Wiley: Journal of the Society for Information Display: Table of Contents

Polycrystalline In‐Ga‐O Thin‐Film Transistor With Field‐Effect Mobility Over 40 cm2/Vs—Mobility Modeling and Self‐Heating Simulation

Sun, 07 Jun 2026 20:15:32 -0700

The μ_FE is the highest among OS TFTs using common semiconductor materials and mature production processes. The mobility modeling is executed and clarifies that due to potential barriers at grain boundaries, the μ positively depends on the n, which enhances the μ_FE , and the μ-n dependence can be a universal curve. The self-heating simulation is executed by implementing the T-dependent μ-n dependence and clarifies that the μ slightly but also positively depends on the T, which also enhances μ_FE .

ABSTRACT

A polycrystalline In-Ga-O (poly-IGO) thin-film transistor (TFT) with field-effect mobility (μ _FE) over 40 cm²/Vs has been developed and analyzed by mobility modeling and self-heating simulation. The μ _FE is the highest among metal–oxide semiconductor (OS) TFTs using common semiconductor materials and mature production processes. Moreover, the subthreshold swing (S) is 0.13 V/dec, and the threshold voltage (Vth) is 0.0 V, which are also superior. These excellent characteristics are accomplished by inherent features of the polycrystalline phase and IGO material. The mobility modeling is executed by the modeling procedure once we developed and clarifies that due to a behavior of potential barriers at grain boundaries, the intrinsic mobility (μ) positively depends on the carrier density (n), which enhances the μ _FE. The μ-n dependence can be a universal curve and is indispensable to design devices and circuits in the future. Moreover, the self-heating simulation is executed by implementing the T-dependent μ-n dependence and clarifies that the μ slightly but also positively depends on the temperature (T), which also enhances μ _FE. We expect that poly-IGO TFTs can replace amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O (α-IGZO) TFTs in the near future.

Ghost‐Free LCD HMDs With Suppressed Display Latency

Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:32:58 -0700

High refresh rate and low display latency are the future trends of LCD HMDs, while they may result in ghost images due to incomplete LC settling. By combining a new physical LCD ghosting model and the ColorVideo VDP model, a new perceptual ghost image index is demonstrated to determine the standard of the acceptance level with a validation from a user study. This work provides a guideline for any future LCD HMDs to evaluate the perceptual ghost image level.

ABSTRACT

We developed a new physical LCD ghosting model to estimate the display ghosting due to limited LC response time, with the validation of a fast camera. Combined with the ColorVideoVDP model, we demonstrated a new perceptual ghost image index in JOD and determined the standard to achieve imperceptible and acceptable ghosting. Through the validation of the visual demo trials, we correlated the subjective experimental ghosting grades to simulated JOD value and physical configurations of LCD HMDs. For any LCD HMDs in the future, we can use this model to evaluate the perceptual ghost image level. Instead of waiting until the end-of-frame to light on BLU, we can expect more than 50% display latency improvement through this BLU timing optimization.

Materials‐Engineered Isolation Architecture Enables Ultra‐Uniform Inkjet Printing for Mura‐Free OLED Displays

Si‐Ung Kim, Kwan‐young Han — Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:32:58 -0700

ABSTRACT

The mass production of large-area organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays via inkjet printing is severely constrained by mura defects, which arise from non-uniform droplet deposition caused by microfluidic crosstalk in multi-nozzle printheads. Conventional approaches often rely on complex electronic compensation, which offers limited efficacy as they do not address the physical root cause of the interference. This work presents a materials-science-based solution: a novel printhead design incorporating a physically engineered isolation architecture, realized with high-modulus ceramic materials to mechanically decouple adjacent nozzles. Using a validated multi-physics simulation framework that couples structural analysis with computational fluid dynamics (CFD), we systematically engineered the architecture and investigated the performance of various ceramic materials, including alumina and aluminum nitride (ALN). A direct correlation between the material's Young's modulus and crosstalk suppression was established. The optimized design, featuring a 1.0 mm thick isolation wall made of 99.8% alumina (Young's modulus: 370 GPa), achieves an unprecedented droplet volume deviation of less than 0.3%. This study demonstrates a paradigm shift toward passive, materials-based solutions for controlling complex microfluidic systems, offering a direct engineering pathway for the high-yield manufacturing of mura-free displays and other advanced printed electronic devices. A novel inkjet printhead design eliminates mura defects in OLED manufacturing. By incorporating a physical isolation wall made of high-modulus ceramic, mechanical cross-talk between adjacent nozzles is effectively suppressed. This materials-based solution achieves ultra-uniform droplet deposition (<0.3% deviation), enabling the high-yield production of large-area, high-quality OLED displays.

Glasses‐Free 3D Content Generation Based on Gaussian Splatting and Off‐Axis Camera Array

Changxiong Zheng, Phil Surman, Zhidong Chen, Hongkun Cao, Xiao Wei Sun — Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:32:58 -0700

Flowchart for generating glasses-free 3D content using GS. Step 1: Reconstruct the 3D scene using GS. Step 2: Render disparity images using an off-axis camera array. Step 3: Synthesize the final 3D image using subpixel mapping.

ABSTRACT

Content generation is a key element in the field of 3D display. Currently, most 3D display content is limited to virtual scenes, and the production of such content requires a huge amount of time for modeling. In contrast, the capture of real-world scene content relies on camera arrays, which not only involve a complex operation process but also face the problem of high equipment costs. This study proposes a method for generating multiview glasses-free 3D content using Gaussian splatting. The method to achieve a glasses-free 3D display is using lenticular lenses and LCD screens. Then, Gaussian splatting is used to reconstruct the real-world scene. Next, the method to generate off-axis cameras is introduced, and a virtual camera array is added to the reconstructed 3D scene to render multiview disparity images. Finally, multiview 3D images can be synthesized based on these disparity images. This work makes it more convenient and low-cost to obtain disparity images in real-world scenes, which will contribute to enriching the content of glasses-free 3D displays and boost the development of glasses-free 3D technology.

Polarization Efficiency Control of Freeform Liquid‐Crystal Polarization Imaging Optics

Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:32:58 -0700

Liquid-crystal polarization imaging optics (LPIOs) for near-eye displays are limited by polarization-sensitive diffraction efficiency. We present a control method for freeform LPIOs, using a self-built RCWA module to calculate polarization changes and optimizing phase profiles for balanced aberration correction and efficiency control. An example validates the method, boosting LPIO applications in optics and photonics.

ABSTRACT

Liquid-crystal polarization imaging optics (LPIOs) have attracted significant interest in near-eye displays. However, the diffraction efficiency of LPIOs is very sensitive to the change of polarization state due to their strong polarization sensitivity, which may result in low diffraction efficiency and poor uniformity of diffraction efficiency over the field of view of an LPIO display system if the change of polarization state is not considered. Here, we developed an approach for polarization efficiency control of freeform LPIOs. The bandwidths of freeform LPIOs were considered, and the change in polarization state was calculated by use of a self-built rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) module. An optimal balance between aberration correction and efficiency control can be achieved by optimizing the flexible phase profiles of freeform LPIOs. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by an example. This work could promote the application of freeform LPIOs in optics and photonics.

Issue Information

Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:32:58 -0700

Journal of the Society for Information Display, Volume 34, Issue 6, Page 559-560, June 2026.

Issue Information

Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:32:58 -0700

Journal of the Society for Information Display, Volume 34, Issue 6, Page 608-611, June 2026.

Energy‐Efficient Driving Waveform Design for E‐Paper Display

Jinhui Lai, Qudeng Xiangba, Yuxiang Fu, Mingrui Cao, Nian He, Yiwen Xu — Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:32:58 -0700

This paper proposes an energy-efficient driving waveform (E3DW) for color E-paper displays. The method integrates optimized square-wave driving, temperature compensation, and dynamic voltage adjustment to adapt to environmental and content variations. Experimental results demonstrate up to 35.7% energy reduction, improved refresh speed, and enhanced display stability compared with conventional driving schemes.

ABSTRACT

Color electronic paper (E-paper) has been widely adopted in practical applications across various aspects of daily life. However, conventional driving schemes exhibit high-energy consumption, slow refresh speed, and poor display stability, which restrict their applicability in portable and internet of things (IoT) scenarios. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient E-paper driving waveform (E3DW) method to improve energy efficiency under varying environmental conditions. A temperature compensation mechanism and a dynamic voltage adjustment strategy are jointly integrated to adapt the waveform in real time based on ambient temperature and image content. The proposed method significantly reduces energy consumption by up to 35.7%, suppresses ghosting artifacts, and enhances display stability. Experimental evaluations on a practical platform verify its superiority over mainstream schemes.

Ultra‐Wide Color Gamut Displays: How Far Have We Come in Rendering Real‐World Colors?

Farnaz Agahian, Dale Stolitzka — Fri, 15 May 2026 02:01:40 -0700

Real-world colors, including saturated greens, cyan, and deep reds, exceed conventional color gamuts. This study examines their distribution beyond standard gamuts and how effectively ultra-WCG displays can reproduce them.

ABSTRACT

Wide color gamut (WCG) displays mark a significant and timely evolution in display technology, enabling high-fidelity color reproduction that extends well beyond the limitations of legacy color spaces. This study explores the color range of real-world scenes and examines the extent to which real-world colors fall outside the sRGB and even the more modern DCI-P3 color gamut. It further evaluates the capability of OLED displays with ultra-Wide Color Gamut (ultra-WCG—referring to a gamut larger than DCI-P3) to accurately reproduce these colors and identifies which color areas remain unproducible on such displays. The results show that a significant number of real-world images fall within the boundaries of the sRGB and mostly DCI-P3 color spaces. However, certain colors, such as cyan, pure green, or highly saturated reds and yellows, fall outside these gamuts, which suggests that some ultra-WCG displays, such as our test vehicle (a QD-OLED television) enable more accurate reproduction of a larger, more impactful portion of the colors we encounter in real life, without needing the full gamut of BT.2020.

Goniometric Measurements Using Photometric Robots With Imaging Luminance Measurement Devices (ILMDs)

Kilian Kirchhoff, Ingo Rotscholl, Udo Krüger — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 23:16:04 -0700

This study investigates the use of a six-axis industrial robot as a goniophotometer for display metrology, analyzing positioning accuracy, reproducibility, and angular range. Using a 45° holder configuration, the system covers ~80% of a cube-shaped reference volume (goniobox) for inclination angles up to 60°. With absolute robot calibration, angular errors are reduced to 0.04°–0.15°, demonstrating that photometric robots offer a flexible and accurate alternative to conventional goniophotometers for display measurements.

ABSTRACT

When measuring display-specific parameters such as luminance, contrast, or color, which depend on the viewing angle, precise and reproducible positioning of the measuring system is essential for achieving reliable results. This study examines how photometric robots, which integrate imaging luminance measurement devices (ILMDs) with industrial robotic systems, can be used as goniophotometers for display and illuminated object measurement technology. Physical limitations are discussed, and the position accuracy and repeatability are analyzed. Recent advancements in this field are explored, including enhanced goniophotometric functions, spectroradiometer integration, absolute robot calibration methods, and specialized software innovations.

Adaptive Display White Point Under Various Ambient Conditions. Part 2: Dual Illumination

Jiamin Guo, Minchen Wei, Zhiwei Jiao, Licheng Ge — Thu, 16 Apr 2026 18:54:54 -0700

This study was designed to investigate how an adaptive display white point should be adjusted under different foreground-background illumination conditions. It was found that the background illumination had a more significant effect.

ABSTRACT

Adaptive displays are designed to enhance the user viewing experience by dynamically responding to ambient lighting conditions. In Part 1 of our research, we examined the influence of ambient light on chromatic adaptation and, consequently, on the optimal adjustment of the display white point. The findings, however, do not extend to a critical scenario in which users view displays near windows, either facing the window or with their back towards it, resulting in distinct foreground and background illumination. This specific situation has not been systematically investigated in previous studies. In the present study, we conducted three carefully controlled experiments to examine how the correlated color temperature (CCT) and illuminance of both the foreground and background influence chromatic adaptation. Our results indicated that background illumination exerted a more pronounced effect on chromatic adaptation compared with foreground illumination. The foreground illumination only had a minor effect when the background CCT and illuminance were low. Notably, when the foreground CCT was higher than 6500 K, the degree of chromatic adaptation was generally elevated.

The Distributions of the Electric Potential and Fields in the Polymer‐Stabilized Blue Phase Liquid Crystals Between Two Parallel Electrodes

Ting‐Han Pei, Kei‐Hsiung Yang — Wed, 08 Apr 2026 18:44:44 -0700

In this paper, we derive analytic distributions of the electric potential and fields in one micro-lens made of polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal between two electrodes with a circular opening on the upper electrode. The distributions of the electric potential, the electric fields along the ρ-direction, the electric fields along the z-direction, and the induced birefringence are shown below, respectively.

ABSTRACT

We derive analytic distributions of the electric potential and fields in one micro-lens made of polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal (PS-BPLC) between two electrodes with a circular opening on the upper electrode. PS-BPLC shows the Kerr effect at sufficiently large electric fields. We adopt the extended convergence model to describe the induced birefringence in PS-BPLC and suppose the local optical axis direction of each unit along the electric field vector. Finally, considering the mixed boundary problem and the zero-voltage fixed at the lower electrode, the induced electric potential and fields are obtained. This study would benefit academic research and the liquid-crystal industry. This work is also in line with the Sustainable Development Goal SDG9.

Implementation of Interactive Mirror‐Transcending Aerial Image Display System

Motohiro Makiguchi, Ayaka Sano, Ayami Hoshi, Takayoshi Mochizuki — Mon, 06 Apr 2026 21:09:51 -0700

This paper presents an interactive system in which an aerial image displayed in a mirror appears to leap out from the mirror into physical space, enabling users to perceive and interact with a floating image extending beyond the mirror surface.

ABSTRACT

Many methods have been proposed for presenting digital information in mirror space, but existing methods were limited to displaying information confined within the mirror space. Therefore, we propose mirror-transcending aerial imaging (MiTAI), which allows digital information to move continuously between mirrored and physical spaces. By seamlessly fusing mirror space, physical space, and digital information, MiTAI offers an unprecedented interactive experience. This paper presents a detailed description of the MiTAI system, designed to allow users to experience the concept and facilitate initial studies toward its evaluation. Specifically, we detail the system implementation, including the refinement of the optical system based on previous studies, the control system design, content presentation designs, and interaction methods with the aerial image. Moreover, we report on an experiment evaluating the pointing accuracy in the depth direction of the interaction method and a user evaluation conducted using a refined system setup for a hands-on demonstration to evaluate the user experience. Finally, we present user feedback from the exhibition and discuss future points for improvement.

Review on Image Preprocessing and Driving Waveform Design for Electrophoretic Displays

Xiangjie Zhong, Xiaoyan Zhao, Tiesong Zhao — Sun, 05 Apr 2026 23:41:24 -0700

This review summarizes image preprocessing algorithms and driving waveform designs for electrophoretic displays (EPD). It covers grayscale and color halftoning techniques, video display optimization, and waveform structures from black-and-white to full-color applications. Future development trends in EPD technology are also discussed.

ABSTRACT

E-paper, as an emerging eco-friendly display technology, has gained significant attention due to its paper-like visual effect and low power consumption characteristics. The concept was first proposed in the 1970s, and after years of development, it has evolved from the initial black-and-white image display technology to full-color video display. Electrophoretic display shows images by controlling charged particles within microcapsules using an electric field, offering high reflectivity and contrast, and is widely used in various fields such as e-readers, mobile phones, automobiles, wearable devices, and more. The e-paper display system mainly consists of the e-paper screen, control circuits, image processing algorithms, and electronic ink driving waveforms. The review introduces the research history and applications of electrophoretic display, e-paper image processing algorithms, and driving waveforms. It also summarizes the current challenges and development trends in the field of e-paper.

Photoelectric Properties and Driving Characteristics of Dispersed‐Type See‐Through Inorganic Electroluminescent Devices Using 3 Different Comb‐Electrode Materials

Yuzuki Tsuruta, Taketo Sato, Shuichi Sato — Mon, 30 Mar 2026 04:27:08 -0700

The luminescence characteristics and brightness of the devices are affected by the transparency of comb electrodes, rather than by the conductivity of the electrode material. A strong electric field is applied to the phosphor dielectric layer radially by the comb electrodes. With this design, light can be extracted from both sides of the emission layer.

ABSTRACT

This study designs, fabricates, and evaluates both conventional AC-dispersive inorganic electroluminescent (EL) devices and novel planar electrode-type EL devices. The devices utilize a copper- and chlorine-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu,Cl) luminescent layer and comb-shaped electrode structures made of ITO, Au, and Pt. The influences of the electrode material conductivity and transparency on the luminescence characteristics and brightness were systematically investigated through comprehensive electrical characterization including impedance analysis, I–V characteristics, and voltage retention measurements. Optical pathway differences between device architectures were analyzed, considering light extraction efficiency and surface plasmon effects. Basic electromagnetic field simulations were performed to visualize field patterns. We discovered that the luminescence characteristics and brightness of the devices were primarily affected by the transparency of the comb electrodes rather than by the conductivity of the electrode materials. The absence of a dielectric layer in comb-electrode devices resulted in reduced brightness due to limited charge accumulation and optical losses. This research provides valuable insights into inorganic EL device design and evaluation methodologies.

Tuning of Carrier Balance by Introducing Dipolar Layers at Organic Heterointerfaces in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

Masaki Tanaka — Wed, 25 Mar 2026 22:44:30 -0700

Dipolar interlayers can be formed through spontaneous orientation polarization (SOP) by the vacuum deposition of polar small molecules without any polarization process. The insertion of SOP layers at organic heterointerfaces, with an optimal thickness, improves carrier injection at the interfaces, thereby reducing the driving voltage and enhancing the electroluminescence efficiency of OLEDs.

ABSTRACT

Tuning the hole–electron carrier balance is essential for improving the performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). This challenge can be addressed through innovative interface engineering techniques. In this study, a thin organic layer exhibiting spontaneous orientation polarization (SOP) is inserted at an organic heterointerface with a large hole-injection barrier. The introduced negative SOP layer provides a steep vacuum level shift at the organic heterointerface owing to the spontaneous orientation of the permanent dipole moment of the polar molecules. This improves hole injection at the interface and lowers the OLED driving voltage. The effect of voltage reduction is maximized at a film thickness of up to 1.5 nm, and increasing the thickness gradually leads to higher voltages. Furthermore, owing to the good carrier balance at the optimal thickness of 1–3 nm, the introduction of the SOP interlayer improves the current efficiency by up to 35% from that of the OLED without the SOP interlayer. The OLED performance depends on the thickness of the SOP interlayer, indicating that inserting an SOP interlayer at the organic heterointerface can tune the carrier balance in OLEDs. This technique enables precise optimization of the OLED performances.

1‐pL Inkjet Head and G8.5 Equipment Development for 350‐ppi OLED Display Panels

Tue, 24 Mar 2026 05:52:06 -0700

This paper reports on the development of 1pL inkjet head and G8.5 equipment for 350ppi display panels. Firstly, we have derived the margin of 350 ppi pixels. Then we allocate margins to each key mechanical component and develop the 1pL inkjet printheads with 1.0pL ± 2.4% volume variation and ±1.35 μm landing position repeatability.

ABSTRACT

High‐Efficiency Phosphor Thin Films With Controlled Lateral Displacement for Low Color Crosstalk in Micro‐LED Displays

Zengzhi Pei, Justin Otto, Asim Mohammed A. Noor Elahi, Jian Xu — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 21:35:05 -0700

High-efficiency nano-phosphor thin films were developed for micro-LED color conversion, achieving high quantum efficiency and reduced lateral photon displacement. The optimized film structure effectively suppresses color crosstalk and enables high-performance, full-color micro-LED displays.

ABSTRACT

In this study, an optimized nano-phosphor thin film was developed for micro-LED applications, demonstrating high efficiency in color conversion and effective suppression of lateral photon displacement. The film achieved a quantum efficiency of 86%, consistent with theoretical predictions. The measured lateral displacement of 8.44 μm closely matched the simulated value of 7.94 μm, validating the accuracy of the photon transport model. Under ~445-nm excitation, the film exhibited a broad Stokes-shifted emission band spanning 480–780 nm with a maximum near 560 nm, and the calculated CIE color coordinates (x = 0.2893, y = 0.3377) were close to the D65 white point, ensuring stable color quality. The film also maintained nearly 100% of its fluorescence intensity up to 120°C and showed only minimal degradation at 150°C, with partial recovery after thermal stress at 200°C. In contrast, quantum dot converters exhibited rapid thermal quenching above 80°C–100°C with no recovery, underscoring the superior thermal robustness of the nano-phosphor thin film. These results highlight a practical and scalable approach for realizing high-performance phosphor thin films in full-color Micro-LED display technologies.

Residual Neural Network Compensation of Temperature‐Induced Gamma Shift in OLED Display

Ching‐Hsiang Hsu, Mang Ou‐Yang — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 21:31:12 -0700

The figure summarizes the proposed white-only sensing framework and highlights its key advantages in improving color accuracy and reducing calibration time

ABSTRACT

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays exhibit temperature-induced chromatic shifts and luminance-dependent nonlinear responses, causing CIEDE2000 color difference (ΔE) and local gamma (γ) to exceed production tolerances, particularly at low luminance. In high-volume manufacturing, online calibration is typically limited to room temperature (28°C), as a 15-point gamma sweep requires about 237.7 s per temperature; extending calibration to three temperatures raises the total time to approximately 713 s, making online multitemperature 3D-LUT calibration impractical. Consequently, room-temperature calibration with averaged offline gamma-LUTs is commonly adopted, degrading low-gray accuracy. This work proposes a compact Residual Neural Network (Residual NN) that predicts per-gray RGB drive corrections using white-only sensing on a sparse grid. The model incorporates normalized gray level, local gamma, and chromaticity offsets (Δx, Δy) relative to D65. Evaluated across three luminance tiers and three temperatures, the proposed method improves ΔE compliance and gamma stability while reducing calibration time by 3.4× (713–207.6 s). Compared with a multitemperature 3D-LUT baseline, ΔE compliance improves by up to 4.47%, and the gamma failure rate is reduced by 4.13% relative to γ = 2.2.