Tutorial point

20 BUSINESS TO DO WITH LESS THAN 10K

2020-05-21T18:11:00.008-07:00

Introduction

20 things you can produce with less than 10k is written to help every youth out there become business focus. This book is based on my past and present experience.

Seven years ago I saw the need to teach the youth of my local church something different. While I was pondering on what to teach them, I met a woman, a biochemist who introduced me to this world of production. I paid her 10k to learn how to produce different things. After my learning I bought materials to practice what I have learnt. I gathered both old and young in my church and taught them. The next Sunday the guy playing piano for the church met me and told me he has practiced what I taught them last week. I was happy within me when saw the expression of joy in his face.

Since then, I have taught different people how to start producing different things at home. That five thousand naira, that ten thousand naira in your hands is what you need to start producing.

Apart from the monetary value, learning how to produce for yourself and household saves you from falling victim to most harmful chemicals used in commercial production. Do something different today, just begin the way you are.

This book contains 22 products that can help anyone succeed in the world of production. All you need to do is try out every steps given for the production of the products. After that you can now find your niche. Look around your area, go through the products then figure out the one that will sell around and build your niche around

WHAT TO LEARN
1.  Introduction
2.  Forty chemicals to know
3. How to produce lips balm
4. How to produce hot balm
5. How to make hair cream
6. How to produce liquid soap
7. How to produce harpic
8. How to make body cream
9. How to produce African Black soap
10.          Bleach Production
11.          Liquid air freshener production
12.          Bar soap production
13.          Shampoo production
14.          After shave production
15.          Nail polish removal
16.          Air freshener gel
17.          How to produce dettol
18.          How to make hand sanitizer
19.          Antiseptic body wash
20.          How to make insecticide
21.           How to produce IZAL
22.          How to produce burner gel
23.          How to produce perfume
24.          How to produce paint

GET A COPY OF THIS BOOK AND LEARN SOMETHING NEW TODAY
20 THINGS YOU CAN PRODUCE WITH JUST N 10,000.
YES THAT IS ALL YOU NEED TO START PRODUCING DIFFERENT THING

GRAB YOUR OWN COPY WITH JUST
N 1500 ONLY

PAY TO THE ACCOUNT BELOW
ACCT NO.: 0018678722
ACCT NAME: ONEN JESAM AKPAMA
BANK GTB

PLEASE SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO THIS NUMBER:
07039842879, 09019221459, 08094724215

After buying this we teach you how to generate free barcode so that you can sell your products in supermarkets. we will also guide you on how to get your product stickers.

HOW TO PRODUCE HARPIC OR TOILET WASH

The ingredient below are needed for effective toilet wash and disinfectant production.

1. Alkyle Benzoate or Sulphonic acid 1/2 L
2. Texapon 1/2kg
3. Hydrochloric acid 1L or 2L
4. Citric acid 5 to 10 wraps.
5. Soda ash 1/2kg
6. Caustic soda 1/2kg
7. Natrosol 1/4kg
8. Foam booster 1/4kg
9. Perfume 1/2 Goya bottle.
10. Thickner 1/8kg

The major ingredient needed here are Hydrochloric acid (HCL) and citric acid. HCL is a strong inorganic acid and can burn, so proper care should be taken when using it.

The citric acid is an organic acid. It a good cleaning agent and can be used in cosmetics and consumable products to give them a soar taste. Though the production can go without it because only the HCL in the soap solution we are to produce can give a good toilet wash. But for a better quality the citric acid is needed.

Steps to follow:
1. Get a big bowl and a turning stick(wooden stick)
2. Add 1 or 2 litres of water to the bowl.
3. Add the natrosol and stir

4. Add texapon to the solution and continue to stir. The solution will become foamy at this point.
5. Add alkyle benzoate and continue to stir. The solution will become thick and foamy after rigorous stirring.
6. In separate bowls mix caustic soda and soda ash and add them to these solution. Continue to stir.
7. Add color mixed with water to it and stir.
8. Add at least a litre of HCL and stir.
9. Add at least 5 wraps or citric acid and stir.
10. Allow the production to stay for 2 days or more.
With roughly five thousand naira you start your production.

PRACTICAL STEPS TO LIQUID SOAP PRODUCTION
INTRODUTION: In my last article I wrote on how to produce air freshener and bleach. Today I will be working you through the various steps to producing liquid soap either for commercial purpose or for domestic use. Liquid soap like every other production that we have put on in this blog is simple walk through approach that does not require special treating. All you need to get started is to read thoroughly this post and you will be happy with yourself in the end. It does not require much capital to start production.
RAW MATERIALS NEEDED FOR THE PRODUCTION
Natrosol ¼ kg
Thickner 1/8kg
Sulphonic acid 1litre
Soda ash ½ kg
Caustic soda ¼ kg
Texapon ¼ kg
Sodium laureate sulphate (SLS) 1/8 kg
Perfume Add as much as you want but I will advise you add it moderately.

There are different perfumes in the market. Below is a list of some:
• Ambinol
• Ambipur
• Lavender
• Exe
• Passion
• Juma
• Bakhour
• Jasmine
• Apple
• Blue water
• Lemon
Colour 1 wrap (there different colours as well but colour green is mostly used. Make your choice)
Preservative formalin

PRACTICAL STEPS TO THE PRODUCTION

Below are the steps to the production
Step1: Fetch enough water down before you begin.

Step2: Get a bigger bowl of over 50litres, three smaller bowls, a turning stick and a spoon.

Step3: Add water to one of the smaller bowls and add 5 to 6 table spoon of the caustic soda to the water and turn gently to avoid being hurt.
In another bowl put 1/8 kg of the SLS in water and turn to dissolve, and in the third small bowl add ½ kg of soda ash and add 4 to 5litres of water in the bowl and turn with the stick until it is slight dissolved. Get an eva bottle or any contain to dissolve your colour in water. Put all these aside.

Step4: Get the bigger bowl, put 1/8kg of natrosol (1/8 is half of ¼ so use your discretion to do this), add 1/8kg of the thickener to it and then add 5litres of water to it. Stir until a solution is formed. Add a little quantity of the soda ash solution to it. If you had used natrosol only without the thickner the solution will become thickened when the soda ash solution is added. Continue to stir. That will not happy here anyway because this is a different method.

Step5: Add 1/4kg of the texapon to the solution in the bigger and stir vigorously to blend. The whole mixture will become foamy and slimy. The texapon is often referred to as the soap because it is foamy and slimy on it own. It is white and thick, so be sure you dissolve it properly so that you have a good production in the end.

Step6: Add 1litre of sulphurnic acid to it and stir, this time put in more effort because the more your stir the thicker it becomes. Sulphurnic acid is also a foamy agent.

Step7: Add the remaining soda ash solution to the production. Stir until it is mixed properly and thickened.

Step8: Add the SLS solution (This is also a foamy agent. It is needed in areas where the water is hard) stir until it is properly mixed. What do see at this point? A finished production? yes a finished production.

Step9: Add 10 to 15litres of water and stir until it is properly mixed.

Step10: Add the caustic soda and stir

Step11: Add the color, 3 to 4 cork of formalin and your chosen perfume to your taste. Stir until it is properly mixed.

Step12: Add more water to get the required volume. After getting the required volume you may mix some soda ash in water and add to it to thicken it. This should be done when the foamy part has gone down and you can clearly see the volume of the soap.

Step 13: cover it and live it for 24hrs so that everything will blend well though you are free to use it after production.


HOW TO PRODUCE LIPS BALM
Below are the ingredients needed for the production of lips balm.

INGREDIENTS
1. Shea butter 50g
2. Glycerin 50ml
3. Coconut oil 2 table spoon
4. Beeswax 2 table spoon
5. Honey 1 table spoon
6. Vitamin E 5ml
7. Perfume
Production steps
STEP 1: slightly the coconut oil on fire
STEP 2: Add the beeswax to the coconut oil and allow it to melt
STEP 3: Add the shea butter to the pot and allow it to melt.
STEP 4: Turn off the stove or gas after melting the shea butter.
STEP 5: Add the glycerin to the oils and stir
STEP 6: Add the vitamin E and essential oil (perfume) and stir.


GET A COPY OF THIS BOOK AN LEARN SOMETHING NEW TODAY
20 THINGS YOU CAN PRODUCE WITH JUST N 10,000.
YES THAT IS ALL YOU NEED TO START PRODUCING DIFFERENT THING

GRAB YOUR OWN COPY WITH JUST
N 1500 ONLY

PAY TO THE ACCOUNT BELOW
ACCT NO.: 0018678722
ACCT NAME: ONEN JESAM AKPAMA
BANK GTB

PLEASE SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO THIS NUMBER:
07039842879, 09019221459, 08094724215

HOW TO MAKE BLEACH IN NIGERIA

2020-05-18T03:59:00.001-07:00

HOW TO MAKE HYPOCHLORITE BLEACH

BLEACH PRODUCTION
Apart from Beach been used in laundry as stain remover, it is also a good disinfectant that can be used for cleaning the home and for washing of toilet due to the presence of chlorine in it.
RAW MATERIALS NEEDED
Caustic soda                           1kg
Soda ash                1/2kg
Calcium hypochloride 1/2kg
Hydro-sulphide                          1/16kg or 2 -3 wraps

Most people use cooking salt in replace of the hydrosulphide why some use non of the two. The cost of producing bleach with caustic soda, soda ash and calcium hypochloride is between N1000 and N2000.

EQUIPMENTS NEEDED
There are no special equipment needed for it as mentioned earlier. All you need is a big bowl or bucket of 20litres capacity, a turn stick and any other plastic bowl that could be of help during the production. Then you are good to go.

STEPS TO PRODUCING IT
Step 1: Put some cups of water into the big bowl or bucket and carefully add the caustic soda and stir carefully so that the water doesn’t splash you because it is acidic. The solution will become hot.

Step 2: Add more water to the solution and add the soda ash to it and stir until a solution is or slightly formed. That is until it is finally or partially dissolved.
Step 3: Add the hydrosulphide and continue to stir until it is properly mixed.

Step 4: Add the hypochloride and stir continuously.

Step 5: Add a enough water to it and then all it to settle down for 24 hours though could be used immediately.

Step 6: Filter the clean liquid out and through away the residue. The total volume should be about 20litres.

HOW TO MAKE BAR SOAP

2020-04-10T03:54:00.003-07:00

HOW TO MAKE BAR SOAP

In this production I will be showing you two methods of producing bar soap. Whichever method you use will give you the desired result.

METHOD 1

BAR SOAP PRODUCTION

The major challenge of producing bar soap is in the quantity of lye solution, soda ash solution to use to a given amount of oil. The hydrometer is an instrument to use when it comes to this or you make use of an online calculator or a floating method. By floating method you are to drop an egg or Irish potatoes in the lye solution. If it float, it means the standard gravity of the lye solution is ok. If it does the add water or caustic soda to the solution. Do not worry about this the method below can help you produce good quality soap.

MATERIALS AND THEIR QUANTITY

1. Caustic Soda ¼ kg

2. Soda Ash Dense ½ kg

3. STPP ¼ kg

4. Palm Kernel Oil (PK Oil) 1 liters

5. Sodium Silicate 1/4litre

6. sulphonic acid ¼ liter

7. Sodium benzoate 2 – 3 table spoon

8. Perfume

9. Color

Production method:

STEP 1: soak ¼ kg of caustic in 75cl of water and ½ kg of soda ash in another 75cl of water. In two different container and allow it to ferment separately for 2 days each.

STEP 2: After 2 days add the ¼ kg of STTP to the soda ash and stir until it is completely dissolved.

STEP 3: measure 60cl of Lye (caustic soda solution) and 50cl of soda ash. You can as well make it 50:50

STEP 4: Take a little quantity of oil to mix you color in a bowl.

STEP 5: After mixing the color with the oil, pour all the remaining oil into the bowl.

STEP 6: Add 60cl of caustic soda solution gradually and stir.

STEP 7: Add the 50cl solution of soda ash and STTP gradually and stir.

STEP 8: Add the ¼ litres of Sulphonic acid and stir

STEP 9: Add 2 – 3 tablespoon of Sodium Benzoate

STEP 10: Add perfume and stir.

STEP 11: for easy removal place nylon on your mould and then pour the soap on them.

STEP 12: keep it in the sun or a place where air will touch it and all it to dry for 2 days. After 2 days your soap is ready for use.

METHOD 2

The following ingredients are needed for bar soap production.

1. Oil: the oil could be palm kernel oil(PKO), palm oil, olive oil, sesame oil, almond oil etc. A mixture of oil can also be used depending on the nature of soap.

2. Caustic soda(lye)

3. Sodium silicate to give the soap a glassy appearance and to increase the quantity of the soap produced. It is a soap filler.

4. Sodium sulphate is a soap filler.

5. Soda ash is also a soap filler.

6. Kaolin (filler)

7. Texapon or Alkyle Benzen sulphonate

8. Citric acid a clean agent.

9. Perfume to give the soap a nice smell.

10. Color

11. Water.

Note that there is no soap without lye. The quality of soap is dependent on the amount of lye in a given volume of oil.

What is lye solution?

A lye solution is a solution of caustic soda and water. Caustic soda could either be sodium hydroxide(NaOH) or Potassium hydroxide(KOH). They are both strong base or alkaline because they can completely dissolve in water to form a solution.

The solution formed is called lye. To produced a creamy looking soap sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide can be combined to form a lye solution.

An instrument called hygrometer is used for measuring the specific gravity of lye.

An online lye calculator can also be used to know the quantity of lye to use in a given volume of oil.

Follow the steps below for the production:

1. Take a little quantity of oil to dissolve your color in a bowl.

2. Stir until the oil blends with the oil.

3. Pour the remaining litres of oil into the bowl and stir to form a uniform solution.

4. Mix 300g to 350g of caustic soda in a litre of water to form a lye solution.

5. Mix 100g to 200g of soda ash in a half litre of water. Stir until it dissolves.

6. Pour the lye gradually into the PKO solution and stir until it is mixed properly and bit thickened.

7. Add the soda ash solution gradually and stir until it blends.

8. Add 2 to 3 table spoon full of kaolin.

9. Add 2 to 3 table spoon full Sodium sulphate

10. Add a little quantity of sodium silicate.

11. Add the desired quantity of fragrance but not too much and stir until it blends.

12. Pour the molten form in moulds and allow it to dry for two to three hour.

13. Keep it for at least two days before using it or selling.

HOW TO PRODUCE HARPIC OR TOILET WASH

2020-04-08T15:22:00.000-07:00

HOW TO PRODUCE HARPIC OR TOILET WASH

The ingredient below are needed for effective toilet wash and disinfectant production.

1. Alkyle Benzoate or Sulphonic acid 1/2 L
2. Texapon 1/2kg
3. Hydrochloric acid 1L or 2L
4. Citric acid 5 to 10 wraps.
5. Soda ash 1/2kg
6. Caustic soda 1/2kg
7. Natrosol 1/4kg
8. Foam booster 1/4kg
9. Perfume 1/2 Goya bottle.
10. Thickner 1/8kg

The major ingredient needed here are Hydrochloric acid (HCL) and citric acid. HCL is a strong inorganic acid and can burn, so proper care should be taken when using it.

The citric acid is an organic acid. It a good cleaning agent and can be used in cosmetics and consumable products to give them a soar taste. Though the production can go without it because only the HCL in the soap solution we are to produce can give a good toilet wash. But for a better quality the citric acid is needed.

Steps to follow:
1. Get a big bowl and a turning stick(wooden stick)
2. Add 1 or 2 litres of water to the bowl.
3. Add the natrosol and stir

4. Add texapon to the solution and continue to stir. The solution will become foamy at this point.

5. Add alkyle benzoate and continue to stir. The solution will become thick and foamy after rigorous stirring.

6. In separate bowls mix caustic soda and soda ash and add them to these solution. Continue to stir.

7. Add color mixed with water to it and stir.

8. Add at least a litre of HCL and stir.

9. Add at least 5 wraps or citric acid and stir.

10. Allow the production to stay for 2 days or more.

With roughly five thousand naira you start your production.

For more help contact me on 07039842879

How to make liquid soap

2018-09-23T10:17:00.001-07:00

PRACTICAL STEPS TO LIQUID SOAP PRODUCTION

INTRODUTION: In my last article I wrote on how to produce air freshener and bleach. Today I will be working you through the various steps to producing liquid soap either for commercial purpose or for domestic use. Liquid soap like every other production that we have put on in this blog is simple walk through approach that does not require special treating. All you need to get started is to read thoroughly this post and you will be happy with yourself in the end. It does not require much capital to start production.

RAW MATERIALS NEEDED FOR THE PRODUCTION

Natrosol ¼ kg
Thickner 1/8kg
Sulphonic acid 1litre
Soda ash ½ kg
Caustic soda ¼ kg
Texapon ¼ kg
Sodium laureate sulphate (SLS) 1/8 kg
Perfume Add as much as you want but I will advise you add it moderately.

There are different perfumes in the market. Below is a list of some:
• Ambinol
• Ambipur
• Lavender
• Exe
• Passion
• Juma
• Bakhour
• Jasmine
• Apple
• Blue water
• Lemon
Colour 1 wrap (there different colours as well but colour green is mostly used. Make your choice)
Preservative formalin

PRACTICAL STEPS TO THE PRODUCTION

Below are the steps to the production
Step1: Fetch enough water down before you begin.

Step2: Get a bigger bowl of over 50litres, three smaller bowls, a turning stick and a spoon.

Step3: Add water to one of the smaller bowls and add 5 to 6 table spoon of the caustic soda to the water and turn gently to avoid being hurt.
In another bowl put 1/8 kg of the SLS in water and turn to dissolve, and in the third small bowl add ½ kg of soda ash and add 4 to 5litres of water in the bowl and turn with the stick until it is slight dissolved. Get an eva bottle or any contain to dissolve your colour in water. Put all these aside.

Step4: Get the bigger bowl, put 1/8kg of natrosol (1/8 is half of ¼ so use your discretion to do this), add 1/8kg of the thickener to it and then add 5litres of water to it. Stir until a solution is formed. Add a little quantity of the soda ash solution to it. If you had used natrosol only without the thickner the solution will become thickened when the soda ash solution is added. Continue to stir. That will not happy here anyway because this is a different method.

Step5: Add 1/4kg of the texapon to the solution in the bigger and stir vigorously to blend. The whole mixture will become foamy and slimy. The texapon is often referred to as the soap because it is foamy and slimy on it own. It is white and thick, so be sure you dissolve it properly so that you have a good production in the end.

Step6: Add 1litre of sulphurnic acid to it and stir, this time put in more effort because the more your stir the thicker it becomes. Sulphurnic acid is also a foamy agent.

Step7: Add the remaining soda ash solution to the production. Stir until it is mixed properly and thickened.

Step8: Add the SLS solution (This is also a foamy agent. It is needed in areas where the water is hard) stir until it is properly mixed. What do see at this point? A finished production? yes a finished production.

Step9: Add 10 to 15litres of water and stir until it is properly mixed.

Step10: Add the caustic soda and stir

Step11: Add the color, 3 to 4 cork of formalin and your chosen perfume to your taste. Stir until it is properly mixed.

Step12: Add more water to get the required volume. After getting the required volume you may mix some soda ash in water and add to it to thicken it. This should be done when the foamy part has gone down and you can clearly see the volume of the soap.

Step 13: cover it and live it for 24hrs so that everything will blend well though you are free to use it after production.

Thank you for taking your time to read this article. Tell a friend about this by sharing it in your social network, and let us help to change our community. You can send us your own method, an article on anything you know how to do, an article that better the lives of other and we will be happy to publish it for the public.

HOW TO PRODUCE AIR FRESHENER

2018-09-18T12:08:00.002-07:00

LIQUID AIR FRESHENER PRODUCTION
Do you know that little money in your hand could be multiplied many times after reading these articles? It may sound funny or may rather look to small to help you start something. While waiting for that big job to come you can play along with this business and who knows you could become an employer of labour with this. Do not look down on it because you are not paying to get the knowledge. It might not look like what you are aiming at but you have to start somewhere and that somewhere is here and if you believe in growth you can grow from here.
Liquid Air Freshener
Deodorant can be described as a cosmetic product formulated to give fragrance to a place when applied. The modern deodorants have bactericide or ant-microbial agent which are capable of destroying sectarian virus and fungal or even prevent their activities.

MATERIALS NEEDED FOR PRODUCING LIQUID AIR FRESHENER 1.

1. Fillers/extenders: this is used to increase the bulk of the product and to also add viscosity to the final product. Heavy alcohols like propylene glycol, glycerin etc can be used.

2. Solvent : a solvent is any liquid that dissolve things. They include water, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), kerosene, ethyl alcohol depending of the type made. For my I prefer ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol because they aid in quick surface evaporation. Isopropyl alcohol is also an anti bacterial substance.

3. Emulsifier: the function of the emulsifier is to help the input mix properly and remain stable. It also helps oil soluble to mix properly with water soluble with separating. Typical examples of this include Texapon, empicol, sodium laurel sulphate, etc.

4. Antimicrobial agents: these are for destroying bacteria virus and fungal that causes most odours. Examples of such include salicylic gluconate , aluminum chlorohydrate etc.

5. Perfumes: this is used to produce the desired scent or fragrance. The following concentrated perfumes are recommended: Jasmine, Apple, Blue water, Bakhour, Juma, passion Exe, Lavender, Ambinol, Ambipur etc

6. Preservative: this is use for preserving the final product. They include the following: formalin, sodium Benzoate, Germall plus, propyl paraben, sodium benzoate, methyl paraben, etc.

PRODUCTION STEPS

STEP 1:
Put 1/8kg fillers/Extender (Natrosol) into a separate bowl and add 5litres of water and stir until it is properly mixed and thick.

STEP 2: Put 1/8kg of the emulsifier (texapon) in the above mixture and mix vigorously. At this point the mixture will become foamy don’t worry; texapon is a foaming agent.

STEP 3: Add 1 ½ litre of Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) and stir very well to dissolve the mixture.

STEP 4; Add 2litres of water to the mixture and stir very well.

STEP 5: Add perfume to your production. Use a combination of different perfume notes to get a unique fragrance. Perfume fragrance is based on notes such as top note, middle note and base note. Add it to your taste.

STEP 6: Grind a wrap of camphor and add to it to make your fragrance last longer.

STEP 7: Add preservative to it. Preferably 2 caps of eva water bottle cap or its equivalent.

STEP8: Add more water to increase the volume and to reduce the thickness.

STEP 9: Mix your colour and add to it.The entire volume of the production could be between 30-40litres. Finally pack it in containers and it is ready for market.

HOW TO ADD CUSTOM URL IN MOBIRISE

2018-09-07T22:06:00.000-07:00

How to create custom URL and external files to Mobirise4

Mobirise is a nice tool for designing website; the intensionally omitted things are the ability to position blocks exactly how you want them and HTML editor (though to include it, you need to pay for it).

Apart from buying some templates, Mobirise is complete free for use and you can keep it as long as you want. The authors have included in the tool some tools to help you embed contents like document of different formats like word document(doc), spread sheet(xle), presentation(ppt) and few others.

What of when you have a webpage create with other editor?

Mobirise include a custom URL as a means of bring pages developed from other source into it. That means you develop a page from other source and make it a page in mobirise. That is great especially when you don't have money to pay for the custom HTML editor. Below are the few steps to doing that.

Step1

Open Mobirise and add a custom theme with button or even a text to use in calling you external page. Click on the button text until you See a pop up white the picture like the one below. Click on where the arrow is pointing and then follow step 2 to continue

Step 2
Click on file on the picture below to add file type like Pdf, doc, xl, ppt and others from your computer. Click on insert link to finish the process.

Step 3
You can as well add an external HTML page or even a php file to your site with this method. To do that follow same two steps above follow the picture below to complete the process.

Beside the file menu you will see three dots. Click on it and copy and paste the link to your local html or php file on the textbox with the inscription custom url above it. Click on insert link and you are done. This can help you to add a custom page like a php or asp.net sign up page with just a clik of a button.

How to partition hard drive

2018-09-07T17:55:00.000-07:00

How to partition hard drive after the OS has been installed

Having a different partition from the one your OS is installed on is a good practice. This will prevent complete loss of data when your OS crash. In this case when reformatting the hard drive only the drive that contains the OS is usually formatted to keep your data intact. This method of partitioning hard is called volume shrinking. It is found in Windows 7, Windows vista, Windows 8, and Windows 10.
Shrinking a volume in Windows 10
Windows 10 is backward compactable with legacy devices. The term legacy devices are used in computer to show devices that are no longer invoke. For example, pentium PCs. But Windows 10 32 bits can be installed on them. Below are the steps for a volume in any of the mentioned versions.
STEP1
Right click on my PC and choose manage from the drop down menu.
STEP2

On the computer management environment click on disk management under storage at the left hand side.
STEP3

Right click and choose shrink volume from the drop down menu on the drive you want to create the partition from. The drives are located beneath the environment.
STEP4

On the shrink environment where it reads enter the amount of space to shrink in MB. Enter the size of the partition you want to create. Example 20,000 MB is 20GB. Click on the shrink button below it.
STEP5.

The shrink volume will appear as unallocated volume. Right click on it to assign a volume.
STEP6

A simple volume wizard environment will pop up. On it click next.
STEP7

Another simple volume wizard environment comes up with the text specify volume size. Just click next.
STEP8.

On the assign drive letter or path click next with the default letter or click on the combo box to select a drive letter of your choice.
STEP9

On the format partition on environment. Live the default file system on NTFS. On the volume label type the name you want to give the volume on new volume. Click next to continue.
STEP 10

Click on finish to finalize the process. And you shrink volume is ready for use. You can use to backup your data.

Green IT

2018-09-02T17:02:00.000-07:00

Reduce IT Cost With Green IT

Many IT organizations in the world are moving to Virtualized Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) with use of thin clients.

By centralizing the OS and applications an individual uses on his or her computer on a back-end server, thin clients are easier to secure and support than typical desktop computers or laptops distributed across a network. But beyond these benefits, organizations replacing desktop computers with thin clients dramatically reduce power consumption and carbon emissions related to the production, packaging, shipment, use and disposal of the traditional desktop computers we make use of.

The power rating of a single thin client is as low as 5watts and as high as 12watts, if compared to the 150-230watts of a desktop pc then cost cut down IT organizations deploying thinclients, zero client or even thin pc will far reduced.

If you are using more than a single pc to run your business then you need to think of cutting down cost by replacing them with thin clients because the power rating of 12 thin clients is same a that of a sing 60watts bulb, if compared to that of pcs then you should be looking at a minimum of 1kw. That's a whole lot of e-waste you know. Go green today, go for thin clients. Save money on power, virtualize your application, and say goodbye to RAM and Hard drive failurefailure.

Windows File system

2018-09-02T09:56:00.001-07:00

How files are stored on the hard drive in windows operating system.

What is disk partition?

https://jaospry.blogspot.com/p/what-is-disk-partition-disk-partition.html?m=1

Disk partition is the logical division of the hard drive. During this period a Master boot record or Guide partition table is created base two standards, the Basic input out standard (BIOS) for master boot record and Unified Extensible firmware interface (UEFI) for Guide partition table (GPT).

The master boot record is located on the first sector of a disk. The specific address on the disk is Cylinder: 0, Head: 0, Sector: 1. This part of the hard drive holds the operating system which is loaded into the computer main memory during boot process.

For the partition to hold data, it has to be formatted. During formatting a file system is created either with file allocation table (FAT) for early versions of windows or New Technology File system (NTFS) for windows version from Window NT to windows 10.

What is File Allocation Table (FAT)

FAT was created as a windows file standard by Microsoft in 1977. FAT has different version like FAT 32, EX FAT and FAT 16. FAT is still in use till today on portable storage devices. FAT uses sectors to store data.

What is a sector?

A sector is a minimum storage unit of a hard drive. It’s a subdivision of a track on a optical disc. Each sector stores a fixed amount of user-accessible data, traditionally 512 bytes for hard disk drives (HDDs) and 2048 bytes for CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs. The small size of a sector makes stored files scattered all over the hard drive (HDD) therefore, causing the read/write head of the hard drive to spine round the hard drive just to retrieve a single file.

What this means is that if a file size is greater than a sector, the single file will be spread across different sectors. These chunks of files are called fragmented file. Scattered files on the hard drive are can cause hard drive to crash easily. To solve this problem Microsoft introduced a new file system in 1993 known as New Technology File System (NTFS).

What is New Technology File System (NTFS). CONTINUE HERE

How to add sitemap and robot text in mobirise

2018-09-01T16:11:00.000-07:00

How create sitemap and robot text in Mobirise 4

What is sitemap?

The Sitemap according to wikipedia is protocol that allows a webmaster to inform search engines about URLs on a website that are available for crawling. A Sitemap is an XML file that lists the URLs for a site.

In its simplest form, a Sitemap is an XML file that lists URLs for a site along with additional metadata about each URL (when it was last updated, how often it usually changes, and how important it is, relative to other URLs in the site) so that search engines can more intelligently crawl the sites. This definition is according to www.sitemaps.org. In all a site is just an organizational structure of a site. From the two definition a site map is needed to allow web crawlers to crawl the pages of your site.

What is Mobirise4?

Mobirise 4 is a free web authoring tool developed on the latest version of boostrap 4. It is a simple to use drag and drop tool. Anyone with basic computer knowledge can use Mobirise to build wonderful responsive site. You don't need to know how to code to use the tool.

What is robot text?

The major reason for developing a site is to pass information about a product or content to a target audience. For the site to reach the targeted audience, you need to inform web robots on how to crawl the pages of the created site.

What are web robots?

According to the site robotstxt , Web Robots (also known as Web Wanderers, Crawlers, or Spiders), are programs that traverse the Web automatically. Search engines such as Google use them to index the web content, spammers use them to scan for email addresses, and they have many other uses. Now that you know what sitemap and robot text are. Let us now learn the simple steps on how to add sitemap and robot text in Mobirise 4.

Step1
Click on the parallel lines where the blue arrow is pointing.

Step 2

On the dialogue box at the left hand side, click on sites, click on the site you want to add sitemap and robots txt. On the site click on the gear icon at the right hand side of the open dialogue box.

Step 3

If you have not named you site be, click on the textbox that says site name. click on the button change favicon. To sitemap. Click on the button that says sitemap.XML. follow the same method to add robot.text. The moment the button is clicked and the color changes to green you are dawn. Finally you will have to click OK to show you are dawn.

Mobirise is easily to use. You are free to share it with friends on social media.

Gsm vendors and operators in Nigeria

2018-08-26T15:43:00.000-07:00

Transceiver (trx) and Dual Radio Unit (DRU)

In a typical 2G GSM network, the DRU is the heart. It contains Transceiver for transmitting and receiving signals. Feeder cable from sectorial antennas are terminated on the Transceivers.

I'm writing this based on Ericson configuration or plan. There are different vendor in the market which I will be writing on, in a different post. A basic knowledge of the E1 as discussed in our previous article will be of help.
By Ericson plan a single 2G cabinet can on take 6 DRUs supporting 12 Trx though in Theory one E1 support 15 Transceiver.

If one E1 is equivalent to 15trx and one Transceiver is equivalent to 8 time slots. Therefore 15Trx will be equivalent to 120 time slots, this achieved by multiply 15 by 8. This is from the angle of the E1 link. Going by the DRU technology a cabinet can only contain 12 trx for a 2 x 2 x 2 configuration.

Now if we multiply 12 transceivers by 8 time slot we will get a total of 106 time slots or subscribers. This is the subscriber density for a typical DRU base configuration. All Ericsson configurations follow even number pattern.

Other vendors you will see in the Nigerian telecommonication market are:
1. Hauwe
2. Alcatel
3. Motorola-simens
Telecommunication in Nigeria is based on operators and vendors. The vendors provide the equipments and the operators are license to operate. These operators are MTN, 9Mobile, Glo, Airtel and Mtel. Mtel one of the operators own by the Nigerian Government ( the only Government operator )refused to grow after selling subscriber identity module (SIM). For over ten years now this license has been without use. Many have been pulled out of their jobs since then and all attempt to sell it to a private operator yielded no result. We will appreciate any contribution reguiding the different attempts to sell Mtel through the comment box.

How government policy affected CDMA in Nigeria

2018-08-26T14:09:00.000-07:00

Why CDMA Telecommunication failed in nigeria .

CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access is a mobile communication technology that allow many subscribers to and receive information concurrently on a single communication channel. CDMA operates on the spread spectrum technology which allows several subscribers to use the same space time and frequency allocations in a particular band.
Globally CDMA has been recognized as a better technology when compared to alternative technologies used by the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and is also said to be more less expensive for the operators to maintain and leads to lower tariffs.
In 1998 the first of Private Telephone Operators (PTO) in Nigeria (multi-links) started operation through the CDMA technology. VGC Communications, Intercellular, Mobitel, EMIS and other all joined. In the year 2001 there were already 12 CDMA operators. GSM entered the market with an open license with high call rate and sim card for as high as N30,000 then, approximately $250 which is 100 times what a 4G sim goes for currently.
With all the excellent quality of service (QOS) CDMA had, they were unable to attract foreign investors unlike their counterpart did. GMS is a world network without constraints on where they are used globally, the closeness of the CDMA phones make many in spite of it quality preferred a network that is open, a network that gives them freedom to choose their operators at will. This is the reason why phones locked with CDMA carriers are not used world with CDMA until they are unlocked. American telecommunication today is a blend of CDMA and GSM.
A careful view at the Nigerian Telecommunications market, one can easily conclude that the CDMA apart from not having support from foreign investor, the market was one sided, favouring GSM over CDMA because of Government policy. On contrary the GSM providers like MTN, Airtel (formerly Econet), Globacom and Etisalat enter the market with full support from foreign banks, international finance brokers and partnership with foreign vendors like Ericsson
The limited regional license of CDMA operators was a major disability to their wide spread from the beginning compared to their GSM counterparts was the cog on the wheel to their growth in the market. Even this limitation starcomms, one of the operators with a popular slogan the ‘starcomms connecting people’ made it into Nigeria stock exchange market and that was the first and only telecommunication to be enlisted into the market. Thus becoming a PLC.

Earlier in 2007, MTN bought VGC Communications Limited (VGCCL), a Lagos-based Private Telephone Operator licensed by NCC to provide cabling and radio, telephone services nationwide and had laid extensive fibre optic cables, and Internet service provision. This places MTN in a position of being a single dominant player in the voice and data markets in Nigeria’s telecommunications industry.
The unfair market condition on the side of CDMA pushed almost all the operators out before 2016 and in January 2016 the only remaining CDMA operator in the country, Visafone Communications Ltd was acquired by MTN Nigeria thereby making the country void of CDMA operators.
It there is predicted that in the near future, mobile operators on all platforms including GSM and CDMA will embrace to the Long Term Evolution (LTE) which is capable of delivering a speed of up to 37.5MB per second on the device against the 3.1MB that is currently available on the 3G networks. On this premise some are of the opinion that MTN acquired Visafone so as to access the 800 MHz spectrum band, which will enable it deliver 4G LTE services to its clients.
CDMA without any doubt has much advantage over GSM. GSM in Nigeria had been strongly with the deployment of 3G network which works far better on CDMA platform than what we get on GSM. 5G is out and MTN is making plan to with its Vendor Ericsson to give it a trial in 2020 in South Africa.
The question now is do we still need CDMA in the country going by the poor quality of service we get daily from our GSM operators that has currently put Ghana ahead of us based on the international telecommunication union ( ITU-R) rating?

Why have five Gsm operators in Nigeria

2018-08-26T07:44:00.000-07:00

Telecommunication Frequencies

There are practically four telecommunication frequencies. These frequencies are 850Mhz, 900Mhz, 1800Mhz and 1900Mhz. The 900Mhz is called the GSM frequency because it is the base frequency for every GSM network. It is usually used for longer coverage. The other GSM frequency is the 1800Mhz (read Eighteen hundred frequency) is used for wider coverage. It can be used together with the 900Mhz frequency to provide both distant coverage and wider coverage at the same time. This can only be in a dual band environment. Nigeria is a dual band country so both frequencies can be used as described above.

Range of Frequencies within the 900Mhz.

The 900Mhz begins from 890Mhz to 960Mhz. The frequency range from 890Mhz to 915Mhz is used as the uplink frequency while the frequency from 935Mhz to 960Mhz is used as a downlink frequency. The difference between the uplink frequency and the downlink frequency is called duplex frequency which is 45Mhz. This is calculated by subtracting 915Mhz from 960MHz.

Range of frequencies within the 1800Mhz

Like the 900Mhz, the range 1710Mhz to 1785Mhz is used for uplink while 1805Mhz to 1880Mhz is used for downlink. The duplex frequency is 95Mhz.

Frequency Division Multiple access (FDMA)

FDMA is communication protocol that divides a given frequency in carriers or channels such that each user in the network is allowed to stay within a given frequency for a period of time called dwell time before it is hopped to another frequency. FDMA uses a time slot to assign frequencies to subscribers within the network. This time slot is based on The Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA).
How does FDMA work?
In Nigeria the GSM plan is designed to accommodate only 5 operators. This 5 operators is got from a simple mathematics. It is done by subtracting the frequency range, using the uplink range which begins from 890Mhz to 915Mhz use will get 25Mhz when subtracted and if you decide to use the downlink which begins from 935Mhz to 960Mhz you will get same result. See the 25 channels or carriers below.
(1) 890.0 (2) 890.2 (3) 890.4 (4) 890.6 (5) 890.8
(6) 891.0. (7) 891.2. (8) 891.4 (9) 891.6. (10) 891.8
(11) 892.0 (12) 892.2 (13) 892.4 (14) 892.6 (15) 892.8
(16) 893.0 (17) 893.2 (18) 893.4. (19) 893.6 (20) 893.8
(21) 894.0 (22) 894.2 (23) 894.4 (24) 894.6 (25) 894.8
The difference between each is 200khz which is equivalent 0.2Mhz. This frequency is called the channel frequency and is used to avoid interference. That the difference you get when you subtract 890.0 from 890.2. If that is the uplink frequency one operator say MTN Nigeria is operating on then the uplink frequency for next operator will begin from 895. For a better understanding see the uplinks and downlink frequency range below.
890, 895, 900, 905, 910, 915, 920, 925, 930, 935, 940, 945, 950 955, 960. The frequencies 920, 925 and 930 are not assigned to any operator. They are called the Guard band Frequencies. By this plan each operator will operate on one uplink frequency and one downlink frequency. Now FDMA takes one of the frequencies and divides it into 25 carriers or channels and allocate them to different subscribers using a time frame protocol.
The Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
This is a protocol that allows many subscribers to share one frequency within a time slot. A TDMA frame consist of 8 short time units. These units are also called physical channels. Each connection is allowed one time slot and a time slot is equal to 0.557ms(milliseconds). A TDMA frame is 4.62ms long.
The E1
The E1 is a broadband link of 32 channels or time slots of which 30 channels are used for traffic carriage and 2 channels for signaling and synchronization. Mathematically the speed of 1 E1 is given as
E1 = 32 x 64 kbps
= 2048kbps
= 2.048mbps
Where 64kbps is the speed of one channel which is the standard telephone bit rate. If 64kbps is the telephone bit standard where is the 64 coming from? I know that is the question that will come into your mind now. The world of science is full of laws, principles theorems and hypothesis. This will take us to the theorem below.

The Nyquist theorem: the theorem states that if a signal is sampled at a regular interval of at least twice the highest channel frequency, the sample will contain enough information to accurately reconstruct the signal. By this theorem if 8000 signals are sampled then 8000 multiplied by 8bits/sec will give 64000bits/sec. This is equal to 64kbps, the speed of the E1.

What is Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)?
PCM is the process of converting analog signal to digital signal. The process is through sampling, quantization, code and compression. The E1 frame is called the PCM-30 frame. The PCM Frame is a 32 channel link of the E1. The frame is numbered from 0 to 31 where channel 0 is used for synchronization and channel 16 for signaling.
The TDMA frame which an eight time slot is got by dividing the PCM frame by four. This accounts for the 8 time slot mentioned earlier above.

What to know about TDMA and CDMA Technology

2018-08-25T02:16:00.000-07:00

Time division multiple access(TDMA)

Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a technology used by the Digital-American Mobile Phone Service (DAMPS), Personal Digital Cellular and the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), TDMA is implemented differently on these three mentioned system and it is not compatible with each other. The technology divides each cellular channel into three time slots in order to increase the amount of data that can be carried.

Code division multiple access(CDMA)

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is an alternative multiplexing scheme to FDMA with TDMA, The technology uses the whole allocated frequency range for a given service and multiplexes information for all the users in the spectrum at the same time. CDMA being a multiplexing technology allows numerous signals to occupy a single transmission channel thereby effectively using the available bandwidth. The technology is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular telephone systems in the 800MHZ and 1.9-GHz bands.
CDMA is based on analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) and spread spectrum technology. An audio input is first digitized into binary elements and then the frequency of the transmitted signal is then made to vary according to a given pattern (code), so it can be intercepted only by a receiver whose frequency response is programmed with the same code, so it follows exactly along with the transmitter frequency. There are trillions of possible frequency-sequencing codes, which enhances privacy and makes cloning difficult. Operators like multilinks, starcom, realtel, and visaphone were all CDMA companies. But were are they today. That is a topic for another post. Please do check back for more information on telecoms.

Track your lost phone

2018-08-24T05:38:00.000-07:00

How to track a lost Android phone

If you lost your Android phone, can use google service called Find my device to track the location of the device, lock the device or remotely erased stored data. Since is a google service you will need to sign in with your google accout. You can as well reset your pin remotely. For it to work, the lost phone must be on, wireless or data network must be on. Note that the location of the phone is always approximated, that is to say you don't get the exact location of the phone. For this reason it is recommended that you inform the law enforcement agencies. You visit Find my device Here

MOBIRISE REVIEW

2018-08-11T18:53:00.001-07:00

Mobirise

Mobirise is a good drag and drop free web designing software. The latest version mobirise 4 is built on bootstrap4 . Sites built with mobirise 4 are responsive sites.
The software is template base called blocks. With all the good template it came with, you are limited to an horizontal positioning of the block during site design. To edit your HTML you have to buy their HTML editor. Aside that you limited to what you have.
To customise your block you need to go to settings to do that. You choose to use the default setting of any block you select or you change it to what you want. Below are some of the nice features of mobirise 4.
1. Blocks contain parallax and overlay
2. You can insert your own images and videos
3. A searchable grid table
4. Headers and footers blocks.
5. Light box slider which can be set to slide automatically.
6. Social media share buttons
7. Google maps
8. Ability to clone a page
9. Files can be pushed to three location, like your local drive, an ftp server local and a remote server. You can as push your you site to github.
10. You can also add external files like PDF, doc file and excel file, and othersothers.
The only thing I don't like about it is the fact that you can not add your block where you desire it to be. What I mean by that is you can not put a block on a block. Mobirise is free and it worth trying. You download it on their site www.mobirise.com. Do check back for mobirise tutorial.

GSM EVOLUTION

2018-08-11T08:15:00.000-07:00

HISTORY OF GSM EVALUATION OF 1G

The first commercially cellular network was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979,

The network which covers the metropolis of Tokoyo with 23 base stations and five

years after the network was expanded covering the entire population of Japan.

This was the first nation 1G network as it covered only Japan.

In 1981 the next 1G network was launched in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden by the Nordic mobile telephone(NMT) system. The NMT was able to implement international warning. The first Generation cellular network was based on frequency division multiplexing Access (FDMA)

EVOLUTION OF 2G

The conference European et postes des Administration Telecommunication (EPT) came on board to solve the problem that was inherent in the first Generation network (2G) as a result of the (FDMA) .CEPT came to provide a network with the following features:

(1) Calls without limitation

(2) Calls with good speed quality

(3) Calls that are secured (ciphering)

(4) Network that support messaging

(5) Network that support local and international roaming.

With all this quality CEPT came up with the name Groupe spaciale mobile which was later changed to Global system for mobile communication in 1982 by the European Telecommunication standard, institute (ESTI).

The second Generation (2G) Contains the following features

(i) High speed circuit switched data (HSCSD)

(ii) Time Division Multiple Access

(iii) Digital signal unlike the 1G that made use of Analog signal.

(iv)A Data rate of 9.6 -14.4kbys

Though the 2G could meet up with peoples demand as it was not possible to implement per second billing.The first GSM network (2G) was launched in Finland.

EVOLUTION OF THIRD GENERATION

With the high demand of mobile services the 2G Network there was need for a better network to met up with the high density of mobile subscribers. The 2G network gave birth to 2.5G and 2.75G Networks as a transition to the new evolution of the next generation of GSM network .

2.5 ushered in features like GPRS (General packet radio service) with two equipment under it. That is the Gateway GPRS support Node(GGSN) and the serving GPRS support Node (SGSN).Both features make up WAP which gave rise to internet access on mobile phones. The data rate was increased to 115-170kbps .this also give rise to per second billing.

2.75G (EDGE): Enhance Data rate for Global evolution (EDGE) is an improved version of GPRS. It was a cost effective way of migrating from 2G to 3G network features of 2.75G network are support for high volume movement with a transmission power of 384kbps software base and does not required special equipment for its implementation and technology was concentration the air interface, that is between the MS (mobile station) and the base transceiver station.

Around mid 2000s another GSM Generation evolved known the universal mobile Telecommunication system (UMTS). This is the 3G network . During this period the 3G Technology also implemented high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) which is enhanced version of 3G 3.5G an 3Gt or turbo 3G were derived for high data transfer speeds and capacity. 3G network achieved a data rata of 2mbps. The implementation does not require a BTS or RBS cabinet.

EVOLUTION OF 4G (4^thGeneration of GSM). 4G also known as long term Evolution (LTE) is an all based network.LTE is faster that UMTS and as the ability to utilize packet switching over internet, LAN or WAN network, allows video and audio streaming presently in Nigeria and other part of Africa we are yet to utilize the features of the 3G and 4G networks.

GSM ARCHITECTURE

The GSM network consist of the following components

(1)Mobile station (MS): this consist of the mobile Equipment (ME) and the subscriber identification module (SIM) Every ME comes with an international mobile equipment identification (IMEI)

The IMET is a unique number for mobile equipment. This is different from IMSI (international mobile subscriber identify. To check the IMEI of any ME, type

(2)BTS or RBS: The base transceiver station or Radio Base Station consist of the following

(a)BTS or RBS cabinet

(b)Transmission cabinet

(c)Sectorialized antenna and

(d)Microwave link (PDH plesiochroniaics digital hieraechy) for transmission.

The PDH carries the E1 link

In the 2G network the BTS or RBS cabinet consist of transceivers which are capable of transmitting and receiving calla from the MS. The KBS data from the MS through the air interface via the sectorial antenna.

The transmission cabinet route the data out of the BTS station through the Abis interface with the help of the PDH (microwave link).

Sectorialized antennas divide a GSM network into sectors. These antennas are connected directly to a dual radio unit (DRU) through feeder cables. Note that it is the sectorialized antenna that link you MS (phone) to the networks. The interface is the medium, which is the air interface.

BSC: Base System Controller (BSC)

The BSC controls several RBS stations through the Abis interface. The BSC takes care of allocating radio channels controls handover from BTS to BTS and so on.

Communication between the RBS and BSC is through microwave link (PDH) that is sent to the BSC are multiplexed into E1 before sending it to the MSC

Mobile Switching Center (MSC):The MSC is in charge of bandwidth allocation while the BSC is in charge of Bandwidth sharing. The bandwidth comes in turn of E1 which is equal to 32 channels. Each channels is 64kbps in speed. Mathematically the speed of E1=32 channels 64kbps

=2048kbps=2.048mbps

MSC consist of the following
(1) Home location register (HLR)

(2) Visitors location register (VLR)

(3) Authentication center (AUC)

(4) Equipment identification register (EIR)

Gateway mobile station Center (GMSC)

SPREAD- SPECTRUM TECHNOLOGY

2018-08-11T07:54:00.000-07:00

SPREAD- SPECTRUM TECHNOLOGY

In a Spread spectrum technology transmission is done over a range of frequencies and makes use of low power.

TYPES OF SPREAD- SPECTRUM TECHNOLOGY

(1) Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)

(2) Direct sequence spread spectrum (FHSS)

Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS): The technology hops from one frequency to another during operation. The reason for hopping from frequency to frequency is for security purpose. FHSS devices have 74 channels.

Dwell time: this is the duration allowed to stay on a particular channel.

Hopping time: this is the time it takes to hop from one particular frequency to another

Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS): the technology spread the messages over the range of frequencies. It does not hop like the FHSS, Bluetooth devices make use of this technology. DSSS transmits with the chipping code that helps the data overcomes interference. Two pattern of chipping codes are generated depend. Transmitting and receiving is done in bulk and does errors checking during transmission. These are 14 channels in DSSS devices.

RADIO FREQUENCY TUTORIAL

2018-08-11T07:43:00.000-07:00

RADIO FREQUENCY

Radio frequencies are of two licenses and unlicensed frequencies. Licenses frequencies are used mostly in media houses. The unlicensed frequency is of two bands

INDUSTRIAL SCIENTIFIC MEDICAL(ISM)

There are 11 allocated frequencies of the ISM band built only the frequency starting with 2.4GHz is used on wireless local area network (WLAN).

The second unlicensed band is unlicensed national informant infrastructure (UNII). There are 5 allocated frequencies in this band and all are in use.

WLAN STANDARD

International electrical electronic engineering standard (IEEE)

A standard is a medium through which data is transferred using a given protocol. Below are IEEE standards

(1) 802.1:This standard is for network management (internet work)

(2) 802.2:General standard for lawyer 2

(3) 802.3:Ethernet standard

(4) 802.4:Token Bus LAN

(5) 802.5:Token Ring

(6) 802.6:Metropolitan Arc network

(7) 802.7: Broadband technical advisory group.

(8) 802.8:Fibre optics technical advisory

(9) 802.9: Integrate voice/data network.

(10) 802.10: Network security

(11) 802.11: Wireless

(12) 802.12: Wireless priority Access LAN

(13) 802.13: WIMAX

RADIO FREQUENCY ANTENNA

There are three major type of RF antenna:

(1) Omni-directional antenna

(2) Semi-directional antenna

(3) Highly-directional: this type of antenna includes

- Sectorial Antenna

- Phase-array Antenna

Omni-directional antenna: this antenna radiates RF signal in a 360 pattern on a horizontal plane. Radiation pattern does not form a prefect circle.

SEMI-DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA: concentrate energy into cone-shape known as beam.

HIGHLY-DIRECTIONAL: This antenna is used for long distance point to point communication for as long as 25miles.

TYPES OF HIGHLY DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA

· Grid

· Parabolic

Antenna polarization

This is the physical position of the antenna in either horizontal or vertical position. A radio wave consist of Electrical and Magnetic field

The Electrical field is called the E-plane while the Magnetic field is called the H-plane. The E-plane is parallel with the antenna and the H-plane is perpendicular to the antenna.

Horizontal Polarization: in horizontal polarization the Electric field is parallel to the ground.

Vertical Polarization: here the electric field is perpendicular to the ground.

BEAM WIDTH:

This is the width of the RF signal that the antenna transmits. The Azimuth beam with is horizontal (W<----->E) while the Elevation bean width is vertical (N <------> S)

FREE-SPACE PATH LOSS:This is loss of RF signal strength as the signal get wider. It is called beam divergence.

Note:

For two Antennas to communication the arrangement must be vertical to vertical or horizontal to horizontal

The 6DB rule:

The rule states that doubling the distance will result in a loss of amplitude of 6DB.

It follows that each 6DB increase in EIRP doubles the range. 5GHZ attenuates (loss in signal strength) faster than 2.4 GHz.

Example:

2. 4 GHz. Signal will change in power by about 80dk after 100m but will only lose 6db in the next 100m. This means that doubling the 2.4GHZ signal from the 100m to 200m will result to a loss of only 6db.

INTENTIONAL RADIATOR TUTORIAL

2018-08-11T07:37:00.000-07:00

Intentional Radiators

This is the RF device used for generating and transmitting RF signals. Intentional radiators (IR) include the following

- RF Device

- Cables

- Connectors

All of these except the antenna make up an intentional Radiator

Equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP): this is the actual output by the antenna element.

RF MATHS

Rules.

1. + 3db gain= Doubles the power in MW (×2)

2. - 3db loss = half of the power in MW ( )

3. – 10db loss = of the power in MW ( )

4. +10db gain in= 10 times to the power in MW (x10)

Example: GAIN 100MW + 3db = 200MW

30MW+ 3db = 60MW

i e 100MWx=200MW and 30MWx 2 = 60MW for every 3db gain in power

Also

100MW + 6dB = 100MWx4=400MW 40MW +3dB +3dB+3dB =

40mw + (2x2x2) db = 40MW+8db = 40mw x 8 =320mw

Loss in RF power

Example

40mw + 3db +3db – 3db =40mw + 3db = 40mw x 2= 80mw.

40mw – 10db = 40mw x =4mw

Exercise

1. 40mw +10db +10db

2. 12mw + 16db

Answer

1. 40mw + 10db + 10db = 40mw x 10 x 10 =4000mw

2. 12mw +16db =12mw +10db+3db +3db = 12mw x 10x4 =12mw x 40 =480mw

SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (SNR)

Back RF noise which can be cause by various system and natural phenomena that generate energy in electromagnetic spectrum is known as Noise Floor. The power level of the RF signal in relative to the power level of the noise floor is known as signal to noise ratio.

Received signal strength indicator (RSSI). RSSI has a range of 0-255 while cisco uses 0-100. The RSSI is an arbitrary measurement of received signal strength defined in IEEE 802.11 standard (These are the signal bar in your phone or RF device like Access point (AP) or Router)

Effective Radiated power (ERP).

ERP has a power of 0 dbi (zero dbi). ERP is the radiated power from a half – wave di-pole. The radiated power from an isotropic source is given by:

EIRP = ERP+2.14db

QUESTION

A transmitter with an output power of 100mw transmits signal and incur a loss of -3dbi before reaching an antenna with a power of +10dbi.

RADIO FREQUENCY TUTORIALS

2018-08-11T07:27:00.002-07:00

RADIO FREQUENCY

Radio frequencies are of two licenses and unlicensed frequencies. Licenses frequencies are used mostly in media houses. The unlicensed frequency is of two bands

INDUSTRIAL SCIENTIFIC MEDICAL(ISM)

There are 11 allocated frequencies of the ISM band built only the frequency starting with 2.4GHz is used on wireless local area network (WLAN).

The second unlicensed band is unlicensed national informant infrastructure (UNII). There are 5 allocated frequencies in this band and all are in use

WLAN STANDARD

International electrical electronic engineering standard (IEEE)

A standard is a medium through which data is transferred using a given protocol. Below are IEEE standards

(1) 802.1:This standard is for network management (internet work)

(2) 802.2:General standard for lawyer 2

(3) 802.3:Ethernet standard

(4) 802.4:Token Bus LAN

(5) 802.5:Token Ring

(6) 802.6:Metropolitan Arc network

(7) 802.7: Broadband technical advisory group.

(8) 802.8:Fibre optics technical advisory

(9) 802.9: Integrate voice/data network.

(10) 802.10: Network security

(11) 802.11: Wireless

(12) 802.12: Wireless priority Access LAN

(13) 802.13: WIMAX

RADIO FREQUENCY ANTENNA

There are three major type of RF antenna:

(1) Omni-directional antenna

(2) Semi-directional antenna

(3) Highly-directional: this type of antenna includes

- Sectorial Antenna

- Phase-array Antenna

Omni-directional antenna: this antenna radiates RF signal in a 360 pattern on a horizontal plane. Radiation pattern does not form a prefect circle.

SEMI-DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA: concentrate energy into cone-shape known as beam.

HIGHLY-DIRECTIONAL: This antenna is used for long distance point to point communication for as long as 25miles.

TYPES OF HIGHLY DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA

· Grid

· Parabolic

Antenna polarization

This is the physical position of the antenna in either horizontal or vertical position. A radio wave consist of Electrical and Magnetic field

The Electrical field is called the E-plane while the Magnetic field is called the H-plane. The E-plane is parallel with the antenna and the H-plane is perpendicular to the antenna.

Horizontal Polarization: in horizontal polarization the Electric field is parallel to the ground.

Vertical Polarization: here the electric field is perpendicular to the ground.

BEAM WIDTH:

This is the width of the RF signal that the antenna transmits. The Azimuth beam with is horizontal (W<----->E) while the Elevation bean width is vertical (N <------> S)

FREE-SPACE PATH LOSS:This is loss of RF signal strength as the signal get wider. It is called beam divergence.

Note:

For two Antennas to communication the arrangement must be vertical to vertical or horizontal to horizontal

The 6DB rule:

The rule states that doubling the distance will result in a loss of amplitude of 6DB.

It follows that each 6DB increase in EIRP doubles the range. 5GHZ attenuates (loss in signal strength) faster than 2.4 GHz.

Example:

HOW TO PROMOTE YOUR MUSIC

2018-08-10T04:31:00.001-07:00

The biggest problem faced by very business is creating awareness. The music industry is not left out. In this part of the world talented music artist come up with good release as singles some even go as far as releasing their albums. What makes a every business is the quality of service, consistency in business, the level of awareness created and the amount of information you have about the businessbusiness you are into.

Many artists come up every day, talented ones at that but they strong so hard to be heard. A lot of them out of not knowing how to go about promoting their music, give up along the way.

Every music follower knows to have a fast recognition is to have a record label that is known to sign up. But today I want point to you some internet platform that can help you do a self promotion for your music.

Thanks to the huge sources of information on the net. The internet should be the first place of birth for every upcoming artist who want to be heard. You may not make that big at first but gradually you will be building a fan database that will project you to where you are aiming to be if you follow my guideline. I have taken pain and time to put down some useful guide for every beginner to follow.

1. Get a net label if you cannot get a record label to sign you up. To do this make a search using net label on Google and you will be amazed at the huge resources you will get. Get a suitable one you comfortable with after going through their terms and conditions.

2. Give out some of your single for free download or to your entire album for a royalty. Below are well known places you can advertise your music by give out single for free download or by selling your entire album.

1. Sound cloud

2. Pandora

3. Indie sound

4. Spotify

5. Apple music

6. YouTube stream

7. Reverbnation

8. ITunes

9. Logamp

10. Deezer

11. Tuneln radio

12. Mixcloud

13. Jamendo

14. Harmony music

15. Clyp

16. Sonerezh

17. Band camp

18. Hearthis.at

19. Openwhyd

20. Tidal

21. Iheartradio

22. Audiomack

23. Tidal

24. Audioboom

I have been able to provide 21 platformsplatforms where you can start promoting you music

3. Create site or a blog preferably a blog since you don't need to spend much at this time. Hire some to do it this for you or you get some materials on how to create a blog on the internet. I tell you, you will be amazed at the huge resources you will get for your internet search on how to create a blog. Below are few places you can create blogs or sites and host them free.

1. Blogger

2. WordPress

3. Silex

4. Bitrix24

5. Habari

6. Joomla

7. Tumble

8. Text pattern

9. Drupal

You can as we make an internet search for more related service on this.

4. Use social media: after creatincreating your blog or signing up with your net label of choice you need to create most importantly a Facebook fan page. Majority of these sites you have have signed up will require you to login through a social media and to share your created content with your friends.

5. Finally make short videos to post on youtube and other video streaming sitessites. I guess you will be wandering how you can make this short videoconsidering the cost of shooting videos. Don't worry you don't need to spend any kobo to create your videos all you have to do is follow this simple steps.

1. Search creative common videos. You will see a host of sites offering this services. This contents are usually on a public domain meaning they are free to use. Visit the site of your choice search for videos from different area of life say nature and download them. Below is a list of creative common sites.

1. YouTube

2. Video

3. Videezy

4. Pexels

5. Pixabay

6. Distill and many more

After that use online serviceservices like www.audiotovideo.com to convert your audio to videos ready streaming. You can as well make your search on this on this area. You will many free services on this. Now you need to share your links on big forums likelike:

1. Nairaland

2. Warriorforum

3. Digital point

4. Minecraftforum

5. Reddit

6. Craiglist

7. Quora and many more.

If you know other platforms to this please kind write to us using comment so that other readers can benefit.

Now let me talk on briefly one up coming gospel artist I know of, who has got good lyrics and music. John Emmanuel is gospel artist and a youth pastor in the redeemed christian church of God. His work is yet to be held by many. You can download some of his singles here.John Emmanuel

Thanks for taken your time to read this lengthy post. Be the first to share and comment on it, if it has been a blessing to you.

Cryptocurrency as a means of centralized banking

2017-02-25T12:56:00.002-08:00

A cryptocurrency (or crypto currency) is a virtual asset designed to
work as a medium of exchange using cryptography to secure the
transactions and to govern the introduction of additional units of the
forex. Cryptocurrencies are a subset of alternative currencies,
or in particular of digital currencies.

Bitcoin have become the first decentralized cryptocurrency in 2009.
since then, numerous cryptocurrencies have been created. Those are
regularly known as altcoins, as a mix of bitcoin alternative. Bitcoin
and its derivatives use decentralized control in preference to centralized
digital cash/centralized banking structures. The decentralized control is
associated with the use of bitcoin's blockchain transaction database
in the function of a dispensed ledger. Below is a list of digital currencies.

LIST OF TRADED CRYPTOCURRENCIES
IN THE WORLD

NAME SYMBOL

BTC Bitcoin

LTC Litecoin

UNIT GalaxyUnit

TRUMP Trump

DRK Darkcoin

XEM NEM

READMORE>>>>>

BLOCKCHAIN

2017-02-25T08:16:00.000-08:00

A blockchain — at first block chain — is a disbursed database that maintains a constantly-growing listing of ordered information known as blocks. each block includes a timestamp and a hyperlink to a previous block. By using design blockchains are inherently resistant to change of the records — as soon as recorded, the information in a block can't be altered retroactively. Blockchains are "an open, disbursed ledger that can report transactions among two parties effectively and in a verifiable and permanent manner. The ledger itself also can be programmed to cause transactions automatically

the very first blockchain became a reality through Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 and implemented the following 12 months as a core aspect of the virtual forex bitcoin, in which it serves as the public ledger for all transactions. Through the usage of a peer-to-peer community and a allotted timestamping server, a blockchain database is managed autonomously. the discovery of the blockchain for bitcoin made it the primary digital currency to remedy the double spending trouble, without the usage of a relied on authority or valuable server. The bitcoin layout has been the muse for different packages