nbsp;
SPY<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span>Cl<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>SPY<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
symbols<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">c</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'SPY'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
&nbsp;
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">rm</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">list</span><span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">ls</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>envir<span style="color: #080;">=</span>.<span style="">blotter</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,envir<span style="color: #080;">=</span>.<span style="">blotter</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
initPortf<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>ltportfolio,<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">symbols</span>, initDate<span style="color: #080;">=</span>initDate<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
initAcct<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>ltaccount,portfolios<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">c</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>ltportfolio<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>, initDate<span style="color: #080;">=</span>initDate,initEq<span style="color: #080;">=</span>initEq<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
&nbsp;
signal<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span>signal<span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'2000-02-01::'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span>
&nbsp;
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">for</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>i <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">1</span><span style="color: #080;">:</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">length</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>signal<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #080;">&#123;</span>
	currentDate<span style="color: #080;">=</span> <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">time</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>signal<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span>i<span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span>
	equity <span style="color: #080;">=</span> getEndEq<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>ltaccount, currentDate<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
	position <span style="color: #080;">=</span> getPosQty<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>ltportfolio, Symbol<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">symbols</span><span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">1</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span>, Date<span style="color: #080;">=</span>currentDate<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>	
&nbsp;
	<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">if</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>position<span style="color: #080;">==</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">0</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
	<span style="color: #080;">&#123;</span>
		<span style="color: #228B22;">#open a new position if signal is &gt;0</span>
		<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">if</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>signal<span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span>i<span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #080;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">0</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
		<span style="color: #080;">&#123;</span>
			closePrice<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">double</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>Cl<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>SPY<span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span>currentDate<span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
			unitSize <span style="color: #080;">=</span> <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">numeric</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">trunc</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>equity<span style="color: #080;">/</span>closePrice<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
                        <span style="color: #228B22;"># 5$ per transaction</span>
			addTxn<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>ltportfolio, Symbol<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">symbols</span><span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">1</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span>,  TxnDate<span style="color: #080;">=</span>currentDate, TxnPrice<span style="color: #080;">=</span>closePrice, TxnQty <span style="color: #080;">=</span> <span style="color: #080;">-</span>unitSize , TxnFees<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">5</span>, verbose<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">T</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
		<span style="color: #080;">&#125;</span>
&nbsp;
	<span style="color: #080;">&#125;</span>
	<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">else</span>
	<span style="color: #080;">&#123;</span>
		<span style="color: #228B22;">#position is open. If signal is 0 - close it.</span>
		<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">if</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">double</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>signal<span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span>i<span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">==</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">0</span> <span style="color: #080;">&amp;</span>amp<span style="color: #080;">;&amp;</span>amp<span style="color: #080;">;</span> position<span style="color: #080;">&lt;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">0</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
		<span style="color: #080;">&#123;</span>
			position <span style="color: #080;">=</span> getPosQty<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>ltportfolio, Symbol<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">symbols</span><span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">1</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span>, Date<span style="color: #080;">=</span>currentDate<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
			closePrice<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">double</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>Cl<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>SPY<span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span>currentDate<span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #228B22;">#as.double(get(symbols[1])[i+100])</span>
&nbsp;
                        <span style="color: #228B22;"># 5$ per transaction</span>
			addTxn<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>ltportfolio, Symbol<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">symbols</span><span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">1</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span>,  TxnDate<span style="color: #080;">=</span>currentDate, TxnPrice<span style="color: #080;">=</span>closePrice, TxnQty <span style="color: #080;">=</span> <span style="color: #080;">-</span>position , TxnFees<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">5</span>, verbose<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">T</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
&nbsp;
		<span style="color: #080;">&#125;</span>
&nbsp;
	<span style="color: #080;">&#125;</span>
	updatePortf<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>ltportfolio, Dates <span style="color: #080;">=</span> currentDate<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
	updateAcct<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>ltaccount, Dates <span style="color: #080;">=</span> currentDate<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
	updateEndEq<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>ltaccount, Dates <span style="color: #080;">=</span> currentDate<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
&nbsp;
	equity <span style="color: #080;">=</span> getEndEq<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>ltaccount, currentDate<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
&nbsp;
<span style="color: #080;">&#125;</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">plot</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>getAccount<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>ltaccount<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;TOTAL&quot;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span>$End.<span style="">Eq</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span></pre></div></div>

<p>The result (it will take time to get it&#8230;):<br />
<a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=sp500lowclose.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/sp500lowclose.jpg" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>

<p><a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/kvruEsyA2Ac1u1DG5p3q3SLMkqM/0/da"><img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/kvruEsyA2Ac1u1DG5p3q3SLMkqM/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"></img></a><br/>
<a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/kvruEsyA2Ac1u1DG5p3q3SLMkqM/1/da"><img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/kvruEsyA2Ac1u1DG5p3q3SLMkqM/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"></img></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>Predicting April month return</title>
		<link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/investuotojas/~3/t8rD8Eizjcg/</link>
		<comments>http://www.investuotojas.eu/?p=351#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Mar 2010 12:12:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>kafka</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[EN]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[R-language]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[quant]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.investuotojas.eu/?p=351</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Bespoke blogged about average monthly returns of the DJI and emphasized April. Before jumping on that information, let&#8217;s check some weak points.
In that post, only average returns are presented. We need at least extreme points (min;max) and confidence ranges. Second problem &#8211; the normal market have upward trend and we need to get rid of [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.bespokeinvest.com/thinkbig/2010/3/29/april-flowers.html" target="_blank">Bespoke blogged</a> about average monthly returns of the DJI and emphasized April. Before jumping on that information, let&#8217;s check some weak points.<br />
In that post, only average returns are presented. We need at least extreme points (min;max) and confidence ranges. Second problem &#8211; the normal market have upward trend and we need to get rid of that. To do so, either we have subtract the  rolling mean (a tough way) or use logarithmic prices (that&#8217;s the easy way!).</p>
<p>Instead of DJI, I took S&amp;P500 from 1950 until now.</p>
<p><a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=monthlyreturns500.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/monthlyreturns500.jpg" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p>Sure, average return in April is above 0, but based on historical data, negative return is possible. I conducted t-test, where null hypothesis was, that average return is equal to zero. I got p-value of 0.0042, so null hypothesis can be rejected (return is above 0).</p>
<p>The graph below shows cumulative return of investment, investing only in April. Keep in mind, that this is log scale and real return would be higher.<br />
<a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=logAprilreturn.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/logAprilreturn.jpg" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p>Conlusion: based on this data, expect positive return in April.</p>
<p>R code</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="rsplus" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">require</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>xts<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">require</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>quantmod<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">require</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>ggplot2<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
getSymbols<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'^GSPC'</span>,from<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'1950-01-01'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
return<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span>Delt<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>Cl<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>to.<span style="">monthly</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">log</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>GSPC<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">return</span><span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">1</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">0</span>
temp<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">double</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">format</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>index<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">return</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,<span style="color: #ff0000;">'%m'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
&nbsp;
temp<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">data.<span style="">frame</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">double</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">return</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">numeric</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>temp<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
qplot<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">factor</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">numeric</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>temp<span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span>,<span style="color: #ff0000;">2</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">double</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">return</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">data</span><span style="color: #080;">=</span>temp,geom <span style="color: #080;">=</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;boxplot&quot;</span>,ylab<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'Returns'</span>,xlab<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'Months'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
&nbsp;
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">t.<span style="">test</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">return</span><span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">which</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">format</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>index<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">return</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,<span style="color: #ff0000;">'%m'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">==</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'04'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">plot</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">cumprod</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">return</span><span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">which</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">format</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>index<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">return</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,<span style="color: #ff0000;">'%m'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">==</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'04'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #080;">+</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">1</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,main<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'Cumulative return, 1950-present'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span></pre></div></div>


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		<title>Parex bonds</title>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 25 Mar 2010 16:45:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>kafka</dc:creator>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.investuotojas.eu/?p=337</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Latvia to divide Parex Banka into two
Regardless of this news my broker sold Parex bank&#8217;s bonds.
Let&#8217;s make simple calculation. This bond has 2 outstanding coupons, worth of 5.6%. Total payoff will be approximately 1115 Eur. Somebody paid 980 Eur and is happy with 13.7% premium. Good premium, but downside risk is -100%.
Somebody is very well [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://live.balticbusinessnews.com/?PublicationId=88174b66-dd4a-4f28-ac1b-96e7109ee681">Latvia to divide Parex Banka into two</a><br />
Regardless of this news my broker sold Parex bank&#8217;s bonds.<br />
Let&#8217;s make simple calculation. This bond has 2 outstanding coupons, worth of 5.6%. Total payoff will be approximately 1115 Eur. Somebody paid 980 Eur and is happy with 13.7% premium. Good premium, but downside risk is -100%.<br />
Somebody is very well informed <img src='http://www.investuotojas.eu/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>

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		<title>Returns on Easter week and one week after</title>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 21 Mar 2010 11:20:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>kafka</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Inspired by CXO group report, I did a rerun of the same strategy on my data. Easter&#8217;s dates can be find at wikipedia. Overall, my results are similar to CXO group&#8217;s results.
In the graph below, I plotted daily returns on Easter week (Monday to Thursday) from 1982 to 2009. I prefer this way of showing [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Inspired by <a href="http://www.cxoadvisory.com/blog/internal/blog3-19-10/" target="_blank">CXO group report</a>, I did a rerun of the same strategy on my data. Easter&#8217;s dates can be find at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter" target="_blank">wikipedia</a>. Overall, my results are similar to CXO group&#8217;s results.</p>
<p>In the graph below, I plotted daily returns on Easter week (Monday to Thursday) from 1982 to 2009. I prefer this way of showing things, where the range, minimum, maximum and mean of returns are presented.<br />
It is clear, that only returns on Thursdays are above zero and t-test confirms that:<br />
t = 2.235, df = 27, p-value = 0.03389. The rest is close to random.</p>
<p><a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=easterweek.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/easterweek.jpg" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p>The graph below shows daily returns one week after Easter holidays. Although Monday looks like negative day, but it lacks significance:<br />
t = -1.1517, df = 27, p-value = <strong>0.2595</strong> (should be less that 0.1).<br />
The rest is noise.</p>
<p><a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=aftereasterweek.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/aftereasterweek.jpg" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p>In summary, only returns on Thursdays have positive bias.</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="rsplus" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #228B22;">#R-Language code to repeat this test.</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">require</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>quantmod<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">require</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>xts<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
easter<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">matrix</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">read.<span style="">table</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">file</span><span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'data/easter.csv'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
getSymbols<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'^GSPC'</span>,from<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'1980-01-01'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
&nbsp;
GSPC.<span style="">delta</span><span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span>Delt<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">log</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>Cl<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>GSPC<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
GSPC.<span style="">delta</span><span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span>Delt<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>Cl<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>GSPC<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
&nbsp;
<span style="color: #228B22;">#returns during the week before Easter</span>
<span style="color: #228B22;">#returns on Thursdays</span>
nasa<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">data.<span style="">frame</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">double</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>GSPC.<span style="">delta</span><span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">Date</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>easter,<span style="color: #ff0000;">'%m/%d/%y'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">-</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">3</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,<span style="color: #ff0000;">4</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">colnames</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>nasa<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">c</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'ret'</span>,<span style="color: #ff0000;">'weekday'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
&nbsp;
<span style="color: #228B22;">#Monday to Wednesday</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">for</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>i <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">1</span><span style="color: #080;">:</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">3</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #080;">&#123;</span>
tmp<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">data.<span style="">frame</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">double</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>GSPC.<span style="">delta</span><span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">Date</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>easter,<span style="color: #ff0000;">'%m/%d/%y'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">-</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">3</span><span style="color: #080;">+</span>i<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">4</span><span style="color: #080;">-</span>i<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">colnames</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>tmp<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">c</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'ret'</span>,<span style="color: #ff0000;">'weekday'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">rbind</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>nasa,tmp<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
nasa<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">rbind</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>nasa,tmp<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #080;">&#125;</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">t.<span style="">test</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>nasa$ret<span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span>nasa$weekday<span style="color: #080;">==</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">4</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
&nbsp;
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">require</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>ggplot2<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
qplot<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">factor</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">numeric</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>nasa$week<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">double</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>nasa$ret<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">data</span><span style="color: #080;">=</span>nasa,geom <span style="color: #080;">=</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;boxplot&quot;</span>,ylab<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'Returns'</span>,xlab<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'Weekdays'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
&nbsp;
<span style="color: #228B22;">#returns during the week after Easter</span>
&nbsp;
GSPC.<span style="">delta</span><span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span>Delt<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>Cl<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>GSPC<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
nasa<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">data.<span style="">frame</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">double</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>GSPC.<span style="">delta</span><span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">Date</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>easter,<span style="color: #ff0000;">'%m/%d/%y'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">+</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">1</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,<span style="color: #ff0000;">1</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">colnames</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>nasa<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">c</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'ret'</span>,<span style="color: #ff0000;">'weekday'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">for</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>i <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">2</span><span style="color: #080;">:</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">5</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #080;">&#123;</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">print</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>i<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
tmp<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">data.<span style="">frame</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">double</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>GSPC.<span style="">delta</span><span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">Date</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>easter,<span style="color: #ff0000;">'%m/%d/%y'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">+</span>i<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,i<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">colnames</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>tmp<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">c</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'ret'</span>,<span style="color: #ff0000;">'weekday'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">rbind</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>nasa,tmp<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
nasa<span style="color: #080;">&lt;-</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">rbind</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>nasa,tmp<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
<span style="color: #080;">&#125;</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">t.<span style="">test</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>nasa$ret<span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span>nasa$weekday<span style="color: #080;">==</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">1</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">;</span>t.<span style="">test</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>nasa$ret<span style="color: #080;">&#91;</span>nasa$weekday<span style="color: #080;">==</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">2</span><span style="color: #080;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>
qplot<span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">factor</span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">numeric</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>nasa$week<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">as.<span style="">double</span></span><span style="color: #080;">&#40;</span>nasa$ret<span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span>,<span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold;">data</span><span style="color: #080;">=</span>nasa,geom <span style="color: #080;">=</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;boxplot&quot;</span>,ylab<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'Returns'</span>,xlab<span style="color: #080;">=</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">'Weekdays'</span><span style="color: #080;">&#41;</span></pre></div></div>


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		<title>Strategy: what if SPY &amp; VIX are up?</title>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 10 Mar 2010 10:58:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>kafka</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Recently, I was busy testing the following strategy:
If SPY and VIX daily returns are positive, then short SPY at close and keep it for one day.
The strategy is dump simple and it has very good feature &#8211; short side. There are not so many successful short side strategies. For testing purpose I used daily Yahoo [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Recently, I was busy testing the following strategy:</p>
<p>If SPY and VIX daily returns are positive, then short SPY at close and keep it for one day.</p>
<p>The strategy is dump simple and it has very good feature &#8211; short side. There are not so many successful short side strategies. For testing purpose I used daily Yahoo data from 1995 until present. For commissions and bid/ask spread I used 5 $ fee per 10 000 $ trade. Here we go:</p>
<p><a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=vix_sp.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/vix_sp.jpg" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p>Annualized Return                     0.0421<br />
Annualized Std Dev                   0.0488<br />
Annualized Sharpe (Rf=0%)        0.8621<br />
t = 3.3787, df = 3811, p-value = 0.0007356</p>
<p>Up to this point is was relatively easy to make a test (the true is, that I spent some time cracking and hacking blotter package, but I will write about it in separate post). My second objective was the improvement of this strategy.</p>
<p>One of the way to understand the strategy is to look how the components are related to each other or correlated. To do that, I took daily returns of SPY and VIX at day 0 and plotted against SPY next day&#8217;s (day+1) returns.</p>
<p><a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=vix_sp500ret.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/vix_sp500ret.jpg" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p>What can I tell by looking at this plot? I couldn&#8217;t figure out any <strong>linear</strong> relation between returns of SPY and VIX at day+0 and returns of SPY at day+1. Should I try something like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_forest" target="_blank">random forest</a> method?</p>
<p>I tried to add some TA flavors, like RSI, but the improvements were not very significant. Simplicity is genius!</p>

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		<title>End of the month investment</title>
		<link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/investuotojas/~3/E1ykqc1OAXU/</link>
		<comments>http://www.investuotojas.eu/?p=318#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 01 Mar 2010 14:15:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>kafka</dc:creator>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.investuotojas.eu/?p=318</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[It is know, that the first day of the month provides bullish edge. According to Quantifiable edges  not all the months are equal. So, I made a test on S&#38;P500 index, from January, 1980 until February, 2010. It is true, March isn&#8217;t the best month to run this strategy.

Only 3 months have significant results [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>It is know, that the first day of the month provides bullish edge. According to <a href="http://quantifiableedges.blogspot.com/2010/03/first-day-of-march-is-weak-compared-to.html?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+QuantifiableEdges+%28Quantifiable+Edges%29" target="_blank">Quantifiable edges </a> not all the months are equal. So, I made a test on S&amp;P500 index, from January, 1980 until February, 2010. It is true, March isn&#8217;t the best month to run this strategy.</p>
<p><a href="http://s176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/?action=view&amp;current=endofthemonth.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i176.photobucket.com/albums/w180/investuotojas/endofthemonth.jpg" border="0" alt="Photobucket" /></a></p>
<p>Only 3 months have significant results based on p-values:<br />
&#8220;month  5,  p-value  0.0399233570186162&#8243;<br />
&#8220;month  7,  p-value  0.0466800163648646&#8243;<br />
&#8220;month  11,  p-value  0.0218919220125013&#8243;</p>
<p>p.s. if somebody is interested in R-Language code to repeat this test, then let me know.</p>

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